what is case study in urdu

Case Study Meaning In Urdu

سادہ مثالوں اور تعریفوں کے ساتھ case study کا حقیقی معنی جانیں۔, definitions of case study.

1 . وقت کی ایک مدت میں کسی خاص شخص، گروہ یا صورت حال کی ترقی پر تحقیق کا عمل یا ریکارڈ۔

1 . a process or record of research into the development of a particular person, group, or situation over a period of time.

2 . کسی مقالہ یا اصول کی وضاحت کے لیے استعمال یا تجزیہ کی گئی کسی چیز کی ایک خاص مثال۔

2 . a particular instance of something used or analysed in order to illustrate a thesis or principle.

Examples of Case Study :

1 . مثال کے طور پر، ہمارے کیس اسٹڈی میں 48 سالہ آدمی

1 . For example, the 48 year old man in our case study

2 . آپ جانتے ہیں کہ آپ کو کیس اسٹڈی کی ضرورت کیوں ہے۔

2 . You know why you need a case study .

3 . 2 ملین ڈالر کے ساتھ ریٹائر ہونے کا طریقہ [کیس اسٹڈی]

3 . How to Retire with $2 Million [ Case Study ]

4 . 8000 بلاگ تبصرے کیسے حاصل کریں: ایک کیس اسٹڈی

4 . How to Get 8000 Blog Comments: A Case Study

5 . (ایک بدسلوکی والے ہم جنس پرست آدمی کا کیس اسٹڈی۔

5 . (A case study of an abused heterosexual man.

6 . 01:19 - نتیجہ کے ساتھ اپنا کیس اسٹڈی شروع کریں۔

6 . 01:19 – Start your case study with the result

7 . نیا کیس اسٹڈی: ایسٹرن بینک اور اچھے کے لیے ہمارے ساتھ شامل ہوں۔

7 . New Case Study : Eastern Bank and Join Us For Good

8 . کیس اسٹڈی کے علاوہ، آپ (جیسا کہ ذکر کیا گیا ہے) سائیکو میٹرک اسسمنٹس بھی دوبارہ کریں گے جو آپ نے آن لائن لیے ہیں۔

8 . Aside from the case study , you will also (as mentioned) resit the psychometric assessments that you have taken online.

9 . درحقیقت، ہم جنس شادی کے لیے مہم مطابقت پر ایک کیس اسٹڈی فراہم کرتی ہے، اس بات کی ایک تیز بصیرت کہ کس طرح جدید دور میں کسی بھی نقطہ نظر کو پسماندہ کرنے اور بالآخر ختم کرنے کے لیے نرم آمریت اور ساتھیوں کے دباؤ کا استعمال کیا جاتا ہے۔ امتیازی، "فوبیک"۔ ,

9 . indeed, the gay-marriage campaign provides a case study in conformism, a searing insight into how soft authoritarianism and peer pressure are applied in the modern age to sideline and eventually do away with any view considered overly judgmental, outdated, discriminatory,“phobic”,

10 . کیس اسٹڈی ہومز دراصل ایک اسکیچ بک ہے۔

10 . Case Study Homes is actually a sketchbook.

11 . کیس اسٹڈی کے خلاصے بھی خوش آئند ہیں۔

11 . case study abstracts will also be welcomed.

12 . دوسرا کیس اسٹڈی، پارڈیس، قابل قدر اثر۔

12 . The other case study , Pardis, valued impact.

13 . کیس اسٹڈی: آہ، سائبر سیکس کا لازوال فن۔

13 . Case Study : Ah, the timeless art of cybersex.

14 . آج کے لیے ہمارا کیس اسٹڈی Tazemasa.com کے ساتھ ہے!

14 . Our case study for today is with Tazemasa.com!

15 . ifpug نے فوری کیس اسٹڈی انعامات پروگرام کا آغاز کیا۔

15 . ifpug is launching a snap case study award program.

16 . کیس اسٹڈی #15: اپنے مہمانوں کو کم اختیارات پیش کریں۔

16 . Case Study #15: Offer fewer options to your visitors

17 . یونان میں پیلوپونیس بنیادی کیس اسٹڈی بناتا ہے۔

17 . The Peloponnese in Greece forms the main case study .

18 . کیس اسٹڈی: این نے اپنی ملازمت کو وہ کرنے کے لیے کیسے چھوڑا جو وہ پسند کرتی ہے۔

18 . Case Study : How Ann quit her job to do what she loves

19 . (تصویر۔ کیس اسٹڈی: لنڈا اسپنر ایک نیا اپارٹمنٹ چاہتی ہے۔)

19 . (Fig. Case study : Linda Spanner wants a new apartment.)

20 . کیس اسٹڈی: SEO کے بغیر گوگل پر کیسے غلبہ حاصل کیا جائے (43 دنوں میں)

20 . Case Study : How to Dominate Google Without SEO (in 43 Days)

21 . ہماری ٹیم کیس سٹڈی پر کام کر رہی ہے۔

21 . Our team is working on a case-study.

22 . یہ ایک کیس اسٹڈی ہے۔

22 . This is a case-study.

23 . اس نے کیس اسٹڈی کا تجزیہ کیا۔

23 . She analyzed the case-study.

24 . یہ ایک کلاسک کیس اسٹڈی ہے۔

24 . This is a classic case-study.

25 . کیس اسٹڈی دلچسپ ہے۔

25 . The case-study is interesting.

26 . اس کیس اسٹڈی کا بڑے پیمانے پر حوالہ دیا گیا ہے۔

26 . This case-study is widely cited.

27 . ہمیں کیس اسٹڈی کا جائزہ لینے کی ضرورت ہے۔

27 . We need to review the case-study.

28 . اس کیس اسٹڈی کو اچھی طرح سے سمجھا جاتا ہے۔

28 . This case-study is well-regarded.

29 . ہم اس کیس سٹڈی سے سیکھ سکتے ہیں۔

29 . We can learn from this case-study.

30 . میں اس کیس اسٹڈی سے متوجہ ہوں۔

30 . I'm fascinated by this case-study.

31 . انہوں نے اس کیس اسٹڈی پر ایک کتاب لکھی۔

31 . He wrote a book on this case-study.

32 . میں کیس اسٹڈی پڑھنے کا مشورہ دیتا ہوں۔

32 . I recommend reading the case-study.

33 . یہ کیس اسٹڈی اچھی طرح سے دستاویزی ہے۔

33 . This case-study is well-documented.

34 . کیس اسٹڈی کلیدی بصیرت کو ظاہر کرتی ہے۔

34 . The case-study reveals key insights.

35 . اس نے کیس اسٹڈی کے لیے ڈیٹا اکٹھا کیا۔

35 . He collected data for the case-study.

36 . اس نے کیس اسٹڈی کے نتائج پیش کیے۔

36 . He presented the case-study findings.

37 . اس کیس اسٹڈی کو بڑے پیمانے پر تسلیم کیا جاتا ہے۔

37 . This case-study is widely recognized.

38 . یہ کیس اسٹڈی بہت زیادہ اثر انگیز ہے۔

38 . This case-study is highly influential.

39 . کیس اسٹڈی ہمارے نتائج کی توثیق کرتی ہے۔

39 . The case-study validates our findings.

40 . اس کیس اسٹڈی کو بڑے پیمانے پر تسلیم کیا جاتا ہے۔

40 . This case-study is widely acknowledged.

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Case Study meaning in Urdu - Learn actual meaning of Case Study with simple examples & definitions. Also you will learn Antonyms , synonyms & best example sentences. This dictionary also provide you 10 languages so you can find meaning of Case Study in Hindi, Tamil , Telugu , Bengali , Kannada , Marathi , Malayalam , Gujarati , Punjabi , Urdu.

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• case study Meaning

Case Study Meaning in Urdu

The word "Case Study" means حالات و واقعات مقدمہ کا جائزہ (Halaat o waqeat muqadma ka jaiza) in Urdu. Synonyms for Case Study include . Additionally, common words starting with the letter "C" include .

حالات و واقعات مقدمہ کا جائزہ

Halaat o waqeat muqadma ka jaiza.

Case Study Urdu Meaning with Definition

Case Study is an English word that is used in many sentences in different contexts. Case Study meaning in Urdu is a حالات و واقعات مقدمہ کا جائزہ - Halaat o waqeat muqadma ka jaiza. Case Study word is driven by the English language. Case Study word meaning in English is well described here in English as well as in Urdu. You can use this amazing English to Urdu dictionary online to check the meaning of other words too as the word Case Study meaning.

Finding the exact meaning of any word online is a little tricky. There is more than 1 meaning of each word. However the meaning of Case Study stated above is reliable and authentic. It can be used in various sentences and Case Study word synonyms are also given on this page. Dictionary is a helpful tool for everyone who wants to learn a new word or wants to find the meaning. This English to Urdu dictionary online is easy to use and carry in your pocket. Similar to the meaning of Case Study, you can check other words' meanings as well by searching it online.

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Case study meanings in Urdu

Case study meanings in Urdu is کیس اسٹڈی Case study in Urdu. More meanings of case study, it's definitions, example sentences, related words, idioms and quotations.

Case study Definitions

Please find 2 English and definitions related to the word Case study.

• (noun) : a detailed analysis of a person or group from a social or psychological or medical point of view
• (noun) : a careful study of some social unit (as a corporation or division within a corporation) that attempts to determine what factors led to its success or failure

Watergate provides a model case study of the interaction and powers of each of the branches of government. It also is a morality play with a sad and dramatic ending.

- Bob Woodward

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What are the meanings of Case study in Urdu?

Meanings of the word Case study in Urdu are . To understand how would you translate the word Case study in Urdu, you can take help from words closely related to Case study or it’s Urdu translations. Some of these words can also be considered Case study synonyms. In case you want even more details, you can also consider checking out all of the definitions of the word Case study. If there is a match we also include idioms & quotations that either use this word or its translations in them or use any of the related words in English or Urdu translations. These idioms or quotations can also be taken as a literary example of how to use Case study in a sentence. If you have trouble reading in Urdu we have also provided these meanings in Roman Urdu.

We have tried our level best to provide you as much detail on how to say Case study in Urdu as possible so you could understand its correct English to Urdu translation. We encourage everyone to contribute in adding more meanings to MeaningIn Dictionary by adding English to Urdu translations, Urdu to Roman Urdu transliterations and Urdu to English Translations. This will improve our English to Urdu Dictionary, Urdu to English dictionary, English to Urdu Idioms translation and Urdu to English Idioms translations. Although we have added all of the meanings of Case study with utmost care but there could be human errors in the translation. So if you encounter any problem in our translation service please feel free to correct it at the spot. All you have to do is to click here and submit your correction.

Frequently Asked Questions (FAQ)

What do you mean by case study, whats the definition of case study.

• a detailed analysis of a person or group from a social or psychological or medical point of view
• a careful study of some social unit (as a corporation or division within a corporation) that attempts to determine what factors led to its success or failure

What are the quotes with word case study?

• Watergate provides a model case study of the interaction and powers of each of the branches of government. It also is a morality play with a sad and dramatic ending. — Bob Woodward

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Meaning of see meaning case-study in english , hindi & urdu, केस-इस्टडी • کیس اِسْٹَڈی.

Origin : English

کیس اِسْٹَڈی کے اردو معانی

• فراہم شدہ معلومات کی بنیاد پر کسی شخص وغیرہ کو سمجھنے کی کو شش ، علاج کے لیے مریض کی کیفیات کا مطالعہ .

Urdu meaning of case-study

• faraaham shuudaa maaluumaat kii buniyaad par kisii shaKhs vaGaira ko samajhne kii koshish, i.ilaaj ke li.e mariiz kii kaifyaat ka mutaalaa

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mischief, coquetry

[ Thodi umr ke ladke jo shokhi apne maan-baap se karen wo jaa-e-shikayat nahin hoti ]

tailor, dressmaker

[ Darzi ko ilzam dete aur kahte ki gareban haram-zade ne banaya hi nahin ]

self-imposed daily task or service, chant

[ Jannata ke khwahishmand log ek hazar gayatriyon ka vird kiya karen ]

a vapour resembling the sea at a distance

[ Chulistan ke ye dher ya hamvar maidan dur se sarab ka manzar pesh karte hain ]

exhilaration (caused by wine, slight intoxication

[ Nawab ne aaj pahle-pahal pi thi jab unhen suroor hua to dukan se jo chiz kharid ki wo usi sharab ki botalen thin ]

ruddy shelduck, Anas casarca, a species of lark

[ Surkhab ke nar aur mada din bhar sath rahte hain aur raat aane par alahida ho jaate hain ]

day-break, dawn of day

[ Sahar hote hi insan to kya janwar bhi jaag jate hain ]

envy, malice, emulation, ambition

[ Hasad buri chiz hai kisi ki taraqqi dekh kar hasad nahin karana chahiye ]

Baraamadgii.

recovery (esp. of stolen property)

[ Police ne chori kiye gaye lakhon ke zevaraat ki baraamadgi ka dava kiya hai ]

song, lyric, anthem, hymn, sonnet, melody

[ Samaj ke murda logon mein zindagi daudane ke liye surood-e-nau ki zaroorat hai ]

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English meaning of case-study , case-study meaning in english, case-study translation and definition in English. case-study का मतलब (मीनिंग) अंग्रेजी (इंग्लिश) में जाने | Khair meaning in hindi

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Methodology

• What Is a Case Study? | Definition, Examples & Methods

What Is a Case Study? | Definition, Examples & Methods

Published on May 8, 2019 by Shona McCombes . Revised on November 20, 2023.

A case study is a detailed study of a specific subject, such as a person, group, place, event, organization, or phenomenon. Case studies are commonly used in social, educational, clinical, and business research.

A case study research design usually involves qualitative methods , but quantitative methods are sometimes also used. Case studies are good for describing , comparing, evaluating and understanding different aspects of a research problem .

Table of contents

When to do a case study, step 1: select a case, step 2: build a theoretical framework, step 3: collect your data, step 4: describe and analyze the case, other interesting articles.

A case study is an appropriate research design when you want to gain concrete, contextual, in-depth knowledge about a specific real-world subject. It allows you to explore the key characteristics, meanings, and implications of the case.

Case studies are often a good choice in a thesis or dissertation . They keep your project focused and manageable when you don’t have the time or resources to do large-scale research.

You might use just one complex case study where you explore a single subject in depth, or conduct multiple case studies to compare and illuminate different aspects of your research problem.

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Once you have developed your problem statement and research questions , you should be ready to choose the specific case that you want to focus on. A good case study should have the potential to:

• Provide new or unexpected insights into the subject
• Challenge or complicate existing assumptions and theories
• Propose practical courses of action to resolve a problem
• Open up new directions for future research

TipIf your research is more practical in nature and aims to simultaneously investigate an issue as you solve it, consider conducting action research instead.

Unlike quantitative or experimental research , a strong case study does not require a random or representative sample. In fact, case studies often deliberately focus on unusual, neglected, or outlying cases which may shed new light on the research problem.

Example of an outlying case studyIn the 1960s the town of Roseto, Pennsylvania was discovered to have extremely low rates of heart disease compared to the US average. It became an important case study for understanding previously neglected causes of heart disease.

However, you can also choose a more common or representative case to exemplify a particular category, experience or phenomenon.

Example of a representative case studyIn the 1920s, two sociologists used Muncie, Indiana as a case study of a typical American city that supposedly exemplified the changing culture of the US at the time.

While case studies focus more on concrete details than general theories, they should usually have some connection with theory in the field. This way the case study is not just an isolated description, but is integrated into existing knowledge about the topic. It might aim to:

• Exemplify a theory by showing how it explains the case under investigation
• Expand on a theory by uncovering new concepts and ideas that need to be incorporated
• Challenge a theory by exploring an outlier case that doesn’t fit with established assumptions

To ensure that your analysis of the case has a solid academic grounding, you should conduct a literature review of sources related to the topic and develop a theoretical framework . This means identifying key concepts and theories to guide your analysis and interpretation.

There are many different research methods you can use to collect data on your subject. Case studies tend to focus on qualitative data using methods such as interviews , observations , and analysis of primary and secondary sources (e.g., newspaper articles, photographs, official records). Sometimes a case study will also collect quantitative data.

Example of a mixed methods case studyFor a case study of a wind farm development in a rural area, you could collect quantitative data on employment rates and business revenue, collect qualitative data on local people’s perceptions and experiences, and analyze local and national media coverage of the development.

The aim is to gain as thorough an understanding as possible of the case and its context.

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In writing up the case study, you need to bring together all the relevant aspects to give as complete a picture as possible of the subject.

How you report your findings depends on the type of research you are doing. Some case studies are structured like a standard scientific paper or thesis , with separate sections or chapters for the methods , results and discussion .

Others are written in a more narrative style, aiming to explore the case from various angles and analyze its meanings and implications (for example, by using textual analysis or discourse analysis ).

In all cases, though, make sure to give contextual details about the case, connect it back to the literature and theory, and discuss how it fits into wider patterns or debates.

If you want to know more about statistics , methodology , or research bias , make sure to check out some of our other articles with explanations and examples.

• Normal distribution
• Degrees of freedom
• Null hypothesis
• Discourse analysis
• Control groups
• Mixed methods research
• Non-probability sampling
• Quantitative research
• Ecological validity

Research bias

• Rosenthal effect
• Implicit bias
• Cognitive bias
• Selection bias
• Negativity bias
• Status quo bias

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McCombes, S. (2023, November 20). What Is a Case Study? | Definition, Examples & Methods. Scribbr. Retrieved August 29, 2024, from https://www.scribbr.com/methodology/case-study/

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Analysis: Revisiting the Faizabad Dharna case

In the intricate web of Pakistan’s legal landscape, few cases have left as profound an impact on the nation’s judicial and political narrative as the Faizabad Dharna case. As the review petition is finally taken up by the Supreme Court, it is essential to revisit the unprecedented nature of this case and explore the potential consequences and pathways it may lead to.

The Faizabad Dharna case emerged from the prolonged and contentious sit-in staged at Islamabad’s Faizabad interchange in 2017. The protest itself started out as a political stand-off, but soon evolved into a litmus test for the resilience of democratic institutions, the sanctity of the Constitution, and the boundaries of freedom of expression.

In the wake of the stand-off, the SC initiated a case under its suo motu jurisdiction, which allows the court to take cognisance of matters on its own volition, usually in cases of public importance or violation of fundamental rights. In such cases, however, the review jurisdiction before the SC is exceedingly limited, and the judgement is unlikely to be substantially altered or overturned.

Unprecedented aspects of the Faizabad Dharna case

A judge takes on the establishment

The political context of the Faizabad Dharna case cannot be overstated.

At the time, Nawaz Sharif, a three-time elected prime minister, had been disqualified , and preparations were underway for his imprisonment. Political parties were undergoing significant changes, with one being dismantled and another, the PTI, enjoying robust support.

Much of the superior judiciary and media had largely aligned with the establishment’s narrative. Even the elected governments at the time of the Dharna, led by Shahid Khaqan Abbasi at the Centre and Shehbaz Sharif in Punjab refrained from challenging the establishment’s dominance, which extended to religious extremists.

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Justice Qazi Faez Isa’s verdict came at the peak of this hybrid experiment, with a new prime minister cementing the ‘same page’ between the executive and the establishment. The judiciary itself had become an active participant in this collaboration. Notably, Justice Shaukat Aziz Siddiqui, a high court judge, had previously been removed from office by his peers when he exposed pressure from the establishment and the Inter-Services Intelligence (ISI).

In this charged atmosphere, religious extremists affiliated with the Tehreek-i-Labbaik Pakistan (TLP) roamed the streets, inciting and committing acts of violence. Under these circumstances, taking a stance against the establishment, questioning the executive, critiquing mainstream political parties, including the PTI, and even scrutinising the judiciary was an extraordinary act of courage, given the formidable forces aligned against such dissent.

Judgement against generals in power

Unlike previous cases where judgements against military generals came after they were removed from power, this verdict targeted the current dispensation of the military establishment.

Previous cases, such as the declaration against Yahya Khan in the Asma Jillani case, the judgement against General Aslam Baig in the Air Marshal Asghar Khan case, and the direction for initiating a treason trial against General Musharraf in the PCO judges case , had all been heard after the military officials’ respective tenures.

In contrast, this decision was delivered while the military had become an even more dominant force in Pakistan’s political landscape, and the generals had been promoted, marking a significant departure from established norms of holding generals accountable only after their removal from office.

Tackling the role of armed forces and intelligence agencies

One of the most striking aspects of the judgement was its unflinching examination of the roles played by the armed forces and intelligence agencies, including the ISI and Military Intelligence (MI). The judgement did not shy away from these critical issues and addressed them head-on.

Justice Isa questioned the role of state agencies, particularly the ISI, in failing to counter the threat of violent extremism posed by groups like the TLP and others. He expressed disappointment in the alleged interference of ISI in matters of political significance, highlighting that military agencies should never be seen as supporting any particular political party. The judgement underscored the importance of armed forces adhering to their constitutional role and maintaining their integrity.

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Additionally, the judgement provided specific directions for initiating action against members of the armed forces who had violated their oaths and ventured into political activities. It also called for bringing intelligence agencies under legal frameworks.

Support for civilian institutions

The Faizabad Dharna case judgement extended support to civilian institutions, such as the Pakistan Electronic Media Regulatory Authority (Pemra) and the Election Commission of Pakistan. It aimed to shield these institutions and the media from undue influence by intelligence agencies. This emphasis on safeguarding a free press and independent institutions is crucial for upholding democratic principles.

A direct challenge to religious extremism

The judgement took a bold stance against religious extremism and bigotry propagated by groups like the TLP. It did not mince words and issued strong directives to counter religious extremism. This resolute approach highlighted the judiciary’s commitment to curbing radicalism and preserving social harmony.

Consequences and potential pathways

The Faizabad Dharna case and its subsequent developments have far-reaching consequences for Pakistan’s judicial, political, and broader landscape.

Impact on Justice Isa and the judiciary

It is no secret that Justice Isa and his family went through a tough time, courtesy of the establishment, sometimes with a little help from his fellow judges. Even Prime Minister Imran Khan eventually admitted that the reference against Justice Isa was a mistake pushed by the establishment’s agenda. But what’s even more striking is the massive split it caused within the apex court.

This internal bickering seriously dented the SC’s reputation and authority. To put this into perspective, by the end of Chief Justice Umar Ata Bandial’s term, he found it increasingly challenging to enforce his orders related to the general elections.

These divisions didn’t just stay within the court’s walls — they had significant consequences for civil liberties in Pakistan, especially post-May 9 . Today, court orders are often brushed aside, and even the most ancient legal safeguard, habeas corpus , doesn’t hold much weight in politically charged cases. This erosion of the court’s authority and the impact on civil liberties paints a vivid picture of how the Faizabad Dharna case left its mark on Pakistan’s legal and political landscape.

Implementation of the judgement: Confrontation with the establishment

One possible path forward involves Justice Isa insisting on the implementation of his judgement. This would entail taking action against members of the armed forces who violated their oaths. Such a move could lead to a direct confrontation with the establishment.

However, direct confrontation may jeopardise Justice Isa’s ability to address other critical matters and pursue his reform agenda effectively. It could also provide opportunities for the establishment to find collaborators within the judiciary. This path is rife with challenges, as it could lead to a protracted and divisive battle.

Navigating the complexities of holding generals accountable

The Musharraf treason trial serves as a poignant reminder of the intricate and multi-faceted consequences that pursuing accountability, particularly involving retired generals, can entail for politics, democracy, and the judiciary.

This watershed moment in Pakistan’s history, where a former military ruler was held accountable for subverting the Constitution, resulted in significant political upheaval, including the removal of prominent figures like Nawaz Sharif from office and the mysterious demise of a high court judge, Chief Justice Waqar Seth , involved in the trial.

As discussions about holding retired generals like General Bajwa and General Faiz Hamid accountable persist, the Musharraf trial offers valuable insights into the complexities and potential risks associated with such endeavours, emphasising the need for a cautious and transparent approach to safeguard democratic principles and the rule of law.

Balancing act: Avoiding confrontation

On the other hand, if Justice Isa opts to not push the matter to its ultimate conclusion, he may face accusations of compromising or backing down. This approach may seem pragmatic, as it avoids a direct clash with the establishment, but it risks undermining the pursuit of justice, accountability, and the credibility of the judiciary.

The imperative of truth

Regardless of the path chosen, Pakistan faces an undeniable imperative — the need for an honest reckoning or some form of truth and reconciliation. Addressing the underlying issues and acknowledging the proverbial elephant in the room — the military’s undue influence in politics—is crucial for Pakistan’s democratic progress.

Without such a reckoning, Pakistan’s democratic process will continue to face challenges, and civil liberties will remain at risk. It is a crossroads where Pakistan must choose to confront its past and chart a course towards a more accountable and just future, where institutions operate within their defined roles, and the rule of law prevails.

In the words of the founding father, Muhammad Ali Jinnah, Pakistan was envisioned to be based on “fundamental principles of democracy, not bureaucracy or autocracy or dictatorship.”

The Faizabad Dharna case judgement provides an opportunity for Pakistan to reaffirm its commitment to those principles and pave the way for a brighter, more accountable future. It is a moment of reckoning that cannot be skirted around, for the nation’s progress depends on addressing the principle contradiction it faces. All else is secondary.

Header image: Protesters hurl back a tear gas shell fired by police during a clash in the 2017 Faizabad Dharna. —AP

The author is a practicing lawyer and teaches law at the Lahore University of Management Sciences (LUMS). He studied law at Columbia University, New York.

In pictures: Islamabad standoff intensifies as security forces, protesters clash

Who is backing Faizabad sit-in, asks SC judge

Justice Qazi Faez Isa — Pakistan’s judicial maverick

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Case Study Research Method in Psychology

Saul McLeod, PhD

Editor-in-Chief for Simply Psychology

BSc (Hons) Psychology, MRes, PhD, University of Manchester

Saul McLeod, PhD., is a qualified psychology teacher with over 18 years of experience in further and higher education. He has been published in peer-reviewed journals, including the Journal of Clinical Psychology.

Learn about our Editorial Process

Olivia Guy-Evans, MSc

Associate Editor for Simply Psychology

BSc (Hons) Psychology, MSc Psychology of Education

Olivia Guy-Evans is a writer and associate editor for Simply Psychology. She has previously worked in healthcare and educational sectors.

On This Page:

Case studies are in-depth investigations of a person, group, event, or community. Typically, data is gathered from various sources using several methods (e.g., observations & interviews).

The case study research method originated in clinical medicine (the case history, i.e., the patient’s personal history). In psychology, case studies are often confined to the study of a particular individual.

The information is mainly biographical and relates to events in the individual’s past (i.e., retrospective), as well as to significant events that are currently occurring in his or her everyday life.

The case study is not a research method, but researchers select methods of data collection and analysis that will generate material suitable for case studies.

Freud (1909a, 1909b) conducted very detailed investigations into the private lives of his patients in an attempt to both understand and help them overcome their illnesses.

This makes it clear that the case study is a method that should only be used by a psychologist, therapist, or psychiatrist, i.e., someone with a professional qualification.

There is an ethical issue of competence. Only someone qualified to diagnose and treat a person can conduct a formal case study relating to atypical (i.e., abnormal) behavior or atypical development.

 Famous Case Studies

• Anna O – One of the most famous case studies, documenting psychoanalyst Josef Breuer’s treatment of “Anna O” (real name Bertha Pappenheim) for hysteria in the late 1800s using early psychoanalytic theory.
• Little Hans – A child psychoanalysis case study published by Sigmund Freud in 1909 analyzing his five-year-old patient Herbert Graf’s house phobia as related to the Oedipus complex.
• Bruce/Brenda – Gender identity case of the boy (Bruce) whose botched circumcision led psychologist John Money to advise gender reassignment and raise him as a girl (Brenda) in the 1960s.
• Genie Wiley – Linguistics/psychological development case of the victim of extreme isolation abuse who was studied in 1970s California for effects of early language deprivation on acquiring speech later in life.
• Phineas Gage – One of the most famous neuropsychology case studies analyzes personality changes in railroad worker Phineas Gage after an 1848 brain injury involving a tamping iron piercing his skull.

Clinical Case Studies

• Studying the effectiveness of psychotherapy approaches with an individual patient
• Assessing and treating mental illnesses like depression, anxiety disorders, PTSD
• Neuropsychological cases investigating brain injuries or disorders

Child Psychology Case Studies

• Studying psychological development from birth through adolescence
• Cases of learning disabilities, autism spectrum disorders, ADHD
• Effects of trauma, abuse, deprivation on development

Types of Case Studies

• Explanatory case studies : Used to explore causation in order to find underlying principles. Helpful for doing qualitative analysis to explain presumed causal links.
• Exploratory case studies : Used to explore situations where an intervention being evaluated has no clear set of outcomes. It helps define questions and hypotheses for future research.
• Descriptive case studies : Describe an intervention or phenomenon and the real-life context in which it occurred. It is helpful for illustrating certain topics within an evaluation.
• Multiple-case studies : Used to explore differences between cases and replicate findings across cases. Helpful for comparing and contrasting specific cases.
• Intrinsic : Used to gain a better understanding of a particular case. Helpful for capturing the complexity of a single case.
• Collective : Used to explore a general phenomenon using multiple case studies. Helpful for jointly studying a group of cases in order to inquire into the phenomenon.

Where Do You Find Data for a Case Study?

There are several places to find data for a case study. The key is to gather data from multiple sources to get a complete picture of the case and corroborate facts or findings through triangulation of evidence. Most of this information is likely qualitative (i.e., verbal description rather than measurement), but the psychologist might also collect numerical data.

1. Primary sources

• Interviews – Interviewing key people related to the case to get their perspectives and insights. The interview is an extremely effective procedure for obtaining information about an individual, and it may be used to collect comments from the person’s friends, parents, employer, workmates, and others who have a good knowledge of the person, as well as to obtain facts from the person him or herself.
• Observations – Observing behaviors, interactions, processes, etc., related to the case as they unfold in real-time.
• Documents & Records – Reviewing private documents, diaries, public records, correspondence, meeting minutes, etc., relevant to the case.

2. Secondary sources

• News/Media – News coverage of events related to the case study.
• Academic articles – Journal articles, dissertations etc. that discuss the case.
• Government reports – Official data and records related to the case context.
• Books/films – Books, documentaries or films discussing the case.

3. Archival records

Searching historical archives, museum collections and databases to find relevant documents, visual/audio records related to the case history and context.

Public archives like newspapers, organizational records, photographic collections could all include potentially relevant pieces of information to shed light on attitudes, cultural perspectives, common practices and historical contexts related to psychology.

4. Organizational records

Organizational records offer the advantage of often having large datasets collected over time that can reveal or confirm psychological insights.

Of course, privacy and ethical concerns regarding confidential data must be navigated carefully.

However, with proper protocols, organizational records can provide invaluable context and empirical depth to qualitative case studies exploring the intersection of psychology and organizations.

• Organizational/industrial psychology research : Organizational records like employee surveys, turnover/retention data, policies, incident reports etc. may provide insight into topics like job satisfaction, workplace culture and dynamics, leadership issues, employee behaviors etc.
• Clinical psychology : Therapists/hospitals may grant access to anonymized medical records to study aspects like assessments, diagnoses, treatment plans etc. This could shed light on clinical practices.
• School psychology : Studies could utilize anonymized student records like test scores, grades, disciplinary issues, and counseling referrals to study child development, learning barriers, effectiveness of support programs, and more.

How do I Write a Case Study in Psychology?

Follow specified case study guidelines provided by a journal or your psychology tutor. General components of clinical case studies include: background, symptoms, assessments, diagnosis, treatment, and outcomes. Interpreting the information means the researcher decides what to include or leave out. A good case study should always clarify which information is the factual description and which is an inference or the researcher’s opinion.

1. Introduction

• Provide background on the case context and why it is of interest, presenting background information like demographics, relevant history, and presenting problem.
• Compare briefly to similar published cases if applicable. Clearly state the focus/importance of the case.

2. Case Presentation

• Describe the presenting problem in detail, including symptoms, duration,and impact on daily life.
• Include client demographics like age and gender, information about social relationships, and mental health history.
• Describe all physical, emotional, and/or sensory symptoms reported by the client.
• Use patient quotes to describe the initial complaint verbatim. Follow with full-sentence summaries of relevant history details gathered, including key components that led to a working diagnosis.
• Summarize clinical exam results, namely orthopedic/neurological tests, imaging, lab tests, etc. Note actual results rather than subjective conclusions. Provide images if clearly reproducible/anonymized.
• Clearly state the working diagnosis or clinical impression before transitioning to management.

3. Management and Outcome

• Indicate the total duration of care and number of treatments given over what timeframe. Use specific names/descriptions for any therapies/interventions applied.
• Present the results of the intervention,including any quantitative or qualitative data collected.
• For outcomes, utilize visual analog scales for pain, medication usage logs, etc., if possible. Include patient self-reports of improvement/worsening of symptoms. Note the reason for discharge/end of care.

4. Discussion

• Analyze the case, exploring contributing factors, limitations of the study, and connections to existing research.
• Analyze the effectiveness of the intervention,considering factors like participant adherence, limitations of the study, and potential alternative explanations for the results.
• Identify any questions raised in the case analysis and relate insights to established theories and current research if applicable. Avoid definitive claims about physiological explanations.
• Offer clinical implications, and suggest future research directions.

5. Additional Items

• Thank specific assistants for writing support only. No patient acknowledgments.
• References should directly support any key claims or quotes included.
• Use tables/figures/images only if substantially informative. Include permissions and legends/explanatory notes.
• Provides detailed (rich qualitative) information.
• Provides insight for further research.
• Permitting investigation of otherwise impractical (or unethical) situations.

Case studies allow a researcher to investigate a topic in far more detail than might be possible if they were trying to deal with a large number of research participants (nomothetic approach) with the aim of ‘averaging’.

Because of their in-depth, multi-sided approach, case studies often shed light on aspects of human thinking and behavior that would be unethical or impractical to study in other ways.

Research that only looks into the measurable aspects of human behavior is not likely to give us insights into the subjective dimension of experience, which is important to psychoanalytic and humanistic psychologists.

Case studies are often used in exploratory research. They can help us generate new ideas (that might be tested by other methods). They are an important way of illustrating theories and can help show how different aspects of a person’s life are related to each other.

The method is, therefore, important for psychologists who adopt a holistic point of view (i.e., humanistic psychologists ).

Limitations

• Lacking scientific rigor and providing little basis for generalization of results to the wider population.
• Researchers’ own subjective feelings may influence the case study (researcher bias).
• Difficult to replicate.
• Time-consuming and expensive.
• The volume of data, together with the time restrictions in place, impacted the depth of analysis that was possible within the available resources.

Because a case study deals with only one person/event/group, we can never be sure if the case study investigated is representative of the wider body of “similar” instances. This means the conclusions drawn from a particular case may not be transferable to other settings.

Because case studies are based on the analysis of qualitative (i.e., descriptive) data , a lot depends on the psychologist’s interpretation of the information she has acquired.

This means that there is a lot of scope for Anna O , and it could be that the subjective opinions of the psychologist intrude in the assessment of what the data means.

For example, Freud has been criticized for producing case studies in which the information was sometimes distorted to fit particular behavioral theories (e.g., Little Hans ).

This is also true of Money’s interpretation of the Bruce/Brenda case study (Diamond, 1997) when he ignored evidence that went against his theory.

Breuer, J., & Freud, S. (1895).  Studies on hysteria . Standard Edition 2: London.

Curtiss, S. (1981). Genie: The case of a modern wild child .

Diamond, M., & Sigmundson, K. (1997). Sex Reassignment at Birth: Long-term Review and Clinical Implications. Archives of Pediatrics & Adolescent Medicine , 151(3), 298-304

Freud, S. (1909a). Analysis of a phobia of a five year old boy. In The Pelican Freud Library (1977), Vol 8, Case Histories 1, pages 169-306

Freud, S. (1909b). Bemerkungen über einen Fall von Zwangsneurose (Der “Rattenmann”). Jb. psychoanal. psychopathol. Forsch ., I, p. 357-421; GW, VII, p. 379-463; Notes upon a case of obsessional neurosis, SE , 10: 151-318.

Harlow J. M. (1848). Passage of an iron rod through the head.  Boston Medical and Surgical Journal, 39 , 389–393.

Harlow, J. M. (1868).  Recovery from the Passage of an Iron Bar through the Head .  Publications of the Massachusetts Medical Society. 2  (3), 327-347.

Money, J., & Ehrhardt, A. A. (1972).  Man & Woman, Boy & Girl : The Differentiation and Dimorphism of Gender Identity from Conception to Maturity. Baltimore, Maryland: Johns Hopkins University Press.

Money, J., & Tucker, P. (1975). Sexual signatures: On being a man or a woman.

Further Information

• Case Study Approach
• Case Study Method
• Enhancing the Quality of Case Studies in Health Services Research
• “We do things together” A case study of “couplehood” in dementia
• Using mixed methods for evaluating an integrative approach to cancer care: a case study

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Case Meaning In Urdu

Case Meaning in English to Urdu is ماجرا, as written in Urdu and Maajra, as written in Roman Urdu. There are many synonyms of Case which include Bag, Baggage, Basket, Bin, Box, Cabinet, Caddy, Caisson, Canister, Capsule, Carton, Cartridge, Casing, Casket, Chamber, Chassis, Chest, Coffer, Compact, Cover, Covering, Crate, Crib, Drawer, Envelope, Folder, Grip, Holder, Integument, Jacket, Receptacle, Safe, Scabbard, Sheath, Shell, Suitcase, Tray, Trunk, Wallet, Wrapper, Wrapping, Crating, etc.

Definitions of Case

n . A box, sheath, or covering.

n . A box and its contents; the quantity contained in a box.

n . A shallow tray divided into compartments or u201cboxesu201d for holding type.

n . An inclosing frame; a casing.

n . A small fissure which admits water to the workings.

n . Chance; accident; hap; opportunity.

n . That which befalls, comes, or happens; an event; an instance; a circumstance, or all the circumstances; condition; state of things; affair.

n . A patient under treatment; an instance of sickness or injury; ; also, the history of a disease or injury.

n . The matters of fact or conditions involved in a suit, as distinguished from the questions of law; a suit or action at law; a cause.

n . One of the forms, or the inflections or changes of form, of a noun, pronoun, or adjective, which indicate its relation to other words, and in the aggregate constitute its declension; the relation which a noun or pronoun sustains to some other word.

intransitive v . To propose hypothetical cases.

transitive v . To cover or protect with, or as with, a case; to inclose.

transitive v . To strip the skin from.

How To Spell Case [keys]

Origin of Case Middle English: from Old French cas, from Latin casus ‘fall’, related to cadere ‘to fall’; in case (sense 4) directly from Latin, translating Greek ptōsis, literally ‘fall’.

Synonyms For Case , Similar to Case

Antonyms for case , opposite to case, more word meaning in urdu, free online dictionary, word of the day, insinuation.

[in-sin-yoo-ey-shuh N]

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Is the Urdu language the same as Hindi?

Urdu language

Our editors will review what you’ve submitted and determine whether to revise the article.

• University College London - Urdu
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What language family does the Urdu language belong to?

The Urdu language is a member of the Indo-Aryan group within the Indo-European family of languages.

The Urdu language is closely related to Hindi. They share the same Indo-Aryan base, are similar in phonology and grammar, and are mutually intelligible. However, they are from different sources: Urdu is from Arabic and Persian, and Hindi is from Sanskrit. The most distinct difference is in terms of writing systems: Urdu uses the Nastaliq ( nastaʿlīq ) script, while Hindi uses Devanagari.

What writing system does the Urdu language use?

The Urdu language uses a modified form of Perso-Arabic script known as Nastaliq ( nastaʿlīq ).

Where is the Urdu language spoken?

The Urdu language is spoken predominantly in Pakistan and India. It is the official state language of Pakistan and is also officially recognized in the constitution of India. Significant Urdu communities exist in the United Arab Emirates, the United Kingdom, and the United States.

Recent News

Urdu language , member of the Indo-Aryan group within the Indo-European family of languages. Urdu is spoken as a first language by nearly 70 million people and as a second language by more than 100 million people, predominantly in Pakistan and India . It is the official state language of Pakistan and is also officially recognized, or “scheduled,” in the constitution of India. Significant speech communities exist in the United Arab Emirates , the United Kingdom , and the United States as well. Notably, Urdu and Hindi are mutually intelligible.

Urdu developed in the 12th century ce from the regional Apabhramsha of northwestern India, serving as a linguistic modus vivendi after the Muslim conquest. Its first major poet was Amir Khosrow (1253–1325), who composed dohas (couplets), folk songs, and riddles in the newly formed speech, then called Hindvi. This mixed speech was variously called Hindvi, Zaban-e-Hind, Hindi, Zaban-e-Delhi, Rekhta, Gujari, Dakkhani, Zaban-e-Urdu-e-Mualla, Zaban-e-Urdu, or just Urdu, literally ‘the language of the camp.’ Major Urdu writers continued to refer to it as Hindi or Hindvi until the beginning of the 19th century, although there is evidence that it was called Hindustani in the late 17th century. ( Hindustani now refers to a simplified speech form that is the Indian subcontinent’s largest lingua franca .)

Urdu is closely related to Hindi, a language that originated and developed in the Indian subcontinent. They share the same Indo-Aryan base and are so similar in phonology and grammar that they appear to be one language. In terms of lexicon , however, they have borrowed extensively from different sources—Urdu from Arabic and Persian , Hindi from Sanskrit —so they are usually treated as independent languages. Their distinction is most marked in terms of writing systems: Urdu uses a modified form of Perso-Arabic script known as Nastaliq ( nastaʿlīq ), while Hindi uses Devanagari .

Phonologically, the Urdu sounds are the same as those of Hindi except for slight variations in short vowel allophones . Urdu also retains a complete set of aspirated stops (sounds pronounced with a sudden release with an audible breath), a characteristic of Indo-Aryan, as well as retroflex stops. Urdu does not retain the complete range of Perso-Arabic consonants , despite its heavy borrowing from that tradition. The largest number of sounds retained is among the spirants, a group of sounds uttered with a friction of breath against some part of the oral passage, in this case /f/, /z/, /zh/, /x/, and /g/. One sound in the stops category, the glottal /q/, has also been retained from Perso-Arabic.

From the grammatical point of view, there is not much difference between Hindi and Urdu. One distinction is that Urdu uses more Perso-Arabic prefixes and suffixes than Hindi; examples include the prefixes dar- ‘in,’ ba-/baa- ‘with,’ be-/bila-/la- ‘without,’ and bad- ‘ill, miss’ and the suffixes -dar ‘holder,’ -saz ‘maker’ (as in zinsaz ‘harness maker’), -khor ‘eater’ (as in muftkhor ‘free eater’), and -posh ‘cover’ (as in mez posh ‘table cover’).

Although both Urdu and Hindi typically mark the plural by changing the singular suffix -aa to -ee , Urdu uses -aat in some cases, such as kaagazaat ‘papers,’ jawaharaat ‘jewels,’ and makaanaat ‘houses.’ In addition, where Hindi and Urdu both use the suffix -ka ‘of’ in many constructions, Urdu marks the genitive ‘of’ with -e(e) , as in subhe-azadi ‘the morning of freedom’ and khoon-e-jigar ‘the blood of heart.’

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4.7 Oblique Case

Instructor video:  oblique case in urdu.

Case is a property of a word which indicates its uses within a phrase or sentence. In Urdu, based on form, there are two types of case: (a) Direct Case and (b) Oblique Case.

Oblique Noun

Masculine singular oblique nouns.

Only singular masculine nouns that end in آ- change into ے-  to the oblique case form. Others (singular masculine that do not end in آ- and singular feminine) do not change.

( آ- changes into ے- ) “boy’s name”  لڑکا- لڑکے کا نام

(no change) “man’s name” آدمی- آدمی کا نام 

Feminine Singular Oblique Nouns

When a feminine singular noun is followed by any post-position, it does not change its form.

(No change) “girl’s name” لڑکی- لڑکی کا نام 

(No change) “book’s name” کتاب- کتاب کا نام 

Plural Oblique Nouns

All plural nouns (masculine and feminine) change into وں “o” in their oblique case forms.

For Examples:

“Boys’ names” لڑکے- لڑکوں کے نام

“Cities’ names” شہر- شہروں کے نام

“Girls’ names” لڑکیاں- لڑکیوں کے نام

“Books’ names” کتابیں- کتابوں کے نام

Oblique Nouns Summary

Oblique Adjectives

“good boy’s name” اچھا- اچھا لڑکا — اچھے لڑکے کا نام 

“in sweet fruits” میٹھا- میٹھا پھل — میٹھے پھلوں میں 

(No change) “beautiful girl’s name” خوبصورت- خوبصورت لڑکی — خوبصورت لڑکی کا نام

(No change) “In an airy room” ہوادار- ہوادار کمرہ — ہوادار کمرے میں

Summary of Oblique Adjectives

Oblique Verbs

• “To eat” کھانا
• “To read” پڑھنا
• “To sleep” سونا

“in order to eat/to eat” کھانے کے لئے — “to eat” کھانا

“by reading” پڑھنے سے — “to read” پڑھنا

“before sleeping” سونے سے پہلے — “to sleep” سونا

Oblique Pronouns

Test Yourself

Basic Urdu Copyright © 2022 by Rajiv Ranjan is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial 4.0 International License , except where otherwise noted.

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Title: a preliminary case study on long-form in-the-wild audio spoofing detection.

Abstract: Audio spoofing detection has become increasingly important due to the rise in real-world cases. Current spoofing detectors, referred to as spoofing countermeasures (CM), are mainly trained and focused on audio waveforms with a single speaker and short duration. This study explores spoofing detection in more realistic scenarios, where the audio is long in duration and features multiple speakers and complex acoustic conditions. We test the widely-acquired AASIST under this challenging scenario, looking at the impact of multiple variations such as duration, speaker presence, and acoustic complexities on CM performance. Our work reveals key issues with current methods and suggests preliminary ways to improve them. We aim to make spoofing detection more applicable in more in-the-wild scenarios. This research is served as an important step towards developing detection systems that can handle the challenges of audio spoofing in real-world applications.

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