development essay upsc

UPSC Essay Topic wise Question Papers of last 31 years (1993-2023) for Civil Services IAS/IPS Exam Free Download

In the UPSC mains examination, essay paper is worth 250 marks and three hours. Here is the topic wise questions from the earlier years for the benefit of civil service IAS IPS aspirants.

1.1 India Since Independence

1.2 federalism, decentralization, 1.3 administration, 1.4 judiciary, 1.5 poverty, social justice, 1.6 indian society, culture and values, 1.7 media, tv & cinema, literature, 2.1 growth vs development, 2.2 environment vs development, 2.4 sectors of economy, 3.1 values in education, 3.2 scheme implementation, 3.3 higher education, 4.1 character, honesty, ethics, 4.2 knowledge, 4.3 compassion, 4.4 truth and reality, 4.5 youth, discipline, 4.6 towards excellence, 5.1 @national politics, 5.2 @world / quote type, 5.3 empowerment overall, 5.4 compared to men, 6.1 globalization, 6.2 international org./ bilateral, 6.3 security, 6.4 history, 7.1 science and religion, 7.2 science and education, 7.3 computer and internet, 7.4 sci-tech: others, appendix: linear paper of upsc essay 2023, appendix: linear paper of upsc essay 2022, appendix: model answer pe free lecture & powerpoint, appendix: syllabus of essay paper in upsc, 1 india: democracy, administration, society, culture.

• Is the Colonial mentality hindering India’s Success? -2013
• In the context of Gandhiji’s views on the matter, explore, on an evolutionary scale, the terms ‘Swadhinata’, ‘Swaraj’ and ‘Dharmarajya’. Critically comment on their contemporary relevance to Indian democracy -2012
• Dreams which should not let India sleep. -2015
• Why should we be proud of being Indians? -2000
• Whither Indian democracy? -1995
• How far has democracy in India delivered the goods? -2003
• What we have not learnt during fifty years of independence. -1997
• What have we gained from our democratic set-up? -2001
• My vision of India in 2001 a.d. -1993
• Impact of the new economic measures on fiscal ties between the union and states in India. -2017
• Water disputes between States in federal India. -2016
• Cooperative federalism : Myth or reality. -2016
• Creation of smaller states and the consequent administrative, economic and developmental implication -2011
• Evaluation of panchayati raj system in India from the point of view of eradication of power to people. -2007
• Water resources should be under the control of the central government. -2004
• The language problem in India: its past, present and prospects. -1998
• There are better practices to “best practices”. -2021
• How should a civil servant conduct himself? -2003
• Politics without ethics is a disaster. -1995
• The VIP cult is a bane of Indian democracy -1996
• Need for transparency in public administration -1996
• The country’s need for a better disaster management system. -2000
• Politics, bureaucracy and business – fatal triangle. -1994
• We may brave human laws but cannot resist natural laws. -2017
• Justice must reach the poor -2005
• Judicial activism and Indian democracy. -2004
• Judicial activism. -1997
• A society that has more justice is a society that needs less charity. (- जिस समाज में अधिक न्याय होता है उस समाज को दान की कम आवश्यकता होती है।) – 2023
• There can be no social justice without economic prosperity but economic prosperity without social justice is meaningless (बिना आर्थिक समृद्धि के सामाजिक न्याय नहीं हो सकता, किन्तु बिना सामाजिक न्याय के आर्थिक समृद्धि निरर्थक है ) -2020
• Neglect of primary health care and education in India are reasons for its backwardness. -2019
• The focus of health care is increasingly getting skewed towards the ‘haves’ of our society. -2009
• Food security for sustainable national development -2005
• Reservation, politics and empowerment. -1999
• Culture is what we are, civilization is what we have (जो हम है, वह संस्कार; जो हमारे पास है, वह सभ्यता ) -2020
• Indian culture today: a myth or a reality? -2000
• Modernism and our traditional socio-ethical values. -2000
• The composite culture of India. -1998
• The Indian society at the crossroads. -1994
• From traditional Indian philanthropy to the gates-buffet model-a natural progression or a paradigm shift? -2010
• New cults and godmen: a threat to traditional religion -1996
• Biased media is a real threat to Indian democracy. -2019
• Responsibility of media in a democracy. -2002
• Role of media in good governance -2008
• Does Indian cinema shape our popular culture or merely reflect it? -2011
• How has satellite television brought about cultural change in Indian mindsets? -2007
• Is sting operation an invasion on privacy? -2014
• Mass media and cultural invasion. -1999
• The misinterpretation and misuse of freedom in India. -1998
• Poets are the unacknowledged legislators of the world (कवि संसार के अनधिकृत रूप से विधायक होते हैं) – 2022

2 Economy, Development

• Poverty anywhere is a threat to prosperity everywhere. -2018
• Digital economy: A leveller or a source of economic inequality. -2016
• Innovation is the key determinant of economic growth and social welfare. -2016
• Near jobless growth in India: An anomaly or an outcome of economic reforms. -2016
• Crisis faced in India – moral or economic. -2015
• Was it the policy paralysis or the paralysis of implementation which slowed the growth of our country? -2014
• GDP (Gross Domestic Product) along with GDH (Gross Domestic Happiness) would be the right indices for judging the wellbeing of a country-2013
• Can capitalism bring inclusive growth? -2015
• Resource management in the Indian context. -1999
• Economic growth without distributive justice is bound to breed violence. -1993
• Forests are the best case studies for economic excellence (आर्थिक समृद्धि हासिल करने के मामले में वन सर्वोत्तम प्रतिमान होते हैं।) – 2022
• Alternative technologies for a climate change resilient India. -2018
• Should a moratorium be imposed on all fresh mining in tribal areas of the country? -2010
• Urbanisation and its hazards -2008
• Protection of ecology and environment is essential for sustained economic development. -2006
• Urbanization is a blessing in disguise. -1997
• Ecological considerations need not hamper development. -1993
• Globalization would finish small-scale industries in India. -2006
• Multinational corporations – saviours or saboteurs -1994
• Special economic zone: boon or bane -2008
• Is the criticism that the ‘Public-Private-Partnership’ (PPP) model for development is more of a bane than a boon in the Indian context, justified ?-2012
• Farming has lost the ability to be a source of subsistence for majority of farmers in India. -2017
• BPO boom in India. -2007
• Tourism: Can this be the next big thing for India? -2014
• Are our traditional handicrafts doomed to a slow death? -2009

3 Education

• Education is what remains after one has forgotten what one has learned in – school. (- शिक्षा वह है जो विद्यालय में विधालय में सीखी गई बातों को भूल जाने के बाद भी शेष रह जाती है।)
• Destiny of a nation is shaped in its classrooms. -2017
• Education without values, as useful as it is, seems rather to make a man more clever devil-2015
• Independent thinking should be encouraged right form the childhood. -2007
• Are the standardized tests good measure of academic ability or progress? -2014
• Irrelevance of the classroom. -2001
• Is the growing level of competition good for the youth? -2014
• Literacy is growing very fast, but there is no corresponding growth in education. -1996
• Is an egalitarian society possible by educating the masses ? -2008
• What is real education? -2005
• “Education for all” campaign in India: myth or reality. -2006
• Restructuring of Indian education system. -1995
• Privatization of higher education in India. -2002
• Credit – based higher education system – status, opportunities and challenges -2011

4 Quote based, Philosophy, Ethics

• A smile is the chosen vehicle for all ambiguities (हर असमंजस के लिए मुस्कराहट ही चुनिन्दा साधन है) – 2022
• Philosophy of wantlessness is a Utopian, while materialism is a chimera. -2021
• Your perception of me is a reflection of you; my reaction to you is an awareness of me. -2021
• Simplicity is the ultimate sophistication (सरलता चरम परिष्करण है ) -2020
• Ships don’t sink because of water around them ships sink because of water that gets into them (जहाज अपने चारों तरफ के पानी के वजह से नहीं डूबा करते, जहाज पानी के अंदर समां जाने की वजह से डूबता हैं ) -2020
• Life is a long journey between being human and being humane.  (मनुष्य होने और मानव बनने के बीच का लम्बा सफर ही जीवन है)-2020
• Values are not what humanity is, but what humanity ought to be -2019
• Best for an individual is not necessarily best for the society -2019
• Courage to accept and dedication to improve are two keys to success -2019
• Wisdom finds truth -2019
• A people that values its privileges above its principles loses both. -2018
• Customary morality cannot be a guide to modem file. -2018
• Need brings greed, if greed increases it spoils breed. -2016
• Character of an institution is reflected in its leader. -2015
• With greater power comes greater responsibility. -2014
• Words are sharper than the two-edged sword. -2014
• Attitude makes, habit makes character and character makes a man. -2007
• He would reigns within himself and folds his passions and desires and fears is more than a king. -1993
• Thinking is like a game, it does not begin unless there is an opposite team. (- सोच एक खेल की तरह है, यह तब तक शुरू नहीं होता है जब तक कि एक विपरीत टीम/पक्ष न हो।) – 2023
• Mathematics is the music of reason. (- गणित ज्ञान का संगीत है।) – 2023
• The real is rational and the rational is real. -2021
• Mindful manifesto is the catalyst to a tranquil self (विचारपरक संकल्प स्वयं के शांतचित्त रहने का उत्प्रेरक है )-2020
• ‘The past’ is a permanent dimension of human consciousness and values. -2018
• A good life is one inspired by love and guided by knowledge. -2018
• There is nothing either good or bad but thinking makes it so. -2003
• Disinterested intellectual curiosity is the lifeblood of civilisation. -1995
• Joy is the simplest form of gratitude. -2017
• Compassion is the basic of all morality of the world -1993
• Lending hands to someone is better than giving a dole. -2015
• Be the change you want to see in others (Gandhi)-2013
• Just because you have a choice, it does not mean that any of them has to be right (केवल इसलिए कि आपके पास विकल्प हैं, इसका यह अर्थ कदापि नहीं है कि उनमें से किसी को भी ठीक होना ही होगा) – 2022
• Reality does not conform to the ideal, but confirms it. -2018
• Truth is lived, not taught -1996
• When money speaks, the truth is silent. -1995
• Search for truth can only be a spiritual problem. -2002
• The time to repair the roof is when the sun is shining (छप्पर मरम्मत करने का समय तभी होता है, जब धूप खिली हुई हो) – 2022
• You cannot step twice in the same river (आप उसी नदी में दोबारा नहीं उतर सकते) – 2022
• Discipline means success, anarchy means ruin -2008
• Youth is a blunder, manhood a struggle, old age a regret -1994
• If youth knew, if age could. -2002
• Youth culture today. -1999
• Fifty Golds in Olympics: Can this be a reality for India? -2014
• Visionary decision-making happens at the intersection of intuition and logic. (- दूरदर्शी निर्णय तभी लिए जाते है अंतर्ज्ञान और तर्क का परस्पर मेल होता है।) – 2023
• Not all who wander are lost. (- भटकने वाले सभी गुम नहीं हो जाते।) – 2023
• Inspiration for creativity springs from the effort to look for the magical in the mundane (- रचनात्मकता की प्रेरणा अलौकिक ता में चमत्कार ढूंढने के प्रयास से उपजति है) – 2023
• A ship in harbour is safe, but that is not what ship is for (जहाज बन्दरगाह के भीतर सुरक्षित होता है, परन्तु इसके लिए तो वह होता नहीं है) – 2022
• Quick but steady wins the race. -2015
• Useless life is an early death. -1994
• Our deeds determine us, as much as we determine our deeds. -1995
• The paths of glory lead but to the grave. -2002
• The pursuit of excellence. -2001

5 Women empowerment

• Greater political power alone will not improve women’s plight. -1997
• Women’s reservation bill would usher in empowerment for women in India. -2006
• The new emerging women power: the ground realities. -1995
• Hand that rocks the cradle rules the world. -2021
• If women ruled the world -2005
• The hand that rocks the cradle -2005
• Patriarchy is the least noticed yet the most significant structure of social inequality (पितृ-सत्ता की व्यवस्था नजर मैं बहुत काम आने के बावजूद सामाजिक विषमता की सबसे प्रभावी संरचना है) -2020
• Fulfilment of ‘new woman’ in India is a myth. -2017
• If development is not engendered, it is endangered. -2016
• Whither women’s emancipation? -2004
• Empowerment alone cannot help our women. -2001
• Women empowerment: challenges and prospects. -1999
• Woman is god’s best creation. -1998
• Men have failed: let women take over. -1993
• Managing work and home – is the Indian working woman getting a fair deal ?-2012

6 International issues, Internal Security, History

• South Asian societies are woven not around the state, but around their plural cultures and plural identities. -2019
• Modernisation and westernisation are not identical concepts. -1994
• ‘globalization’ vs. ‘nationalism’ -2009
• National identity and patriotism -2008
• Globalizations and its impact on Indian culture. -2004
• The masks of new imperialism. -2003
• As civilization advances culture declines. -2003
• The implications of globalization for India. -2000
• My vision of an ideal world order. -2001
• India’s contribution to world wisdom. -1998
• The world of the twenty-first century. -1998
• Preparedness of our society for India’s global leadership role. -2010
• Technology as the silent factor in international relations (अंतर्राष्ट्रीय संबंधों मैं मौन करक के रूप मैं प्रौद्योगिकी) -2020
• Has the Non-Alignment Movement (NAM) lost its relevance in a multipolar world ? -2017
• Restructuring of UNO reflect present realities -1996
• The global order: political and economic -1993
• India’s role in promoting ASEAN co-operation. -2004
• Importance of Indo-US nuclear agreement -2006
• Management of Indian border dispute is a complex task. -2018
• In the Indian context , both human intelligence and technical intelligence are crucial in combating terrorism -2011
• Are we a ‘soft’ state ? -2009
• Good fences make good neighbours -2009
• Is autonomy the best answer to combat balkanization? -2007
• Terrorism and world peace -2005
• True religion cannot be misused. -1997
• History repeats itself, first as tragedy, second as farce. -2021
• Geography may remain the same ; history need not. -2010

7 Science-Technology

• Spirituality and scientific temper. -2003
• Science and Mysticism : Are they compatible ?-2012
• What is research, but a blind date with knowledge! -2021
• Modern technological education and human values. -2002
• Value-based science and education. -1999
• The march of science and the erosion of human values. -2001
• The process of self-discovery has now been technologically outsourced. -2021
• Rise of Artificial Intelligence: the threat of jobless future or better job opportunities through reskilling and upskilling. -2019
• ‘Social media’ is inherently a selfish medium. -2017
• Cyberspace and Internet : Blessing or curse to the human civilization in the long run -2016
• Increasing computerization would lead to the creation of a dehumanized society. -2006
• The cyberworld: its charms and challenges. -2000
• Computer: the harbinger of silent revolution. -1993
• Technology cannot replace manpower. -2015
• Science and technology is the panacea for the growth and security of the nation-2013
• The modern doctor and his patients. -1997
• The lure of space. -2004

Section-A (write any one)

• Thinking is like a game, it does not begin unless there is an opposite team. (- सोच एक खेल की तरह है, यह तब तक शुरू नहीं होता है जब तक कि एक विपरीत टीम/पक्ष न हो।)
• Visionary decision-making happens at the intersection of intuition and logic. (- दूरदर्शी निर्णय तभी लिए जाते है अंतर्ज्ञान और तर्क का परस्पर मेल होता है।)
• Not all who wander are lost. (- भटकने वाले सभी गुम नहीं हो जाते।)
• Inspiration for creativity springs from the effort to look for the magical in the mundane (- रचनात्मकता की प्रेरणा अलौकिक ता में चमत्कार ढूंढने के प्रयास से उपजति है)

Section-B (write any one)

• Girls are weighed down by restrictions, boys with demands – two equally harmful disciplines. (-लड़कियां बंदिशों के तथा लड़के अपेक्षा के बोझ तले दबे हुए होते हैं दोनों ही समान रूप से हानिकारक व्यवस्थाएं हैं।)
• Mathematics is the music of reason. (- गणित ज्ञान का संगीत है।)
• A society that has more justice is a society that needs less charity. (- जिस समाज में अधिक न्याय होता है उस समाज को दान की कम आवश्यकता होती है।)

Answer one-one essay from each section in 1000-1200 words

• History is a series of victories won by the scientific man over the romantic man (इतिहास वैज्ञानिक मनुष्य के रूमानी मनुष्य पर विजय हासिल करने का एक सिलसिला है।) – 2022
• A ship in harbour is safe, but that is not what ship is for (जहाज बन्दरगाह के भीतर सुरक्षित होता है, परन्तु इसके लिए तो वह होता नहीं है) & 2022
• Just because you have a choice, it does not mean that any of them has to be right (केवल इसलिए कि आपके पास विकल्प हैं, इसका यह अर्थ कदापि नहीं है कि उनमें से किसी को भी ठीक होना ही होगा) – 2022

Essay: Candidates may be required to write essays on multiple topics. They will be expected to keep closely to the subject of the essay to arrange their ideas in orderly fashion, and to write concisely. Credit will be given for effective and exact expression.

GROWTH, DEVELOPMENT & EMPLOYMENT

INTRODUCTION: 

SPEECH BY PROMINENT PERSONALITIES (PM, PRESIDENT, UN OFFICIAL et. al)/RECOGNITION IF ANY:

PM MODI: 

• I want to make India’s development journey a ‘ Jan-Andolan ’; everyone must feel he or she is working for India’s progress.
• Today’s mantra is – ‘Will for Progress’, ‘Work for Progress’, ‘Wealth for Progress’, & ‘Plan for Progress’.

FORMER PM - RAJIV GANDHI:

• Development is not about factories, dams and roads. Development is about people.
• BODY: 4 Ds (India’s Advantage) - Democracy, demography, demand, decisiveness; Alternative global manufacture (China +1) ; Human-centric Development ; Vocal for Local; MSME as “Silent Engine of Growth”
• CONCLUSION: From pro crony to pro-business approach ; Pro-people and pro-planet growth; Transition from GDP to JDP (Jobs data product); From Economic Complexity to Economic Prosperity; From ‘Fragile Five’ to ‘Top Five’ economies of the world; From Job Seekers to Job Creators

COMMITTEES RECOMMENDATIONS/NATIONAL OR INTERNATIONAL REPORTS:

• National Commission on labour recommended labour market flexibility, skill development, social security enhancements, and sector-specific policies to drive economic growth and foster employment opportunities in India.

GOVT SCHEMES, POLICIES AND INITIATIVE:

• PM Gati shakti: Integrated planning of multimodal infrastructure for economic growth and sustainable development.
• National Infrastructure pipeline (NIP) & National monetization pipeline (NMP): To boost infrastructure investment.
• National Logistics Policy (2022): To lower the cost of logistics and boost GDP growth
• PLI and Make in India: For creation of high production, economic growth, exports and significant employment.
• Other: Startup India, Stand up India, Digital India, 100 Smart Cities and Skill India.

EXAMPLES/CASE STUDIES:

• Nordic Model of Inclusive Growth: The Key elements of which are Cooperative labour markets, Competitive markets and innovation, Strong social services and welfare are underpinned by sound fiscal policy. Tax burdens are relatively high, but the tax system seeks to limit the impact on potential growth, Gender equity, Climate change.
• The focus needs to be on “Blue -sky thinking” & “Virtuous cycle of investment” to reach $ 5 Trillion mark. 
• India must seize the opportunity in ‘sunrise areas of growth,’ this would require ‘3S’ approach of Size, scale and speed of action and a focus on technological advancement.
• For a sustainable economic growth, India needs to shift from ‘Extractive economic institutions’ (red tapism) to ‘Inclusive economic institutions’ coupled with research & innovation through indigenisation.

INDIA’S GROWTH PHASES

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Human Development

Human development refers to the positive growth and changes in human habitation and livelihood. The human development has a huge impact on the quality of people’s life, such as their dignity, opportunities, freedom, etc.

Being an important topic, human development is discussed widely and is featured in the General Studies I section of the UPSC syllabus.

This article gives a good understanding of the topic, human development from the IAS Exam point of view.

Growth and Development

• Both growth and development refers to the changes over a period of time. Growth is quantitative and it may be either positive (showing an increase) or negative (depicting a decrease).
• Development is qualitative change which is always positive. Development takes place when growth is positive. Yet, positive growth does not necessarily result in development. Development occurs when there is positive change in quality.
• If the population of a city increases from one lakh to two lakhs, it is growth. However, if the facilities like housing, provision of basic facilities and other characteristics remain same, then the growth has not led to the development of the city.
• Earlier, a country’s development was measured in terms of its economic growth, though this growth did not really mean much change in the lives of most people. The quality of life people enjoy in a country, the opportunities they have and the freedom they enjoy are important aspects of a country’s development.
• The concept of human development was introduced by Dr Mahbub-ul-Haq (Pakistani economist) who created the human development index in 1990. According to him, development is all about enlarging people’s choices in order to lead long and healthy lives with dignity. People are central to all development under this concept. The United Nations Development Programme has used his concept of human development to publish the Human Development Report annually since 1990. 
• Nobel Laureate Prof Amartya Sen saw an increase in freedom (or decrease in unfreedom) as the main objective of development. His work explores the role of social and political institutions and processes in increasing freedom.

Four Pillars of Human Development –

The four pillars of human development are-

• Equity – It means that equal opportunities must be made available to people irrespective of their race, income, gender and caste.
• Sustainability – It means continuity in the availability of opportunities. All environmental, financial and human resources must be used keeping in mind the future. Misuse of any of these resources will lead to fewer opportunities for future generations.
• Productivity – It means productivity in terms of human work. It is people who are the real wealth of a country and the efforts to increase their knowledge or provide better health facilities will result in better work efficiency.
• Empowerment – It refers to the power to make choices and this comes from increasing freedom and capability. The empowerment of socially and economically disadvantaged groups is of special importance.

Approaches to Human Development –

The important approaches of looking at the problem of human development are-

• Income Approach- This is an old approach to human development. Higher the level of income, the higher is the level of human development. Human development is directly related to income.
• Welfare Approach – In this approach, the government is responsible for increasing levels of human development by maximising expenditure on welfare (health, education, etc.). Here, humans act as beneficiaries of all developmental activities.
• Basic Needs Approach – In this approach emphasis is laid on providing six basic needs- health, education, food, water supply, sanitation and housing. This approach was initially proposed by the International Labour Organisation (ILO).
• Capability Approach – This approach is associated with Prof Amartya Sen. The key to increasing human development is to build human capabilities in the areas of health, education and access to resources. 

Measuring Human Development –

The United Nations Development Programme (UNDP) publishes the Human Development Report every year since 1990. It provides a rank wise list of all its members (countries) according to the level of human development. The Human Development Index and the Human Poverty Index are the two important indices to measure human development used by UNDP. 

• Human Development Index (HDI) – The HDI ranks the countries based on their performance in the key areas of health, education and access to resources. The rankings are based on a score between 0 – 1. 
• To access health, the indicator chosen is the life expectancy at birth.
• The adult literacy rate and the gross enrolment ratio represent access to education.
• Access to resources is measured in terms of purchasing power (in US dollars).

Each dimension is given a weightage of ⅓. The human development index is a sum total of weights assigned to all these dimensions. The closer the score to one, the greater is the level of human development. HDI is not considered to be the most reliable measure as it does not say anything about the distribution.

     2.The Human Poverty Index (HPI) – This index measures the shortfall in human development. It is a non- income measure. The probability of not surviving till the age of 40, the adult literacy rate, the number of people who do not have access to clean water and the number of small children who are underweight are all taken into account to measure the shortfall in human development in any region. HPI is considered to be more revealing than HDI.

International Comparisons –

• International comparisons of human development reveal that the size of the territory and per capita income are not directly related to human development. Relatively poor countries have been ranked higher in terms of human development than their richer neighbours. Also, smaller countries often have done better than larger ones in human development. Despite having smaller economies, Sri Lanka, Trinidad and Tobago have higher rank than India. Within India, Kerala performs better than Punjab and Gujarat despite having lower per capita income. 
• On the basis of human development scores, countries have been classified into four groups-

• Top ten countries ranked with high human development index are-

• Countries with high levels of human development invest more in the social sectors and are generally free from political turmoil and instability. Distribution of the country’s resources is also far more equitable.
• Countries with low levels of human development tend to spend more on defence rather than social sectors indicating that these countries have political instability and have not been able to initiate accelerated economic development.
• India was 126th in the Human Development Index as per Human Development Report 2006. According to the HDI report 2020, India has gone down to 131.

Human Development:- Download PDF Here

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UPSC Essay Topics - Important Essay Topics for UPSC Mains 2023

By vajiram & ravi.

Essay Course for UPSC

UPSC CSE Mains 2023 Essay Question Paper

UPSC Mains Optional Test Series

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Understanding UPSC Essay Topics holds significant importance as it evaluates the candidate's ability to analyse, present arguments, and communicate effectively. In this article, we will explore the diverse range of UPSC essay topics, their significance, and essential tips to excel in this section. Get ready to enhance your writing and analytical skills and make a strong impression on the evaluators with well-crafted essays.

UPSC Essay Paper

The Essay paper in the UPSC Mains examination requires candidates to write multiple essays , each on a different topic, chosen from a given list of options. The essay topics for UPSC cover a wide range of issues, including social, economic, political, cultural, and philosophical aspects, both national and international.

The essay paper holds significant weightage in the UPSC Mains examination, contributing 250 marks out of the total 1750 marks . Scoring well in this section can have a considerable impact on the overall ranking and selection for the coveted civil services.

Weekly UPSC Essay Topics By Vajiram & Ravi

The UPSC Essay Paper is an opportunity for candidates to demonstrate their proficiency in expressing ideas and analysing complex issues. Vajiram & Ravi Pensive-Weekly Essay Writing Programme provides you with two Essay Topics every Saturday based on the previous year's question papers and the changing trends analysis. You can submit your Essay for peer evaluation on vajiramandravi.com. This will help you nourish your writing skills, give you clarity of thought, and build the capacity to express opinions in a logical and coherent manner.

Important Essay Topics for UPSC 2023

The purpose of the essay paper is to assess the candidate's ability to critically analyse a topic, present well-structured arguments, and communicate their ideas effectively. It also evaluates their knowledge of various issues, their clarity of thought, and their capacity to express opinions in a logical and coherent manner.

Some of the Important Essay Topics to prepare for the UPSC Mains Examination 2023 are:

• Gender Equality
• Environment/Urbanization
• Economic Growth
• Federalism/Decentralization
• Agriculture
• Economics 

UPSC Essay Topics on Philosophy

Every year, UPSC typically provides you with two or more essay topics centred around philosophical thoughts, Indian philosophical schools, or quotes from notable personalities. To effectively address these philosophical topics, you should refer to Philosophy Books to gain a foundational understanding. Here is a list of UPSC Essay Topics on Philosophy :

• Everything comes to him, who hustles while he waits.
• We are always blind as we want to be.
• You cannot step twice in the same river.
• A disciplined mind brings happiness.
• The price of Greatness is Responsibility.
• People would rather Believe than Know.
• Mind - A beautiful Servant? Or a dangerous Master?

UPSC Essay Topics on Art and Culture

The UPSC Essay Topics related to Indian society, art, and culture cover a wide range of subjects, offering great diversity. To gain knowledge about the static content on these topics, you should rely on fundamental books on society, as recommended for the exam. Here is a list of UPSC Essay Topics on Indian Art and Culture :

• Culture changes with economic development.
• Culture is what we are, Civilization is what we have.
• Social reform is a myth if places of worship are open only to all castes and not to all genders.
• Impact of Globalization on Indian Art and Culture.
• Caste System - India’s Enduring Curse.
• Godmen - A Threat to Indian Art and Culture?

UPSC Essay Topics on Science and Technology

UPSC essay topics on Science and Technology can largely be addressed through current affairs. You may also benefit from consulting a Science and Technology Book for UPSC to compose a comprehensive and well-rounded essay. Here are some UPSC Essay Topics on Science and Technology:

• Deglobalisation is good for the world.
• Science is organised Knowledge. Wisdom is Organised life.
• Technology is a Weapon against Poverty.
• Prioritising Education Technology for Global Growth.
• Technology is the silent factor in International Relations.
• Scientific and Technological Progress cannot be equated with Human Progress.

UPSC Essay Topics on Education

Education stands as one of the preferred UPSC Essay Topics, with an essay related to this subject often appearing in the paper each year. To tackle this topic effectively, you should stay abreast of Current Affairs , incorporating significant changes and advancements in the field. Let's explore some of the Essay topics for UPSC centred around education:

• Self Education is a lifelong curiosity.
• Education Breeds Peace.
• Education is a progressive discovery of our own ignorance.
• Education must also train one for quick, resolute and effective thinking.
• Schooling is not Education.

UPSC Essay Topics on Polity and Governance

To comprehensively address Polity and Governance topics, you should acquire fundamental knowledge from Polity Books for UPSC and Current Affairs. These resources offer static information about relevant issues and their historical context, which proves valuable while writing UPSC Essay Topics on Polity. Here are some Essay Topics on Polity and Governance:

• The Role of Politics in Development.
• Should Youth in India Consider Politics as a Career?
• Art, Freedom and Creativity will change society faster than politics.
• The politics of Identity is the Politics of the Weak.
• People should not be afraid of their Government. The Government should be afraid of its people.
• Government Surveillance - Good or Bad?

UPSC Essay Topics on Economy

Essays concerning economic growth are frequently included in the Essay Paper. To tackle these topics effectively, you should refer to Economy Notes for UPSC to gain a comprehensive understanding. Once the fundamentals are grasped, you can enhance their essays by incorporating examples, data, and statistics to create a multidimensional perspective. Here is a list of UPSC Essay Topics on Economy:

• We don't have to sacrifice a Strong Economy for a Healthy Environment.
• India, a $5 trillion Economy - Dream or Reality?
• Digital Economy: A leveller or a source of Economic Inequality?
• Innovation is the key determinant of social welfare and economic growth.
• Labour Reforms in India and its Role in Economic Growth.

UPSC Essay Topics on Social Issues

Social issues are a significant aspect of the UPSC essay paper, reflecting the candidates' understanding of societal challenges and their ability to propose viable solutions. These essays provide a platform for candidates to analyse, critique, and suggest measures for pressing social concerns. Topics related to social issues in the UPSC Essay paper may include:

• Inclusivity and Plurality are the hallmarks of a Peaceful Society.
• A Gender-sensitive Indian Society is a prerequisite for Women and Child Empowerment.
• The weaker sections of Indian Society - are their Rights and Access to Justice getting Better?

Previous Year UPSC Essay Topics

Practising previous year's essay topics will help you become familiar with the UPSC exam pattern , word limit, and the types of essay questions frequently asked in the Mains Examination. Analysing past essay topics will also allow you to identify recurring themes and trends, enabling you to prioritise their preparation accordingly. Regular practice with past essay topics will instil confidence in you, helping you feel more comfortable and prepared for the actual exam.

• Forests are the best case studies for economic excellence.
• Poets are the unacknowledged legislators of the world.
• History is a series of victories won by the scientific man over the romantic man.
• A ship in the harbour is safe, but that is not what a ship is for.
• The time to repair the roof is when the sun is shining.
• A smile is the chosen vehicle for all ambiguities.
• Just because you have a choice, it does not mean that any of them has to be right.

Tips to Excel in UPSC Essay Paper

• Understand the Topics: Thoroughly comprehend the essay topics, including the keywords and instructions. Choose a topic that aligns with your strengths and interests.
• Plan and Structure: Devote some time to plan your essay. Create an outline and organise your thoughts in a structured manner, with a clear introduction, body, and conclusion.
• Be Objective: Present balanced arguments and avoid a biased or one-sided approach. Consider multiple perspectives and present a holistic view.
• Provide Examples and Evidence: Support your arguments with relevant examples, data, quotes and evidence to strengthen your essay.
• Maintain Clarity: Write in a clear and concise manner. Use simple language and avoid jargon or overly complex vocabulary.
• Practice Regularly: Regular practice is essential to improve Essay writing skills. Write essays on diverse topics to enhance your versatility.
• Time Management: Allocate appropriate time for planning, writing, and revising each essay to manage time effectively during the examination.
• Revise and Edit: Review your essays for coherence, grammar, and structure. Make necessary edits to refine your work.

FAQs on UPSC Essay Topics

What are the important UPSC Essay Topics?

Here is a list of UPSC Essay Topics asked in Mains Examination previously:

• Culture is what we are, civilization is what we have.
• Simplicity is the ultimate sophistication.
• What is research but a blind date with knowledge?
• Best for an individual is not necessarily best for society.
• Wisdom finds truth.
• Ships don’t sink because of water around them, ships sink because of water that gets into them.
• Patriarchy is the least noticed yet the most significant structure of social inequality.
• Technology as the silent factor in international relations.

How do I Prepare for the UPSC Essay?

To prepare for the UPSC essay, focus on understanding the essay syllabus and past topics to identify recurring themes. Regularly practise writing essays on various topics to improve your writing skills and time management. Structure your essays with a clear introduction, main body, and conclusion.

Which is the best source to practise UPSC Essay Topics?

The best sources to prepare Essay for UPSC include official UPSC materials, newspapers, and magazines like The Hindu, Yojana , and Kurukshetra for current affairs, standard books on diverse subjects, government reports and publications, online platforms like PIB and PRS India, UPSC previous year papers for understanding the exam pattern, and regular practice of essay writing on various topics.

© 2024 Vajiram & Ravi. All rights reserved

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Indian Economy: Growth, Development and Employment

Last updated on February 28, 2023 by Alex Andrews George

Growth. development and employment are all interconnected terms in economics.

In this article, let us examine how they are interlinked.

Table of Contents

Growth, Development and Employment

A discussion on growth should begin from the definition of growth. Growth in economic terms corresponds to the increase in GDP (national income). [ GDP is the money value of goods and services produced in an economy. So, in layman’s terms, growth means more money. Wow! that’s simple, right? ] So how can a country grow, or increase its national income?

The above question cannot be solved with a one-word answer. Had that been the case, our Honorable finance ministers would have been always enjoying a pleasure tenure. A country cannot increase its national income by printing currencies or borrowing money from abroad.

Former Prime Minister Manmohan Singh once said, “Money does not grow on trees”. For a country to grow, it has to produce more goods and services. For that purpose, the optimum utilization of resources within the boundaries of the nation is essential. Of course, the funds can come from abroad (foreign investment), but without proper utilization of resources in a country, there cannot be sustainable growth.

Growth and Development

When the national income increases (growth), ideally it should result in development (qualitative aspect – like health, education, employment etc.). There can also be cases when growth does not percolate to the bottom of the pyramid – non inclusive growth – that will not result in the development of weaker sections of the society. For sustainable development, inclusive growth is a must.

Growth and Employment

Growth generates employment and employment generates further growth. In general, employment corresponds to the qualitative aspect of growth. If a country is on the growth trajectory, it will generate more employment opportunities and while the growth declines ( periods of recession), people start losing jobs.

Back to the growth topic again…

How to generate growth? What are the issues in growth, development and employment?  Is India growing? Are there issues with India’s growth or development? – There should not be any doubt about the fact that India is growing. India is now growing at 5% per year. But the problem with India is that it was growing at near 9% three years back! So the growth has declined – That is the first issue with our growth.

Issues in India’s growth, development and employment:

• India’s growth is declining. (currently at 5%).
• India’s growth is largely contributed to by the service sector. There is stagnation in the manufacturing sector.
• Indian agriculture is still heavily dependent on monsoon. Nearly 50 % of the population dependent on agriculture which contributes only 14% of GDP.
• For a country to grow, there should be investment in productive areas. There should also be supporting infrastructure. Currently India has issues in both.
• Due to external and internal factors, there is decline in foreign investment. This is widening our Current Account Deficit .
• For providing welfare schemes, subsidies and defense expenditure, India is borrowing. The Fiscal Deficit of India is enlarging.
• India’s export sector is not growing in accordance with the demands of import goods.
• Growth is not entirely inclusive. There are still a significant portion of people below poverty line.
• There are issues with employment too. Though the unemployment rate is in single digit now, most of the employment in India is disguised unemployment . (In agricultural sector). The average salary and per-capita income of Indians are very low.

[Growth, Development and Employment: Specifically mentioned in  Civil Service Mains GS Paper 3 . It can also be asked for  Prelims  and  Interview ]

Aim IAS, IPS, or IFS?

About Alex Andrews George

Alex Andrews George is a mentor, author, and social entrepreneur. Alex is the founder of ClearIAS and one of the expert Civil Service Exam Trainers in India.

He is the author of many best-seller books like 'Important Judgments that transformed India' and 'Important Acts that transformed India'.

A trusted mentor and pioneer in online training , Alex's guidance, strategies, study-materials, and mock-exams have helped many aspirants to become IAS, IPS, and IFS officers.

Reader Interactions

January 22, 2015 at 1:19 pm

plz write notes on inclusivev growth and issues arising from it-gs3

August 31, 2017 at 3:21 am

Easily understand by anyone Thanks

July 29, 2019 at 7:17 am

Please write note on inclusive growth & issues arriving from it

September 19, 2020 at 2:54 pm

Before Dr. Manmohan Sing , my grandma told me ” money does not grow on trees”

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Environment Vs Development Initiative: One of the Most Common Topics in UPSC Exams

Heard about the Kerala landslide? The landslide of Kerala has taken nearly 50 lives and left others homeless, as a result of the continued heavy rains in Kerala. Caused by climate change, such dangers are becoming more frequent in other areas of India. Furthermore, the effect of climate change is not restricted to landslides but also results in destructive flooding coexisting with prolonged dry seasons and habitat loss.

Man-made alterations and natural development for economic development are, however, the biggest causes of climate change and its consequences. This is due to the implicit assumption that growth policies encourage economic well being, whereas environmental protections have been seen to be limiting it.

Let us take you on a tour on this interesting topic “Environment vs Development Initiative”

Environment vs Development Initiative: Environment for UPSC

Development and the environment are all important. The environment is usually the area around us where we work and make a decent living and conform ourselves to the environments and their changes. Inclusionary development is not feasible without an appropriate focus on the conservation of the environment.

We can see that in today’s era the development and the environment are two sides of a single coin. We are worried about the atmosphere as major problems such as global warming, greenhouse effect, water and air pollution are rising on a regular basis however, at the very same time as poverty eradication and economic growth rise, sustainability is necessary.

Without economic development, a country cannot recover from the vicious cycle of poverty. There is a significant need to find a balance between economic prosperity and the usage of natural resources. Development without an atmosphere has no significance. We need to conserve our energy for future centuries and this can be done only by understanding the idea of sustainable development.

Also Read: How do Pressure Groups and Movements Strengthen Democracy? What are Pressure Groups?

Environment and Sustainable Development: Environment for UPSC

While environmental protection and sustainable growth can appear to be the same, there are a variety of aspects in which they vary in their priorities. They both share the same overall aim of protecting natural resources and developing more energy-efficient programs and initiatives, but the two organisations that work on them do not agree on the goals of the operation. Getting a clear sense of how different and the same problems are will help you know how to handle coping with all of them.

Goal of Environmental Sustainability

The aim of environmental protection is to preserve renewable resources and create new sources of energy while at the same time reducing emissions and harming the ecosystem. For global protection, the future as calculated in 50, 100 and 1,000 years – is a fundamental theory. Many of the initiatives rooted in environmental preservation would include replanting forests, restoring wetlands and shielding natural areas from mineral harvesting. The strongest critique of environmental protection policies is that their goals might be at odds with the demands of a rising industrial community.

Also Read: Tribes of Meghalaya: Check-out Everything about the Tribes, Culture, Dress & Festival of Meghalaya

Goal of Sustainable Development

Sustainable development is the process of constructing land and building projects in a way that decreases their environmental effects by encouraging them to develop energy-saving self-sufficiency projects. This may take the form of installing a solar panel or wind turbines at manufacturing sites, using geothermal heating methods, or even engaging in caps and trade deals. The main critique of sustainable development is that this does not do much to safeguard the environment at current and is focused on the idea that the destruction done in one part of the planet will be vastly outweighed by providing environmental safeguards in the other.

How to Promote Both? Environment and Sustainable Development

The ideal solution is to educate consumers and business, to leave behind every approach to growth and preservation and to follow a rational ratio strategy that finds the best of all worlds. This is very difficult to achieve since it involves an aspect of sacrifice to be embraced by the current culture. To this end, both parties need to work together to dedicate themselves to developing policies, investment schemes and tax credits that encourage economic growth while identifying environmental goals in diverse ways that will also support local populations back.

Difference between Environment and Ecology

The world is all that affects us, while the ecosystem is how it functions. It relates to the study of the relationship between species and their environment. Ecology attempts to consider life cycles, adaptation and biodiversity. Environment, on the other side, seeks to recognise internal and external factors influencing the population

Follow the table below to learn some more differences between environment and ecology

Also Read: Glacial Lake Outburst Flood: Things to Know about Glacial Lake Outburst Flood for UPSC

Environment and Development: Environment for UPSC

ESCAP seeks a development strategy that focuses on incorporating environmental resilience into development policymaking, in general by converting resource limitations and the changing climate into an economic incentive that creates a double benefit of higher economic growth required to minimise poverty with a smaller environmental effect by enhancing resource production and growing resource quality.

Economic development cannot, in itself, be an endpoint. Benefits from current development have not been fairly spread and environmental and social externalities are getting weaker. Nevertheless, poverty reduction and decent job production cannot be accomplished without economic development. That is why we need sustainable growth with various economic, social and environmental characteristics, such as high economic fluidity, social inclusion and environmental balance.

The Green Growth Solution, which has been implemented in the ESCAP area since 2005, focuses on enhancing the ecological sustainability of economic growth as an effective instrument for sustainable development and is a crucial policy for the green economy in the light of sustainable development and poverty end.

About Glacial Lake Outburst Flood: Environment for UPSC

The Uttarakhand incident occurred on a Sunday morning when a glacier burst into the Tapovan region. The landslide also carried muck and rubble to the river.

Glaciers are large masses of steadily flowing ice. So, as the ice retreats, it leaves behind a large impact on the surface, covering it with fresh water and creating a pool. This is defined as a moraine, which can be plundered by a fragile pile of rubble and submerged ice. Moraine dammed reservoirs weaken as the water level increases and the ice recedes. They could collapse under tension from the expanding lake, contributing to major floods. Glacial lakes can vary in size, but can contain millions to tens of millions of cubic metres of water, experts claim. Water outbursts may also occur due to erosion, snow or rock landslide, earthquakes or volcanic eruptions beneath the surface.

The glacial outbursts are also due to global warming. If the temperature rises during the summers, the glaciers melt, leaving behind water-filled, precarious moraine-dammed reservoirs.

In the UPSC exams or the interview, the topic of environment and sustainability is very common. An aspirant must have the knowledge of these two terms properly. The environmental problems are sickening the Earth and living beings, which is why sustainability is much needed. To serve the country as an IAS officer, you have to look after all the problems from society to the environment. 

For more blogs like this, follow the content section of UPSC Pathshala .

Good luck!!!

Also Read: How to Prepare for IPS Exam without Coaching? Here’s How You Can Start Preparing at Home

One Comment

Thank you for providing the notes, it was very helpful and the information was detailed and making revision notes out of these was very easily done, what do you think about how to write revision notes?

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UPSC Syllabus 2024: IAS Prelims and Mains Exam Syllabus

Upsc syllabus 2024: the upsc cse syllabus consists of subjects like history, geography, economics, polity, etc. check out the updated ias curriculum and latest exam pattern here. download the upsc syllabus pdf from the direct link below..

UPSC Syllabus 2024: The Union Public Service Commission (UPSC) conducts the Civil Service Examination (CSE), which is the most prestigious examination in the country. Every year, lakhs of candidates fill out the application form to compete for approximately a thousand posts. Candidates must focus on establishing a solid understanding of the UPSC syllabus in order to do well in the UPSC CSE.

UPSC has released its UPSC CSE 2024 notification on February 14, and prelims are scheduled to be conducted tentatively on May 26, 2024. It is high time for beginners to start preparing for the 2024 exams. The article provides detailed information on the comprehensive UPSC Syllabus for Prelims, Mains, and Interviews, along with access to the UPSC Syllabus PDF

The UPSC prelims consists of two papers, i.e. General Studies (GS) 1 and General Studies (GS) 2, where the important subjects in GS 1 are   history, geography, economics, polity, current affairs, science and technology, etc. and the important subjects for GS 2 are quantitative aptitude, logical reasoning, English, etc.

UPSC Syllabus 2024: Overview

Upsc syllabus 2024.

The purpose of the UPSC syllabus is to evaluate candidates' knowledge, aptitude, and analytical skills. It consists of two papers  GS Paper I and GS Paper II (commonly known as the CSAT or Civil Services Aptitude Test) are two required papers in the UPSC Syllabus for Prelims. Numerous topics are covered in prelims, such as current events, science, geography, economics, politics, history, and the environment.

UPSC IAS Prelims General Studies I

Upsc ias prelims general studies ii, upsc ias mains syllabus 2024, upsc ias mains essay 2024 , upsc ias mains general studies 2024.

• GS Paper I consists of Indian Heritage and Culture, History and Geography of the World and Society
• GS Paper II consists of Governance, Constitution, Polity, Social Justice and International Relations
• GS Paper III consists of Technology, Economic Development, Bio-diversity, Environment, Security and Disaster Management
• GS Paper IV consists of Ethics, Integrity and Aptitude

UPSC IAS Mains Optional Subjects

• Agriculture
• Animal Husbandry and Veterinary Science
• Anthropology
• Civil Engineering
• Commerce and Accountancy
• Electrical Engineering
• Mathematics
• Mechanical Engineering
• Medical Science
• Political Science and International Relations
• Public Administration

UPSC IAS English paper

Upsc ias mains language paper, upsc ias interview 2024, upsc preparation strategy for beginners , ncert books for upsc.

NCERT books are considered the backbone of a candidate's UPSC preparation. These books are published by the government of India and are widely recognized for their quality and accuracy. NCERT books hold immense significance in the field of UPSC preparation. These books are designed by experts in respective subjects, ensuring a comprehensive and well-structured approach to learning. The content provided in NCERT books is aligned with the UPSC syllabus, making them an invaluable resource for aspirants. Moreover, the language used in NCERT books is reader-friendly, simplifying complex topics and aiding in better comprehension. Check out our article on which NCERT Books to refer for UPSC preparation

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• What are the 9 papers in UPSC IAS main Syllabus? + UPSC IAS mains syllabus consists of one Essay Paper, One English Paper, One Indian Language, Two Optional Papers, and 4 General Studies Papers. A detailed information is given above in the article
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UPSC Key | PREFIRE mission, solar storms, Papua New Guinea landslides and more

Exclusive for subscribers daily: how are prefire mission, and solar storms relevant to the upsc exam what significance do topics like fiscal deficit and landslides have for the preliminary and main exams you can learn more by reading the indian express upsc key for may 28, 2024..

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Important topics and their relevance in  UPSC CSE exam for May 28, 2024. If you missed the May 27th, 2024 UPSC CSE exam key from the Indian Express, read it here. 

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How tiny satellites will track heat loss from earth’s poles.

UPSC Syllabus:

Preliminary Examination: General Science and Geography

Mains Examination: GS-I, GS-III: Awareness in the fields of IT, Space, Computers, robotics, nano-technology, and Geography. 

What’s the ongoing story- On May 25, the National Aeronautics and Space Administration (NASA) launched one of the two climate satellites, which would study heat emissions at Earth’s poles, sitting atop Rocket Lab’s Electron rocket from Māhia, New Zealand. The second satellite will be launched in the following days.

Prerequisites:  

— What are cube satellites (CubeSats)?

— What are low Earth orbit ( LEO ) and other different types of orbits?

— What is Earth’s energy budget?

Key takeaways: 

— The two shoebox-sized cube satellites, or CubeSats, will measure how much heat the Arctic and Antarctica — two of the coldest regions on the Earth — radiate into space and how this influences the planet’s climate. The mission has been named PREFIRE (Polar Radiant Energy in the Far-InfraRed Experiment) and was jointly developed by NASA and the University of Wisconsin-Madison (US).

— CubeSats are essentially miniature satellites whose basic design is a 10 cm x 10 cm x 10 cm (which makes up for “one unit” or “1U”) cube — just a little bigger than a Rubik’s cube — and weight not more than 1.33 kg. Depending on the CubeSat’s mission, the number of units can be 1.5, 2, 3, 6, and 12U, according to NASA.

— Each of the PREFIRE satellites is a 6U CubeSat. They measure around 90 cm in height and nearly 120 cm in width when the solar panels, which will power the satellite, are deployed. The two satellites will be placed in a near-polar orbit (a type of low Earth orbit) at an altitude of about 525 kilometres.

— A large amount of the heat radiated from the Arctic and Antarctica is emitted as far-infrared radiation — wavelengths of 3 μm to 1,000 μm within the infrared range of electromagnetic radiation. However, there is currently no way to measure this type of energy. 

— The PREFIRE mission will change that. Its two CubeSats can study far-infrared radiation from the Earth’s pole and the data collected by them would help scientists better understand the energy budget of the planet.

— Each of the PREFIRE CubeSat is equipped with a thermal infrared spectrometer  (TIRS)  to measure the amount of infrared and far-infrared radiation from the Arctic and Antarctica.

For Your Information:

— Earth’s energy budget is the balance between the amount of heat incoming to Earth from the Sun and the amount of heat outgoing from Earth into space. The difference between the two determines the planet’s temperature and climate.

Points to Ponder: 

—  What are the different processes that help maintain the earth’s heat balance?

( Thought Process: Read about the heat transfer through conduction, convection, and advection; Terrestrial Radiation, Terrestrial Radiation; Albedo Effect, latent heat.)

— How global warming and climate change are impacting Arctic and Antarctica?

— What is Arctic amplification?

— Why measuring heat emissions at Earth’s poles is important?

Post Read Question:

How do the melting of the Arctic ice and glaciers of the Antarctic differently affect the weather patterns and human activities on the Earth? Explain (UPSC CSE 2021)

Other Important Articles Covering the same topic:

Warming up to climate change: Is Earth becoming warmer?

New finding may improve ability to forecast solar storms 

Preliminary Examination: General Science 

Mains Examination: GS-III: Awareness in the fields of IT, Space, Computers, robotics, nano-technology,

What’s the ongoing story- The sun’s magnetic field, which causes solar storms like the one that hit Earth this month and produced beautiful auroras, may originate at shallower depths in the star’s interior than previously thought, according to researchers.

Prerequisites:

— What is the sun’s magnetic field?

— What is Earth’s magnetic field?

— What is a solar storm?

— The sun’s outer 30% is comprised of an “ocean” of churning gases plunging more than 130,000 miles (210,000 km) below the solar surface. 

— The research, comparing new theoretical models to observations by the sun-observing SOHO spacecraft, provides strong evidence that its magnetic field is generated near the top of this ocean – less than 5% inward, or about 20,000 miles (32,000 km) – rather than near the bottom, as long hypothesized.

— In addition to providing insight into the sun’s dynamic processes, the findings may improve the ability to forecast solar storms and guard against potential damage to electricity grids, radio communications and orbiting satellites, the researchers said.

— Most stars have magnetic fields, apparently generated by the motion of super-hot gases inside them. The sun’s ever-changing magnetic field drives the formation of sunspots – shifting dark patches – on its surface and triggers solar flares that blast hot charged particles into space.

— What is the Solar and Heliospheric Observatory (SOHO)?

— What are Sunspots, Solar flares, and Solar cycle?

— How do solar storms affect the Earth?

If a major solar storm (solar flare) reaches the Earth, which of the following are the possible effects on the Earth?( UPSC CSE 2022)

1. GPS and navigation systems could fail.

2. Tsunamis could occur at equatorial regions.

3. Power grids could be damaged.

4. Intense auroras could occur over much of the Earth.

5. Forest fires could take place over much of the planet.

6. Orbits of the satellites could be disturbed.

7.Shortwave radio communication of the aircraft flying over polar regions could be interrupted.

Select the correct answer using the code given below:

(a) 1, 2, 4 and 5 only

(b) 2, 3, 5, 6 and 7 only

(c) 1, 3, 4, 6 and 7 only

(d) 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6 and 7

Explained: Can a solar storm disrupt an internet connection?

AI in legal cases: what the courts have said

Preliminary Examination: Current events of national and international importance, General Science.

Mains Examination: GS-III: Awareness in the fields of IT, Space, Computers, robotics, nano-technology, bio-technology and issues relating to intellectual property rights.

What’s the ongoing story- The Manipur High Court last week stated that it was compelled to do extra research through Google and ChatGPT 3.5” while deciding on a case. 

— What is artificial intelligence (AI)? 

— What are the areas of AI application?

— What are the different categories of AI?

— This is not the first time a High Court has used AI for research. But in India- as in the rest of the world- courts have been rather cautious about the use of AI for judicial work. 

— The Delhi High Court has also been less receptive to the use of AI in courts. In August 2023, Justice Pratibha M Singh held that ChatGPT cannot be used to decide “legal or factual issues in a court of law”, highlighting the possibility of “incorrect responses, fictional case laws, imaginative data, etc., generated by AI Chatbots”. 

— Last December, the UK Judiciary released a set of guidelines about the use of generative AI in courts. While judges were allowed to use ChatGPT for basic tasks such as summarising large bodies of text, making presentations, or composing emails, they were cautioned not to rely on AI for legal research or analysis. No such guidelines exist in India. 

— What is generative AI (GenAI)?

— What are the challenges associated with AI?

— What are the benefits associated with AI?

— Is there any legal framework for AI regulation globally and nationally?

— What are the legal and ethical concerns associated with the use of AI in courts?

With the present state of development, Artificial Intelligence can effectively do which of the following? ( UPSC CSE 2020)

1. Bring down electricity consumption in industrial units

2. Create meaningful short stories and songs

3. Disease diagnosis

4. Text-to-Speech Conversion

5. Wireless transmission of electrical energy

(a) 1, 2, 3 and 5 only

(b) 1, 3 and 4 only 

(c) 2, 4 and 5 only 

(d) 1, 2, 3, 4 and 5

“The development of full artificial intelligence could spell the end of the human race.” In light of this statement, analyse the risks associated with the new emerging technologies, such as AI.

What is Generative AI, the technology behind OpenAI’s ChatGPT?

High RBI dividend may help lower FY25 Fiscal deficit below target 

Preliminary Examination: Economy

Mains Examination: GS-III: Indian Economy and issues relating to planning, mobilisation of resources, growth; Government budgeting.

What’s the ongoing story- The larger-than-expected Reserve Bank of India (RBI) dividend of Rs 2.11 trillion to the Centre should help ensure that the 5.1% aim of fiscal deficit-to-GDP ratio for FY25 is met, and could also be used to lower it further, Fitch Ratings said in a note.

— What is fiscal deficit?

— What is fiscal deficit-to-GDP ratio?

— What is the difference between fiscal policy and monetary policy?

— The government has set a target of bringing the fiscal deficit to 4.5% as a percentage of GDP by FY26. “Sustained deficit reduction, particularly if underpinned by durable revenue-raising reforms, would be positive for India’s sovereign rating fundamentals over the medium term,” Fitch Ratings said.

— In its post-election budget, the new government has two alternatives. First, the government could opt to keep the current deficit target for FY25, and the windfall could allow the authorities to further boost spending on infrastructure, or to offset upside spending surprises or lower-than-budgeted revenue, for example from divestment, noted Fitch Ratings. 

— Alternatively, all or part of the windfall could be saved, pushing the deficit to below 5.1% of GDP, it said.

— What causes the fiscal deficit?

— How does fiscal deficit impact the economy?

— What is the significance of fiscal policy in India?

— What measures should be taken to ensure fiscal discipline?

— What steps have been taken by the government to manage the fiscal deficit?

( Thought Process: Read about the Fiscal Responsibility and Budget Management (FRBM) Act, Monetary policy, and the role of RBI)

In the context of governance, consider the following: (UPSC CSE 2010)

1. Encouraging Foreign Direct Investment inflows

2. Privatization of higher educational Institutions

3. Down-sizing of bureaucracy

4. Selling/offloading the shares of Public Sector Undertakings

Which of the above can be used as measures to control the fiscal deficit in India?

(a) 1, 2 and 3

(b) 2, 3 and 4 

(c) 1, 2 and 4 

(d) 3 and 4 only

How to curb government’s fiscal irresponsibility

Express Network

Rising ‘heat stress’ in six metros as humidity up, nights warmer: study.

Preliminary Examination:  General issues on Environmental Ecology, and Climate Change – that do not require subject specialisation.

Mains Examination: GS-I, GS-II, GS-III: Important Geophysical Phenomena, Climate Change Environmental Pollution & Degradation, Government Policies & Interventions.

What’s the ongoing story- India’s megacities of Delhi, Mumbai , Chennai, Bengaluru, Kolkata and Hyderabad are experiencing worsening “heat stress” due to a trend of rising relative humidity over the past two decades, according to a study by Delhi-based Centre for Science and Environment.

— What do you understand by the term  “heat stress”?

— What are heatwaves and IMD criteria for declaring them?

— Besides rising relative humidity, these cities are also experiencing warmer nights as land surface temperatures are not falling at the same rate as a decade ago, said the analysis, blaming this on the “urban heat island” effect.

— “Urban heat island” effect refers to the trapping of heat due to an increase in built-up area, declining green cover, congestion, heat absorption by urban structures, and heat generated by human activities. This causes the heart of megacities to be much warmer, especially at night, than its outskirts and neighbouring towns.

— The combination of rising air and land surface temperatures and high relative humidity is increasing the heat index and heat stress in these cities, the study said. 

— The combination of high heat and humidity can compromise the human body’s main cooling mechanism: sweating. The evaporation of sweat from skin cools our bodies, but higher humidity levels limit this natural cooling,” the study said. 

— What is a warm night?

— Why is humidity an important aspect when measuring heat exposure?

— What are the causes of urban heat island effect?

— What are the impacts of heat stress?

— What measures can be taken to reduce “urban heat island” effect?

Bring out the causes for the formation of heat islands in the urban habitat of the world. (UPSC CSE 2013)

UPSC Issue at a Glance | Heatwaves: 5 Key Questions You Must Know for Prelims and Mains

Over 2,000 people buried in Papua New Guinea landslides: Govt seeks global help

Preliminary Examination: World Geography

Mains Examination: GS-I, GS-III: Important Geophysical phenomena such as earthquakes, Tsunami, Volcanic activity, cyclone etc., geographical features and their location; Disaster and disaster management.

What’s the ongoing story- A Papua New Guinea government official has told the United Nations that more than 2,000 people are believed to have been buried alive by last Friday’s landslide and has formally asked for international help.

— What is a landslide?

— What are the types of landslides?

— What causes landslides?

— Map work: Location of Papua New Guinea and its Enga province, Coastal States of the South Pacific

— The government figure is roughly triple the U.N. estimate of 670 killed by the landslide in the South Pacific island nation’s mountainous interior. 

— In a letter to the United Nations resident coordinator dated Sunday and seen by The Associated Press, the acting director of the country’s National Disaster Center, Luseta Laso Mana, said the landslide “buried more than 2,000 people alive” and caused “major destruction” in Yambali village in Enga province.

For Your Information:  

— Landslides are natural disasters occurring mainly in mountainous terrains where there are conducive conditions of soil, rock, geology and slope. A sudden movement of rock, boulders, earth or debris down a slope is termed as a landslide. 

— Natural causes that trigger it include heavy rainfall, earthquakes, snowmelting and undercutting of slopes due to flooding. Landslides can also be caused by anthropogenic activities such as excavation, cutting of hills and trees, excessive infrastructure development, and overgrazing by cattle.

— What are the landslide-prone areas in India?

( Thought Process: India is among the top five landslide-prone countries globally, where at least one death per 100 sq km is reported in a year due to a landslide event. See the Landslide Atlas of India and learn about the states and regions that are most vulnerable to landslides.)

— What measures has the government taken to reduce the risk of landslides?

—  The Himalayas are highly susceptible to landslides. What are the causes and what measures can be taken to mitigate them?

Differentiate the causes of landslides in the Himalayan region and Western Ghats. (UPSC CSE 2021) 

Everything you need to know about the landslide in Papua New Guinea

ISRO releases the Landslide Atlas of India: Which states, regions are most vulnerable

Chinese premier hails ‘restart’ in ties with US allies S Korea and Japan

Preliminary Examination: Current events of national and international importance

Mains Examination: GS-II: International Relations, Effect of policies and politics of developed and developing countries on India’s interests.

What’s the ongoing story- Chinese Premier Li Qiang praised what he called a restart in relations with Japan and South Korea as he met their leaders for the first three-way talks in four years on Monday, agreeing to revive trade and security dialogues hampered by global tensions.

Prerequisites: 

— Know in brief about the historical bilateral relations among China, South Korea, and Japan.

— The Chinese premier met South Korean President Yoon Suk Yeol and Japanese Prime Minister Fumio Kishida in Seoul with efforts to revitalise three-party free trade agreement negotiations, stalled since 2019, high on the agenda. 

— China and U.S.-allied South Korea and Japan are trying to manage mutual distrust amid the rivalry between Beijing and Washington, tensions over democratically ruled Taiwan , which China claims as its own, and North Korea’s nuclear programme.

— A joint declaration released after the meeting called for China, Japan, and South Korea to formalise regular communication at the highest levels, and collaborate on climate change, conservation, health, trade and international peace, among other areas.

— The declaration set a goal of boosting the number of people-to-people exchanges to 40 million by 2030 through exchanges in culture, tourism and education.

— What is the significance of the China-Japan-South Korea trilateral summit?

— What is the status of US-China relations and how China-Japan-South Korea trilateral summit can affect it?

— How China-Japan-South Korea trilateral summit presents challenge for India?

— What is the East Asia Summit?

— What is QUAD?

Quadrilateral Security Dialogue (Quad) is transforming itself into a trade bloc from a military alliance, in present times Discuss. (UPSC CSE 2020)

The Editorial Page

Letting in light and air.

Mains Examination: GS-I, GS-II: Developmental issues, urbanization, their problems and their remedies, Government policies and interventions for development.

What’s the ongoing story- Anuj Daga writes- “A safe urban space is a collective responsibility. While the law makers must ensure that spatial codes are meaningfully and correctly implemented, residents must ensure that they help set the priorities for a sound urban environment”

— What is urbanisation? What causes rapid urbanisation?

— What are the functions of municipal corporations, and civic development authorities?

— What is the National Building Code?

— “Urban development is controlled through the instrument of by-laws that are, in turn, framed under the National Building Code. All buildings in the city must abide by these laws that safeguard aspects of livability, safety and sustainability of its users.”

— “The distressing incidents we have been witnessing in our cities indicate India’s rapid and reckless foray into urbanisation through building edifices of consumption. At the same time, they ask us to turn our attention to improving our urban environments.”

— “The envisioning of a safe and sustainable urban environment requires all its stakeholders to demand a healthy environment over and above the prescriptive following of laws and codes. Here, urban residents must become aware of the pitfalls of the short-term benefits of quantitative advances,…”

— “Institutions of planning must then be asked to periodically assess the quality of built spaces to check for accumulated vulnerabilities within urban infrastructure, maintaining the dignity of lived space, avoiding foreclosure of access to public space and upholding the overall quality of urban space.”

— “A safe urban space is a collective responsibility. While the law makers must ensure that spatial codes are meaningfully and correctly implemented, the city users must ensure that their participation in urban processes set the priorities right for achieving a sound urban environment.”

— What are the issues associated with rapid urbanisation in India?

— What are the initiatives taken by the government with regard to the urban development?

— What reforms are required in urban planning?

Discuss the causes of rapid urbanization in India and suggest measures to ensure that urban space is safe.

The Ideas Page

A matter of backwardness.

Preliminary Examination: Indian Polity and Governance- Constitution, Rights Issues

Mains Examination: GS-II:  Constitution of India – historical underpinnings, evolution, features, amendments, significant provisions and basic structure .

What’s the ongoing story- Faizan Mustafa writes- “Since the High Court had gone into the details of the functioning of the BC Commission, it should have done a similar dissection of its recommendations in respect of non-Muslim castes and examined whether public hearings were held, the inadequacy of representation examined”

— What do you understand by the term ‘Reservation’?

— What are the constitutional provisions governing reservation in India?

— Institutions/committees/ commissions to look for: National Commission for Backward Classes (NCBC), National Commission for Scheduled Castes (NCSC) and the National Commission for Scheduled Tribes (NCST), Mandal Commission, Sachar Committee 

— “A closer look at the judicial response to reservation policies demonstrates two trends. First, our judiciary has not quite been quite supportive of such policies. It opposed reservation in promotions and introduced exclusion of the “creamy layer” (Indira Sawhney, 1992) brought in the 50 per cent upper limit (M R Balaji, 1963) and stuck down the “carry forward” rule (B N Tiwari, 1964). In fact, it has generally been more sympathetic to the cause of general candidates and emphasised “efficiency”.”

— “In several cases dealing with reservation for Muslim Backward Classes (BCs), the Court appears to lean towards the strict scrutiny test and undertook a microscopic evaluation of such “policies”. This even though the apex court had rejected similar procedures in other cases of affirmative action in Ashok Thakur (2008).” 

— “The Calcutta High Court has once again not only stuck down the inclusion of some Muslim BCs but it also tore apart the recommendations of the West Bengal State Backward Class Commission(BCC).  The bench struck down the above decisions primarily on four grounds: First, the inclusion of these castes was made by executive orders; second, the West Bengal Backward Class Commission was not consulted on sub-categorisation; third, the recommendations of the BC Commission were not based on the in-depth empirical survey of the entire population; Fourth, the “inadequacy of representation” in state services of these castes was not fully examined.”

— “Reservation for the entire Muslim community for no reason other than religion would certainly be unconstitutional. However, Muslim BCs are given this reservation not due to their religion but their backwardness. Let “backaward” Muslims get the same privileges as their non-Muslim counterparts.”

For Your Information: The President of India has been given power to include any caste or tribe within the SC or ST under Articles 341 and 342 in consultation with the governor.

— What is “creamy layer”?

— What are the issues related to the reservation?

— What are the benefits of reservations in India?

— What were the key highlights of judgment in  Indra Sawhney & Others vs Union of India case?

What are the reasons behind the increasing demand for reservations? 

Religion as sole factor: Why Calcutta HC quashed OBC quota for Muslims

UPSC Essay and Ethics Snippets

‘Wordly Wise’ from The Editorial Page

“Being in the competition was victory itself; the win is a big bonus.”

 – Payal Kapadia

( Thought Process: What is more important: getting the opportunity to participate in a competition or winning the competition? Do you agree that competition is beneficial, but excessive competition can diminish the joy of the art? Does victory determine the best, or does the journey create the best? Elaborate.)

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