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MLA Citation Guide (9th edition) : Works Cited and Sample Papers

• Getting Started
• How do I Cite?
• In-Text Citations
• Works Cited and Sample Papers
• Additional Resources

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Quick Rules for an MLA Works Cited List

Your research paper ends with a list of all the sources cited in your paper. Here are some quick rules for this Works Cited list:

• Begin the works cited list on a new page after the text.
• Name it "Works Cited," and center the section label in bold at the top of the page.
• Order the reference list alphabetically by author's last name.
• Double-space the entire list (both within and between entries).
• Apply a hanging indent of 0.5 in. to each entry. This means that the first line of the reference is flush left and subsequent lines are indented 0.5 in. from the left margin.

Sample Paper with Works Cited List

The Modern Language Association (MLA) has compiled  several sample papers  that include explanations of the elements and formatting in MLA 9th edition. 

MLA Title Pages

MLA Title Page: Format and Template   This resource discusses the correct format for title pages in MLA style and includes examples.

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Home / Guides / Citation Guides / MLA Format / MLA Journal Article Citation

How to Cite a Journal Article in MLA

This page is a how-to guide for using scholarly journals as sources and citing them correctly in your papers. Academic journals publish scholarly, peer-reviewed articles written by experts in a specific field. This guide will help you understand what journals are and why they are valuable for your research.

Quickly cite a journal article by using our online form here .

Citing a journal article in mla:, the importance of peer-reviewed academic journals, how journals are organized, where to find journal articles.

• In-text citations
• Works cited references
• Citation with one author
• Citation with two authors
• Citation with three or more authors
• Citation with no known author
• Citation Structures and Examples: Web
• Citation Structures and Examples: Print

Our guide will show you how to cite the journal article both in the text and in the Works Cited page following the guidelines of the Modern Language Association Handbook, 9th Edition.

What is an Academic Journal?

Academic or scholarly journals are periodicals published by universities and other research organizations to present the findings of original research conducted in a particular field. These journals contain highly specific knowledge and are written by experts in that field.

Journals are different from other periodicals such as newspapers or magazines, which cover a broad range of topics and are written in easy to read prose.

Because  journals are written by experts for other experts, they can be difficult to read. The writers often use jargon and other complex language that students may not understand. But that doesn’t mean you should not use journals in your research. Journals are where the most recent research is published and provide in-depth information on a topic.

Tip : Reading the abstract and the conclusion first may help you to understand the article as you read.

Journals are good sources for academic research not only because they are written by experts, but because most (but not all) are also reviewed by other experts before the article is published.

Journals that are peer-reviewed have a board of experts in the field that review articles submitted to the journal. The peer reviewers scrutinize every article closely to validate its findings and ensure that the research was done properly. The process of peer review gives credibility to the journal because it means that every article published has been approved by other experts in the field.

Academic journals are organized in volumes and issues.

• Volume: The volume is all of the editions of the journal published in a calendar year.
• Issue(s):   The issues are all the specific editions of the journal published in that year.

Tip : Journals frequently publish issues around a certain theme, so all of the articles in that issue will relate to a certain topic. This means that there may be other articles in a particular issue that you can use for your research. It pays to check the table of contents for the issue when you find an article that fits your needs.

You will need to include the volume and the issue numbers, and the page numbers in your citations so make sure to write those down when you take notes from a journal.

When you are doing scholarly research, you can’t use popular search engines like Google, Bing, or Yahoo. These will lead you to popular sources that may not work for a school paper. You need to search for information using an academic database which will lead you to scholarly articles.

Databases are organized computer-based collections of data that allow researchers to find a large number of articles quickly and easily.

Examples of popular general academic databases include:

• Academic Search Premier
• Google Scholar

Examples of popular academic databases focused on specific subjects:

• MEDLINE, PubMed Central — focus on biomedical and life sciences
• Lexis Web — focus on legal information
• Education Resources Information Center (ERIC) — focus on education

Many of these databases charge fees for use. The good news? Many can be accessed through a school or university library. Check your library’s website to see what databases it subscribes to and how you can access them.

Using a Journal Article in a Paper

You can use information from your research in three ways:

• Paraphrase: Take the information from a specific paragraph or section of the article and rewrite it in your own words.
• Summarize: Write a broad overview of the section or the article in your own words.
• Quote: Repeat the exact words used by the author using quotation marks.

Whenever you quote, paraphrase, or summarize information in your paper, you need to follow that information with an in-text citation and create a corresponding reference for the source (in the Works Cited).

Journal Article In-text Citations

Citations within your text are important. Each in-text citation:

• Alerts your reader that you are using information from an outside source.
• Usually appears in parentheses at the end of a sentence.
• Is short and only has enough information to help the reader find the complete reference listed in the Works Cited page at the end of the paper.

A MLA style in-text citation has two parts (MLA Handbook 227-228):

• If there is no author listed, include a shortened version of the title
• While many online sources do not have a page number, academic journals almost always do, even when they are available online.

In most cases, the in-text citation is at the end of the sentence in parentheses. If you use the author’s name in the text, you don’t have to repeat it in the parenthesis at the end. Do not separate the author’s name and the page number with a comma. See below for examples.

Works Cited References for Journal Articles

A Works Cited page is included at the end of your paper. It lists full references/citations for all of the sources mentioned in your paper via your in-text citations.

MLA Containers

In the 9th edition of the official Handbook, MLA includes a new term for citing references, which was first introduced in the 8th edition — containers (134). Periodicals like journals are considered “containers” because they contain the articles that are part of a larger whole.

The container holds the source article and is crucial in identifying the source. The title of the first container, the journal name, is printed in italics and follows the article name. When accessing journals through a database, the database is considered the second container. This title is also printed in italics.

Digital Object Identifier (DOI)

Another feature in citing sources is the DOI (Handbook 188) . DOI stands for Digital Object Identifier, which is used to permanently identify an article or document and link to it on the web.

Although a website or database may change names, the DOI will not change and will help your readers locate the document from your citation. Whenever possible, list the DOI in place of the URL. When you have a DOI, you do not need to give the URL of the website. Indicate that a reference is a DOI by adding “https://doi.org/” before the DOI number of your source.

Another way to identify an online location is with a permalink. Permalinks are URLs that are identified as a stable link that the publisher promises not to change.

For journal references, the following elements need to be included in your Work(s) Cited entries: 

• The name of the author or authors. Since journal articles often have more than one author, it is helpful to know when to use et al. in MLA .
• Title of article
• Title of journal (the container)
• Volume and issue number
• Date of publication
• Page numbers
• Database (the 2nd container)
• DOI, permalink, or URL
• Date of access (supplemental, but should be included if the information has no publication date listed)

Citing a Journal Article in MLA (found in databases)

The following are examples of how to cite a journal in MLA 9, both in text and as a full reference in the Works Cited. These were all found via a database.

Note that “Date Accessed” is the day that the journal article was found and read. This information is supplemental and does not always need to be included.

Journal Article Citation With One Author

Cite your source

Journal Article Citation With Two Authors

*Note:  When a source has multiple authors, you should always list them in your citation in the same order they are listed in the source.

Journal Article Citation With Three or More Authors

Journal article citation with no known author, citing a journal article in mla (print).

Citing a journal from a print source requires less information than an online source. For a print source, you need the following information:

• The name of the author or authors for articles with one or two authors. For articles with three or more authors, only the first author’s name is used followed by et al.
• The name of the article in quotation marks
• The name of the journal in italics
• The volume and issue numbers of the journal
• The year of publication
• The page number(s)

View Screenshot | Cite your source

Citing an Online Journal Article (not found using a database)

Some journal articles are accessible online without the use of a database. Citing an online journal article not found in a database requires that you cite the website that you used to access the article as the second container. Do not include the https:// in the web address.

*Note : Since journals are usually stable and credible sources, including an access date is supplemental and not required (“When Should I Include an Access Date for an Online Work”).

• Works Cited

MLA Handbook . 9th ed., Modern Language Association of America, 2021.  

“When should I include an access date for an online work?” MLA Style Center , Modern Language Association, 29 Dec. 2016, style.mla.org/access-dates/.

Published October 31, 2011. Updated June 6, 2021.

Written by Catherine Sigler. Catherine has a Ph.D. in English Education and has taught college-level writing for 15 years.

MLA Formatting Guide

MLA Formatting

• Annotated Bibliography
• Bibliography
• Block Quotes
• et al Usage
• In-text Citations
• Paraphrasing
• Page Numbers
• Sample Paper
• MLA 8 Updates
• MLA 9 Updates
• View MLA Guide

Citation Examples

• Book Chapter
• Journal Article
• Magazine Article
• Newspaper Article
• Website (no author)
• View all MLA Examples

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If any important information is missing (e.g., author’s name, title, publishing date, URL, etc.), first see if you can find it in the source yourself. If you cannot, leave the information blank and continue creating your citation.

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To cite a magazine with multiple authors and no page numbers in MLA style, you need to have basic information including the authors, the article’s title, the magazine’s title, the publication date, and the DOI, permalink, or URL. The templates and examples for in-text citations and a works-cited-list entry of a book written by multiple authors are given below:

In-text citation template and example:

For citations in prose, use the first name and surname of the first author followed by “and others” or “and colleagues” for sources with three or more authors. In subsequent citations, use only the surname of the first author followed by “and others” or “and colleagues.” In parenthetical citations, always use only the surname of the first author followed by “et al.”

Citation in prose:

First mention: Han Ong and colleagues…. or Han Ong and others ….

Subsequent occurrences: Ong and colleagues…. or Ong and others ….

Parenthetical:

….( Ong et al.).

Works-cited-list entry template and example:

The title of the article is in plain text and title case; it is placed inside double quotation marks. The title of the magazine is set in italics and title case. Follow the format given in the template and example for setting the day, month, and year.

Surname, First., et al. “Title of the Article.” Title of the Magazine , Publication Date, DOI/permalink/URL.

Ong, Han, et al. “The Monkey Who Speaks.” The New Yorker , 13 Sept. 2021, www.newyorker.com/magazine/2021/09/13/the-monkey-who-speaks.

Use only the first author’s name in surname–first name order in the entry followed by “et al.”

To cite an online journal or magazine article in MLA style, you need to have basic information including the author, the article’s title, the journal or magazine’s title, the publication date, and the DOI, permalink, or URL. If available, also include a volume and an issue number of the journal or magazine. The templates for in-text citations and a works-cited-list entry of an online journal article and examples are given below for a source with one author:

For citations in prose, use the first name and surname of the author on the first occurrence. In subsequent citations, use only the surname. In parenthetical citations, always use only the surname of the author.

First mention: Elizabeth Garber ….

Subsequent occurrences: Garber ….

….(Garber).

The title of the journal or magazine article is set in plain roman text and title case; it is placed inside double quotation marks. The title of the journal or magazine is set in italics and title case. Follow the format given in the template and example for writing the publication month or season and year.

Surname, First. “Title of the Article.” Journal or Magazine Title , Volume, Issue, Publication Date, DOI/permalink/URL.

Garber, Elizabeth. “Craft as Activism.” The Journal of Social Theory in Art Education , vol. 33, no.1, spring 2013, www.scholarscompass.vcu.edu/jstae/vol33/iss1/6/ .

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MLA Citation Guide

• Articles in Print Periodicals
• Works Cited Lists
• Government Publications
• Electronic Books
• Articles in Digital Periodicals
• Other Digital Resources: Blogs, Tweets, YouTube Videos
• In-Text Citations

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Citing Articles in Different Types of Periodicals

Periodicals  are publications that appear periodically . They include magazines, newspapers and scholarly journals.This section shows you how to cite articles in each type of publication.

CONTENTS OF THIS BOX

Articles in Scholarly Journals

Articles in Magazines

Articles in Newspapers

All of the examples shown here show only articles with one author. The format for articles with two or more authors is the same as for Books . It is important to note that a significant difference between citing books and citing periodical articles is that information about the publisher is NEVER included in citations of periodical articles!

Articles in Scholarly Journals Scholarly journals are published much less frequently than do magazines and newspapers. Usually they are only published about three or four times per year.

Basic Format

Author of article (last name, first name). "Title" of article (in quotation marks. Title of journal (italicized), Volume, number,

issue (if provided), Year, Page numbers (abbreviated pp.).

What do citations look like?

With issue number provided:

Jelinek, Eloise. "The Agent Hierarchy and Voice in Some Coast Salish Languages." International Journal of

American Linguistics,  vol.49, no. 2, 1983, pp. 167-185.

With month(s) but no issue number provided:

Lehman, David. "The Visionary Walt Whitman." American Poetry Review , vol. 37, Jan/Feb. 2008, pp. 11-13.

Do not list volume numbers for magazine articles. If the magazine appears every week or every two weeks , give the complete date, beginning with the day and followed by the month and the year, as illustrated below.

Author of article (last name, first name). "Title" of article (in quotation marks). Title of magazine (italicized), Day, Month

Year, Page numbers (abbreviated pp.).

Magazine that appears weekly:

Rosen, Jeffrey and Charles Lane. "Neo-Nazis." New Republic , 31 Oct.1994, pp. 14-15.

Magazine that appears monthly or bimonthly:

Fraser, Nicholas. "To BBC or Not to BBC." Harper's Magazine , May 2004, pp. 55-64.

Citing newspaper articles is similar to citing articles in magazines that appear weekly. In listing the name of the newspaper, omit initial articles (e.g. New York Times, NOT The New York Times ). If sections are numbered separately, list the section number or letter followed by the page number on which the article begins. When an article is continued on a nonconsecutive page, indicate this with a + immediately following the beginning page number.

Author of article (last name, first name). "Title" of article (in quotation marks). Title of newspaper (italicized).

Date, Edition (if stated on the masthead, Section (if numbered separately), Page number (s)

(abbreviated p. or pp. followed by. : .).

Sections numbered separately

Urquhart, Ian. "Ontario Weighs Gay Marriage Options." Toronto Star 17 July 2002, p.: A21.

Discontinuous pagination and edition listed on masthead

Jeromack, Paul. "This Once, a David in the Art World Does Goliath a Favor." New York Times 13 July 2002, New

England ed., pp. A13+.

I f the newspaper is not a well-known national publication, include the city name in square brackets following the title of the newspaper.

Behre, Robert. "Presidential Hopefuls Get Final Crack at Core of S.C. Democrats." Post and Courier

[Charleston, SC], 29 Apr. 2007, p. A11.

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An MLA citation generator is a software tool designed to automatically create academic citations in the Modern Language Association (MLA) citation format. The generator will take information such as document titles, author, and URLs as in input, and output fully formatted citations that can be inserted into the Works Cited page of an MLA-compliant academic paper.

The citations on a Works Cited page show the external sources that were used to write the main body of the academic paper, either directly as references and quotes, or indirectly as ideas.

👩‍🎓 Who uses an MLA Citation Generator?

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Electronic Articles from Library Databases - MLA

Electronic articles from webpages - mla, print journals, magazines & newspapers - mla.

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Articles from Library Databases

• Example Formula for CQ Researcher Article from a Database
• Example Formula for Journal Article from Library Database

Article from a database:

Cooper, Mary H. "America's Pampered Pets."  CQ Researcher , vol. 6, no. 48, 27 Dec. 1996, pp. 1129-52.  CQ Researcher Online, library.cqpress.com.ezproxy.greenriver.edu/ cqresearcher/document.php?id=cqres. Accessed 6 Nov. 2000.

Journal article from a database:

Doyle, Christine. "Louisa May Alcott: New Texts and Contexts."  Children's Literature. vol.27, 1999, pp. 211-17.  ProQuest . search.proquest.com/docview/195572106?accountid=1558. Accessed 15 Sep. 2016.

Journal article from a database with a doi:

DeMaria, Anthony N. "A Structure for Deoxyribose Nucleic Acid."  Journal of the American College of Cardiology , vol. 42, no. 2, 2003, pp. 373-74.  ProQuest Periodicals , https://doi.og/10.1016/S0735-1097(03)00800-3. Accessed 15 Sept. 2016. 

Journal article with two authors:

Bishop, Kay, and Melanie A. Kimball. "Engaging Students in Storytelling." Teacher Librarian, vol. 33, no. 4, 2006, pp. 28-31. Academic OneFile , ezproxy.greenriver.edu/login?url=http://search.ebscohost.com/login.aspx?direct=true&db=aph&AN=20502611&site=ehost-live&scope=site. Accessed 20 Oct. 2003.

Journal article with three or more authors:

Brinkworth, Grant D., et al. "Long-Term Effects of a very-Low-Carbohydrate Weight Loss Diet Compared with an Isocaloric Low-Fat Diet After 12 Mo."   American Journal of Clinical Nutrition,  vol. 90. no. 1, 2009,p.23. ProQuest Research Library,  ezproxy.greenriver.edu/login?url=http://search.proquest.com/docview/231940252?accountid=1558 Accessed 15 Sep. 2016.

*for 3 or more authors, just list the first author (last, first), followed by et. al. as shown here.

Journal article with no author:

Anonymous. "Estate Planning for Fido and Fluffy" Journal of Financial Planning, vol. 20, no. 11, Nov. 2007, p. 14.  ProQuest Research Library , ezproxy.greenriver.edu/login?url=http://search.proquest.com/docview/217550151?accountid=1558. Accessed 15 Jan. 2008.

Newspaper article:

Berthelsen, Christian. "Mattel Sues Publisher Over Barbie Essays."  New York Times,  late ed., 6 Dec. 1999, sec. C, p. 18.  ProQuest Periodicals , ezproxy.greenriver.edu/login?url=http://search.proquest.com/docview/431324106?accountid=1558. Accessed 4 June 2013.

Magazine article:

Fowler, Paige. "The Imperfect Man's Guide To Perfect Health."  Men's Health, vol.30, no. 10, Dec. 2015, pp. 70-72.  Academic Search Complete , ezproxy.greenriver.edu/login?url=http://search.ebscohost.com/ login.aspx?direct=true&db=aph&AN=11067671 8&site=ehost-live&scope=site. Accessed 15 Sept. 2016. 

Original Content in a Database:

"Nursing Assistants - Duties." Career Planner , SchoolData. Accessed 20 Nov. 2020.

The following citation is for an article, a report, located within the database CQ Researcher.

Cooper, Mary H. "America's Pampered Pets." CQ Researcher, vol. 6, no. 48, 27 Dec. 1996, pp. 1129-52. CQ Researcher Online, library.cqpress.com.ezproxy.gree nriver.edu/cqresearcher/document.php?id=cqres. Accessed 6 Nov. 2020.

This table shows how the elements of this  citation look within the MLA formula template.

The following citation is for journal article, with two authors, located in a database.

Bishop, Kay, and Melanie A. Kimball. "Engaging Students in Storytelling."  Teacher Librarian,  vol. 33, no. 4, 2006, pp. 28-31.  Academic OneFile , ezproxy.greenriver.edu/login?url=http://search.ebscohost.com/login.aspx?direct=true&db=aph&AN=20502611&site=ehost-live&scope=site. Accessed 20 Oct. 2003.

This table shows how the elements of this citation look within the MLA formula template.

Articles from webpages:

Arquilla, John. “Cyberwar is Already Upon Us: But Can It Be Controlled?” Foreign Policy. 27 Feb. 2012, foreignpolicy.com/2012/02/27/cyberwar-is-already-upon-us/.

Various Types of Articles in Print Format

• Example Formula for a Print Newspaper

Articles in journals paginated by volume:

Watson, James and Francis Crick. "A Structure for Deoxyribose Nucleic Acid." Nature. vol.171, 1953, pp. 937.

Articles in journals paginated by issue

Jones, Howard Mumford. “The Attractions of Stupidity.” St. Croix Review.  vol. 30, no. 2, 1997, pp. 6-10.

Articles in weekly or biweekly magazines

Jasper, William F. “Good Cop, Bad Cop: Alarming Expansion and Bad Police Work Define Today’s FBI.” New American,   vol.  30,  May  1997, p. 226.

Articles in monthly or bimonthly magazines

Gerry, Ross. “Tempo Training for Freestyle.” Swimming Technique,  Apri.-Jun.,1997, pp. 40-42. 

 Unsigned articles in magazines

"The Guv'nor."  Inside Soap , 21 Jan. 2000, pp. 12-13. 

Articles in daily newspapers

Munsey, Christopher, and P. J. Shuey. "Bomb Threats to Become Felony."  Capital  [Annapolis], 8 May 1997, sec. A, p. 1.

Schafer, Sarah. "Home Offices Get Hard Look."  Washington Pos t, late ed., 5 Jan. 2000, sec. E, p. 1. 

Unsigned articles in newspapers

"Hog Farmers Squabble Over Pork Promotion."  The Sun  [Baltimore], Howard County ed., 5 Jan. 2000, sec. 3C. 

Editorials in newspapers

Krauthammer, Charles. "Why Feed a Mortal Enemy?"  Washington Post , late ed., 25 Apr. 1997, A27 sec. Editorial. 

Letters to the Editors of newspapers

Beckman, Allyson. Letter. The Sun [Baltimore] 2 Nov. 2006, late ed., D10 sec.

Reviews of books

Eakin, Emily. "Uncovering an Interracial Literature of Love… and Racism." Review of  An Anthology of Interracial Literature: Black-White Contacts in the Old World and the New , by Werner Sollors.  Washington Post , 17 Apr. 2004, sec. B, p. 9. 

Stone, John. "An Intimate Journal.” Rev. of Running Late , by Dannie Abse. The Lancet,  vol. 368, no. 9538, 2006, p. 833.  

Reviews of films

Wrathall, John. Review of  That Thing You Do! , directed by Tom Hanks.  Sight and Sound , Feb. 1997, p. 57. 

Chang, Justin. "Brawny 'X-Men' Spawn." Review of X-Men Origins: Wolverine , directed by Gavin Hood. Daily Variety 30 Apr. 2009, pp. 1-2. 

The following citation is for a print copy of a newspaper article.

This table shows how the elements of this citation look within the MLA formula template.

**Note:  If this were not a print newspaper, but one accessed electronically through the databases, then you would fill in the additional container with the name of the database (Title of Container), the full URL to the article (Location), and the date you accessed it (Access date). 

Basic Formula For MLA Works Cited Citations (9th Edition)

Basic formula for mla works cited citations.

Include as much of the following as possible: Author.  Title of Source .  Title of Container , Contributors, Version, Number, Publisher, Publication Date, Location. Date Accessed.

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5.5: Creating a Works Cited List

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• Save as PDF
• Page ID 235750

• Rachel Bell, Jim Bowsher, Eric Brenner, Serena Chu-Mraz, Liza Erpelo, Kathleen Feinblum, Nina Floro, Gwen Fuller, Chris Gibson, Katharine Harer, Cheryl Hertig, Lucia Lachmayr, Eve Lerman, Nancy Kaplan-Beigel, Nathan Jones, Garry Nicol, Janice Sapigao, Leigh Anne Shaw, Paula Silva, Jessica Silver-Sharp, Mine Suer, Mike Urquidez, Rob Williams, Karen Wong, Susan Zoughbie, Leigh Anne Shaw, Paula Silva, Jessica Silver-Sharp, Mine Suer, Mike Urquidez, Rob Williams, Karen Wong, and Susan Zoughbie
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From Purdue OWL: MLA has turned to a style of documentation that is based on a general method that may be applied to every possible source, to many different types of writing. But since texts have become increasingly mobile, and the same document may be found in several different sources, following a set of fixed rules is no longer sufficient.

The current system is based on a few principles, rather than an extensive list of specific rules. While the handbook still gives examples of how to cite sources, it is organized according to the process of documentation, rather than by the sources themselves. This process teaches writers a flexible method that is universally applicable. Once you are familiar with the method, you can use it to document any type of source, for any type of paper, in any field.

Here is an overview of the process:

When deciding how to cite your source, start by consulting the list of core elements. These are the general pieces of information that MLA suggests including in each Works Cited entry. In your citation, the elements should be listed in the following order:

• Title of source.
• Title of container,
• Other contributors,
• Publication date,

Each element should be followed by the punctuation mark shown here.

Begin the entry with the author’s last name, followed by a comma and the rest of the name, as presented in the work. End this element with a period.

Said, Edward W. Culture and Imperialism. Knopf, 1994.

2. Title of source

The title of the source should follow the author’s name. Depending upon the type of source, it should be listed in italics or quotation marks (titles of longer texts like books and websites are italicized and titles of shorter texts like articles, songs or poems titles go inside quotation marks).

Henley, Patricia. The Hummingbird House . MacMurray, 1999.

Bagchi, Alaknanda. "Conflicting Nationalisms : The Voice of the Subaltern in Mahasweta Devi's

Bashai Tudu ." Tulsa Studies in Women's Literature , vol. 15, no. 1, 1996, pp. 41-50.

3. Title of container

Containers are larger wholes in which the source is located. For example, if you want to cite a poem that is listed in a collection of poems, the individual poem is the source, while the larger collection is the container. The title of the container is usually italicized and followed by a comma, since the information that follows next describes the container.

Kincaid, Jamaica. "Girl." The Vintage Book of Contemporary American Short Stories, edited by Tobias

Wolff, Vintage, 1994, pp. 306-07.

The container may also be a television series, which is made up of episodes.

“94 Meetings.” Parks and Recreation, created by Greg Daniels and Michael Schur, performance by Amy

Poehler, season 2, episode 21, Deedle-Dee Productions and Universal Media Studios, 2010.

The container may also be a website, which contains articles, postings, and other works.

Zinkievich, Craig. Interview by Gareth Von Kallenbach. Skewed & Reviewed, 27 Apr. 2009,

www.arcgames.com/en/games/star-trek-online/news/detail/1056940-skewed-%2526-reviewed-interviews- craig. Accessed 15 Mar. 2009.

In some cases, a container might be within a larger container. You might have read a book of short stories on Google Books , or watched a television series on Netflix . You might have found the electronic version of a journal on JSTOR. It is important to cite these containers within containers so that your readers can find the exact source that you used.

“94 Meetings.” Parks and Recreation , season 2, episode 21, NBC, 29 Apr.

2010. Netflix , www.netflix.com/watch/70152031?trackId=200256157&tctx=0%2C20%2C0974d361-27cd- 44de-9c2a-2d9d868b9f64-12120962.

Langhamer, Claire. “Love and Courtship in Mid-Twentieth-Century England.” Historical Journal , vol.

50, no. 1, 2007, pp. 173-96. ProQuest , doi:10.1017/S0018246X06005966. Accessed 27 May 2009.

4. Other contributors

In addition to the author, there may be other contributors to the source who should be credited, such as editors, illustrators, translators, etc. If their contributions are relevant to your research, or necessary to identify the source, include their names in your documentation.

Note : Terms like editor, illustrator, translator, etc., are no longer abbreviated.

Foucault, Michel. Madness and Civilization: A History of Insanity in the Age of Reason. Translated

by Richard Howard, Vintage-Random House, 1988.

Woolf, Virginia. Jacob’s Room . Annotated and with an introduction by Vara Neverow , Harcourt, Inc.,

If a source is listed as an edition or version of a work, include it in your citation.

The Bible . Authorized King James Version, Oxford UP, 1998.

Crowley, Sharon, and Debra Hawhee. Ancient Rhetorics for Contemporary Students. 3rd ed.,

Pearson, 2004.

If a source is part of a numbered sequence, such as a multi-volume book, or journal with both volume and issue numbers, those numbers must be listed in your citation.

Dolby, Nadine. “Research in Youth Culture and Policy: Current Conditions and Future

Directions.” Social Work and Society: The International Online-Only Journal, vol. 6, no.

2, 2008, www.socwork.net/sws/article/view/60/362. Accessed 20 May 2009.

Quintilian. Institutio Oratoria. Translated by H. E. Butler, vol. 2, Loeb-Harvard UP, 1980.

7. Publisher

The publisher produces or distributes the source to the public. If there is more than one publisher, and they are all are relevant to your research, list them in your citation, separated by a forward slash (/).

Klee, Paul. Twittering Machine. 1922. Museum of Modern Art, New York. The

Artchive, www.artchive.com/artchive/K/klee/twittering_machine.jpg.html. Accessed May 2006.

Women's Health: Problems of the Digestive System . American College of Obstetricians and

Gynecologists , 2006.

Daniels, Greg and Michael Schur, creators. Parks and Recreation . Deedle -Dee Productions and

Universal Media Studios, 2015.

8. Publication date

The same source may have been published on more than one date, such as an online version of an original source. For example, a television series might have aired on a broadcast network on one date, but released on Netflix on a different date. When the source has more than one date, it is sufficient to use the date that is most relevant to your use of it. If you’re unsure about which date to use, go with the date of the source’s original publication.

“Hush.” Buffy the Vampire Slayer , created by Joss Whedon, performance by Sarah Michelle Gellar,

season 4, Mutant Enemy, 1999 .

9. Location

You should be as specific as possible in identifying a work’s location.

An essay in a book, or an article in journal should include page numbers.

Adiche, Chimamanda Ngozi. “On Monday of Last Week.” The Thing around Your Neck, Alfred A. Knopf,

2009, pp. 74-94 .

The location of an online work should include a URL.

Wheelis, Mark. "Investigating Disease Outbreaks Under a Protocol to the Biological and Toxin

Weapons Convention." Emerging Infectious Diseases , vol. 6, no. 6, 2000, pp. 595-

600, wwwnc.cdc.gov/eid/article/6/6/00-0607_article. Accessed 8 Feb. 2009.

A physical object that you experienced firsthand should identify the place of location.

Matisse, Henri. The Swimming Pool. 1952, Museum of Modern Art, New York .

Boosting the zinc storage performance of vanadium dioxide by integrated morphology engineering and carbon nanotube conductive networks

• Research Article
• Published: 11 May 2024

Cite this article

• Lijie Ma 1 ,
• Xiaolin Wang 1 ,
• Xiang Chen 2 ,
• Jianbin Gao 1 ,
• Yiwen Wang 1 ,
• Yuehai Song 1 ,
• Yaran Zhao 3 ,
• Shizhe Gao 1 ,
• Lin Li 4 &
• Jianchao Sun 1  

Vanadium dioxide (VO 2 ) with the advantages of high theoretical capacity and tunnel structure has attracted considerable promising candidates for aqueous zinc-ion batteries. Nevertheless, the intrinsic low electronic conductivity of VO 2 results in an unsatisfactory electrochemical performance. Herein, a flower-like VO 2 /carbon nanotubes (CNTs) composite was obtained by a facile hydrothermal method. The unique flower-like morphology shortens the ion transport length and facilitates electrolyte infiltration. Meanwhile, the CNT conductive networks is in favor of fast electron transfer. A highly reversible zinc storage mechanism was revealed by ex-situ X-ray diffraction and X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy. As a result, the VO 2 /CNTs cathode exhibits a high reversible capacity (410 mAh·g −1 ), superior rate performance (305 mAh·g −1 at 5 A·g −1 ), and excellent cycling stability (a reversible capacity of 221 mAh·g −1 was maintained even after 2000 cycles). This work provides a guide for the design of high-performance cathode materials for aqueous zinc metal batteries.

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Acknowledgements

This work was supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China (Nos. 22209140 and 52202286), Natural Science Foundation of Shandong Province (No. ZR2022QE059), Shandong Laboratory of Advanced Materials and Green Manufacturing at Yantai (Yantai) (No. AMGM2023A08), Natural Science Foundation of Zhejiang Province (Nos. LGG23B030011 and LY24B030006), Scientific Research Fund of Zhejiang Provincial Education Department (No. Y202148249), and Basic Research Project of Wenzhou City (No. G20220016).

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School of Environment and Material Engineering, Yantai University, Yantai, 264005, China

Lijie Ma, Xiaolin Wang, Jianbin Gao, Yiwen Wang, Yuehai Song, Shizhe Gao & Jianchao Sun

College of Textile Science and Engineering (International Institute of Silk), Zhejiang Sci-Tech University, Hangzhou, 310018, China

BNU-HKUST Laboratory of Green Innovation, Advanced Institute of Natural Sciences, Beijing Normal University, Zhuhai, 519087, China

Institute for Carbon Neutralization, College of Chemistry and Materials Engineering, Wenzhou University, Wenzhou, 325035, China

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Correspondence to Xiang Chen , Yaran Zhao , Lin Li or Jianchao Sun .

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Electronic Supplementary Material: Boosting the zinc storage performance of vanadium dioxide by integrated morphology engineering and carbon nanotube conductive networks

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Ma, L., Wang, X., Chen, X. et al. Boosting the zinc storage performance of vanadium dioxide by integrated morphology engineering and carbon nanotube conductive networks. Nano Res. (2024). https://doi.org/10.1007/s12274-024-6668-4

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Received : 26 February 2024

Revised : 20 March 2024

Accepted : 28 March 2024

Published : 11 May 2024

DOI : https://doi.org/10.1007/s12274-024-6668-4

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