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Consumer Behavior

Reviews with pictures are (sometimes) helpful.

Art Markman Ph.D. on June 7, 2024 in Ulterior Motives

Many factors may make a review more or less helpful. How do photos help a review have more impact? New research explores this question.

How Old Is Too Old to Look Young?

Wendy L. Patrick, J.D., Ph.D. on June 7, 2024 in Why Bad Looks Good

What do younger people think about your attempts to look more like them? Research has some interesting answers.

The New Fentanyl and Speedballing Crisis of 2024

Mark S. Gold M.D. on June 6, 2024 in Addiction Outlook

Smoking fentanyl and speedballing is a new dangerous trend. Newer overdose reversal protocols and recovery medications are needed while we try to improve access and initiation.

Conversations With Patients Who Have Died

Robert Kertzner M.D. on June 6, 2024 in The Intersections of Life

Personal Perspective: The experience of losing psychotherapy patients to medical illness can prompt imagined conversations to honor and remember their lives.

Adult Children of Polyamorous Parents

Elisabeth A. Sheff Ph.D., CSE on June 7, 2024 in The Polyamorists Next Door

This post explores the three most common reactions that adult children have to their parents who come out to them as polyamorous.

Emotion Regulation

The key to effective discipline.

Kat Scherer, Ph.D., and Elizabeth Sylvester, Ph.D. on June 7, 2024 in Relationship-Based Parenting

Children's misbehavior is stressful, and adult emotional reactivity can worsen it. Sometimes, our attempts to discipline children can backfire, escalating upset and acting out.

Every Parent's Biggest Regret

Jeffrey Bernstein Ph.D. on June 7, 2024 in Liking the Child You Love

Discover the lessons learned from parents who wish they could turn back time to fix their biggest parenting regret.

Why Politics Get Nasty

Heather Lench Ph.D. on June 7, 2024 in The Emotional Toolkit

Ever wonder why arguments about politics get so heated? The political messages we all watch could hold the answer.

Balancing Needs as a Caregiver

Kristi Rendahl DPA on June 7, 2024 in The Family Caregiver

Caregiving is fundamentally about caring for someone, but it shouldn't be done at the expense of caregivers themselves. Caregiver wellness is also a top priority.

Growth Mindset

How a growth mindset can enhance romantic relationships.

Jessica Koehler Ph.D. on June 7, 2024 in Beyond School Walls

How can adopting a growth mindset transform your romantic relationship into a thriving, resilient partnership?

How Religious Themes Can Aid Those With Mental Illness

David T. Culkin Ph.D. on June 7, 2024 in OCD and Marriage

Religious experience can remind us that we are not alone, a key to healing in a divided world.

The Shadow Self

Iskra Fileva Ph.D. on June 7, 2024 in The Philosopher's Diaries

Sometimes, details about our lives that we keep private become a source of anxiety and shame. Silence weighs on us. Our shadow self haunts us.

Stress and Decision Making When Dealing With Infertility

Lisa Schuman on June 7, 2024 in Building Your Family

Everyone knows that going through infertility is stressful but perhaps we don’t consider that it may be so stressful that it can lead you to make unhelpful decisions.

What We Tell Ourselves Hard Experiences "Mean" Matters a Lot

John-Manuel Andriote on June 7, 2024 in Stonewall Strong

Personal Perspective: A trip to Paris could have been ruined on the first day if I had chosen to let it. Life happens. All we get to choose is whether to accept that fact or not.

The Power of Never Giving Up

Robert Puff Ph.D. on June 7, 2024 in Meditation for Modern Life

How to overcome your past, embrace hope, and find lasting happiness.

• Relationships

How the Big 5 Personality Traits Shape Romantic Success

Frank J. Ninivaggi M.D., DLF-A.P.A. on June 7, 2024 in Envy This!

Why the Big Five traits matter for couples.

How Much Should You Tell Your Kids About Adult Problems?

Robert Taibbi L.C.S.W. on June 7, 2024 in Fixing Families

Children and teens are naturally sensitive to their parent's world. The challenge is knowing how much or how little to say as a parent. Here are some guidelines.

Psychopharmacology

The normalization of anxiety medication: what is the impact.

Michele Leno Ph.D. on June 7, 2024 in Mind Matters

Psychological approaches to anxiety treatment have become more personalized and holistic as stigmas surrounding mental health have waned in recent years.

Interpersonal Emotional Regulation in a Digital World

Phil Reed D.Phil. on June 7, 2024 in Digital World, Real World

Why digital communication may hurt emotional regulation strategies.

Is Rebound Sex Good for You?

Climate Anxiety

Child mental health and climate change adaptation.

Ilan Kelman Ph.D. on June 7, 2024 in Disaster By Choice

A review of 160 national climate change adaptation policies found a complete absence of addressing child mental health.

Lighten Your (Cognitive) Load

Carlos Alós-Ferrer Ph.D. on June 7, 2024 in Decisions and the Brain

If you are always in a hurry and have too much on your mind, you might be setting yourself up for failure. Here is why and how to stop.

Harnessing the Power of Behavior to Feel Better

James Gross Ph.D. on June 7, 2024 in Feel Better

Learn how to harness your behavior to help you feel better, overcome burnout, depression, and anxiety, and get closer to living the life you want.

8 Questions to Ask Before Giving Up on Your Marriage

Melissa Orlov on June 7, 2024 in May I Have Your Attention

If you've been struggling in your relationship, you might wonder if you will ever be able to be happy again. But calling it quits is hard. Explore these questions first.

Assessing Suicidality: Beyond Issues of Don’t Ask Don’t Tell

Kyle D. Killian Ph.D., LMFT on June 7, 2024 in Intersections

Accurate clinical information is needed for good decision-making about suicide.

Rekindling Love: How Deep Listening Can Rescue Relationship

Guy Itzchakov Ph.D. on June 7, 2024 in The Listening Lens

Discover how deep listening saved a marriage and reignited connection. Inspired by Thich Nhat Hanh, it's a tale of empathy and lasting love.

Why Does Making Friends Get Harder as We Age?

Kaytee Gillis, LCSW-BACS on June 7, 2024 in Invisible Bruises

While building friendships in childhood may have seemed effortless, many individuals find that making new friends becomes noticeably more difficult as they grow older.

The Process of Putting Yourself First

Justin Kompf Ph.D. on June 7, 2024 in A Practical Approach to Addressing Barriers to Physical Activity

Overcome the struggle of putting yourself first. Discover how ingrained emotions and identities might be holding you back from behavior change.

How to Promote Healthy Sleep Habits for Your Teen

Sue Scheff on June 7, 2024 in Shame Nation

Sleep is critical during the teenage years for emotional and physical health. Here are three ways to promote to improve young people's sleep and mental wellness.

Do You Fight, Take Flight, or Freeze?

Diane N Solomon Ph.D., PMHNP-BC, CNM (Ret.) on June 7, 2024 in The Narrative Nurse Practitioner

The fight-flight-or-freeze theory was developed in the early 1900s. Here's an update you need to know.

Neurodiversity

Creating a summertime routine for a neurodivergent child.

Lisa Sheinhouse M.A. on June 7, 2024 in Retrain Your Brain

With a bit of preparation, parents can successfully create and maintain a neurodivergent child's summertime routine.

Building an Empowered Self Amid Identity Fluctuations

Steven Stosny, Ph.D. on June 7, 2024 in Anger in the Age of Entitlement

The most powerful identities are those that most accurately express the whole self.

Personal Perspectives

How my motorcycle crash improved my life.

Judith M. Ford MSW, MFA on June 7, 2024 in Close Calls and Narrow Escapes

My motorcycle crash affected more than just me when help came from unexpected places.

Dissociation Comes to the Rescue, or Does It?

Katherine Marshall Woods Psy.D. on June 7, 2024 in PsychMinded Set

Trauma can significantly affect an individual and family, particularly when culture and acculturation are involved, as shown in the film 'Safe Among Stars' (2019) by Jess X Snow.

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At any moment, someone’s aggravating behavior or our own bad luck can set us off on an emotional spiral that threatens to derail our entire day. Here’s how we can face our triggers with less reactivity so that we can get on with our lives.

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If you or someone you know has a mental illness, is struggling emotionally, or has concerns about their mental health , there are ways to get help.

Where can I get immediate help?

In life-threatening situations, call 911 or go to the nearest emergency room.

If you are suicidal or in emotional distress, consider using the 988 Suicide & Crisis Lifeline.

Call or text 988 or chat online   to connect with a trained crisis counselor. The Lifeline provides 24-hour, confidential support to anyone in suicidal crisis or emotional distress. You can reach a specialized LGBTQI+ affirming counselor by texting “Q” to 988 or by calling 988 and pressing “3.”

Learn more: 988 Suicide & Crisis Lifeline   ( disponible en español   )

If you are a veteran, consider using the Veterans Crisis Line.

Call 988, then press “1.” You can also text 838255 or chat online   . The Veterans Crisis Line is a 24-hour, confidential resource that connects veterans with a trained responder. The service is available to all veterans and those who support them, even if they are not registered with the VA or enrolled in VA healthcare.

Learn more: Veterans Crisis Line   ( disponible en español   )

If you have experienced a disaster, consider using the Disaster Distress Helpline.

Call or text 1-800-985-5990. The Disaster Distress Helpline provides immediate crisis counseling for people experiencing emotional distress related to any natural or human-caused disaster. The 24-hour, confidential helpline offers interpretation services in more than 100 languages.

Learn more: Disaster Distress Helpline  ( disponible en español  )

If you see concerning social media messages, contact the company’s safety team.

Social media companies have safety teams   that can reach out to connect the person with the help they need.

Learn more about action steps for helping someone in emotional distress .

How can I find a health care provider or treatment?

Treatment for mental illnesses usually includes therapy (virtual or in person), medication , or a combination of the two.

There are many ways to find a provider who will meet your needs.

Primary care provider: A primary care provider can perform an initial mental health screening and refer you to a mental health professional (such as a social worker, psychologist, or psychiatrist). If you have an appointment with a primary care provider, consider bringing up your mental health concerns and asking for help .

Federal resources: Some federal agencies offer resources for identifying mental health professionals. These include:

• Substance Abuse and Mental Health Services Administration (SAMHSA) helpline and online locator for mental health services 
• Centers for Medicare & Medicaid Services (CMS) online tool for finding Medicare providers 
• U.S. Department of Veterans Affairs (VA) online tool for finding VA locations and providers 

National organizations: Many advocacy and professional organizations have online tools for finding a provider. View a list of organizations that offer directories or locators for finding mental health professionals.

State and county agencies: Your state or county government website may have information about health services in your area. Your local health services department website is a good place to start.

Insurance companies: If you have health insurance, a representative of your insurance company will know which local providers are covered by your insurance plan. Your health insurance company may have an app or online database that you can use to find a participating provider in your area.

Universities and colleges: If you’re a student, you may have access to mental health services and support through your school’s health center or peer support groups. Try searching your school’s website for mental health resources.

Employee assistance: If you have a job, ask your employer’s human resources department if they have an Employee Assistance Program (EAP). An EAP is a free and confidential service that your company pays for. The service can help employees with issues related to mental health, drug or alcohol use, grief, and trauma.

How do I know if a provider is right for me?

Preparing a list of questions can help you decide if a potential provider is a good fit for you. These questions might include:

• What experience do you have treating someone with my issue?
• How do you usually treat someone with my issue?
• How long do you expect treatment to last?
• Do you accept my insurance?
• How much will treatment cost?

Find more tips for talking with a health care provider . SAMHSA has online resources  to help people answer questions about finding treatment and support.

Treatment works best when you have a good relationship with your mental health professional. Talk with your provider if you have concerns about treatment or feel like the treatment is not helping. In some cases, you may wish to find a different provider or another type of treatment.

Do not stop treatment without talking to your health care provider.

Where can I learn more about mental disorders?

NIMH offers research-based information on mental disorders, treatments and therapies, and a range of related topics. To learn more, browse our health topic pages and brochures and fact sheets . También ofrecemos recursos del NIMH en español .

Please note: NIMH is a research funding agency. We cannot provide medical advice or provider referrals. If you need medical advice or a second opinion, please consult your health care provider. Resources on this page are provided for informational purposes only. The list is not comprehensive and does not constitute an endorsement by NIMH .

Last Reviewed: February 2024

Unless otherwise specified, the information on our website and in our publications is in the public domain and may be reused or copied without permission. However, you may not reuse or copy images. Please cite the National Institute of Mental Health as the source. Read our copyright policy to learn more about our guidelines for reusing NIMH content.

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• About Mental Illness

Depressive disorder, frequently referred to simply as depression, is more than just feeling sad or going through a rough patch. It’s a serious mental health condition that requires understanding and medical care. Left untreated, depression can be devastating for those who have it and their families. Fortunately, with early detection, diagnosis and a treatment plan consisting of medication, psychotherapy and healthy lifestyle choices, many people can and do get better.

Some will only experience one depressive episode in a lifetime, but for most, depressive disorder recurs. Without treatment, episodes may last a few months to several years.

About 21 million U.S. adults— 8.4%  of the population—had at least one major depressive episode in 2020. People of all ages and all racial, ethnic and socioeconomic backgrounds experience depression, but it does affect some groups more than others.

Personal Perspectives On Major Depressive Disorder

In this 2-part podcast series, NAMI Chief Medical Officer Dr. Ken Duckworth guides discussions on major depressive disorder that offer insights from individuals, family members and mental health professionals.  Read the transcript . Note:  Content includes discussions on topics such as suicide attempts and may be triggering.

Depression can present different symptoms, depending on the person. But for most people, depressive disorder changes how they function day-to-day, and typically for more than two weeks. Common symptoms include:

• Changes in sleep
• Changes in appetite
• Lack of concentration
• Loss of energy
• Lack of interest in activities
• Hopelessness or guilty thoughts
• Changes in movement (less activity or agitation)
• Physical aches and pains
• Suicidal thoughts

Depression does not have a single cause. It can be triggered by a life crisis, physical illness or something else—but it can also occur spontaneously. Scientists believe several factors can contribute to depression:

• Trauma . When people experience trauma at an early age, it can cause long-term changes in how their brains respond to fear and stress. These changes may lead to depression.
• Genetics . Mood disorders, such as depression, tend to run in families.
• Life circumstances . Marital status, relationship changes, financial standing and where a person lives influence whether a person develops depression.
• Brain changes . Imaging studies have shown that the frontal lobe of the brain becomes less active when a person is depressed. Depression is also associated with changes in how the pituitary gland and hypothalamus respond to hormone stimulation.
• Other medical conditions . People who have a history of sleep disturbances, medical illness, chronic pain, anxiety and attention-deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) are more likely to develop depression. Some medical syndromes (like hypothyroidism) can mimic depressive disorder. Some medications can also cause symptoms of depression.
• Drug and alcohol misuse . Adults with a substance use disorder are at significantly higher risk for experiencing a major depressive episode. Co-occurring disorders require coordinated treatment for both conditions, as alcohol can worsen depressive symptoms.

To be diagnosed with depressive disorder, a person must have experienced a depressive episode lasting longer than two weeks. The symptoms of a depressive episode include:

• Loss of interest or loss of pleasure in all activities
• Change in appetite or weight
• Sleep disturbances
• Feeling agitated or feeling slowed down
• Feelings of low self-worth, guilt or shortcomings
• Difficulty concentrating or making decisions
• Suicidal thoughts or intentions

Although depressive disorder can be a devastating illness, it often responds to treatment. The key is to get a specific evaluation and treatment plan. Safety planning is important for individuals who have suicidal thoughts. After an assessment rules out medical and other possible causes, a patient-centered treatment plans can include any or a combination of the following:

• Psychotherapy  including cognitive behavioral therapy, family-focused therapy and interpersonal therapy.
• Medications  including antidepressants, mood stabilizers and antipsychotic medications.
• Exercise  can help with prevention and mild-to-moderate symptoms.
• Brain stimulation therapies  can be tried if psychotherapy and/or medication are not effective. These include electroconvulsive therapy (ECT) for depressive disorder with psychosis or repetitive transcranial magnetic stimulation (rTMS) for severe depression.
• Light therapy , which uses a light box to expose a person to full spectrum light in an effort to regulate the hormone melatonin.
• Alternative approaches  including acupuncture, meditation, faith and nutrition can be part of a comprehensive treatment plan.

Reviewed August 2017

Many treatment options are available for depression, but how well treatment works depends on the type of depression and its severity. For most people, psychotherapy  and  medications give better results together than either alone, but this is something to review with your mental health care provider.

Psychotherapy

Psychotherapy  (or talk therapy) has an excellent track record of helping people with depressive disorder. While some psychotherapies have been researched more than others, many types can be helpful and effective. A good relationship with a therapist can help improve outcomes.

Many clinicians are trained in more than one kind of psychotherapy, so ask your clinician what kind of psychotherapy they practice and how it can help you. A few examples include:

• Cognitive behavioral therapy   (CBT)  has a strong research base to show it helps with symptoms of depression. This therapy helps assess and change negative thinking patterns associated with depression. The goal of this structured therapy is to recognize negative thoughts and to teach coping strategies. CBT is often time-limited and may be limited to 8–16 sessions in some instances.
• Interpersonal therapy (IPT)  focuses on improving problems in personal relationships and other changes in life that may be contributing to depressive disorder. Therapists teach individuals to evaluate their interactions and to improve how they relate to others. IPT is often time-limited like CBT.
• Psychodynamic therapy  is a therapeutic approach rooted in recognizing and understanding negative patterns of behavior and feelings that are rooted in past experiences and working to resolve them. Looking at a person’s unconscious processes is another component of this psychotherapy. It can be done in short-term or longer-term modes.

Psychoeducation And Support Groups

Psychoeducation involves teaching individuals about their illness, how to treat it and how to recognize signs of relapse. Family psychoeducation is also helpful for family members who want to understand what their loved one is experiencing.

Support groups, meanwhile, provide participants an opportunity to share experiences and coping strategies. Support groups may be for the person with the mental health condition, for family/friends or a combination of both. Mental health professionals lead some support groups, but groups can also be peer-led.

Explore NAMI’s nationwide offerings  of free educational programs and support groups that provide outstanding education, skills training and support.

Medications

For some people, antidepressant  medications  may help reduce or control symptoms. Antidepressants often take 2-4 weeks to begin having an effect and up to 12 weeks to reach full effect. Most people will have to try various doses or medications to find what works for them. Here are some antidepressants commonly used to treat depression:

Selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors (SSRIs)  act on serotonin, a brain chemical. They are the most common medications prescribed for depression.

• Fluoxetine  (Prozac)
• Sertraline  (Zoloft)
• Paroxetine  (Paxil)
• Citalopram  (Celexa)
• Escitalopram  (Lexapro)

​ Serotonin and norepinephrine reuptake inhibitors (SNRIs)  are the second most common antidepressants. These medications increase serotonin and norepinephrine.

• Venlafaxine  (Effexor)
• Desvenlafazine  (Pristiq)
• Duloxetine  (Cymbalta)

Norepinephrine-dopamine reuptake inhibitors (NDRIs)  increase dopamine and norepinephrine. Bupropion (Wellbutrin) is a popular NDRI medication, which causes fewer (and different) side effects than other antidepressants. For some people, bupropion causes anxiety symptoms, but for others it is an effective treatment for anxiety.

Mirtazapine  (Remeron) targets specific serotonin and norepinephrine receptors in the brain, thus indirectly increasing the activity of several brain circuits. Mirtazapine is used less often than newer antidepressants (SSRIs, SNRIs and bupropion) because it is associated with more weight gain, sedation and sleepiness. However, it appears to be less likely to result in insomnia, sexual side effects and nausea than the SSRIs and SNRIs.

• Bupropion  (Wellbutrin)
• Mirtazapine  (Remeron)

Second-generation antipsychotics (SGAs) , or “atypical antipsychotics,” treat schizophrenia, acute mania, bipolar disorder and bipolar mania and other mental illnesses. SGAs can be used for treatment-resistant depression.

• Aripiprazole  (Abilify)
• Quetiapine  (Seroquel)

Tricyclic antidepressants (TCAs)  are older medications, seldom used today as initial treatment for depression. They work similarly to SNRIs but have more side effects. They are sometimes used when other antidepressants have not worked. TCAs may also ease chronic pain.

• Amitriptyline (Elavil)
• Desipramine (Norpramin)
• Doxepin (Sinequan)
• Imipramine (Tofranil)
• Nortriptyline (Pamelor, Avantyl)
• Protriptyline (Vivactil)

Monoamine oxidase inhibitors   (MAOIs)  are less used today because newer, more effective medications with fewer side effects have been found. These medications can  never  be used in combination with SSRIs. MAOIs can sometimes be effective for people who do not respond to other medications.

• Phenelzine  (Nardil)
• Isocarboxazid (Marplan)
• Tranylcypromine  Sulfate (Parnate)
• Selegiline patch (Emsam)

Brain Stimulation Therapies

For some,  brain stimulation therapies  may be effective, typically after other treatments have not been effective.

• Electroconvulsive Therapy (ECT)  involves transmitting short electrical impulses into the brain. ECT does cause some side effects, including memory loss. Individuals should understand the risks and benefits of this intervention before beginning a treatment trial.
• Repetitive Transcranial Magnetic Stimulation (rTMS)  is a relatively new type of brain stimulation that uses a magnet instead of an electrical current to activate the brain. It is not effective as a maintenance treatment.
• Vagus Nerve Stimulation (VNS)  has a complex history. For a fuller understanding of this treatment, read the  NIMH summary  of this and other brain stimulation interventions.

Complementary And Alternative Medicine (CAM)

Relying solely on CAM methods is not enough to treat depression, but they may be useful when combined with psychotherapy and medication. Discuss your ideas of CAM interventions with your health care professional to be sure they will not cause side effects or adverse reactions.

The National Center for Complementary and Integrative Health reviews research on complementary treatments. You can search for each intervention on  their website .

• Exercise.  Studies show that aerobic exercise can help treat mild depression because it increases endorphins and stimulates norepinephrine, which can improve a person’s mood.
• Folate . Some studies have shown that when people with depression lack folate (also called folic acid or vitamin B9), they may not be receiving the full benefit from any antidepressants they may be taking. Studies suggest that in some situations taking L-methylfolate (an active form of folate) can be an additional treatment with other psychiatric medications.
• St John’s Wort. This supplement has similar chemical properties to some SSRIs. Risks of combining St John’s Wort with SSRIs and other medications are well-known and substantial.

Experimental Treatments

These following treatments are not FDA-approved but are being researched:

• Ketamine.  Ketamine, which may offer a new model in treating depression, may have potentially quick and short-term impact on depression and suicidal thoughts.  Ketamine  is an anesthetic with a street value (special K) that has not been studied for long-term use. It can make psychosis worse and is not an ideal choice for people with substance use disorders.
• Deep Brain Stimulation . This treatment has been used to treat Parkinson’s disease. See the NIMH page on brain stimulation for  more information .
• I Think I Might Be Gay

Coping with depression isn’t easy, but if you, a family member or a friend is struggling, there is help. NAMI is there to provide support and resources for you and your family.

Helping Yourself

Leading a balanced lifestyle can help you manage symptoms of depression. Here are some suggestions from people who have lived experience with depression:

Learn all you can . Learn about the many treatment options available. Connect with other people experiencing depression in support groups or meetings. Attend local conferences and conventions. Build a personal library of useful websites and helpful books.

Recognize early symptoms . Identify possible warning signs and triggers that may aggravate your depression symptoms. With this knowledge, you can recognize an emerging episode and get the help you need as soon as possible. Don’t be afraid to ask your friends and family for help—they can help you monitor your symptoms and behavior.

Partner with your health care providers . Give your health care provider all the information he or she needs to help you recover—including any reactions to medications, your symptoms or any triggers you notice. Develop trust and communicate openly.

Know what to do in a crisis . Be familiar with your community’s crisis hotline or emergency walk-in center. Know how to contact them and keep the information handy.

Find emotional support from others who experience depression .  Share your story , thoughts, fears and questions with other people who have the same condition. Connect through online message boards or peer-education programs like  NAMI Peer-to-Peer  or support groups like  NAMI Connection .

Avoid drugs and alcohol . These substances can disturb emotional balance and interact with medications. You may think using alcohol or drugs will help you feel better, but using them can hinder your recovery or make symptoms worse.

Get physically  healthy . Eat well and exercise. To relieve stress, try activities like meditation, yoga or Tai Chi.

Helping A Family Member Or Friend

When someone you love and care about experiences the symptoms of mental illness, you face unique challenges yourself, including complex family dynamics, social isolation and often unpredictable behavior. Getting support for yourself is essential for you to be able to be helpful for the person you care about.

Learn more about your loved one’s condition . Learning about the condition your loved one experiences will help you better understand and support them. Read personal accounts of lived experience, full of tips and advice on the  NAMI Blog :

• Depression is an Illness, Not a Weakness
• Living with Depression: How to Keep Working

Recognize early symptoms . Depression often has warning signs, such as a low mood, feeling fatigued or having trouble sleeping. Discuss your friend or family member’s past episodes with them to help them improve their ability to recognize the signs early.

Communicate .  Speak honestly and kindly . Don’t scold or blame people with depression or urge them to “try harder” to “just be happy.” Instead, make specific offers of help and follow through with those offers. Tell the person you care about them. Ask them how they feel and truly listen.

React calmly and rationally . Even if your family member or friend is in a crisis, it’s important to remain calm. Listen to their concerns and make them feel understood—then take the next step toward getting help.

Find emotional support from others . Share your thoughts, fears and questions with other people who have loved ones with similar conditions. Connect with others through online message boards or  NAMI peer-education programs .

Know the warning signs of mental illness

Learn more about common mental health conditions

NAMI HelpLine is available M-F, 10 a.m. – 10 p.m. ET. Call 800-950-6264 , text “helpline” to 62640 , or chat online. In a crisis, call or text 988 (24/7).

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Awareness of Healthy Life and Mental Health of Nursing College Students Before and After the COVID-19 Outbreak with the Involvement in Sports Activities

Kangnam university.

Corea del Sur

• Localización: Revista de psicología del deporte , ISSN-e 1988-5636, ISSN 1132-239X, Vol. 33, Nº 1, 2024 , págs. 95-104
• Idioma: inglés
• Texto completo

This study analysed the awareness of healthy life and mental health among college nursing students, both before and after the COVID-19 outbreak. Additionally, their participation in sports was examined. This study aimed to compare two types of results based on the analysis conducted. A total of 982 individuals took part in a survey examining the awareness of healthy living, mental health, and interest in sports activities among nursing college students in Korea. This included 492 students surveyed before the COVID-19 outbreak and 490 individuals surveyed after the outbreak. The study's findings were as follows: First, there were notable disparities in awareness of a healthy lifestyle pre- and post-the COVID-19 pandemic. This includes the importance placed on leading a healthy life, the level of interest in maintaining one's health, the perceived usefulness of health-related information, an overall understanding of what constitutes a healthy lifestyle, and engagement in sports activities. Furthermore, notable variations were observed in the sub-factors of mental health, namely emotional health, social health, psychological health, and overall mental health. Second, the level of awareness regarding a healthy lifestyle varied significantly across different grade levels prior to the COVID-19 outbreak. Notably, the upper grades (3rd and 4th graders) exhibited a significantly higher level of awareness compared to the 1st and 2nd graders. The level of mental health varied significantly across different grade levels, with higher grades showing a higher degree of mental well-being. This correlation can be attributed to increased participation in sports. Third, there were no notable variations in the awareness of healthy living and mental health following the COVID-19 outbreak across different grade levels. The research findings will provide valuable data to support the development of nursing college students into professional nurses. This data will enhance their understanding of healthy living and mental well-being, as well as encourage their participation in sports.

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Job Details

• Requisition ID #: 34244
• Job Category: Research
• Employment Type: Full Time
• Experience Level: Entry Level
• City, State: Milwaukee, WI
• Work Location: Basic Science Building
• Department: Cell Biology, Neurobiology and Anatomy
• Education: Bachelors Degree

Research technician position is available in the Department of Cell Biology focused on pharmacology of psychoactive substances using approaches structural biology and biochemistry of G protein-coupled receptors (GPCRs). Our lab aims to study mechanism of antidepressant, antipsychotic, and drugs to treat pain and mental health. We use chemical and biochemical tools to study G protein-coupled receptor signaling using high-throughput screening, mutagenesis, molecular biology, and structural biology.

Our lab is a highly-creative, fast-paced, dynamic environment with high expectations that spans multiple scientific disciplines in neuroscience, psychology, pharmacology, chemistry, and biochemistry. We aim to recruit students and trainees interested in high-impact discoveries in the GPCR and pharmacology fields of study.

We welcome highly-motivated and well-organized candidates with interests in chemistry or biochemistry, or psychology and neuroscience, that are capable of independent work in a laboratory setting. Candidates should have strong interests in drug mechanisms, biochemistry and pharmacology, or chemistry and related fields of study.

Preferred Schedule: Flexible, Full Time

Appropriate experience may be substituted for education on an equivalent basis Minimum Required Education:               Bachelor’s degree in scientific field

Minimum Required Experience:             None

Preferred Education:                             Biochemistry, Chemistry, Neuroscience or related field

Preferred Experience:                            Molecular Biology or Protein Biochemistry

Field:                                                    Biochemistry or Pharmacology or Neuroscience #LI-NI1

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