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Reliability & Validity Qualitative Research Methods.

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Presentation on theme: "Reliability & Validity Qualitative Research Methods."— Presentation transcript:

Chapter 2 The Process of Experimentation

Qualitative Research. Definitions l Quantitative Research - investigation in which the researcher attempts to understand some larger reality by isolating.

Animal, Plant & Soil Science

Cross Cultural Research

Qualitative research methods. A second major branch of empirical social research A number of scholars question the idea of ‘reality’ as something entirely.

Assessment criteria: Identification of key elements in the given paper, with reference to theories of learning; An evaluation of the trustworthiness of.

Introduction to Research Methodology

Reviewing and Critiquing Research

CHAPTER 10, qualitative field research

Data Analysis, Interpretation, and Reporting

Qualitative Data Analysis and Interpretation

Reporting and Evaluating Research

 It’s an approach to research that examines a concept or phenomenon from the perspective of the individual who is experiencing it  The research purpose.

Outline: Research Methodology: Case Study - what is case study

Case Study Research By Kenneth Medley.

Southampton Education School Southampton Education School Dissertation Studies Rigour, Ethics, & Risk.

Chapter 17 Ethnographic Research Gay, Mills, and Airasian

Chapter 14 Overview of Qualitative Research Gay, Mills, and Airasian

Chapter 4 Principles of Quantitative Research. Answering Questions  Quantitative Research attempts to answer questions by ascribing importance (significance)

Chapter 10 Conducting & Reading Research Baumgartner et al Chapter 10 Qualitative Research.

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validity and reliability in qualitative research

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In general practice, qualitative research contributes as significantly as quantitative research and both try to find the same result; the truth. Qualitative research, also known as naturalistic inquiry, evolved inside the social and human sciences refers to theories on interpretation and human experience. The use of validity and reliability are common in quantitative research and currently, there are ongoing debates regarding whether the terms are appropriate to evaluate qualitative studies. Although there is no universally typical terminology and standards used to measure qualitative studies, all qualitative researchers comprise strategies to enhance the credibility of a study throughout the research design and implementation. The main aim of this article is to provide the concepts of validity and reliability and to ascertain that it is possible for qualitative research to be properly valid or reliable.

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https://www.ijert.org/analyzing-word-error-rate-using-semantic-oriented-correction-approach-on-bing-search-engine https://www.ijert.org/research/analyzing-word-error-rate-using-semantic-oriented-correction-approach-on-bing-search-engine-IJERTV3IS111009.pdf Voice input has already required in many application environment. This paper represents to search the data that are users' query using android application. So, this system used the speech recognition that is done via the Internet, connecting to Google's server. The system acquires speech at run time through a microphone and processes the sampled speech to recognize the uttered text. The recognized text can be stored in a file. We are developing this on android platform using eclipse workbench. The speech-to-text system directly acquires and converts speech to text. The users can search the data using the application that can search for famous places in Myanmar. The application is adapted to input messages in English. But this output is not matched with users' data because English phonetics and Myanmar phonetics are different. Therefore, this system proposed a method for obtaining more detail about actual translation errors in the generated output by using the word error rate (WER) based on the semantic oriented approach. We investigate the use of WER for automatic error analysis using a dynamic programming algorithm like Levenshtein distance over POS tagging. This paper gives a better overview of the nature of translation errors as well as ideas of where to put efforts for possible improvements of the translation system. After this process, the resulting text will be matched and they are given as input to Bing Search Engine to be searched.

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• Volume 18, Issue 2
• Issues of validity and reliability in qualitative research
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• Helen Noble 1 ,
• Joanna Smith 2
• 1 School of Nursing and Midwifery, Queens's University Belfast , Belfast , UK
• 2 School of Human and Health Sciences, University of Huddersfield , Huddersfield , UK
• Correspondence to Dr Helen Noble School of Nursing and Midwifery, Queens's University Belfast, Medical Biology Centre, 97 Lisburn Rd, Belfast BT9 7BL, UK; helen.noble{at}qub.ac.uk

https://doi.org/10.1136/eb-2015-102054

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Evaluating the quality of research is essential if findings are to be utilised in practice and incorporated into care delivery. In a previous article we explored ‘bias’ across research designs and outlined strategies to minimise bias. 1 The aim of this article is to further outline rigour, or the integrity in which a study is conducted, and ensure the credibility of findings in relation to qualitative research. Concepts such as reliability, validity and generalisability typically associated with quantitative research and alternative terminology will be compared in relation to their application to qualitative research. In addition, some of the strategies adopted by qualitative researchers to enhance the credibility of their research are outlined.

Are the terms reliability and validity relevant to ensuring credibility in qualitative research?

Although the tests and measures used to establish the validity and reliability of quantitative research cannot be applied to qualitative research, there are ongoing debates about whether terms such as validity, reliability and generalisability are appropriate to evaluate qualitative research. 2–4 In the broadest context these terms are applicable, with validity referring to the integrity and application of the methods undertaken and the precision in which the findings accurately reflect the data, while reliability describes consistency within the employed analytical procedures. 4 However, if qualitative methods are inherently different from quantitative methods in terms of philosophical positions and purpose, then alterative frameworks for establishing rigour are appropriate. 3 Lincoln and Guba 5 offer alternative criteria for demonstrating rigour within qualitative research namely truth value, consistency and neutrality and applicability. Table 1 outlines the differences in terminology and criteria used to evaluate qualitative research.

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Terminology and criteria used to evaluate the credibility of research findings

What strategies can qualitative researchers adopt to ensure the credibility of the study findings?

Unlike quantitative researchers, who apply statistical methods for establishing validity and reliability of research findings, qualitative researchers aim to design and incorporate methodological strategies to ensure the ‘trustworthiness’ of the findings. Such strategies include:

Accounting for personal biases which may have influenced findings; 6

Acknowledging biases in sampling and ongoing critical reflection of methods to ensure sufficient depth and relevance of data collection and analysis; 3

Meticulous record keeping, demonstrating a clear decision trail and ensuring interpretations of data are consistent and transparent; 3 , 4

Establishing a comparison case/seeking out similarities and differences across accounts to ensure different perspectives are represented; 6 , 7

Including rich and thick verbatim descriptions of participants’ accounts to support findings; 7

Demonstrating clarity in terms of thought processes during data analysis and subsequent interpretations 3 ;

Engaging with other researchers to reduce research bias; 3

Respondent validation: includes inviting participants to comment on the interview transcript and whether the final themes and concepts created adequately reflect the phenomena being investigated; 4

Data triangulation, 3 , 4 whereby different methods and perspectives help produce a more comprehensive set of findings. 8 , 9

Table 2 provides some specific examples of how some of these strategies were utilised to ensure rigour in a study that explored the impact of being a family carer to patients with stage 5 chronic kidney disease managed without dialysis. 10

Strategies for enhancing the credibility of qualitative research

In summary, it is imperative that all qualitative researchers incorporate strategies to enhance the credibility of a study during research design and implementation. Although there is no universally accepted terminology and criteria used to evaluate qualitative research, we have briefly outlined some of the strategies that can enhance the credibility of study findings.

• Sandelowski M
• Lincoln YS ,
• Barrett M ,
• Mayan M , et al
• Greenhalgh T
• Lingard L ,

Twitter Follow Joanna Smith at @josmith175 and Helen Noble at @helnoble

Competing interests None.

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The Validity and Reliability of Qualitative Research - PowerPoint PPT Presentation

The Validity and Reliability of Qualitative Research

An important design element, for increasing interpretive validity, therefore, is ... codebooks (specifies definitions and relationships of concepts and terms) ... – powerpoint ppt presentation.

• Section 1 Philosophical Orientation Getting in the Right Mindset
• Section 2 Enhancing the Validity of Qualitative Research
• Section 3 Enhancing the Reliability of Qualitative Research
• Section 4 Applications of Qualitative Research Design
• Section 5 Group Work to Apply Learning
• Philosophical Orientation
• The philosophical underpinnings of qualitative research (as contrasted against quantitative research)
• Implications for sampling
• Implications for addressing issues of validity and reliability
• Quantitative Research is
• Fundamentally an inferential enterprise that seeks to uncover universal principles
• Philosophically and methodologically built or designed around the ability to infer from a sample to a larger population
• Qualitative Research is
• Fundamentally an interpretive enterprise that is context-dependent
• Philosophically and methodologically built or designed around the ability to interpret (comprehend/understand) a phenomenon from an emic (insider), as well as an etic (outsider) perspective
• This inter-subjective (i.e., shared) understanding serves as a proxy for objectivity
• A client wants to know about how well a program is working for youth
• Quantitative Research Questions (descriptive, explanatory -gtinferential)
• Qualitative Research Questions (descriptive, explanatory -gtinterpretive)
• Sampling Strategies used in Quantitative Research
• Obtaining a random or representative sample (based on probabilities)
• Permits the researcher to infer from a segment of the population (from which it is more feasible to collect data) to a larger population
• Sampling Strategies used in Qualitative Research
• Purposive sampling (to ensure that the researcher has adequately understood the variation in the phenomena of interest)
• Theoretical sampling (to test developing ideas about a setting by selecting phenomena that are crucial to the validity of those ideas)
• Example Case study selection in ACY (see, also, handout on sampling techniques)
• In quantitative research, threats to validity are addressed by prior design features (such as randomization and controls)
• In qualitative research, such prior elimination of threats to validity is less possible because
• qualitative research is more inductive, and
• it focuses primarily on understanding particulars rather than generalizing to universals.
• Qualitative researchers view threats as an opportunity for learning
• - e.g. researcher effects and bias are part of the story that is told they are not controlled for
• Implications
• Enhancing the Validity
• of Qualitative Research
• Defining validity within the qualitative paradigm
• Major types of validity within the qualitative paradigm
• Design considerations
• Validity is not a commodity that can be purchased with techniques Rather, validity is, like integrity, character and quality, to be assessed relative to purposes and circumstances.
• In general, validity concerns the degree to which an account is accurate or truthful
• In qualitative research, validity concerns the degree to which a finding is judged to have been interpreted in a correct way
• Can another research read your field (and other types of) notes (i.e., the explication of your logic) and come to the same understandings of a given phenomenon?
• Concern about validity (as well as reliability) is the primary reason thick description is an essential component of the qualitative research enterprise
• Handout Different Types of Notes
• Example ACY Site Visit Toolkit
• Descriptive Validity
• Interpretive Validity
• Theoretical Validity
• External Validity (i.e., generalizability)
• Concerned with the factual accuracy of an account (that is, making sure one is not making up or distorting the things one hears and sees)
• All subsequent types of validity are dependent on the existence of this fundamental aspect of validity
• Behavior must be attended to, and with some exactness, because it is through the flow of behavior or, more precisely, social action that cultural forms find articulation.
• Interpretive accounts are grounded in the language of the people studied and rely, as much as possible, on their own words and concepts
• At issue, then, is the accuracy of the concepts as applied to the perspective of the individuals included in the account
• While the relevant consensus about the terms used in description rests in the research community, the relevant consensus for the terms used in interpretation rests, to a substantial extent, in the community studied
• An important design element, for increasing interpretive validity, therefore, is to employee, at some level/to some degree, a participatory research approach (e.g., through member checks, peer to peer research model, etc.)
• Theoretical understanding goes beyond concrete description and interpretation its value is derived based on its ability to explain succinctly the most amount of data
• A theory articulates/formulates a model of relationships as they are postulated to exist between salient variables or concepts
• Theoretical validity is thus concerned, not only with the validity of the concepts, but also their postulated relationships to one another, and thus its goodness of fit as an explanation
• Type I error believing a principle to be true when it is not (i.e., mistakenly rejecting the null hypothesis)
• Type II error rejecting a principle when, in fact, it is true
• Type III error asking the wrong question
• Case example Parable of the blind men and the elephant
• The most fertile search for validity comes from a combined series of different measures, each with its own idiosyncratic weaknesses, each pointed to a single hypothesis. When a hypothesis can survive the confrontation of a series of complementary methods of testing, it contains a degree of validity unattainable by one tested within the more constricted framework of a single method.
• There is broad agreement that generalizability (in the sense of producing laws that apply universally) is not a useful standard or goal for qualitative research
• This is not to say, however, that studies conducted to examine a particular phenomenon in a unique setting cannot contribute to the development of a body of knowledge accumulating about that particular phenomenon of interest
• Consensus appears to be emerging that for qualitative researchers generalizability is best thought of as a matter of the fit between the situation studied and others to which one might be interested in applying the concepts and conclusions of that study.
• Thick descriptions are crucial.
• Such descriptions of both the site in which the studies are conducted and of the site to which one wishes to generalize (or apply ones findings) are critical in allowing one to search for the similarities and differences between the situations.
• Analysis of these similarities and differences makes it possible to make a reasoned judgment about the extent to which we can use the findings from one study as a working hypothesis about what might occur in another situation.
• A finding emerging repeatedly in the study of numerous sites would appear to be more likely to be a good working hypothesis about some as yet unstudied site than a finding emerging from just one or two sites.
• A finding emerging from the study of several very heterogeneous sites would be more robust and, thus, more likely to be useful in understanding various other sites than one emerging from the study of several very similar sites.
• Heterogeneity may be obtained by creating a sampling frame that maximizes the variation inherent in the sample, specifically in terms of potentially theoretically important dimensions
• Enhancing the Reliability
• Defining reliability
• Key strategies for enhancing the reliability of qualitative research
• Reliability concerns the ability of different researchers to make the same observations of a given phenomenon if and when the observation is conducted using the same method(s) and procedure(s)
• Researchers can enhance the reliability of their qualitative research by
• Standardizing data collection techniques and protocols
• Again, documenting, documenting, documenting (e.g., time day and place observations made)
• Inter-rater reliability (a consideration during the analysis phase of the research process)
• Applications of
• Qualitative Research Design
• Core Qualitative Methods
• Guiding Principles
• Qualitative Research Techniques
• Semi- or Un-structured, Open-Ended
• In-depth Interviews (in the field, face-to-face)
• Participant Observation (field/site visits)
• Archival Research (document review and analysis)
• Qualitative research designs consider ways to foster
• Reflexivity (an ongoing process of reflecting on the researchers subjective experience, ways to broaden and enhance this source of knowing, examining how it informs research)
• Iteration (a spiraling process sequential and repetitive steps in examining preliminary findings for the purposes of guiding additional data collection and analysis)
• Intersubjectivity (a process of reaching a shared/ objective agreement about how to assign meaning to a social experience - with insiders and outsiders)
• Instrumentation
• Key Informants (question development and piloting of instrument)
• Unstructured to Semi-structured
• Data Processing and Analytic Tools
• Single v. Multiple Cases (not an individual)
• Expert and Key Informants (identification and recruitment of sample)
• Roles of the Researcher (identification and recruitment of sample)
• Data Collection
• Participants as Data Collectors
• Field Notes (personal reflections, observations, emerging concepts/theories)
• Debriefing (a participant, a participating researcher, a non-participating researcher)
• Key Informant Feedback
• Codebooks (specifies definitions and relationships of concepts and terms)
• Memos (emerging patterns, concepts documentation of analytic pathways)
• Case Analysis Meeting (a meeting of a research team for the purposes of reflecting on analytic process, tools, and findings)
• Matrices or Diagrams (to identify and examine time sequencing, the structure of relationships, conditions of cross case events)
• Group Work to Apply Learning
• What is a given program achieving with homeless and runaway youth?
• Key Methodological Issues (instrumentation, sampling, data collection, analysis)
• What More Do You Need to Know?
• Initial Methodological Approach and Justification
• Handouts, OMNI Reports and Proposals
• Qualitative Research Design, An Interactive Approach (Maxwell, 1996) Sage, Applied Social Research Methods Series
• Qualitative Data Analysis (Miles Huberman, 1994)
• The Quality of Qualitative Research (Seale, 1999)
• Focus Groups, Theory and Practice (Stewart Shamdasani, 1990) Sage, Applied Social Research Methods Series
• The Mismeasure of Man (Gould)

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