indian culture and society essay upsc

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Indian Society - Syllabus, Strategy Overview [UPSC Exam]

Indian Society is one of the important subjects in the UPSC syllabus. The subject finds its mention in Prelims, Mains and Optional papers of the IAS Exam . This article will help you get an overview of the Indian Society syllabus, the right strategy to prepare for it and also relevant notes’ articles for UPSC preparation.

Indian Society Syllabus – What is asked in the IAS paper?

Indian Society & UPSC Prelims

In prelims examination, candidates know that UPSC has not mentioned an elaborative syllabus but has mentioned major topics from which questions are asked. The table below mentions all those topics that are related to the Indian Society subject so that candidates know which segment to focus on for its UPSC Syllabus completion. Though the topics that can be related to Indian Society are also relevant to Economy & Social Development, hence, aspirants should take a wider view while covering these.

#Indian Society & UPSC Mains

After prelims, there are nine subjective papers in UPSC Mains . Indian Society is covered under its syllabus of General Studies Paper 1 and certain facets are also covered in Mains General Studies Paper 2. The table below will mention what topics related to Indian Society are mentioned by the commission in GS 1 and 2 syllabi:

Indian Society & UPSC Optionals

Candidates should know that there is no such subject called ‘Indian Society,’ but there is a Sociology subject that covers important fragments of Indian Society. Under paper-II of the Sociology subject, topics related to structure and changes of Indian Society are mentioned. You can get the full Sociology Optional Syllabus from the linked article. Some of the Indian Society topics that are covered in UPSC Sociology optional syllabus are mentioned in the table below:

Indian Society Questions Trend Analysis – Prelims & Mains

In Prelims, questions are majorly asked from social sector schemes, or welfare schemes that the central government or state government flag off for the attainment of development goals.

Check the kind of questions asked in UPSC Prelims on topics related to Indian Society:

Points to note for Indian Society Questions asked in UPSC Prelims:

Referring to the above-mentioned questions that have been asked in Prelims 2019, 2018, 2017 respectively, candidates can take note of the points mentioned below:

• Questions are majorly targeted at the social sector schemes that are for the welfare of people.
• Questions on basic concepts like social capital, equality in the society have also found a place in UPSC Prelims.
• Unlike in the Mains exam where questions on Indian Society are general in nature, in Prelims Indian Society questions will need good factual understanding so as to opt for the correct option while answering.

Indian Society Questions – UPSC Mains

The graph below explains the trend in a number of questions that are asked from the Indian Society topic in UPSC Mains:

As the graph suggests, UPSC Mains GS 1 has seen an increase in questions related to Indian Society or Social Issues. For reference and practice of the Indian Society questions related to different topics, one can get all the previous years’ Indian Society Questions of UPSC Mains GS 1 , in the linked article.

For complete preparation of UPSC Mains GS 1, candidates can refer to the links below:

How to Prepare Indian Society Topic for UPSC?

Prelims Strategy:

The IAS candidates can take help of the points mentioned below before they start their preparation of GS 1 topic – Indian Society:

• What is the topic?
• Why is it important?
• Has the topic been in the news?
• Cramming the figures for the topics related to social issues is not very important from the exam perspective, rather aspirants should try to focus on the root causes of social issues. For issues like women’s safety, social empowerment, poverty, urbanization, health; an aspirant should know the background of such topics with the current initiatives taken up by the government (central or state) for the improvement of the same.

Mains Strategy:

While practicing Mains answer writing, aspirants should know what will make it easier for them when they write answers on questions related to Indian Society and its issues:

• Focus on the crux of social issues like casteism, communalism, poverty, gender inequality, hunger issues and other similar Indian Society issues. An aspirant should be aligned with the development initiatives relating to these issues.
• A general view on social issues is important rather than an extreme view. An aspirant should try to find answers to these issues by analysing the problems recurring in the Indian Society.
• A holistic view of the social issue is desired in the UPSC exam by an aspirant. A candidate who knows what, where, why, which, who and how of a social issue, becomes a desirable candidate.
• An aspirant should always keep in mind that his/her aim will be to crack the exam and not change the world that day; hence he/she should shy away from writing unfeasible and unrealistic solutions to the social issues in the Indian society.
• A desirable candidate is who knows how to connect culture, society, polity, geography, and economics with the issues of the Indian Society. Hence, one should always try to read from different perspectives and try to form a balanced opinion.

To get the best books for the Indian Society , you can check the linked article. Here, you will get a list of books that are useful for both prelims and mains.

UPSC Questions related to Indian Society

What should one read for indian society in upsc.

NCERT Class 11 – Understanding Society.

NCERT Class 12 – Indian Society.

NCERT Class 12 – Social Change & Development in India.

What is the social problems in India?

What is indian society and its types.

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UPSC SYLLABUS

Indian society (indian society (mains)), upsc syllabus.

• Indian Society
• Indian Society (Mains)
• Ancient History
• Medieval India
• Modern History
• Modern India (Mains)
• Indian Culture (Prelims)
• Indian Culture (Mains)
• Post Independence Consolidation (Mains)
• World History (Mains)
• Contemporary Issues: PIC (Mains)
• Geography (Prelims)
• Physical Geography: World & India (Mains)
• Economic & Human Geography (Mains)
• Indian Polity And Governance (Prelims)
• Features Of Indian Polity & Constitution (Mains)
• Executive, Judiciary, Legislature (Mains)
• Governance (Mains)
• Contemporary Issues: Features of Indian Polity & Constitution (Mains)
• Contemporary Issues: (Executive, Judiciary, Legislature) (Mains)
• Constitutional/Non-Constitutional Bodies
• Contemporary Issues: Governance (Mains)
• International Relations (Mains)
• Contemporary Issues: International Relations (Mains)
• Economy (Prelims)
• Sectors Of Indian Economy (Mains)
• Policy & Reforms In Indian Economy (Mains)
• Contemporary Issues: Sectors Of Indian Economy (Mains)
• Contemporary Issues: Policy & Reforms In Indian Economy (Mains)
• Science And Technology (Prelims)
• General Science (Prelims)
• Science And Technology (Mains)
• Contemporary Issues: Science & Technology (Mains)
• Environment (Prelims)
• Environment (Mains)
• Contemporary Issues: Environment (Mains)
• Internal Security Challenges In India (Mains)
• Contemporary Issues: Internal Security Challenges In India (Mains)
• Ethics (Mains)
• Applied Ethics
• Salient features of Indian Society
• Diversity of India
• Effects of globalization on Indian society
• National Integration, communalism, regionalism & secularism
• Role of women and women’s organization
• Social empowerment, poverty and developmental issues
• Welfare schemes for vulnerable sections of the population by the Centre and States and the performance of these schemes; mechanisms, laws, institutions and Bodies constituted for the protection and betterment of these vulnerable section
• Issues relating to development and management of Social Sector/Services relating to Health, Education, Human Resources
• Issues relating to poverty and hunger
• Inclusive growth and issues arising from it.

Unity in Diversity

• Concepts of Unity and Diversity
• Forms of Diversity in India
• Reasons for so much Diversity
• Bonds of Unity In India
• Geo-political Unity
• The Institution of Pilgrimage
• Tradition of Accommodation
• Tradition of Interdependence
• Role of Sensitive Leaders
• Constitutional Safeguards – Role of Constitution Framers

Challenges of Diversity to Unity (Challenges to National Integration)

• Diversity of Constituents
• Regionalism and Cultural Identities
• Communalism
• Social Inequalities
• Regional Disparities
• Ethno-Nationality and Ethnic Conflicts
• Tribal Identity
• Basic Sociological Concepts
• The Family and Kinship
• Concept of Patriarchy In India
• Secularism And Secularization
• Western and Indian Concept
• Process of Secularization
• Secularism and Forced Conversion in India

Regionalism, Communalism, Fundamentalism and communal Violence

• Regionalism
• Regionalism in India
• Types of Regionalism
• Effects of Regionalism
• Regionalism: Demand for Smaller States
• Strategies to tackle Regionalism
• Sons of Soil Concept
• Communilism Concept, Orgin, Impact
• Fundamentalism-religious, Cultural
• Communal Violence

Social Empowerment

• Constitutional Provisions Relevant to Social Justice & Empowerment of Scheduled Caste & Scheduled Tribes
• Status of Minorities In India

The Scheduled Castes: From Untouchable to Dalit

• Population of the Scheduled Castes
• Types of Disabilities of the SCs
• From Untouchables to the Dalits: The Process of Identity Formation
• Combating Mechanism against Caste Atrocities and Violence
• The State Efforts for Dalit Emancipation
• Identify Political Implications on Dalits

Tribals in India

• Chronic Indebtedness
• Forest Related Problems
• Destruction of the Forest Environment and the Tribal People
• Development and Displacement
• Analysis of Forest Rights Act

Women Movements

• 19th Century Women Movements – Under Social Reform Movements
• Women’s Issues During Gandhian Era
• Issues in Post Independence Era
• Violence Against Women
• Developmental Movement
• Uniform Civil Code
• Feminism and Post Feminism

Social Justice

• Concept of Casteism in India
• Caste and Politics
• The Reservation Policy Debate
• Social Justice and Social Development

Social Security In India

• Social Security System in India
• Organized Sector and Social Security
• Unorganised Sector and Social Security
• Centrally Funded Social Assistance Programmes
• Public Initiatives
• Review of the implementation of Social Security Laws in the Country
• Suggestions for Improving the Social Security Matrix
• Social security code for all

Understanding Poverty

• Dimensions of Poverty
• Linkage between Poverty and Development
• Recommendations of Rangarajan Committee Report
• Poverty Alleviation Strategy Since Independence
• Programmes for Poverty Alleviation
• Concept of Inequality

Globalization

• Meaning of Globalization
• Reasons for Globalization
• Dimensions/Impact
• Cultural and Social
• Anti-Globalization Movement
• New Localism
• NPM (New public management)           

Urbanization & Census 2011

• Urbanization
• Trend and pattern of Urbanization
• Issues Related to Urbanization in India
• Status of Service Delivery and Governance
• Urban Development Projects
• Critical Analysis of Smart City Mission
• SDG’s and urbanization

Census 2011

• Highlights of 2011 Census
• Analysis of Sex Ratio Data
• Impact of Skewed Ratio
• Laws related to Prevent Female Infanticide
• Recent initiatives
• Trend and Current Scenario of Literacy in India
• Literacy Challenges in India as Whole
• Efforts to Improve the Literacy in Country
• Child Health Indicators and Maternal Health             
• Initiatives taken by the Government
• Why the Health schemes fail to bring change?
• Family Planning and Population Policy of India
• Analysis on Status of Old Age Population: Issues & Policy Initiative
• Socio-Economic Caste Census 2011

Contemporary Issues

• Secularism and Anti Conversion    
• Regionalism: Demand for Smaller States     
• Socio-Economic Caste Census, 2011            
• Gender Discrimination in the Corporate Sector

Issues Related to Women

• Gender Discrimination in Corporate Sector
• Female Genital Mutilation
• Bill on Banning Triple Talaq
• Issues of women entry to place of worship
• Adultery No Longer a Crime : SC
• Unwanted Girls in India
• Altruistic Surrogacy in India
• Women in Panchayats
• Women Participation in Economy
• # Me Too Movement
• Draft National Policy for Women, 2016
• Laws Related to Stalking in India
• Debate on the Issue of Marital Rape
• India’s Maternity Laws need Serious Tweaking         
• Women in Judiciary Matters
• SC’s Judgment on Dowry
• Gender Budgeting: Critical Analysis

Issues Related to Children

• Issues Faced by Children in War Zone
• High Dropout Rate of Girls in India
• Child Trafficking
• Safety of Children in Schools
• Issue of Malnutrition in India
• Amendments Proposed in Child Labour Act
• Plight of Street Children
• Juvenile Justice System
• Child Marriages in India
• Death for child Rape
• Draft National Child Protection Policy
• National Action Plan for Children, 2016

Other Issues

• India’s Family Planning Programme: Critical Analysis
• Demography and Policy Planning
• India’s Ageing Report
• Legalising Same Sex Marriage
• Domestic Workers: Issues and Laws
• Development Leading to Displacement
• Moral Policing
• Euthanasia and Living Will
• Inadequacies in existing Human Trafficking laws in India
• Transgender Bill passed in Lok Sabha with Amendments
• Mental Health Care Bill
• Rights of Persons with Disabilities Act
• Manual Scavenging
• Mob lynching and Rule of Law
• Issue Related to Under trials
• Income Inequality in India
• Indigenous People in India : An Analysis
• Debate Over Death Penalty
• Global Slavery Index Report
• Right to Privacy Judgement
• SC Verdict on SC/ST Atrocities Bill
• Social Stigma Attached with HIV

Health & Education

• Status Health sector
• Status of Education sector
• Allied Health Care Professions Bill, 2018
• Ahead on Malaria: On reduction in cases in India
• India and Neglected Disease Treatment
• TB Status in India and Bedaquiline Patent Challenge
• Status of E-Pharmacies in India
• Changes Proposed in No Detention Policy
• National Policy on Education
• Capacity Building for Primary Health Care
• NITI Aayog on Privatisation of Urban Health Care
• National Health Policy, 2017
• Regulating Private Healthcare
• India’s Nutrition Challenge
• Food Fortification
• Sanitation and Nutrition Linkage
• Ayushman Bharat

Miscellaneous

• Is social media polarizing society?
• Online political adverstising and challenge for democracy and society
• Draft Social Security Code
• Critical Analysis of Stand Up India Scheme
• SC Suggests for Prison Reforms
• Statue of Unity

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Effects of Globalization on Indian Society

Last updated on April 9, 2022 by ClearIAS Team

Globalization has virtually diminished the distances and connected the whole world. Read here to know the effect of globalization on Indian society.

Globalization is a term used to describe how trade and technology have made the world a more connected and interdependent place. Globalization also captures in its scope the economic and social changes that have come about as a result.

In today’s world, consumers have a wide choice of goods and services before them. The latest models of digital cameras, mobile phones, and televisions made by the leading manufacturers of the world are within the reach. Every season, new models of automobiles can be seen on Indian roads. Gone are the days when Ambassador and Fiat were the only cars on Indian roads.

Today, Indians are buying cars produced by nearly all the top companies in the world. A similar explosion of brands can be seen for many other goods: from shirts to televisions to processed fruit juices. Such a wide-ranging choice of goods in our markets is a relatively recent phenomenon.

One wouldn’t have found such a wide variety of goods in Indian markets two decades back. In a matter of years, our markets have been transformed! How do we understand these rapid transformations? What are the factors that brought about these changes? And, how did these changes affect the lives of the people? The answer to all these questions starts with ‘globalization’.

Table of Contents

Effect of globalization on Indian society

Globalization has several aspects and can be political, cultural, social, and economic, out of which financial integration is the most common aspect. India is one of the fastest-growing economies in the world and is predicted to reach the top three in the next decade.

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India’s massive economic growth is largely due to globalization which was a transformational change that didn’t occur until the 1990s. Since then, the country’s gross domestic product (GDP) has grown at an exponential rate.

The many effects of globalization on Indian society and multiple aspects of it have been discussed here.

Impact of globalization on the Indian economy

Overall, globalization has improved various aspects of India, like:

• International trade relations
• Technology and communication
• Corporate world
• Social and cultural expansion

The reduction of export subsidies and import barriers enabled free trade that made the Indian market attractive to the international community. The untapped potential of the nascent Indian market was opened to the global market and the significant changes were made to its industrial, financial, and agricultural sectors:

Industrial   sector: It saw a massive influx of both foreign capital investments ’ India became a favorite offshore market for pharmaceutical manufacturing, chemical, and petroleum industries. This brought advanced technologies and processes that helped in the modernization of the Indian industrial sector.

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Financial sector: Prior to globalization and privatization, India’s financial sector had been mismanaged by a combination of corrupt and inept government officials. The privatization of the financial space created a much more dynamic financial services sector.

Agricultural sector: India still has a largely agrarian society , with a significant majority of the country’s population depending on this sector either directly or indirectly for their livelihood. The new technological capabilities of farmers have increased helping drive global exports of Indian products such as tea, coffee, and sugar.

The betterment of these sectors has brought about an increase in national income, employment, exports, and GDP growth.

Advantages of globalization for India

• The increasing globalization of India has access to markets of the country to foreign companies seeking to invest and operate within the massive Indian market.
• Increase in employment opportunities.
• Initially, globalization gave foreigners access to an inexpensive, robust labor force. But as the country has progressed, the labor force has grown more skilled and educated over time. Now India has the largest diaspora living abroad.
• For foreign investors considering the economy as a whole, India offers a well-diversified export basket. This has been highlighted in the Economic Survey of India as well.

The cultural impact of globalization on Indian society

The process of globalization increased access to television and other entertainment sources over the years. Even in the rural areas satellite television has an established market. In the cities, Internet facility is everywhere and it is being extended to rural areas also through schemes like Smart Cities Mission .

There is an increase in the global food chain and restaurants in the urban areas of India. Multiple movie halls, big shopping malls, and high-rise residential are seen in every city.

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The entertainment sector in India has now obtained a global market. After economic liberalization, Bollywood expanded its area and showed a major presence on the global scale. Bollywood movies are quite famous in Middle Eastern and many African countries as well.

Western styles began to be incorporated into Bollywood films to expand the outreach.

As these new cultural ideologies began to permeate the Indian population, the Indian urban population was pushed to re-evaluate their traditional Indian cultural ideology.

Bollywood movies are also distributed and accepted at the international level. Big international companies like Walt Disney, 20th Century Fox, and Columbia Pictures are investing in this sector.

Similarly, famous International brands such as Armani, Gucci, Nike, and Omega are also making investments in the Indian market with the changing of fashion statement of Indians.

Women are getting the equal opportunities they very well deserve now in more numbers due to the globalization of the market. Their empowerment has given considerable opportunities and possibilities for improving employment conditions through global solidarity and coordination. It is found that the growth of computers and other technologies enabled women with better waged, flex timings, and capacity to negotiate their role and status in-home and at the corporate level.

Effects of Globalization on Indian Education:

There is a profound effect observed in the educational sector due to globalization such as the literacy rate becoming high.

Foreign Universities are collaborating with different Indian Universities now, expanding the reach for Indian students.

The Indian educational system embraced globalization through Information technology and it offers opportunities to evolve new paradigms shifts in developmental education.

The shift from largely uneducated to an industrial society to an information society has gradually taken shape.

Globalization promotes new tools and techniques such as E-learning, Flexible learning, Distance Education Programs, and Overseas training.

Many government schemes like the ‘ New Education Policy ’ are pushing for a more global education system to make Indian students from every walk of life at par with the global community.

Challenges of globalization in Indian society

• Economically, for a large market like India is harder to maintain a free, convertible, and open access enabled transnational market.
• Globalization also means growing interdependence in other nations- this can issues like misdistribution of resources. The parity between underdeveloped, developing, and developed remains status quo in many cases.
• The universalization of information technology has boons but also banes, in terms of cybercrimes and other darknet activities . The increase in the number of cyberattacks in India is proof of this.
• Globalization does have a great effect on the ecologies and environments of nations that need safeguards that lessen the negative effects rather than exploiting them without regard to such concerns.
• The negative effects of globalization on the Indian Industry are that with the coming of technology the number of labor required is decreased and this resulted in increasing unemployment, especially in the arena of the pharmaceutical, chemical, manufacturing, and cement industries.
• There are a few challenges for companies due to globalization such as Migration, relocation, labor shortages, competition, and changes in skills and technology.

The effects of globalization on Indian society are manifold and have been discussed in detail. The process of globalization has changed the industrial pattern and social life of people. This has had an immense impact on Indian trade, finance, and cultural system.

The globalization of the economic, social, and cultural structures happened in simultaneously. Previously, the pace of the process was slow but now the change is happening in every arena at lightning-fast speed with the use of information technology.

Globalization has resulted in an increase in the production of a range of goods and services. MNCs have established manufacturing plants all over the world. It has positive effects on India and the administration is trying its best to overcome many obstacles and adopt global policies to expand business an international scale.

India is surely gaining international recognition which leads to the strengthening of economic and political areas.

Truly, globalization has made the world a small place, a whole lot of different people interconnected in diverse ways.

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Table of Contents

Indian Society (UPSC Mains) – Previous Year Questions

• Do you think marriage as a sacrament is loosing its value in Modern India?
• Explain why suicide among young women is increasing in Indian society.
• Child cuddling is now being replaced by mobile phones. Discuss its impact on the socialization of children.
• Why did human development fail to keep pace with economic development in India?
• Does urbanization lead to more segregation and/or marginalization of the poor in Indian metropolises?
• Why is caste identity in India both fluid and static?
• Discuss the impact of post-liberal economy on ethnic identity and communalism.
• Explore and evaluate the impact of ‘Work From Home’ on family relationships.
• How is the growth of Tier 2 cities related to the rise of a new middle class with an emphasis on the culture of consumption?
• Given the diversities among tribal communities in India, in which specific contexts should they be considered as a single category?
• Analyse the salience of ‘sect’ in Indian society vis-a-vis caste, region and religion.
• Are tolerance, assimilation and pluralism the key elements in the making of an Indian form of secularism? Justify your answer.
• Examine the uniqueness of tribal knowledge system when compared with mainstream knowledge and cultural systems.
• Examine the role of ‘Gig Economy’ in the process of empowerment of women in India.
• What are the main socio-economic implications arising out of the development of IT industries in major cities of India?
• Discuss the main objectives of Population Education and point out the measures to achieve them in India in detail.
• What is Cryptocurrency? How does it affect global society? Has it been affecting Indian society also?
• How does Indian society maintain continuity in traditional social values? Enumerate the changes taking place in it.
• Has caste lost its relevance in understanding the multi-cultural Indian Society? Elaborate your answer with illustrations.
• COVID-19 pandemic accelerated class inequalities and poverty in India. Comment.
• Do you agree that regionalism in India appears to be a consequence of rising cultural assertiveness? Argue.
• Is diversity and pluralism in India under threat due to globalisation? Justify your answer.
• Customs and traditions suppress reason leading to obscurantism. Do you agree?
• How have digital initiatives in India contributed to the functioning of the education system in the country? Elaborate your answer.
• What makes the Indian society unique in sustaining its culture? Discuss.
• “Empowering women is the key to control population growth.” Discuss.
• What are the challenges to our cultural practices in the name of secularism?
• Do we have cultural pockets of small India all over the nation? Elaborate with examples.
• What are the continued challenges for women in India against time and space?
• Are we losing our local identity for the global identity? Discuss.
• “Caste system is assuming new identities and associational forms. Hence, the caste system cannot be eradicated in India.” Comment.
• ‘Despite the implementation of various programmes for the eradication of poverty by the government in India, poverty is still existing’. Explain by giving reasons.
• How the Indian concept of secularism different from the western model of secularism? Discuss.
• ‘Women’s movement in India has not addresses the issues of women of lower social strata.’ Substantiate your view.
• ‘Globalisation is generally said to promote cultural homogenisation but due to this cultural specificities appear to be strengthened in the Indian society.’ Elucidate.
• ‘Communalism arises either due to power struggle or relative deprivation.’ Argue by giving suitable illustrations.
• In the context of the diversity of India, can it be said that the regions form cultural units rather than the States? Give reasons with examples for your view point.
• What are the two major legal initiatives by the State since Independence addressing discrimination against Scheduled Tribes (STs)?
• The spirit of tolerance and love is not only an interesting feature of Indian society from very early times, but it is also playing an important part at the present. Elaborate.
• Distinguish between religiousness/religiosity and communalism giving one example of how the former has got transformed into the latter in independent India.
• “The growth of cities as I.T. hubs has opened up new avenues of employment, but has also created new problems”. Substantiate this statement with examples.
• Has the formation of linguistic states strengthened the cause of Indian unity?
• To what extent globalisation has influenced the core of cultural diversity in India? Explain.
• “An essential condition to eradicate poverty is to liberate the poor from the process of deprivation.” Substantiate this statement with suitable examples.
• Why are the tribals in India referred to as ‘the Scheduled Tribes’? Indicate the major provisions enshrined in the Constitution of India for their upliftment.
• With a brief background of quality of urban life in India, introduce the objectives and strategy of the ‘Smart City Programme.”
• What is the basis of regionalism? Is it that unequal distribution of benefits of development on regional basis eventually promotes regionalism? Substantiate your answer.
• Describe any four cultural elements of diversity in India and rate their relative significance in building a national identity.
• Critically examine whether growing population is the cause of poverty OR poverty is the main cause of population increase in India.
• How do you explain the statistics that show that the sex ratio in Tribes in India is more favourable to women than the sex ratio among Scheduled Castes?
• Discuss the changes in the trends of labour migration within and outside India in the last four decades.
• Discuss the positive and negative effects of globalization on women in India.
• Debate the issue of whether and how contemporary movements for assertion of Dalit identity work towards annihilation of caste.
• Smart cities in India cannot sustain without smart villages. Discuss this statement in the backdrop of rural urban integration.
• How does patriarchy impact the position of a middle class working woman in India?
• Why do some of the most prosperous regions of India have an adverse sex ratio for women? Give your arguments.
• The life cycle of a joint family depends on economic factors rather than social values. Discuss.
• Discuss the various economic and socio-cultural forces that are driving increasing feminization of agriculture in India.
• How do the Indian debates on secularism differ from the debates in the West?
• Discussion the various social problems which originated out of the speedy process of urbanization in India.
• Male membership needs to be encouraged in order to make women’s organization free from gender bias. Comment.
• Critically examine the effects of globalization on the aged population in India.
• Growing feeling of regionalism is an important factor in the generation of demand for a separate state. Discuss.

Impact of globalization on Indian culture | Sociology Optional for UPSC Civil Services Examination | Triumph IAS

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IMPACT OF GLOBALIZATION ON INDIAN CULTURE

Relevant for ups-cse general studies paper 1 (impact of globalization of indian society).

GLOBALIZATION ON INDIAN CULTURE

Globalization is a process of increasing interdependence, interconnectedness and integration of economies and societies to such an extent that an event in one part of the globe affects people in other parts of world.

The effect of globalization is far reaching. It affects us all but affects us differently. Thus, while for some it may mean new opportunities, for others the loss of livelihood. Women silk spinners and twisters of Bihar lost their jobs once the Chinese and Korean silk yarn entered the market. Weavers and consumers prefer this yarn as it is somewhat cheaper and has a shine.

Similar displacements have come with the entry of large fishing vessels into Indian waters. These vessels take away the fish that used to be earlier collected by Indian fishing vessels. The livelihood of women fish sorters, dryers, vendors and net makers thereby get affected. In Gujarat, women gum collectors, who were picking from the ‘julifera’ (Baval trees), lost their employment due to the import of cheaper gum from Sudan. In almost all cities of India, the rag pickers lost some of their employment due to import of waste paper from developed countries.

It is obvious that globalization is of great social significance. But its impact on different sections of society is very different. There are, therefore, sharply divided views about the impact of globalization regarding its effect. Some believe that it is necessary to herald a better world.

Impact of Globalization on Indian Culture

• There are many ways that globalization affects culture. Over the ages India has had an open approach to cultural influences and has been enriched because of this. The last few decades have seen major cultural changes leading to fears that our local cultures would be overtaken. Thus there are heated debates in our society not just about political and economic issues but also about changes in clothes, styles, music, films, languages, body language. The debate is not new and 19th century reformers and early nationalists also debated on culture and tradition. The issues today are in some ways the same, in some ways different. What is perhaps different is the scale and intensity of change.
• A central contention is that all cultures will become similar, that is homogeneous. Others argue that there is an increasing tendency towards globalization of culture. Globalization refers to the mixing of the global with the local. It is not entirely spontaneous. Nor is it entirely delinked from the commercial interests of globalization. It is a strategy often adopted by foreign firms while dealing with local traditions in order to enhance their marketability. In India, we find that all the foreign television channels like Star, MTV, Channel V and Cartoon Network use Indian languages. Even McDonald sells only vegetarian and chicken products in India and not its beef products, which are popular abroad. McDonald’s goes vegetarian during the Navaratri festival . In the field of music, one can see the growth of popularity of ‘ Bhangra pop ’, ‘Indi pop’, fusion music and even remixes.
• Joint family has been adversely affected due to globalization. There has been an increase in nuclear families. This can be clearly manifested in the increasing number of old age homes that are present now. The diversity in family forms has given way to a dominance of nuclear family in the globalized India
• Due to opening up of food joints like McDonalds, KFC across the country, there has been a homogenization of food available across the country, but there has also been heterogenization in food. Old restaurants are now replaced by Mc. Donalds . Fast food and Chinese dishes have replaced juice corners and Parathas.
• Borrowing of money has become more acceptable now as compared to the past. Taking loans is very common due to increasing access to financial institutions
• In place of old cinema halls, multiplex theatres are coming up.
• Use of English has increased manifold in urban areas, this has led to a homogenization in language across the country, but the rural areas have been less affected by it.

Globalization  of Culture

• India has its unique cuisine, but the cuisines of foreign countries have become more easily available, they are modified to suit the taste buds of Indians (like Paneer Tikka Burger in McDonalds) . This has led to a wide variety of food being available, leading to heterogenization French, German and Spanish are taught to students right from school level along with indigenous languages, this is an exemplification of hybridization of culture
• Popularity of foreign movies has increased, Hollywood, Chinese, French and Korean movies are quite popular among the urban youth. Along with this, dubbing of these foreign movies in local languages is testimony of increased glocalization. Festivals: celebrations of Valentines’ day, Friendship day are examples of change in cultural values related to festival. However, along with these new days, traditional festivals are celebrated with equal enthusiasm.
• Importance of marriage is decreasing, there has been an increase in divorce, increase in live-in relationships, and single parenting is increasing. Marriage used to be considered as bonding of the souls; but today marriage is becoming professional and contractual. However, despite change in forms of marriage, it has not declined as an institution.

Revival of Culture

• Revival of Yoga in the country as well as in the international level. This can be seen in the popularity of the ‘Art of Living’ course by Ravi Shankar, or the celebration of International Yoga day across the world
• There has been a revival of ayurvedic medicines in the country as well as outside it.
• Due to increasing uncertainty by inter-linkage with the outside world, there has been religious revivalism. This can be manifested in the use of religion to attract voters, or mobilizing people on the basis of religion.
• Increasing demand for local handicraft products in global market, such as Chikenkari or bandhani.
• Due to increasing global tourism, locals are making efforts to preserve their diversity and revive their traditions.

All these changes have led to drastic changes to Indian culture, though most of these changes are confined to the urban areas, but the rural areas are fast catching up. We can see that the western culture is influencing the Indian culture, but it is not replacing it, rather there is a mixture of both cultures. It is to be noted that culture cannot be seen as an unchanging fixed entity that can either collapse or remain the same when faced with social change. What is more likely even today is that globalization will lead to the creation of not just new local traditions but global ones too.

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Impact of Globalization, Indian Culture, Social Significance, Globalization of Culture, Revival of Culture, Nuclear Families, Revival, Social Structures, Chikenkari or bandhani

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One comment.

Hey there! Your essay was rather eye-opening, but I couldn’t help but notice that you, in your admirable attempt to convey the widespread effects of globalisation in our country, may have conveyed what can be best described as unsubstantiated hearsay and anecdotal evidence as proof of your claims. I would love to see some data regarding the various points you’ve gone over in your essay. Cheers.

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General Studies

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Salient Features of Indian Society

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Sub-Categories:

GS-I: Social Issues

What is a ‘Society’? 

What are the general traits of indian society, what are the salient features of indian society , what factors threaten peace and harmony in indian society .

Mains:  Indian Society, Salient features of Indian society, 

‘Society’ refers to a group of people who live in a particular country or region and share a common culture, religion, language, or set of values. Indian society is a diverse and complex mixture of different religions, cultures, ethnic groups, and social classes. There is a wide range of customs, traditions, and beliefs that shape the way people live and interact with each other.

Indian society is characterized by a number of distinct features, some of which include:

• Diversity : India is a highly diverse country, both in terms of geography and culture. There are many different languages, religions, and ethnic groups , each with its own unique customs and traditions.
• Hierarchy: Historically, the Indian society has been characterized by a strict social hierarchy, with certain groups enjoying more privileges than others.
• Family-oriented : Family plays a central role in Indian society and is considered the primary source of emotional and financial support.
• Religion: Religion is deeply ingrained in Indian society and influences daily life, including food, clothing, and ritual. The major religions in India are Hinduism, Islam, Buddhism, Sikhism, Jainism, and Christianity. 
• Respect for elders: Indian society places a high value on respect for elders, and it is considered rude to speak or act in ways that are seen as disrespectful towards them.
• Hospitality: Indians are known for their hospitality and generosity towards guests, and it is common for hosts to go to great lengths to make their guests feel comfortable and welcome.
• Cultural syncretism: Many different cultures and religions have coexisted and interacted on the Indian subcontinent throughout its history.
• Secularism: India has a secular government and constitution which guarantees equal rights and freedom of religion for all its citizens. 

Multi-ethnicity 

Ethnic groups refer to large groups of people classed according to the common racial, national, tribal, religious, linguistic, or cultural origin or background. India is a diverse and multi-ethnic society characterized by a range of different languages, religions, and cultural practices. 

Multilingualism

In India, Multilingualism means the extent to which different mother tongues have penetrated the day-to-day life cycle of its citizens. The statistics related to Indian languages are given below: 

• The latest 2011 count of Indian mother tongues/languages informs that Census had raw returns of 19569 mother tongues . 
• After due processing of this raw data, it has arrived at a list of 121 languages. Among them, 22 languages are part of the Eighth Schedule of the Constitution . The rest of the 99 languages are non-scheduled languages. 
• The scheduled languages are spoken by 96.71%, and the non-scheduled languages are spoken by 3.29% population of India . 

Multi-religious

In India, Religion is a marker of identity. It is not restricted to any particular sphere of life, public or private. Several major religions of the world are found in India. Some have originated here, like Hinduism, Buddhism, and Jainism, while others have been found in India and traveled from other parts of the world.

Caste system

Early written evidence about the caste system appears in the Vedas. For centuries, caste has dictated almost every aspect of Indian religious and social life, with each group occupying a specific place in this complex hierarchy. The system bestowed many privileges on the upper castes while sanctioning repression of the lower castes by privileged groups.

Family, Marriage, and Kinship

• In Indian society, the concept of family, marriage, and kinship is deeply rooted in tradition and culture. Families in India are typically patriarchal and hierarchical, with the eldest male member being the head of the household.
• Marriage is considered an essential rite of passage in Indian society. In many traditional Indian communities, marriages are arranged within the same caste or subcaste, and endogamy is highly valued. 
• One good example is the preference for arranged marriages in India , which are still quite common, even in urban and educated families. Also, traditional customs like Saptapadi, Kanyadaan, and the dowry system , are still prevalent in some parts of India.

Tribalism 

The tribal population represents the enormously diverse and heterogeneous features in the mosaic of Indian society. They have wide-ranging diversities regarding languages spoken, size of the population , mode of livelihood, ecological settings, physical features, the extent of acculturation, level of development, and social stratification. 

Examples: Gonds, Bhils, Munda, etc.  

Characteristics of tribes:  

• Definite and common topography
• Sense of unity
• Endogamous groups
• Common dialect
• Protection awareness
• Distinct political organization. 

Co-existence of traditionalism and modernity 

• An important aspect of Indian society is the constant attempt to balance tradition and modernity. Indian society will always be in flux, always shifting, and going through a continuous process of transformation. 
• The introduction of foreign cultures and customs during colonization is a significant factor that had the greatest impact on Indian society. 
• The rationale and procedures of India's economic growth and change were inherently based on liberalization , privatization, and globalization (LPG ). 

Balance between individualism and collectivism 

Individualism and collectivism are two different cultural values that shape the way people interact with each other and society as a whole. In Indian society, individualism and collectivism are present to some extent.

However, with the rise of urbanization , education and communication infrastructure , the Indian society is seeing a shift towards individualism. 

Balance between spiritualism and materialism: 

In Indian society, there is often a balance between spiritualism and materialism. 

Table: Balanced between Spiritualism and materialism in Indian society

Overall, Indian society tends to view spiritual growth and material success as complementary rather than mutually exclusive.

• Poverty : It may affect the morale and self-esteem of people living in extreme hardship. It also results in building stress which ultimately affects the relationship between people.
• Economic inequality: India has a significant wealth inequality with a significant gap between the rich and the poor. 
• Religious conflicts:  Religious conflicts between communities lead to violence and crimes. People become fearful, and it affects the overall progress of the country.
• Juvenile delinquency: Juvenile delinquency refers to the crimes committed by minors. The crimes by minors affect not only the children but to the family and society. People become less secure, and there is always a sense of tension and distress.
• Gender inequality at the workplace: The main impact of gender inequality at work is that society shrinks and is deprived of the minds of the female worker. It also gives rise to the low status of women's issues in society.

Previous Year Questions(PYQs)

Mains .

Q) Salience of ‘sect’ in Indian society vis-a-vis caste, region, and religion. (2022)

Q) How does Indian society maintain continuity in traditional social values? Enume ate the changes taking place in it. (2021)

Q) What makes Indian society unique in sustaining its culture? Discuss (2019)

Q) The spirit of tolerance and love is not only an interesting feature of Indian society from very early times, but it is also playing an important part at the present. Elaborate. (2017)

Q) The life cycle of a joint family depends on economic factors rather than social values. Discuss. (2014)

Frequently Asked Questions (FAQs) 

Q) is indian society unique.

Yes. Indian society is unique due to its long history and rich cultural heritage, diversity, religion, family values, spirituality, strong social and cultural customs.

Q) What are some of the traditional and moral values of Indian society?

Some of the traditional values of Indian society: Ahimsa, Vasudeva kutumbakam, Atithi Devo bhava, satya jayate spiritual path, karma, dharma, are India’s core values that can guide humanity on the path of peace and prosperity in the new millennium.  

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Indian Culture Essay in English for Students

August 10, 2021 by Sandeep

Essay on Indian Culture: Indian culture is one of the oldest and unique cultures worldwide. It has influenced many foreign countries due to its richness in heritage and diverse paths. Indian culture is splendid in its traditions, customs, art forms, food and cuisines, music and dance forms, etc. The joint family system, elaborate weddings, multicultural festivals, languages, and extensions of the Indian cultural diaspora.

Essay on Indian Culture

Below we have provided an Indian Culture Essay in English, suitable for classes 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9 & 10. This short essay on Indian culture is helpful for school students who are participating in the essay writing competition.

Our Indian culture is diverse and vibrant and considered to be the oldest and supreme one. India’s identity all over the world is due to its tradition and mixed religions. It consists of vital components like linguistic differences, etiquette, customs, rituals, beliefs, values, etc. Even though India has adopted modernisation in its lifestyle, but they haven’t changed their traditional methods. Hence this sets it apart from other nations making it unique and dynamic. Every one respects different culture and peacefully follow their religion.

Components of Indian Culture

Despite having religious, language, and state differences, Indian culture teaches us to co-exist harmoniously. Indians accept this vast diversification with a broad outlook and look forward to work and stay together happily. People celebrate all festivals irrespective of their different caste with great pomp and reverence.

Indian culture instils positivity to a great extent by motivating to keep hope alive. Through the Epic stories of Ramayana and Mahabharata, it infuses the values of strong will and determination. Ramayana teaches to respect elders and be duty-bound towards parents. Be committed to your duty and be loyal to your spouse.

It stresses to remain grounded no matter how successful a person becomes. Mahabharata depicts an eternal bond of friendship. Stand by what you believe and never giving up attitude are the crux of its teachings. Jainism gave us five vows or principles: Non-Violence, Truth, Non-stealing, Celibacy, and Non-attachment. These were the cornerstone of Jainism given by Vardhaman Mahavir the 24th Tirthankara.

The most important highlight of his teachings was freedom to women and belief in soul and karma. Despite being a king, Gautama Buddha gave up worldly things and went on the journey to find enlightenment. After attaining enlightenment, he had given the four noble truths that one must adhere to. It states that everyone suffers, and the cause of such suffering is greed, desires, and ignorance.

One can live without such pains if they follow a correct path and eightfold path, including right knowledge, attitude, speech, action, means of livelihood, efforts, awareness, and meditation. Despite being a king gave up worldly things and went on the journey to find enlightenment. Bhagwat Gita (The holy book of Hindus) inspires one to follow the right conduct and virtue and has three main themes-knowledge, action, and love. It guides us to follow the path of devotion and compassion.

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Role of Society in inculcating values- Ethics Notes

The role of society in inculcating values is fundamental to the socialization process and the cohesion of communities. Society serves as a framework within which individuals learn and internalize shared norms, beliefs, and moral codes that guide their behavior and interactions with others.

One of the primary mechanisms through which society transmits values is the family unit. Families instill foundational values such as honesty, integrity, empathy, and cooperation through everyday interactions, parental guidance, and familial traditions. These early lessons provide a moral compass for individuals as they navigate the broader social environment.

Educational institutions also play a crucial role in value transmission. Schools not only impart academic knowledge but also serve as platforms for teaching social skills, ethical principles, and citizenship responsibilities. Through formal curricula, extracurricular activities, and peer interactions, students learn about concepts like fairness, tolerance, teamwork, and civic engagement.

Religious and cultural institutions further contribute to the inculcation of values by providing moral frameworks and spiritual guidance. They offer rituals, teachings, and community practices that reinforce ethical values, encourage altruism, and foster a sense of belonging and identity among adherents.

Media, including television, film, literature, and online platforms, also shape values by influencing societal norms, attitudes, and behaviors. Through storytelling, portrayal of role models, and dissemination of cultural messages, media can either reinforce positive values or perpetuate negative stereotypes and harmful ideologies.

Moreover, societal structures, laws, and institutions reflect and reinforce prevailing values by establishing norms of conduct, promoting social justice, and sanctioning deviant behavior. Legal systems, governmental policies, and social movements often reflect collective values and aspirations, shaping societal attitudes and behaviors over time.

In summary, society serves as a crucible for the transmission, reinforcement, and evolution of values. Through family, education, religion, media, and institutional mechanisms, individuals internalize shared norms and ethical principles that contribute to the cohesion, stability, and flourishing of communities.

Here are some ways in which society can help inculcate values:

Table of Contents

Promoting diversity and tolerance:

Society can promote values such as diversity and tolerance by creating inclusive communities that respect individual rights and celebrate diversity. This can help individuals develop a sense of empathy and respect for others.

Providing opportunities for community service:

Society can provide opportunities for community service that encourage individuals to develop a sense of social responsibility and contribute to the well-being of others.

Encouraging civic engagement:

Society can encourage civic engagement by promoting opportunities for political participation and promoting social awareness of important issues such as environmental sustainability, human rights, and social justice.

Fostering a culture of learning:

Society can foster a culture of learning by providing access to educational opportunities that promote critical thinking, creativity, and social awareness.

Providing positive role models:

Society can provide positive role models such as community leaders, public figures, and philanthropists who embody positive values and ethics.

Q: What are values, and why are they important?

Values are fundamental beliefs or principles that guide individuals’ behaviors, decisions, and interactions. They provide a framework for ethical conduct, shape personal identity, and contribute to the cohesion of communities. Values are important because they influence how individuals perceive the world, make choices, and interact with others, ultimately shaping the culture and fabric of society.

Q: How are values transmitted within society?

Values are transmitted within society through various channels, including family, education, religion, media, and societal institutions. Families play a crucial role in instilling core values during childhood, while schools reinforce them through formal education and socialization processes. Religious and cultural institutions provide moral frameworks and spiritual guidance, while media influences societal norms and attitudes.

Q: Can values differ between cultures and societies?

Yes, values can differ significantly between cultures and societies due to historical, geographical, and sociocultural factors. Different cultures may prioritize distinct values such as collectivism versus individualism, hierarchy versus egalitarianism, or tradition versus progress. These cultural differences shape individuals’ worldviews, behaviors, and societal norms within diverse global contexts.

Q: How do values impact decision-making?

Values play a crucial role in decision-making by serving as guiding principles that inform choices and behaviors. Individuals often make decisions based on their core values, weighing moral considerations, personal beliefs, and social norms. Values influence priorities, goals, and actions, helping individuals navigate ethical dilemmas, resolve conflicts, and pursue meaningful outcomes aligned with their principles.

Q: Can values change over time?

Yes, values can change over time in response to personal experiences, societal shifts, and cultural transformations. Individuals may undergo personal growth, reassess their priorities, and adopt new values as they progress through life stages. Similarly, societal changes, such as technological advancements, demographic shifts, or political movements, can influence collective values and reshape cultural norms within communities. Flexibility, adaptation, and introspection are essential for navigating value changes and maintaining alignment with evolving personal and societal contexts.

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Human values in jainism- ethics notes, navigating the absurd: a journey into absurdism and nihilism.

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Home » Indian Heritage & Culture » Religion

Religion evolved as a set of beliefs regarding the nature and purpose of the universe. Gradually, they became organized systems of beliefs binding groups of people into a close-knit society.

Other important definitions of religion:

• Max Muller in his book “Science of Religion” termed religion as “a mental faculty or disposition which enables humans to apprehend the infinite”
• B.Taylor in his work “Primitive Culture” defines religion as “a belief in spiritual beings”.
• Hoffeding in his work “Religious Philosophy” describes religion as “faith in the conservation of value.”
• Galloway defines religion as a “man’s faith in a power beyond himself whereby he seeks to satisfy emotional needs and gains stability of life and which he expresses in acts of worship and service.”
• William James defines religion as “the feelings, acts and experiences of individual men in their solitude so far as they apprehend themselves to stand in relation to whatever they may consider the divine”.

Some of the general characteristics of religion include:

• The object of faith in the religious sense is the ultimate concern of all religion
• Religion includes all aspects of a human being at work and means an all-pervasive attitude to the whole reality, society and one’s total relationship.
• Religion is a matter of human’s total self-involvement and full commitment to a certain field of action. Faith without actions is like a tree without fruits.
• Religion acts as a source of inspiration and encouragement in life to many.

Religion in India has never been static; various movements have developed with new ideas and in response to evolving socio-economic situations. Almost all major religions of the world are professed in this country. There are four religions that trace their origin to the Indian subcontinent- Hinduism, Jainism, Buddhism and Sikhism. Religious beliefs and systems that arrived from outside are Islam and Christianity, Zoroastrianism, Judaism and Baha’i

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