leiden university thesis database

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When writing a thesis or paper you must make good use of the insights you have gained during your lectures and studies so far. You should also refer to relevant literature and carry out your own research on the topic.

One of the most important things you will learn during an academic study programme is how to write an interesting piece of work that meets the criteria of scientific quality, whilst also being accesible to the broader public.

Refer to our Study skills pages for more information on academic writing skills.  

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Upload your thesis

As soon as your thesis has been approved, you will be asked to upload your final version to the Student Repository. The Repository is an online archive for Leiden University theses. You can send all questions regarding your upload to the repository to your Education administration office.

Educational programmes decide whether they want you to add your thesis to the  Student Repository . The faculties of Archaeology, Humanities, Governance & Global Affairs, Social Sciences and Science ask students to upload their thesis themselves by using the  Leiden University Thesis Submission System . 

After all checks are done, your thesis details will become visible in the Student Repository. The thesis itself can only be made publicly available, possibly after an embargo period, if you, your supervisor and the external client (if applicable) have given their consent to do so. In some cases you will do this in the graduation form. If not, you can download the   Thesis Publication Consent Form or ask your programme administration to give it to you. If one of the parties does not agree with publication, your thesis must stay under embargo (permanently or until a specified date). You can indicate this in the upload screen.

Before adding an academic publication to the Repository, every submitter is asked to accept the License to inclusion and publication of a Bachelor or a Master thesis in the Leiden University Student Repository . This license states the rights and obligations of both student and university. Among other things, it says the author keeps the copyright of his/her thesis. As the author, you state you don’t violate any rights of others (copyright, image right). The University is indemnified against any claims in this concern. The University is allowed to store the thesis, and – provided consent – make it publicly available. The University obliges itself to maintain the file as readable in the future, and warrant an embargo if applicable.

For publication of the thesis, the student, thesis supervisor and/ or internship company must give permission via the Thesis Publication Consent Form . Sometimes copyright, privacy considerations or upcoming publications make it desirable to delay the publication of a thesis by setting an embargo period. If so and for what period can be indicated on the form. As embargoes are put in place for a reason, the university will not provide access to embargoed materials to a third party.

• Only pdf-files are accepted. In word you can create a pdf by using the 'Save As' function and choosing pdf as file type.
• Please upload the final and approved version of your thesis.

Theses in the Student Repository are indexed by Google and can be found by searching on author’s name, thesis title or words from the contents of the pdf (if publicly available).

Do not put any personal details such as address, email address, phone number or student number in the thesis file!

For questions concerning the procedure, or if you would like to make changes to the description of your own thesis, please refer to your Programme Administration.

LIACS Thesis Repository

These webpages contain theses and reports by students affiliated with the various bachelor and master programmes offered at the Leiden Institute of Advanced Computer Science ( LIACS ), the computer science and artificial intelligence department of Leiden University . Note: this thesis repository might be incomplete for certain programmes.

• Bachelor Informatica | 2023-2024 | 2022-2023 | 2021-2022 | 2020-2021 | 2019-2020 | 2018-2019 | 2017-2018 | 2016-2017 | 2015-2016 | 2014-2015 | 2013-2014 | 2012-2013 | 2012 | 2011 | 2010 | 2009 | 2008 | 2007 | 2006
• Bachelor Informatica & Economie | 2023-2024 | 2022-2023 | 2021-2022 | 2020-2021 | 2019-2020 | 2018-2019 | 2017-2018 | 2016-2017 | 2015-2016 | 2014-2015 | 2013-2014 | 2012-2013 | 2011-2012
• Bachelor Bioinformatica | 2023-2024 | 2022-2023 | 2021-2022 | 2020-2021 | 2019-2020 | 2018-2019 | 2017-2018
• Bachelor Data Science and Artificial Intelligence | 2023-2024 | 2022-2023
• Master Computer Science | 2023-2024 | 2022-2023 | 2021-2022 | 2020-2021 | 2019-2020 | 2018-2019 | 2017-2018 | 2016-2017 | 2015-2016 | 2014-2015 | 2013-2014 | 2013 | 2012 | 2011 | 2010 | 2009 | 2008 | 2007 | 2006 | 2005 | 2004 | 2003 | 2002 | 2001 | 2000 | 1999 | 1998 | 1997 | 1996 | 1995 | 1994 | 1993 | 1992
• Master ICT in Business and the Public Sector | 2023-2024 | 2022-2023 | 2021-2022 | 2020-2021 | 2019-2020 | 2018-2019 | 2017-2018 | 2016-2017 | 2015-2016 | 2014-2015 | 2013-2014 | 2012-2013 | 2012 | 2011 | 2010 | 2009 | 2008 | 2007 | 2006 | 2005 | 2004
• Master Media Technology | 2023-2024 | 2022-2023 | 2021-2022 | 2020-2021 | 2019-2020 | 2018-2019 | 2017-2018 | 2016-2017 | 2015-2016 | 2014/2015 | 2014-2015 | 2013/2014 | 2013-2014 | 2012-2013 | 2011-2012 | 2010-2011 | 2009-2010 | 2008-2009 | 2007-2008 | 2006 | 2005-2006 | 2004-2005 | 2003-2004
• PhD Computer Science | 2024 | 2023 | 2022 | 2021 | 2020 | 2019 | 2018 | 2017 | 2016 | 2015 | 2014 | 2013 | 2012 | 2011 | 2010 | 2009 | 2008 | 2007 | 2006 | 2005 | 2004 | 2003 | 2002 | 2001 | 2000 | 1999 | 1998 | 1997 | 1996 | 1995 | 1994 | 1993 | 1992 | 1991 | 1990 | 1988 | 1987 | 1983 | 1980

There is also a partially complete overview of supervisors .

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Leiden University Scholarly Publications

Browse through over 30.000 scholarly publications

Explore scholarly publications. Search all items

Leiden University

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• Issue 1 (2013) Imagining Europe: Modern Perspectives, Perceptions and Representations
• Issue 2 (2014) Death: Ritual, Representation and Remembrance
• Issue 3 (2015) Death: Absence, Anxiety, and Aesthetics
• Issue 4 (2016) Breaking the Rules: Textual Reflections on Transgression
• Issue 5 (2017) Breaking the Rules: Artistic Expressions of Transgression
• Issue 6 (2018) Landscape in Perspective: Representing, Constructing, and Questioning Identities
• Issue 7 (2019) Landscape in Perspective: Projections and Transformations
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Scholarly Publications Leiden University

The Scholarly Publications repository of Leiden University contains publications by scholars from Leiden University and institutes affiliated to the university. Where possible the publications have been made freely accessible (Open Access). The repositories are divided into collections for various domains.

More information on the library's website: Dutch and English .

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Institute of Environmental Sciences (CML)

Dissertations

Overview of all dissertations published by PhD candidates from CML.

Year: 2020 - present

For a complete overview of CML dissertations, visit the webpage Leiden University Scholarly Publications . 

Horton, A.A. | Issue date: 2019-12-19 Towards a greater understanding of the presence, fate and ecological effects of microplastics in the freshwater environment

Swierts, T. | Issue date: 2019-12-17 Diversity in the globally intertwined giant barrel sponge species complex

Schild, J.E.M. | Issue date: 2019-12-11 The monetary valuation of water-related ecosystem services

Lesilau, F.L. | Issue date: 2019-12-04 Human-Lion conflict around Nairobi National Park : Lion (Panthera leo melanochaita, Hamilton Smith, 1842) Population Structure, Landscape Use and Diet, in a Semi-Fenced Park

Zhai, Y. | Issue date: 2019-09-25 Nano shapes micro : Impacts of metallic nanoparticles on microbial communities

Kraan, O.D.E. | Issue date: 2019-04-25 On the emergence of the energy transition

Pomeren, M. van | Issue date: 2019-04-17 Through the magnifying glass: The effects of size and shape on the uptake, biodistribution and (eco)toxicity of nanoparticles

Wang, J. | Issue date: 2019-04-17 China’s industrial carbon emissions : historical drivers at the regional and sectoral levels and projections in light of policy targets

Upadhyaya, S.K.  |  Issue date:  2019-04-16 Human-wildlife interactions in the Western Terai of Nepal.  An analysis of factors influencing conflicts between sympatric tigers (Panthera tigris tigris) and leopards (Panthera pardus fusca) and local communities around Bardia National Park, Nepal

Gomes S.I.F.  ( 2018) Cheating belowground interactions : diversity, ecology and distribution of mycoheterotrophy

[S.I.]:[author]. - 155p: fig., tab. ; 24 cm Dissertation Leiden University With ref. With summary in English and Dutch Kolipaka S.S. (2018) Can tigers survive in human-dominated landscapes? [S.I.]:[author]. - 180p: fig., tab. ; 24 cm Dissertation Leiden University With ref. With summary in English and Dutch Koning A. de (2018) Creating global scenarios of environmental impacts with structural economic models [S.I.]:[author]. - 188p: fig., tab. ; 24 cm Dissertation Leiden University With ref. With summary in English and Dutch Mendoza Beltran M.A. (2018) Deepening the uncertainty dimension of environmental Life Cycle Assessment: addressing choice, future and interpretation uncertainties. [S.I.]:[author]. - 179p: fig., tab. ; 24 cm Dissertation Leiden University With ref. With summary in English and Dutch Ohajinwa C.M. (2018) Environmental and health impacts of informal electronic waste recycling [S.I.]:[author]. - 233p: fig., tab. ; 24 cm Dissertation Leiden University With ref. With summary in English and Dutch Yuan R. (2018) Impact of low-carbon electricity development on carbon emissions in China [S.I.]:[author]. - 166p: fig., tab. ; 24 cm Dissertation Leiden University With ref. With summary in English and Dutch

Chen G. (2017) The use of computational toxicology in hazard assessment of engineered nanomaterials [S.I.]:[author]. - 202p: fig., tab. ; 24 cm Dissertation Leiden University With ref. With summary in English, Dutch and Chinese

Evans T.R. (2017) Management implications for invertebrate assemblages in the Midwest American agricultural landscape [S.I.]:[author]. - 212p: fig., tab. ; 24 cm Dissertation Leiden University With ref. With summary in English and Dutch Genbere G.E. (2017) Ecology of the Ethiopian wolf (Canis simensis Rüppell 1835) in a changing landscape: Human carnivore interactions in Afroalpine ecosystems of Ethiopia [S.I.]:[author]. - 138p: fig., tab. ; 24 cm Dissertation Leiden University With ref. With summary in English and Dutch Kosamu I.B.M. (2017) Management of small-scale fisheries in developing countries : The case of Elephant Marsh in Malawi [S.I.]:[author]. - 155 p: fig., tab. ; 24 cm Dissertation Leiden University With ref. With summary in English and Dutch Suba R.B.(2017) Impact of land use changes on the human-elephant conflict [S.I.]:[author]. - 175p: fig., tab. ; 24 cm Dissertation Leiden University With ref. With summary in English and Dutch Xiao Y. (2017) Fate, accumulation and ecotoxicity of copper nanoparticles under environmentally relevant conditions [S.I.]:[author]. - xp: fig., tab. ; 24 cm Dissertation Leiden University With ref. With summary in English, Dutch and Chinese  

Adhitya A. (2016) Biophysical feedbacks between seagrasses and hydrodynamics in relation to grazing, water quality and spatial heterogeneity : consequences for sediment stability and seston trapping [S.I.]:[author]. - 113p: fig., tab. ; 24 cm Dissertation Leiden University With ref. With summary in English and Dutch Admiraal J.F. (2016) The tension between nature conservation and economic valuation of ecosystem services [S.I.]:[author]. - 152p: fig., tab. ; 24 cm Dissertation Leiden University With ref. With summary in English and Dutch Arbainsyah I. (2016) The impact of sustainable forest management on plant and bird diversity in East Kalimantan, Indonesia [S.I.]:[author]. - 178p: fig., tab. ; 24 cm Dissertation Leiden University With ref. With summary in English and Dutch Font Vivanco D. (2016) The rebound effect through industrial ecology’s eyes : the case of transport eco-innovation [S.I.]:[author]. - 273p: fig., tab. ; 24 cm Dissertation Leiden University With ref. With summary in English and Dutch Sprecher B. (2016) When materials become critical: lessons from the 2010 rare earth crisis [S.I.]:[author]. - 136p: fig., tab. ; 24 cm Dissertation Leiden University With ref. With summary in English and Dutch

Bertola L.D. (2015) Genetic diversity in the lion (panthera leo (Linnaeus 1758)) : unravelling the past and prospects for the future [S.I.]:[author]. - 180p: fig., tab. ; 24 cm Dissertation Leiden University With ref. With summary in English, French and Dutch Fang K. (2015) Environmental footprints: assessing anthropogenic effects on the planet's environment [S.I.]:[author]. - 150p: fig., tab. ; 24 cm Dissertation Leiden University With ref. With summary in English and Dutch Henriksson P.J.G. (2015) Evaluating European imports of Asian aquaculture products using statistically supported life cycle assessments [S.I.]:[author]. - 130p: fig., tab. ; 24 cm Dissertation Leiden University With ref. With summary in English and Dutch Hua J. (2015) Determining the most appropriate dose metrics for evaluating dose-response relationships of metal-based nanoparticles to Zebrafish embryos [S.I.]:[author]. - 152p: fig., tab. ; 24 cm Dissertation Leiden University With ref. With summary in English and Dutch Huqa, T.J. (2015) The impact of climate variability on the ecology of a lion (Panthera leo Linnaeus 1758) population and lion livestock conflicts in the Amboseli ecosystem – Kenya [S.I.]:[author]. - 166p: fig., tab. ; 24 cm Dissertation Leiden University With ref. With summary in English and Dutch Ieromina O. (2015) Effects of pesticides on aquatic macrofauna in the field [S.I.]:[author]. - 166p: fig., tab. ; 24 cm Dissertation Leiden University With ref. With summary in English and Dutch Liu Y. (2015) Quantifying the toxicity of mixtures of metals and metal-based nanoparticles to higher plants  [S.I.]:[author]. - 174p: fig., tab. ; 24 cm Dissertation Leiden University With ref. With summary in English and Dutch Osinga N. (2015) Comparative biology of common and grey seals along the Dutch coast : stranding, disease, rehabilitation and conservation [S.I.]:[author]. - 292p: fig., tab. ; 24 cm Dissertation Leiden University With ref. With summary in English and Dutch Song L. (2015) Towards understanding the toxicity of copper nanoparticles in aquatic ecosystems [S.I.]:[author]. - 138p: fig., tab. ; 24 cm Dissertation Leiden University With ref. With summary in English and Dutch Wiloso E.I. (2015) Development of life cycle assessment for residue-based bioenergy [S.I.]:[author]. - 148p: fig., tab. ; 24 cm Dissertation Leiden University With ref. With summary in English and Dutch   Ziebe R. (2015) Fisheries in the Waza Logone Floodplain. An Analysis of the Status of the Fisheries Sector and Mitigation of Conflicts within the Sector in North Cameroon [S.I.]:[author]. - 235p: fig., tab. ; 24 cm Dissertation Leiden University With ref. With summary in English, French and Dutch 

Cucurachi S. (2014)  Impact assessment modelling of matter-less stressors in the context of Life Cycle Assessment [S.I.]:[author]. - 300p: fig., tab. ; 24 cm  Dissertation Leiden University  With ref.  With summary in English and Dutch.  Qiu H. (2014)  Quantitative modelling of the response of earthworms to metals [S.I.]:[author]. - 150p: fig., tab. ; 24 cm  Dissertation Leiden University  With ref.  With summary in English and Dutch. 

Buij, R. (2013)  Raptors in changing West African savannas : the impact of anthropogenic land transformation on populations of Palearctic and Afrotropical raptors in northern Cameroon [S.I.]:[author]. - 260p: fig., tab. ; 24 cm  Dissertation Leiden University  With ref.  With summary in English and Dutch.  Mabutol-Afidchao, M.B. (2013)  Genetically modified (GM) corn in the Philippines : Ecological impacts on agroecosystems, effects on the economic status and farmers’ experiences [S.I.]:[author]. - 167p: fig., tab. ; 24 cm  Dissertation Leiden University  With ref.  With summary in English and Dutch.  Simões, F. (2013)  Untangling the web: integrating energy and environmental policy instruments by assessing their interactions along power systems [S.I.]:[author]. - 278p: fig., tab. ; 24 cm  Dissertation Leiden University  With ref.  With summary in Dutch.  Tankou C.M. (2013)  The interactions of human mobility and farming systems and impacts on biodiversity and soil quality in the Western Highlands of Cameroon [S.I.]:[author]. - 181p: fig., tab. ; 24 cm  Dissertation Leiden University  With ref.  With summary in English, Dutch and French.  Trimbos K.B. (2013)  Genetic patterns of Black-tailed Godwit populations and their implications for conservation [S.I.]:[author]. - 135p: fig., tab. ; 24 cm  Dissertation Leiden University  With ref.  With summary in English and Dutch.  Verschoor A.J. (2013)  The power of biotic ligand models : site-specific impact of metals on aquatic communities [S.I.]:[author]. - 147p: fig., tab. ; 24 cm  Dissertation Leiden University  With ref.  With summary in English and Dutch.  Yirga Abay G. (2013)  Ecology and conservation of spotted hyena (Crocuta crocuta Erxleben 1777)in human dominated landscapes in Northern Ethiopia [S.I.]:[author]. - 147p: fig., tab. ; 24 cm  Dissertation Leiden University  With ref.  With summary in English and Dutch. 

Ghosh, A. (2012)  Calculating hazard rates of introgression with branching processes [S.I.]:[author]. - 91p: fig., tab. ; 24 cm  Dissertation Leiden University  With ref.  With summary in English and Dutch.  Liao, W. (2012)  A thermodynamic perspective on technologies in the Anthropocene : analyzing environmental sustainability [S.I.]:[author]. - 134p: fig., tab. ; 24 cm  Dissertation Leiden University  With ref.  With summary in English and Dutch.  Kleijn, R. (2012)  Materials and energy : a story of linkages [S.I.]:[author]. - 173p: fig., tab. ; 24 cm  Dissertation Leiden University  With ref.  With summary in English and Dutch.  Tumenta, P.N. (2012)  A lion population under threat : understanding lion (Panthera leo Linnaeus, 1758) ecology and human-lion interactions related to livestock predation in Waza National Park, Cameroon [S.I.]:[author]. - 113p: fig., tab. ; 24 cm  Dissertation Leiden University  With ref.  With summary in English, French and Dutch.  Unusa, H. (2012)  The new pastoralism : absentee owners, new technologies, economic change and natural resource management in the Sahelian region of far north Cameroon  [S.I.]:[author]. - 291p: fig., tab. ; 24 cm  Dissertation Leiden University  With ref.  With summary in English and Dutch.  Yen Le, T.T. (2012)  Modelling bioaccumulation and toxicity of metal mixtures [S.I.]:[author]. - 179p: fig., tab. ; 24 cm  Dissertation Radboud University Nijmegen (collaboration with CML)  With ref.  With summary in English and Dutch.  

Saragih, B. (2011)  Economic value of non-timber forest products among Paser Indigenous People of East Kalimantan [S.I.]:[author]. - 316p: fig., tab. ; 24 cm  Dissertation Leiden University  With ref.  With summary in English and Dutch.  Sogbohossou, E.A.  (2011)  Lions of West Africa : ecology of lion (Panthera leo Linnaeus 1975) populations and human-lion conflicts in Pendjari Biosphere Reserve, North Benin [S.I.]:[author]. - 158p: fig., tab. ; 24 cm  Dissertation Leiden University  With ref.  With summary in English, French and Dutch.  Wahyuni, T.,  (2011)  Can traditional forest management protect and conserve ironwood (ulin) stands? An option and approach in East Kalimantan [S.I.]:[author]. - 270p: fig., tab. ; 24 cm  Dissertation Leiden University  With ref.  With summary in English, Dutch and Indonesian. 

Hobbes, M.  (2010)  Figuring Rural Development Concepts and cases of land use, sustainability and integrative indicators [S.I.]:[author]. - 215p: fig., tab. ; 24 cm  Dissertation Leiden University  With ref.  With summary in English and Dutch.  Hu, M.  (2010)  Dynamic material flow analysis to support sustainable built environment development : with case studies on Chinese housing stock dynamics [S.I.]:[author]. - 139p: fig., tab. ; 24 cm  Dissertation Leiden University  With ref.  With summary in English and Dutch.  Leng, X.  (2010)  Restoration of ditch bank plant diversity : the interaction between spatiotemporal patterns and agri-environmental management [S.I.]:[author]. - 157p: fig., tab. ; 24 cm  Dissertation Leiden University  With ref.  With summary in English and Dutch.  Luo, L.  (2010)  Biomass refining for sustainable development : analysis and directions [S.I.]:[author]. - 178p: fig., tab. ; 24 cm  Dissertation Leiden University  With ref.  With summary in English and Dutch.  Wegener Sleeswijk, A. (2010)  Regional LCA in a global perspective [S.I.]:[author]. - 191p: fig., tab. ; 24 cm  Dissertation Leiden University  With ref.  With summary in English and Dutch.

Angerler, J. (2009)  Bius, parbaringen und paniaran : über Demokratie und Religion bei den Tobabatak Nordsumatras [S.I.]:[author]. - 546p: fig., tab. ; 24 cm  Dissertation Leiden University  With ref.  With summary in English and Dutch.  Fotsing, E. (2009)  Small Savannah: An information system for the integrated analysis of land use change in the Far North Cameroon [S.I.]:[author]. - 373p: fig., tab. ; 24 cm  Dissertation Leiden University  With ref.  With summary in French, English and Dutch.  Klop, L.F. (2009)  Fire and grazers in the West African savanna [S.I.]:[author]. - 169p: fig., tab. ; 24 cm  Dissertation Leiden University  With ref.  With summary in English and in Dutch.  Kragten, S. (2009)  Breeding birds on organic and conventional arable farms [S.I.]:[author]. - 174p: fig., tab. ; 24 cm  Dissertation Leiden University  With ref.  With summary in English and in Dutch. 

Tsetse, D. (2008)  Opportunity and Problem in Context (OPiC). A framework for environmental management in developing countries   [S.l.]: [author]. - 302 p. : fig., tab. ; 24 cm  Dissertation Leiden University.  With ref.  With summary in English and in Dutch.  ISBN-13: 978-90-9023371-0 

Elshkaki, A. (2007)  Systems analysis of stock buffering : development of a dynamic substance flow-stock model for the identification and estimation of future resource, waste streams and emissions.   [S.l.]: [author]. - 190 p. : fig., tab. ; 24 cm  Dissertation Leiden University.  With ref.  With summary in English and in Dutch.  ISBN-13: 978-90-9022084-0

Harkes, H.T.(2006)  Fisheries co-management, the role of local institutions and decentralisation in Southeast Asia: with specific reference to marine sasi in Central Maluku, Indonesia.   [S.l.]: [author]. - 237 p. : fig., tab. ; 24 cm  Dissertation Leiden University.  With ref.  With summary in English and in Dutch.  ISBN-10: 90-9020697-3  ISBN-13: 978-90-9020697-4  Manhoudt, A.G.E. (2006)  Enhancing biodiversity on arable farms in the context of environmental certification schemes.   [S.l.]: [author]. - 137 p. : fig., tab. ; 24 cm  Dissertation Leiden University.  With ref.  With summary in English and in Dutch.  ISBN-10: 90-9020412-1  ISBN-13: 978-90-9020412-3  Overmars, K. (2006)  Linking process and pattern of land use change: illustrated with a case study in San Mariano, Isabela, Philippines.   [S.l.]: [author]. - IX, 165 p. : fig., tab. ; 24 cm  Dissertation Leiden University.  With ref.  With summary in English and in Dutch.  ISBN-10: 90-9020463-6  ISBN-13: 978-90-9020463-5  Romero, M.R. (2006)  Investing in the land: agricultural transition towards sustainable land use in the Philippines forest fringe.   [S.l.]: [author]. - 351 p. : fig., tab. ; 24 cm  Dissertation Leiden University.  With ref.  With summary in English and in Dutch.  ISBN-10: 90-9019699-4  ISBN-13: 978-90-9019699-2  Wassouni (2006)  Bushland in Mindif region, Cameroon : functions, decline, context and prospects.   [S.l.]: [author]. - 213 p. : fig., tab. ; 24 cm  Dissertation Leiden University.  With ref.  With summary in English and in Dutch.  ISBN-10: 90-9020911-5  ISBN-13: 978-90-9020911-1

Scholte, P.T. (2005)  Floodplain rehabilitation and the future of conservation & development : adaptive management of success in Waza-Logone, Cameroon.   [S.l.]: [author]. - 339 p. : fig., tab. ; 24 cm  Dissertation Leiden University.  With ref.  With summary in English and in Dutch.  ISBN 90-9019780-X  Tamis, W.L.M. (2005)  Changes in the flora of the Netherlands in the 20th century.   Leiden : Nationaal Herbarium Nederland. - 233 p. : fig., tab. ; 24 cm  (Gorteria supplementen 6)  Dissertation Leiden University.  With ref.  With summary in English and Dutch.  ISBN 90-71236-62-5  Dit proefschrift is te bestellen door het bedrag van EUR 31,50 over te schrijven op bankrekening nr. 56.61.76.254 t.n.v. Nationaal Herbarium Nederland, Leiden, onder vermelding van Gorteria Supplement 6. De prijs is per stuk en inclusief verzendkosten en BTW.  Nadere informatie is te bevragen bij de Afdeling Publicaties (Cor Verhagen of Isaac Neuteboom); e-mail:  [email protected]  , tel. 071–5273570.  Postadres: Afdeling Publicaties, Nationaal Herbarium Nederland, Postbus 9514, 2300 RA Leiden.  M. Blomqvist (2005)  Restoration of plant species diversity of ditch banks : ecological constraints and opportunities.   [S.l.] : [author]. - 148 p. : fig., tab. ; 24 cm  Dissertation Leiden University.  With ref.  With summary in English and Dutch.  ISBN 90-9018938-6  R. Cuperus (2005)  Ecological compensation of highway impacts : negotiated trade-off or no-net-loss?   [S.l.] : [author]. - 304 p. : fig., krt., tab. ; 24 cm. - (DWW publikatie ; DWW-2004-077)  Dissertation Leiden University.  With ref.  With summary in English and Dutch.  ISBN 90-369-5571-8  For ordening this dissertation, please contact:  Mw. M. Schomaker, RSW-DWW, PB 5044, 2600 GA Delft  Telephone: 015-2518308  L. Defo (2005)  Le rotin, la forêt et les hommes: exploitation d'un produit forestier non-ligneux au Sud-Cameroun et perspectives de développement durable.   [S.l.] : [author]. - 415 p. : fig., tab. ; 24 cm  Dissertation Leiden University.  With ref.  With summary in English, French and Dutch.  ISBN 90-9018995-5  M.H.M.M. Montforts (2005)  Validation of the EU environmental risk assessment for veterinary medicines.   [S.l.] : [author]. - 173 p. : fig., tab. ; 24 cm  Dissertation Leiden University.  With ref.  With summary in English and Dutch.  R. Noorduyn (2005)  The assertion of rights to agropastoral land in North Cameroon: a cascade to violence?   Leiden: African Studies Centre. - VI, 168 p. : fig., tab. ; 24 cm. - (Research reports / African Studies Centre ; 76/2005)  Dissertation University of Amsterdam.  With ref.  With summary in French and Dutch.  ISBN 90-5448-061-0

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H. Bauer (2003)  Lion conservation in West and Central Africa: integrating social and natural science for wildlife conflict resolution around Waza National Park, Cameroon . [S.l.] : [author]. - VIII, 160 p. : fig., foto's, tab. ; 24 cm  Dissertation Leiden University.  With ref.  With summary in English, French and Dutch.  ISBN 90-9017184-3  R. Luttik (2003)  Risk assessment scheme for the impact of plant production products on birds and mammals. [S.l.] : [author]. - XX, 263 p. : fig., tab. ; 24 cm  Dissertation Leiden University.  With ref.  With summary in English and Dutch.  N. Zwaal (2003)  Narratives for nature : storytelling as a vehicle for improving the intercultural dialogue on environmental conservation in Cameroon.   [S.l.] : [author]. - 325 p. : fig., ill., tab. ; 24 cm  Dissertation Leiden University.  With ref.  With summary in English and Dutch.  ISBN 90-9017003-0

H.M. Londo (2002)  Energy farming in multiple land use : an opportunity for energy crop introduction in the Netherlands. [S.l.] : [author]. - 143 p. : fig., graf., tab. ; 24 cm  Dissertation Utrecht University.  With summary in English and Dutch.  With ref.  ISBN 90-73958-85-7  T.B. Mayaka (2002)  Value wildlife! : an ecological and economic assessment of willife use in Northern Cameroon.   [S.l.] : [author]. - 174 p. : fig., foto's, graf., krt., tab. ; 24 cm  Dissertation Leiden University.  With ref.  With summary in English and Dutch.  ISBN 90-807305-1-3

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D.M.E. van Est (1999)  Vissen in andermans vijver : beheer en strijdige belangen onder Mousgoum en Kotoko in de Logone overstromingsvlakte van Noord-Kameroen.  [S.l.] : [author]. - XIV, 345 p. : fig., foto's, tab. ; 24 cm  Dissertation Leiden University.  With ref.  With summary in English.  ISBN 90-5191-126-2  J. Runhaar (1999)  Impact of hydrological changes on nature conservation areas in the Netherlands.   [S.l.] : [author]. - 190 p. : fig., krt., tab. ; 24 cm  Dissertation Leiden University.  With ref.  With summary in English and Dutch.  ISBN 90-5191-125-4

H.J. de Graaf & C.J.M. Musters (1998)  Opportunities for sustainable development : theory, methods, and regional applications.   [S.l.] : [authors]. - 448 p. : fig., graf., tab. ; 24 cm  Dissertation Leiden University.  With ref.  With summary in English and Dutch.  ISBN 90-72726-37-5  G.M. van den Top (1998)  The social dynamics of deforestation in the Sierra Madre, Philippines.   [S.l.] : [author]. - XVI, 437 p. : fig., krt., tab. ; 24 cm  Dissertation Leiden University.  With ref.  With summary in Dutch.  ISBN 90-5191-120-3  A.B. Zuiderwijk (1998)  Farming gently, farming fast : migration, incorporation and agricultural change in the Mandara mountains of Northern Cameroon.   [S.l.] : [author]. - 385 p. : fig., tab. ; 24 cm  Dissertation Leiden University.  With ref.  With summary in Dutch.  ISBN 90-9011796-2

R. Heijungs (1997)  Economic drama and the environmental stage : formal derivation of algorithmic tools for environmental analysis and decision-support from a unified epistemological principle.   [S.l.]: [author]. - XX, 203 p. : fig., tab. ; 24 cm  Dissertation Leiden University.  With ref.  With summary in English and Dutch.  ISBN 90-9010784-3  F. Klijn (1997)  A hierarchical approach to ecosystems and its implications for ecological land classification : with examples of ecoregions, ecodistricts and ecoseries of the Netherlands.   [S.l.] : [author]. - XXVIII, 186 p. : fig., tab. ; 24 cm  Dissertation Leiden University.  With ref.  With summary in English and Dutch.  ISBN 90-9010141-1  H.L. Njiforti (1997)  The biology and management of wild helmeted guineafowl (Numida meleagris galeata Pallas) in the Waza region of North Cameroon.   [S.l.] : [author]. - IX, 132 p. : fig., foto's, tab. ; 24 cm  Dissertation Wageningen University.  With ref.  With summary in English and Dutch.  ISBN 90-5485-736-6

H.H. de Iongh (1996)  Plant-herbivore interactions between seagrasses and Dugongs in a tropical small island ecosystem.   [S.l.] : [author]. - XVIII, 205 p. : fig., foto's, graf., krt., tab. ; 24 cm  Dissertation Nijmegen University.  With ref.  With summary in English, Indonesian and Dutch.  ISBN 90-9009-836-4  P.N. Pasicolan (1996)  Tree growing on different grounds : an analysis of local participation in contract reforestation in the Philippines.   [S.l.] : [author]. - XXIV, 266 p. : fig., foto's, tab. ; 24 cm  Dissertation Leiden University.  With summary in English.  With ref.  M.N. Tchamba (1996)  Elephants and their interactions with people and vegetation in the Waza-Logone region, Cameroon.   [S.l.] : [author]. - XI, 233 p. : fig., foto's, graf., krt., tab. ; 24 cm  Dissertation Utrecht University.  With ref.  With summary in English and Dutch.  ISBN 90-9009-927-1  E. van der Voet (1996)  Substances from cradle to grave : development of a methodology for the analysis of substances flows through the economy and the environment of a region: with case studies on cadmium and nitrogen compounds.   [S.l.] : [author]. - XXV, 348 p. : fig., tab. ; 24 cm  Dissertation Leiden University.  With ref.  With summary in English and Dutch.

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G.A. Persoon (1994)  Vluchten of veranderen : processen van verandering en ontwikkeling bij tribale groepen in Indonesië.   [S.l.] : [author]. - XVI, 443 p. : foto's, krt., tab., tek. ; 24 cm  Dissertation Leiden University.  With ref.  With summary in English.  ISBN 90-9007260-8  R. Slootweg (1994)  A multidisciplinary approach to schistosomiasis control in Northern Cameroon : with special reference to the role of fish in snail control.   [S.l.] : [author]. - XIV, 247 p. : fig., tab. ; 24 cm  Dissertation Leiden University.  With ref.  With summary in English, French and Dutch.

G. Huppes (1993)  Macro-environmental policy: principles and design : with cases on milk packaging, cadmium, phosphorus and nitrogen, and energy and global warming.   [S.l.] : [author]. - XV, 430 p. : fig., tab. ; 24 cm  Dissertation Leiden University.  With ref.  With summary in Dutch.  M. Kruk (1993)  Meadow bird conservation on modern commercial dairy farms in the western peat district of the Netherlands : possibilities and limitations.   [S.l.] : [author]. - 177 p. : fig., graf.,ill.., tab. ; 24 cm  Dissertation Leiden University.  With ref.  With summary in English and Dutch.

W.T. de Groot (1992)  Environmental science theory: concepts and methods in a one-world, problem-oriented paradigm.   [S.l.] : [author]. - IX, 415 p. : fig. ; 25 cm  Dissertation Leiden University.  With ref.  With summary in Dutch.

Th.C.P. Melman (1991)  Slootkanten in het veenweidegebied : mogelijkheden voor behoud en ontwikkeling van natuur in agrarisch grasland.   [S.l.] : [author] - IX, 338 p. : fig., foto's, tab. ; 24 cm  Dissertation Leiden University.  With summary in English and Dutch.  With ref.  A.J. van Strien (1991)  Maintenance of plant species diversity on dairy farms.   [S.l.] : [author]. - 143 p. : fig., graf., krt., tab. ; 24 cm  Dissertation Leiden University.  With ref.  With summary in English and Dutch.

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Internal messages show how the new head of one of the world’s oldest universities organized a citation cartel

For years, professor juan manuel corchado demanded that his collaborators include up to 20 references to his own work in their papers. on friday he took office as the new rector of salamanca university in spain.

Three years ago, Juan Manuel Corchado boasted of being the fourth best scientist in Spain and one of the 250 best on the planet in the field of computing, but he achieved this brilliant rise in the rankings by cheating on an industrial scale. The academic official, who has just been appointed rector of the University of Salamanca (the equivalent of university president in the U.S.), became one of the most cited scientists in the world because, among other fraudulent practices, he organized what is known as a citation cartel: a group of scientists colluding to cite one another in their papers. EL PAÍS has had access to internal messages from Corchado’s group that reveal their bad practices.

Their tricks are so crude that anyone who takes a look can easily spot them. In science, references included at the end of papers work like currency. The more other scientists cite you in their work, the greater your prestige, which leads to promotions, salary increases and even million-dollar projects. Corchado is quoted a lot, but only by a few close collaborators. On January 9, 2019, the mathematician Roberto Casado Vara signed a paper on computer security in electrical distribution networks, and 94% of the references (29 out of 31) were citations of Corchado’s work, even if it had nothing to do with the paper’s subject matter: the references included studies on the risk of bladder cancer, CO₂ in the ocean, oil spills, and red tides of microalgae.

For years, Corchado has been instructing his workers to include in each publication references to himself or to the journal that he edits: Advances in Distributed Computing and Artificial Intelligence Journal ( ADCAIJ ). In this way he falsified his own scientific impact and that of his journal in the rankings. On June 7, 2017, one of Corchado’s assistants wrote this message to her subordinates: “Collect everything you have (master’s thesis, final projects, dissertations, etc.) and include in them 20 references from among those that I have attached in the Word document as well as 10 articles from ADCAIJ. ” The attached file included almost 50 Corchado publications. The aide later insisted: “As I know that we are all working hard now, to make it easier, I am attaching the references to just copy and paste.”

Similar messages were constant. On July 26, 2017, a different aide wrote to the group: “Hello everyone. Please, Juan Manuel tells me that we should reference these articles of his in the next papers that we send to magazines or conferences. I’ve attached the list here, don’t forget to add some.” Next, she attached a list of Corchado’s works, headed by one about oil spills.

On January 9, 2019, Roberto Casado Vara published three papers in which between 97% and 100% of his references cited Corchado or ADCAIJ . Corchado, born in Salamanca 53 years ago, is one of the most cited scientists in the world according to Stanford University’s annual list. The most surprising thing is that Casado Vara, who is much younger, also entered that prestigious classification in 2022, just three years after defending his doctoral dissertation with Corchado as his research supervisor . This newspaper has asked both about these practices, without receiving a response.

The messages were often multitudinous. On February 1, 2018, the instructions from one of the assistants was: “Corchado has asked me to tell you to cite articles from ADCAIJ when you write your articles, whatever they are (conferences, master’s final projects, magazine articles, etc.). On March 12, 2018, one of the professor’s closest collaborators sent an email message to 40 people with instructions to manipulate publications from recent conferences organized by themselves: “We will tell you this week what acknowledgments, references and final authors you have to upload in the Camera_ready [print-ready] versions.” Corchado was in copy in all these messages. Dozens of the recipients, many of whom felt coerced, ended up leaving the group.

The professor used the conference records published by the Springer publishing house as a way to include strings of self-quotes. Informed by this newspaper, Springer Nature’s Research Integrity Director, Chris Graf , stated that they are going to “very carefully” examine the case of the Salamanca professor. “If appropriate, we will take editorial action once this investigation has concluded,” Graf said. Another publisher, Elsevier, has already retracted a study published by Corchado and three collaborators in 2019 for plagiarizing a master’s thesis.

The researcher cheated in different ways to rig various rankings. He published documents full of self-citations in the scientific repository of the University of Salamanca, so that they would be indexed by the Google Scholar search engine, which in turn feeds rankings such as Guide2Research, in which Corchado was close to the top position at the national level. “Occupying fourth place in Spain and 247th worldwide fills me with pride, as it represents the good work we are doing as a group,” he posted on May 25, 2021 on his social media accounts. Corchado once published a single paragraph with 227 self-quotes and another 139 references to his magazine ADCAIJ .

After EL PAÍS began publishing news stories about his practices in March, the Spanish Research Ethics Committee opened an investigation into Corchado, as announced on Friday, May 17, by the Ministry of Science. That same day, Corchado used the official channel of the University of Salamanca to issue an unsigned statement , at 10:22 p.m., in which he defended his “honorability and scientific integrity” and encouraged people to assess the impact of his publications in two of the databases most widely used by the scientific community: Scopus, from the Dutch publisher Elsevier, and Web of Science, from the London multinational Clarivate.

An analysis of who cites Corchado in Scopus reveals that in only 75 publications, his collaborators mentioned the Salamanca professor almost 1,700 times and referenced his magazine ADCAIJ 520 times. One of these papers is signed by Pedro Tomás Nevado-Batalla , who teaches law at the University of Salamanca and is a former regional government official of the Spanish region of Extremadura, where he served under a Popular Party (PP) administration. In his study, which dealt with the need to modernize public administration, there were 42 citations to Corchado’s work and seven to ADCAIJ , including studies on bladder cancer, oil spills and microalgae tides. Fully 92% of the citations in that paper are to Corchado’s work or else to his magazine. Nevado-Batalla has stated that he was unaware that these references had been added to his work, and said that he is going to request clarification. “There must necessarily be some explanation for something so extravagant as this,” he said.

The mathematician Domingo Docampo , former rector of the University of Vigo and an expert in citation cartels , expresses indignation. “It is petty and despicable. “They are insubstantial publications, without any real content, that constitute vehicles for citations in a network that clearly shows the pyramidal nature of a citation farm headed by someone who has influence over those who sign the papers,” he laments. “Corchado should never have run for a position of this category, to represent an institution as prestigious as the University of Salamanca,” he says about an institution that was founded in 1218.

The solemn inauguration ceremony of the new rector took place on Friday at the university auditorium. Corchado won the elections on May 7, after taking advantage of the strange surprise resignation of the previous rector, and presenting himself as the only candidate. He received the support of 6.5% of the 33,000 university members who were called to vote, with half of the faculty voting blank as a sign of protest. In 2018, the professor created the AIR Institute , a private entity that manages projects worth millions of euros awarded by the regional government of Castilla y León.

Docampo urges the Ministry of Science, Innovation and Universities, academic authorities and individuals responsible for scientific journals to take action. “We have a serious problem. We must protect the careers of the youngest students, who can be contaminated. This is happening worldwide ,” he warns.

The epidemiologist Alberto Ruano , an expert in scientific misconduct, is adamant: “This is a textbook case of a citation cartel.” Ruano, a professor at the University of Santiago de Compostela, also urges Corchado to resign. “It is likely that he will have to resign, because he is damaging the institution he represents, a damage that affects the credibility of the University of Salamanca and is also affecting all Spanish university professors,” says the epidemiologist, who urges the Ministry and the Conference of Rectors of Spanish Universities (CRUE) to take measures to avoid cases like this one.

This is a textbook case of a citation cartel Alberto Ruano, professor at University of Santiago de Compostela

In addition to adding thousands of self-citations to his own publications and requiring his workers to also cite him, Corchado has benefited from a multitude of false online accounts of non-existent scientists, such as Devika Rout and Marcus Ress , dedicated to compulsively mentioning Corchado’s studies in the ResearchGate repository. Since March, Corchado has carried out a massive deletion of these fraudulent profiles, and he has also deleted the publications with obvious tricks that he had uploaded to the Gredos scientific repository of the University of Salamanca.

Since April 23, Corchado has denied multiple requests from EL PAÍS to explain his practices, but on March 13 he did grant an interview to this newspaper. In that telephone conversation, the professor from Salamanca stated that there were “20 or 30” false online accounts dedicated to citing him and, in just two minutes, he offered two contradictory explanations : that they had been created by former disgruntled workers to harm him, and that “a young man” had created them to demonstrate that ResearchGate could be rigged. Next, Corchado assured that he had deleted those profiles thanks to his knowledge in cybersecurity. A ResearchGate spokesperson, however, explained that they are not aware of any computer attack and that only the creator of a profile can delete it with their password.

One of the international leaders in scientific evaluation methods, Ismael Ràfols , points to the system. “This corruption occurs because there is an evaluation system that values publishing a lot and being cited often. In Europe we have started a reform process and Spain still has a lot of work ahead of it,” says Ràfols, from the University of Leiden (Netherlands).

The watchdog agency of the Spanish university system is the National Agency for Quality Assessment and Accreditation (ANECA), directed for a year now by a new director, Pilar Paneque , who is promoting changes to stop measuring researchers based on production volume. “ANECA is going in the right direction, but it faces resistance from traditional professors who have reached the top, like this man. The Corchado case is like a parody, and it shows that it is necessary to reform the evaluation system that generates the corruption,” says Ràfols.

Pilar Paneque herself believes that her reforms will discourage bad practices and reduce pressure on researchers, especially the younger ones. “We have a lot of progress to make towards scientific integrity and ethics in research, and everything has to start with the commitment and control of each institution. Every university knows perfectly well what each of its researchers produces and can easily detect any type of anomalous behavior,” says Paneque. In the case of Corchado, Friday was his coronation as rector of the University of Salamanca.

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