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KCL LLM Case Study

Read this page to find out what it is like studying the LLM including academic highlights at King's College London University

LLM Case Study

• Find out why one student chose KCL for her LLM
• Read about Lucy’s dissertation
• See Lucy’s academic highlight during her LLM

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We caught up with Lucy Sutcliff who studied the International Financial Law LLM at King’s College London . Lucy talks to The Lawyer Portal about her decision to pursue a KCL LLM and how she coped with the course.

Why did you choose to study an LLM ?

I studied the International Financial Law LLM at King’s College London (KCL) in London. The experience was challenging, but ultimately skill-enhancing and rewarding. I chose my specialism because I’m hoping to become a commercial solicitor. Recruitment teams look for applicants with solid ‘commercial awareness’ and commitment to the legal field. I was convinced that the LLM in International Financial Law would help me develop pertinent skills, relevant knowledge and enhance my CV.

How did you find the course materials on the KCL LLM?

As a former casual reader of the Financial Times, the LLM really threw me in the deep end. In one of my first lectures the professor used three words I had to sneakily Google in order to keep up! However, support was easily found. Once the weekly (or fortnightly) seminars started, I was relieved to find my fellow classmates just as bewildered! Most of our professors were eager to cure our confusion.

As I moved through the initial growing pains that come with learning complex new material, I was amazed at how much material I’d learned. In my Mergers & Acquisitions taught module, I started off having no idea what a merger really was. At the end, I was able to write long analytical arguments about the need for principles of equality in mergers law. In the process, I had developed an interest in my subjects. I now regularly follow news stories about current mergers and acquisitions.

Want More Advice on a Career in Law?

Tell us a bit about your kcl llm dissertation..

My dissertation became another surprise. Although I knew hedge funds existed, I would never have imagined writing a 12,000 word research paper! My dissertation was about their activism behaviours in the US and the UK. The LLM truly expanded and deepened my knowledge. I found this incredibly useful during some final round interviews at some of the top law firms in the city. During a recent interview, a partner who works with hedge funds expressed genuine interest in my dissertation. They discussed recent activity in the UK with me, a conversation that I would not have had if it were not for my LLM .

What were the highlights of the KCL LLM ?

Outside the classroom, some of the best aspects of the KCL LLM were the networking opportunities. The KCL Postgraduate Law Society (KCL PGLS) held socials which allowed me to meet my fellow classmates. Many of them were lawyers from other jurisdictions. The KCL PGLS’s more official networking events garnered me invites to “Magic Circle” law firms for open evenings and informative talks. They were an important chance to network. These connections have been useful in finding a job and feeling confident in approaching new opportunities.

Taking advantage of the university’s internship and job website, I gained a valuable internship with a legal charity based in London. I undertook that for three months alongside my LLM. This experience helped me gain practical legal skills. It also enhanced my CV and secured me two references from solicitors. I would not have found those opportunities if I had not been a KCL LLM student.

On a personal level, the experience has acted to enhance my confidence in my chosen career path. It’s also helped me form lasting friendships with fellow students who share my interests and aspirations. A highlight was attending the PGLS’s end of year ball with my classmates in the Inner Temple’s Great Hall. The LLM was worth the cost and has made me feel more confident in securing a training contract and ultimately reaching my career goals.

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Online, part-time International Corporate & Commercial Law LLM

Study with world-leading academics in one of the oldest, most respected law schools in the UK. Expand your understanding of the issues and challenges of corporate and commercial law in a global context.

Key information

Course overview.

The International Corporate & Commercial Law LLM gives you an in-depth understanding of key areas of corporate and commercial law and the ability to develop research skills that can be applied in these areas of the law.

The programme is designed to provide you with critical analytical skills and insights into the governance of corporate activities, sales, finance, shipping, energy and investment-related transactions, dispute resolution and conflict of laws.

Teaching on the programme is driven by a strong sense of commercial realism and explore linkages, synergies and interactions between the law and the surrounding corporate and commercial world. These are explored from the perspectives of English, European, international, and transnational law.

Our online International Corporate & Commercial Law LLM comprises 12 modules taken over a period of (minimum) two years. You’re required to undertake 180 credits to obtain the full LLM. Each module runs over six weeks and consists of a variety of learning methods including video content, discussion boards, quizzes and other interactive content. The weekly live webinars are a great opportunity to interact with your peers and the Module Teacher to exchange views and develop a deeper understanding of the material.

You’re expected to undertake approximately 20 hours of study per week. The following table will give you an idea of what a typical academic week might look like:

Why choose this online LLM?

World-class education.

The Dickson Poon School of Law is recognised globally as one of the best law schools in the world. You'll develop cutting-edge legal expertise from from leading experts.

Part-time and flexible learning

You’ll get the same qualification and education quality as on-campus - but with added flexibility and support. Attend the weekly live webinar or watch again via the recording.

Global online community

Grow your global network and gain fresh insight. Learn alongside professionals from different backgrounds and cultures.

Career progression

Study and enhance your education without interrupting your career. This LLM will develop your qualifications and skillsets while actively contributing to your professional role.

What you'll study

The programme aims to provide detailed insight and understanding of key areas within corporate and commercial law from the perspectives of English, European, international, and transnational law.

You’ll explore the legal concepts, values, principles that underpin these areas of law, drawing on our research and cases at the forefront of practice.  

How you'll learn

Get more information on the online student experience with King's.

Module overview

This online International Corporate & Commercial Law LLM is comprised of 12 core 15-credit modules (180 credits in total). All core modules on the course are compulsory and you must pass all these modules to complete the award. Please note modules are reviewed regularly and are subject to change. You’re required to take the following 12 core modules: 

Corporate Actors: Powers and Responsibilities

This module examines the role of different corporate actors in large public companies within the framework of UK company law. It focuses on understanding the interactions between directors, executive managers, and shareholders, with a focus on analysing board-shareholder relationships. Through this analysis, students will acquire skills to assess relations between the board and all stakeholder groups. Key topics covered include: theories of the firm and economic analysis of company law; shareholder rights and responsibilities; shareholder activism; executive managers and independent directors; board structures; and directors’ remuneration.

International and Comparative Oil and Gas Law

The world’s rising population, our increasing energy consumption, and the gradual depletion of non-renewable sources of energy have heightened the challenges facing this vital industry. Without being confined to any one jurisdiction, this module provides a comprehensive overview of the modern-day oil and gas industry. This encompasses the key players and their potentially conflicting interests. It also includes the commercial and legal instruments used to regulate conduct, protect rights, or prevent environmental damage, for instance.

International Commercial Arbitration

This module focuses on the main steps of arbitral proceedings, from the drawing of the arbitration agreement to the enforcement of the arbitral award. You’ll get an overview of international commercial arbitration in both theory and practice. It provides a brief history of international commercial arbitration and examines the diversity of the legal systems that may apply during proceedings, either procedurally or substantively. You’ll learn to assess legal issues and the problems that may arise from international commercial arbitration. You’ll also understand how to propose and present recommendations to deal with them.

The Corporate Form and its issues

Delving into the historical-legal development of the company form, you’ll develop a solid understanding of the basic principles of company law. In the context of international corporate practice and a transnational economy, you’ll consider the purpose of domestic and international regulation. You’ll discuss the challenges posed by 21st century world trade, such as the emergence of the group company and multinational enterprises (MNEs).

International Sale of Goods

This course will explore the salient features of the cross-border sale of goods contracts and the body of rules and principles that govern them. The module will examine in detail the rules of English law (Sale of Goods Act 1979 and the common law) and the UN Convention on Contracts for the International Sale of Goods 1980 (CISG). Issues covered include: the basic concepts of English law of sale of goods; the implied terms of a sales contract (such as the implied terms of quality and description of the goods); legal issues arising from contracts incorporating such trade terms as CIF (‘cost, insurance, freight’) and FOB (‘free on board’); remedies for breach of an international sales contract; the CISG, a leading international sales law instrument, now ratified by 88 countries (the scope of application of the CISG; general provisions; rights and obligations of the seller and the buyer and remedies for breach of contract).

Financing of International Trade

International trade is inherently risky. Sellers (exporters) run the risk of buyers failing to pay for goods, so they prefer payment upfront; buyers (importers) run the risk of not receiving the goods for which they paid, so they prefer to pay after receipt. Since medieval times and the Lex Mercatoria, innovative approaches have been developed to protect the financing of international trade. In this module, you’ll study different approaches, including the use of collections, documentary credits, and demand guarantees. You’ll consider the financial intermediaries and third-party principals or sureties who facilitate trade transactions. You’ll also examine the legal and practical implications of these key instruments and relationships.

Corporate Finance

This module introduces you to the principles of finance theory, and their practical implications in the context of equity and debt finance and secured lending. The focus is on equity and debt securities (shares, bonds, notes, hybrid instruments) and modern funding techniques (term loans, lines of credit, syndicated loans). You’ll also examine the mechanisms for securing repayment (security interests, quasi-security).

Fundamentals of Mergers and Acquisitions

This module explores the purpose and function of mergers and acquisitions and the role that the legal framework plays in facilitating or restricting takeover activity. The focus of the module is on the regulation of public takeovers in the UK, but you’ll also study comparative elements of the EU and US regulatory frameworks. The module contains several case studies of recent transactions that allow us to discuss controversial elements of law and policy in context.

Transnational Corporate Law and Practice

In the era of economic globalisation, expanding market internationalisation, and increased capital mobility, businesses operating on a global stage must navigate their legal corporate responsibilities. This entails comprehending these responsibilities within a broader transnational political, institutional, and economic framework. To offer effective legal guidance, it’s essential to understand the interplays between hard law rules imposed and enforced at the national, international, or supranational level. Additionally, acknowledging the significance of non-binding or less binding soft law, as well as self-imposed or self-enforced rules (private ordering), is crucial. This interdisciplinary module draws on various fields including corporate law, political theory and political economy, institutional economics, legal sociology, and history to provide comprehensive insights into these complex issues.

Carriage of Goods by Sea

This module explores charterparties and bills of lading and the legal relationships stemming from them. Carriage of Goods by Sea is the main mode of transport in international trade and the focus of this module will be on English law and the Hague-Visby Rules. The aim of this module is to enable you to comprehend and advise on the legal issues that frequently arise when transporting goods by sea, for example charterparty and bill of lading disputes, cargo damage or loss claims.

Transnational Corporate Restructuring

This module introduces you to the theory and practice of modern debt restructuring techniques. Firmly grounded in bankruptcy theory, it analyses relevant legal issues through the lens of a combination of a ‘commons/anti-commons’ approach and ‘contractualisation of bankruptcy’ models. It includes purely contractual arrangements, such as intercreditor agreements, security enforcement and release provisions. You’ll also look at statutory mechanisms, including (pre-pack) administrations, schemes of arrangement and company voluntary arrangement.

Transnational Business Instruments

The aim of this module is to highlight and reflect on the variety of ‘types’ of legal instruments regulating transnational business. Specifically, we’ll explore the legal documents which are not sanctioned as national or international law yet exercise a national or global sway. These range from codes of conduct about corporate responsibility to so-called 'informal international law’ on trade. They also encompass transnational human rights requirements for businesses, drafted by one person to private dispute resolution mechanisms for Internet disputes and other areas of transnational business. We’ll discuss and debate the practical, sometimes ethical impact these instruments can have on businesses.

Module assessments

A small percentage of the final module mark is based on a forum and the remaining percentage on a take-home exam in the form of an essay. Assessment methods are subject to change for the upcoming academic year.

Meet the leadership and academic team

Dr. Anat Keller

Director of Online Programmes

Dr Keller is a qualified solicitor of England and Wales and holds a PhD from the Centre for Commercial Law Studies at Queen Mary University of London, an LLM from the London School of Economics and double first-class bachelor’s degrees in management and law (magna cum laude).

Dr. Soterios Loizou

Programme Director

Dr. Soterios Loizou, Senior Lecturer at The Dickson Poon School of Law since 2006, holds prestigious fellowships and degrees, including a PhD from the University of Cambridge and Harvard Law School. His research in commercial law and international arbitration has won him top honors such as the Colin B. Picker Prize.

Entry requirements

Standard requirements.

A 2:1 (Hons) or above (or international equivalent) in a Law degree or joint Law degree, or 60% or above in an LLM or Graduate Diploma in Law (or international equivalent). 

Non-standard entry requirements

Please note that if you have a lower degree classification, or a degree in an unrelated subject, your application may still be considered if the following criteria can be met (all applications are considered on a case-by-case basis):

• A high 2:2 (57%) in a single or joint degree in Law or international equivalent and at least three years’ professional legal experience.
• A 2:1 in a non-Law honours degree or international equivalent and at least three years’ professional legal experience.
• A previous master’s degree (or above) in a non-Law subject area or equivalent and at least three years’ professional legal experience.

Candidates who fail to meet the criteria above are unlikely to be successful.

English language requirements

English language band: B 

To study at King's, it is essential that you can communicate in English effectively in an academic environment. You’re usually required to provide certification of your competence in English before starting your studies. 

Nationals of majority English speaking countries ( as defined by the UKVI ) who have permanently resided in this country are not usually required to complete an additional English language test. This is also the case for applicants who have successfully completed: 

• An undergraduate degree (at least three years duration) within five years of the course start date. 
• A postgraduate taught degree (at least one year) within five years of the course start date. 
• A PhD in a majority English-speaking country (as defined by the UKVI) within five years of the course start date. 

For information on our English language requirements and whether you need to complete an English language test, please see our English Language requirements page . 

Personal statement and supporting information

You'll need to submit a personal statement, CV and two reference letters as part of your application.  

Your personal statement should address the following two questions:  

• Why are you applying for this specific programme and how does it fit in with your future plans?  
• How does your experience and education make you a suitable candidate for the programme? 

You’ll also need to submit a copy (or copies) of your official academic transcript(s), showing the subjects studied and marks obtained. If you have already completed your degree, copies of your official degree certificate will also be required. Applicants with academic documents issued in a language other than English, will need to submit both the original and official translation of their documents.  

Not sure if you meet the requirements, or if the course is right for you? Speak to our team to get tailored support: 

Career options in International and Commercial Law

This programme will enhance your career options by allowing you to specialise in the highly sought-after areas of corporate and commercial law. You could work as a lawyer or consultant to international organisations across the public, private and not-for-profit sector. It’s also an excellent foundation for students who are considering pursuing legal research. 

Attracting a diverse and appealing cohort, a big advantage of the course is the chance to grow your global network. You’ll be studying with legal professionals at various stages of their career from every corner of the globe. From top lawyers, senior partners, and judges to rising stars and new graduates, some of our students bring decades of experience to discussions, enriching your learning. 

The Dickson Poon School of Law has strong connections with some of the world’s leading legal firms and international employers. You’ll join a legacy of graduates that are sought out by some of the leading employers in the field. 

Ready to join us in September 2024?

Discover more.

Discover full tuition fees for our online courses.

Funding options

Find out more about our range of funding options and payment plans.

See answers to common questions about studying online with King's.

You have the potential. We’ll help you unleash it. Take charge of your future today.

Questions about our courses, studying online or the application process? Our expert Enrolment Advisors are on-hand to help. Simply fill in the form below, and they’ll get in touch with you shortly.

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Law and Technology LLM

King's college london, university of london, different course options.

• Key information

Course Summary

Tuition fees, entry requirements, similar courses at different universities, key information data source : idp connect, qualification type.

LLM - Master of Laws

Subject areas

Course type.

Our LLM in Law and Technology is an internationally recognised postgraduate law degree which offers students a rare opportunity to systematically acquire academic training in the interdisciplinary area of Law and Technology. We offer a wide range of relevant modules taught by leading academics and practioners, including e-commerce law, cyberspace law, biotechnology and health law, intellectual property and copyright, media law, law of artificial intelligence, law of cryptocurrencies and blockchain, international financial law and venture capital, law and policy of financial technology, and competition law in relation to digital economy. The education will focus on cultivating students’ problem-solving skills, critical thinking ability, and the adaptability to the ever-changing economy of 21st century driven by technological innovations. The LLM in Law and Technology will greatly improve students’ employability for tomorrow’s job market in legal, finance, and technology industries.

Course detail

The LLM offers a sharpened focus on our key areas of excellence and a commitment to offer a premier course and a world-class student experience. Aimed at recent law graduates (or graduates of joint degrees with a significant law content) as well as established legal professionals who may have graduated a number of years ago, the course is rigorous and demanding and requires serious commitment. The LLM allows you to deepen or to broaden your knowledge of law as an academic subject and assists your professional development by enhancing your problem-solving skills in a transnational context. Designed to maximise students’ intellectual potential, it also keeps you grounded by drawing on the real-world experiences of staff and other practitioners. The LLM in Law and Technology also offers an opportunity to develop more detailed knowledge, understanding and research skills in a chosen dissertation topic or practice module. You will find that Law and Technology at The Dickson Poon School of Law is taught in a supportive environment that helps students develop their individual interests in the subject, and students will be allowed to design their own syllabus from a wide range of tech law modules to meet their career needs. Our classes are taught by leading academics specialising in technology laws and regulations of key jurisdictions such as UK, US, EU, and China. This is part of what makes King’s such an exciting atmosphere in which to study Law and Technology. Under the close guidance of our expert tutors, we will equip you with the legal knowledge and expertise to match your career ambitions. You will gain an internationally recognised qualification that is highly desirable in tomorrow’s competitive legal profession.

Teaching and assessment

In the first and second semester you study your selection of taught modules (half and full). These are in most cases assessed in the third semester (May/June) by written examination, or in some cases by the submission of an assessed essay. Dissertation or research essays must be submitted in September, after the May/June examinations.

UK fees Course fees for UK students

For this course (per year)

International fees Course fees for EU and international students

Undergraduate degree with high 2:1 honours (assessed as an overall average of at least 65% across all years of study) in Law or a degree with at least 70% law content, or an equivalent international qualification and grading. Exceptionally, you may be considered where a comparable academic level has been achieved through other graduate studies (such as a Graduate Diploma in Law) and where work or experience (at least three years legal work experience) has made you a suitable candidate for the LLM.

Professional Practice LLM (Top-up)

University of worcester, llm international trade and maritime law (top up), solent university (southampton), legal practice llm, llm commercial law and professional legal practice, llm intellectual property law and professional legal practice.

Equipping doctoral research students at King's College London to excel

• PGR Community

King’s Outstanding Thesis Prize 2021

Congratulations to all the winners of the 2021 King’s Outstanding Thesis Prize!

Twenty awards are given across the year to celebrate truly outstanding research and theses completed by King’s doctoral students. The prizes are nominated by the external examiners and are judged by a panel consisting of the College’s Director of Research Talent and the Chair of the Research Degrees Examinations Board.  

We have an exceptional community of postgraduate researchers at King’s. Each year we recognise 20 of the very best, who have been nominated by their examiners. The standard is incredibly high, in terms of the quality and impact of the research and the clarity and skill of the written thesis. Most winners have published multiple papers and won prizes at conferences, some are already shaping their fields, forging new avenues of research and changing national policy, whether in the UK or abroad. It is definitely one of the most inspiring and enjoyable part of my role to read the submissions from the examiners and the supervisors’ supporting statements. -Dr Nigel Eady, Director of Research Talent & King’s Outstanding Thesis Prize panellist.

Take a look at some reflections from the 2021 winners:

Thesis: The legal nature of export credit insurance and export credit guarantee: a comparative study between the UK and China.

I feel greatly honoured to be awarded this prize. I would like to thank Prof Özlem Gürses and Prof Eva Lomnicka QC (Hon), my dear supervisors at King’s, for their endless support. I am also grateful to King’s for offering me a generous PhD scholarship and various conference and research allowances. My PhD is a pleasant and unforgettable journey in my life. I enjoyed a number of interesting training courses organised by the Centre for Doctoral Studies, which substantially improved my academic skills. I also benefit from my internship research project at the International Union of Credit & Investment Insurers, where I was able to examine whether the legal theory fits the practice in the real commercial world. For those who are about to submit, I encourage you to keep a health daily routine. Do work hard, but also eat well, sleep sound and get some exercise every day. And always take notes when you come up with some fresh ideas even if they are not directly related to your thesis. Happy research and good luck!

Thesis: Informing the knowledge gap of implementation of the World Health Organisation Surgical Safety Checklist in sub-Saharan Africa.

I loved every minute of my PhD at King’s and am indebted to my supervisors Dr Andy Leather and Prof Nick Sevdalis for their constant guidance and encouragement. They created an atmosphere that was both intellectually stretching and supportive. For me, writing my thesis was a way to express all that I had discovered and become passionate about over the last three years, which meant it was an enjoyable experience rather than a chore. I would encourage anyone interested in doing a PhD to find subject you love and supervisors who you can connect with – then you will have some of the best years of your life.

Dr Luis Medina, Faculty of Arts & Humanities

Thesis: Where are the Borders? (Re)Imagining the Nation in Contemporary Ecuadorian Literature.

I remember my PhD years at King’s as some of the happiest of my life. I can’t help but smile when I think that I was privileged enough to spend so many hours reading and writing about the literature that I love. One of the most decisive aspects of my doctoral experience was my fantastic supervision team. I’ll be forever grateful to Dr Elisa Sampson Vera Tudela and Professor Catherine Boyle from the Department of Spanish, Portuguese, and Latin American Studies. Their unconditional academic and emotional support helped me to produce a thesis that won three prizes and is already being edited for publication. After receiving my award in August 2020, I held a teaching position at the University of Manchester, and I’m thrilled to share that, from September 2021, I’ll be joining the University of Birmingham on a permanent lectureship in Modern Languages (Spanish).

Dr Emma Kinnaird, Institute of Psychiatry, Psychoology & Neuroscience

Thesis: Beyond the stereotypes: characterising the unique features of underresearched eating disorder populations, and implications for treatment.

I feel incredibly lucky to have spent three years researching a topic that I feel passionate about, supported by two wonderful supervisors who really took time to adjust the project to my strengths and interests. I’m now taking the skills I’ve learned in my PhD and putting them into practice as I train as a clinical psychologist at Oxford University.

Dr Pablo Lopez-Custodio, Faculty of Natural & Mathematical Sciences

Thesis: Design of Reconfigurable and Mobility-Variable Linkages with Singularity Analysis and Kinematic Analysis Using Generated Surfaces

I dedicate this prize, and the thesis itself, to the loving memory of my dad Sigfrido Lopez-Zamudio, who passed away during my first year of PhD in King’s College London. Thank you having been an ever-present inspiration.  

Dr Jessica Dafflon, Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology & Neuroscience

Thesis: Machine Learning Methods in Neuroimaging.

I feel honoured and grateful to have been awarded the King’s Outstanding Thesis Prize. I would like to thank the Center for Doctoral Training in Smart Medical Imaging for this opportunity, my PhD advisors Prof. Federico Turkheimer and Dr. Peter Hellyer. But above all, I would like to thank Prof. Robert Leech, Dr. Walter Hugo Lopez Pinaya, and Pedro Carvalho De Paula Ferreira da Costa for the support during the hard times and the brilliant discussions we had. Lastly, I would like to congratulate Thomas Helfer on also winning the King’s Outstanding Thesis Prize and on making my time at King’s College an unforgettable experience.

Dr Thomas Helfer, Faculty of Natural & Mathematical Sciences

Thesis: Exotic Compact Objects in Numerical Relativity.

I am delighted to win this thesis prize, which was only possible with the help of the fantastic people that surrounded me during my Ph.D. journey. They not only helped me foster my passion and love for numerical relativity, but they were also there to share a coffe or beer during the challenging times. Thanks especially to Eugene Lim, my excellent supervisor, who always had time for questions and discussions, and shaped me into the scientist I am today. I would also like to thank Jessica Dafflon for being present during the difficult times and congratulations on also winning the KCL thesis prize.

Thesis: The timing of key events and mutational processes in tumour evolution.

I was really delighted to be nominated for this prize – it feels pretty surreal to write up four years’ work into one thesis, and definitely takes a bit of stamina! I have so many great memories from my time in the lab, where I was working on a project trying to reconstruct the evolutionary history of cancer from genome sequencing data. While I was based at the Francis Crick Institute, I was also affiliated with King’s, and definitely appreciate the great support I received from both during my studies.

Dr Jaffar Khan, Faculty of Life Sciences & Medicine

Thesis: Novel transcatheter electrosurgical laceration of heart valve leaflets to prevent blood flow obstruction from transcatheter heart valve implantation.

I am thrilled to be awarded the Kings’ Outstanding Thesis Prize for my work on novel cardiovascular interventions. It is so unbelievably gratifying knowing that the techniques described in my thesis have already helped treat thousands of patients worldwide.

Dr Cristina Fernandez Turienzo, Faculty of Life Sciences & Medicine

Thesis: Evaluation of the introduction of a midwifery continuity of care model for women at increased risk of preterm birth.

I am delighted to receive this prestigious award in recognition for my PhD work. I will always be in debt to my amazing supervisors Prof Jane Sandall, Prof Andy Shennan and Dr Kirstie Coxon, thesis committee members and many other people within Kings (and outside!) who supported me in one way or another. Thank you also to my examiners for such a positive online PhD viva experience. I have recently received a NIHR DSE award and I am looking forward to enhance my learning of clinical trials in global health.

Dr Tiago Rua, Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology & Neuroscience

Thesis: The economics of implementing new clinical pathways across community and hospital-based care.

As part of my PhD I have tried to bridge the gap between the economics and medical imaging fields by applying health economics methodologies across multiple clinical conditions and imaging modalities. Currently, I am working as a Programme Manager of the Covid-19 Vaccination Programme at Guy’s and St Thomas’ NHS Foundation Trust.

Dr Elisa Bruno, Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology & Neuroscience

Thesis: Wearable non-EEG sensors for seizure detection

My experience at the Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology and Neuroscience, King’s College London, has been fantastic during my PhD, and has helped me to develop professionally in a very inspiring way. It is a great workplace where I’ve found contagious positivity, enthusiasm and knowledge.

Dr Rosina Matilde, Social Science & Public Policy

Thesis: Deterrence and international migration: The criminalisation of irregular entry and stay in Italy and France.

It’s an honour to be awarded the King’s Outstanding Thesis Prize. I would like to thank all my interviewees, for agreeing to share their knowledge and experiences with me. A special thanks also goes to Professor Simona Talani, and to my examiners Professor Henk Overbeek and Dr Anna Sergi. Since finishing my PhD, I have joined the European Institute at LSE as a fellow, and look forward to continuing my work on migration.

Full list of 2021 winners:

Dr Bryony White,  English Language & Literature, A&H

Dr Luis Medina, Latin American Studies, A&H

Dr Jonah Miller, History, A&H

Dr James Rakoczi, English Literature and Medical Humanities, A&H

Dr Vinod Patel, Clinical Dentistry, FoDOC

Dr Tiago Rua, Health Economics, IoPPN

Dr Jessica De Faria Dafflon, Neuroimaging, IoPPN

Dr Emma Kinnaird, Psychological Medicine, IoPPN

Dr Elisa Bruno, Clinical Neuroscience, IoPPN

Dr Clemency Jolly, Cancer Genetics, FoLSM

Dr Jaffar Khan, Cardiovascular Sciences, FoLSM

Dr Cristina Fernandez Turienzo, Women and Children’s Health, FoLSM

Dr Michelle White, Surgery (Global Health and Implementation Science), FoLSM

Dr Thomas Helfer, Physics, NMS

Dr Pablo Lopez-Custodio, Kinematics, NMS

Dr Kristina Kubiliute, Mathematics, NMS

Dr Matilde Rosina, International Political Economy, SSPP

Dr Adam Day, War Studies, SSPP

Dr Rajan Basra, War Studies, SSPP

Dr Cheng Lin, Law, DPSoL

About the awards

Each King’s Outstanding Thesis Prize winner is awarded £250 and receives a certificate endorsed by the Principal.

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Format of thesis and Binding

• Title page – including the thesis title, the student's full name and the degree for which it is submitted
• Abstract - of up to 5,000 words
• Table of contents – including any material not bound in the book, and a list of tables, photographs and any other materials

Word limits

• PhD - not to exceed 100,000 words
• MPhil - not to exceed 60,000 words
• MD(Res) - not to exceed 50,000 words
• MPhilStud - not to exceed 30,000 words
• Professional Doctorates - at least 25,000 words and not to exceed 55,000 words

Thesis word limit inclusions and exclusions The thesis word count includes everything from the start of chapter 1 up to the end of the last chapter. This means: Including all words included within:

• Footnotes/Endnotes
• Table/figure legends
• Tables of contents/of figures/of tables/ of acronyms
• Acknowledgements/dedications
• References/Bibliography
• 'Editions of texts (except where the edition or editions themselves constitute the thesis under examination)'
• Students are only required to submit an electronic thesis for their examiners, in PDF format, this should be emailed to [email protected] no later than your deadline
• If examiners have requested a printed copy  a member of the Research Degrees Examinations team will get in touch with you
• Margins - as we no longer require printed copies of the thesis, the margin edge is at the student's discretion, however bear in mind if  examiners prefer a printed copy then it may need to be spiral bound
• Spacing - Double or 1.5 spacing (except for indented quotations or footnotes which can be single spaced)
• Font size - It is recommended to use font size 12 to ensure examiners are able to read it
• Page numbering - All pages must be numbered in one continuous sequence, i.e. from the title page of the first volume to the last page of type, from 1 onwards. This sequence must include everything in the volume, including maps, diagrams, blank pages, etc.

Illustrative materials -  May include: audio recordings and photographic slides, these can be emailed to  [email protected]

• Additional material - Any material which cannot be included in the PDF thesis maybe emailed separately to the [email protected]  

Some examiners may prefer to work from a printed version of the student's thesis rather than the PDF, if this is the case:

• The Research Degrees Examinations team will in the first instance check with the examiner if they would be happy to print the thesis themselves. If the examiner is happy to do this and is able to, they can claim back the expenses following the examination
• If the examiner is unable to print the thesis, the Research Degrees Examinations team will contact the student to make arrangements for a print version to be posted directly to the examiner(s) or via a binders
• It is the students' responsibility to get their thesis printed and bound if examiners require a copy. Students may only claim back postage costs.

PRINT COPIES MUST NOT BE POSTED PRIOR TO OFFICIAL DISPATCH BY THE RESEARCH DEGREES EXAMINATION TEAM

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An LLM-Enhanced Adversarial Editing System for Lexical Simplification

• Informatics
• East China Normal University

Research output : Chapter in Book/Report/Conference proceeding › Conference paper › peer-review

Access to Document

• https://aclanthology.org/2024.lrec-main.102.pdf Licence: CC BY-NC

Fingerprint

• Large Language Model Computer Science 100%

T1 - An LLM-Enhanced Adversarial Editing System for Lexical Simplification

AU - Tan, Keren

AU - Luo, Kangyang

AU - Lan, Yunshi

AU - Yuan, Zheng

AU - Shu, Jinlong

PY - 2024/5

Y1 - 2024/5

N2 - Lexical Simplification (LS) aims to simplify text at the lexical level. Existing methods rely heavily on annotated data, making it challenging to apply in low-resource scenarios. In this paper, we propose a novel LS method without parallel corpora. This method employs an Adversarial Editing System with guidance from a confusion lossand an invariance loss to predict lexical edits in the original sentences. Meanwhile, we introduce an innovative LLM-enhanced loss to enable the distillation of knowledge from Large Language Models (LLMs) into a small-size LS system. From that, complex words within sentences are masked and a Difficulty-aware Filling module is craftedto replace masked positions with simpler words. At last, extensive experimental results and analyses on three benchmark LS datasets demonstrate the effectiveness of our proposed method.

AB - Lexical Simplification (LS) aims to simplify text at the lexical level. Existing methods rely heavily on annotated data, making it challenging to apply in low-resource scenarios. In this paper, we propose a novel LS method without parallel corpora. This method employs an Adversarial Editing System with guidance from a confusion lossand an invariance loss to predict lexical edits in the original sentences. Meanwhile, we introduce an innovative LLM-enhanced loss to enable the distillation of knowledge from Large Language Models (LLMs) into a small-size LS system. From that, complex words within sentences are masked and a Difficulty-aware Filling module is craftedto replace masked positions with simpler words. At last, extensive experimental results and analyses on three benchmark LS datasets demonstrate the effectiveness of our proposed method.

M3 - Conference paper

BT - LREC-COLING 2024

PB - European Language Resources Association (ELRA)

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Llm ucl / kcl / lse / qmul 2017-18.

Posted Jan 27, 2017 09:08

Hi! I'm in the process of making my application to KCL for the same specialism - I've been struggling to find any information on the Transnational Law page about maximum personal statement length (I know in the online form it says 4000 characters, but then there's an option to upload a document if it's longer than that - do you know if there's a maximum for the uploaded document, and how long did you make your own statement if you can remember?) I was also wondering if you found any specific guidance on the site as to what they want us to discuss in the statement, or whether you just did the standard stuff? For example, I know some universities specifically ask that you outline your dissertation topic, whereas others don't, but couldn't find anything on the KCL site! Would appreciate advice from anyone who's applied to KCL, thanks! :)

Posted Jan 27, 2017 09:23

[Edited by idn4ihl on Jan 27, 2017]

Posted Jan 30, 2017 13:53

Any one heard from LSE ?

Posted Jan 30, 2017 14:50

Posted Jan 31, 2017 03:33

For those who have been received an offer from LSE - does anyone know what the deadline is for accepting the offer? The only info I could find online is that they prefer if acceptance is indicated by 6 weeks, but you will not lose your offer if you don't. That said, there surely must be a hard deadline - does anyone have any idea? I'm still waiting on other Unis that only release results in March so obviously would prefer to defer till then. Thanks!

Posted Jan 31, 2017 11:06

PLEASE HELP! I had applied to KCL in december, through an agent. I got rejected today. However, when I looked at my application I realized the agent has several mistakes while filing my application. For ex. my IELTS score of Reading which is 8 is written as below 4.5, in place of work experience it is written as none, whereas I've been working in supreme court of India for past 1.5 years and have interned with several Govt. Institutions such as Human Rights Commission, Legal and Treaties Dept of Ministry of External Affairs my education which is B.A.L.L.B (hons) is mentioned as just B.A. None of it is mentioned (although I mentioned it in my SOP). And maybe because of It my application was unsuccessful. People help me out here. What should I do? Should I ask for a appeal or write a new application? Thanks

Posted Jan 31, 2017 15:23

Thank you for your kind response. I decided not to pay for QMUL registration because from what I have thoroughly researched, I've found that it's outstandingly famous for IP law ,and also its rank is far lower than those three aforesaid.(according to several institutions)

Posted Jan 31, 2017 19:10

Hi, I received an admit from UCL for their LL.M. program for 2017-18 on 14th December, 2016. In the offer letter it stated that I should respond within 4 weeks but could take more time if necessary without seeking their permission. Also, the deadline for making the initial fee deposit is in April. Am I then right in assuming that I can delay my decision till April or should I accept the offer right now and decline later if I get in to a better university? Any advice on this would be really appreciated.

Posted Jan 31, 2017 19:19

Hi, Does any of you know if the pre sessional english course of LSE is good, would you recommend it?

Posted Feb 02, 2017 17:10

Hi there :) Regarding the personal statement, I personally wrote one on a .doc file and uploaded it as a .pdf file. I don't think there's any limit if you choose to upload your own file for the personal statement instead of filling the 4000 characters box. My personal statement for KCL is 1,359 words long (so 2 pages) and it was fine. But then, I have a friend who's currently undertaking the LLM there, and she got in with a 700 words personal statement, so it's really up to you. KCL is indeed vague in terms of their expectations regarding the personal statement ... Personally, I wrote about my interest in international law (how and why it began, and the reason I chose to undertake my current degree), my interest in a particular domain (I am extremely keen on disarmament affairs, so I discussed my interest in that area and why, as well as my intention to write my dissertation/masters thesis on that topic), my interest in King's College and London as a city, and then I concluded with my career plans and how the LLM would greatly assist me in materialising my projects. I used the same format for my applications for UCL and QMUL as well. :) Hope this helps!

Posted Feb 04, 2017 14:04

Hi guys, Is anyone here looking to apply for financial aid/ scholarships? I may not be able to afford the tuition fees for my LSE conditional offer. I was wondering if anyone has experience with writing statements or applying for financial aid? Any advice will be greatly appreciated! Thanks!

Posted Feb 07, 2017 13:35

Congragulations to all of you who have got offers ! I applied to UCL just over 2 weeks ago and LSE just after. When do you guys think I will hear back? I would also appreciate any advice on my financial aid form for LSE.

Posted Feb 08, 2017 16:40

[Edited by adrenalin90 on Feb 14, 2017]

Posted Feb 11, 2017 16:59

I applied to QMUL 2 days ago and I got an unconditional offer! Are they usually so quick?

Posted Feb 11, 2017 20:49

Hi guys, I have started looking for accommodation for next year and.. it's a mess! Loads of student halls, plus college's halls and intercollegiate accommodation. How are you coping with the accommodation issue? Will you try to get accommodation through your university or book privately? Does anybody have info about Therese's House (is it worth it)? Thank you so much :)

Posted Feb 12, 2017 21:29

Posted Feb 12, 2017 23:13

Hello! I was also rejected by LSE and accepted by UCL and KCL. I want to focus my LLM on commercial and corporate law. Does anyone have any thoughts about which university has the best program and overall reputation? Thanks!!!

Posted Feb 13, 2017 08:28

@freyarhia: I got accepted into LSE last week. The whole process took only 3 1/2 weeks. So, there is a chance.

Posted Feb 13, 2017 12:38

Did everyone get an offer via email or had to check the portals ?

Posted Feb 14, 2017 13:27

To LSE fellows, there has been a Facebook group for 2017/18 law students, operated by LSE officials. Just search for ''LSE Law 2017/18 postgraduate class'' and there you will find it. Please be noted that your FB name should be similar to your candidate's name. Or else, you have to text the admins for admitting.

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• Sanchit Varma

Writing the personal statement for King's College London: Why you should play to your strengths

King’s College London is a leading institution for higher studies in law, and provides students with an opportunity to broaden their horizons in a vibrant community of intellectuals, students from other jurisdictions, and leading practitioners.

As part of the entry requirements for the LLM program applicants are required to submit a personal statement, English proficiency scores, copies of their academic transcripts, and can optionally submit a CV. This post breaks down how one should go about putting together the personal statement, and includes snippets from CollegeIt’s interaction with Farhan Shafi , an LLM candidate at King’s College London pursuing a specialization in international dispute resolution.

What should you include in the personal statement?

The university website specifies that the personal statement should not exceed 4,000 characters if directly entered into the online application form, or two pages if uploaded as an attachment.

In Farhan’s experience “ universities tend to put a lot of weightage to [the candidate’s] uniqueness and what [applicants] need to focus on is what makes you, ‘you’ .”, and accordingly it’s important to include details in the personal statement that are based on one’s strengths and experiences.

I didn't talk much about academics, I mean, you don't want to shoot yourself in the foot, right?

Following such an approach can also makes it easier gloss over shortcomings in one’s profile – for instance, Farhan did not meet the academic requirements for the LLM program at King’s . While the program required a High 2:1 undergraduate degree with a final mark of at least 65% or above, he only had about 61%.

In playing to his strengths, Farhan mentioned that he "didn't talk much about academics, I mean, you don't want to shoot yourself in the foot, right?", and instead he chose to talk about an access to justice initiative he had started in law school, which was engaged with by over 6 million people in its lifetime. He bolstered his statement by talking about his prior work experience in arbitration, potentially adding a few brownie points to his application, considering Farhan also wished to specialize in the same field.

I focused on my work experience, and an access to justice initiative I had started in law school

Academic achievements and engagement outside of the classroom, such as summer school experience, conferences, internships, and related work experience, can all be incorporated into the personal statement. Discuss prospects for postgraduate research, specific courses, and professors you admire. It's a good idea to avoid employing platitudes and generic phrases, and instead using the personal statement to speak in specifics about topics that you like.

Structuring the personal statement

As a broad approach for the personal statement, Farhan suggests that applicants should highlight their motivation for going for an LLM, what they bring to the table, and what they can do after obtaining an LLM. He followed a structure which focused on his prior work experience, which he then linked with the reasons for which he wanted to obtain an LLM, and demonstrated how the skills which he gathered could help him during the course of the program.

Based on our conversation with Farhan, the personal statement can potentially be structured as follows:

Make a great first impression in the initial part of the personal statement. Start out with a strong introductory paragraph that captures the attention of the reader. Consider mentioning your motivation for pursuing an LLM, and include a few lines about your biggest accomplishments.

Go ahead and tell your story after the strong introductory paragraph: talk about how your interest in law developed over the years, and how that led to an inclination towards any particular area of law. You can build a coherent narrative to demonstrate your interest in a particular specialization and your suitability for the program using past internships and work experience. In doing so, it is important to highlight how these experiences prompted you to apply for an LLM, and how they can help you during the program. A general caveat for the personal statement is that it should not be a bland restatement of your CV – instead, it should be used to bring out how the several line items in your profile shaped your ideas and interest in law, and how it eventually prompted you to apply to KCL.

Once you’ve laid down a strong foundation in the initial part of the personal statement, you can dedicate a paragraph to your most recent work experience. Farhan used this space to talk about his prior experience in arbitration, and how this experience helped him appreciate the intricacies of dispute resolution. You can also use this paragraph to demonstrate how an LLM would contribute to your skills and understanding in your preferred area of specialization.

After you’ve talked about your work experience, put down a few lines to discuss your academic background and achievements, and use these to demonstrate how such background has prepared you to meet the challenging demands of KCL’s LLM program.

Several universities in the UK require LLM candidates to submit a dissertation towards the end of the program. Keeping this requirement in mind, it may be a good idea to dedicate a paragraph to talk about your prior publications – essentially, these will speak to your ability to write a dissertation and effectively fulfil the requirements of the program. You could also consider mentioning a potential dissertation topic – Farhan explains that this provides a fair bit of substance to your motivation behind applying for an LLM, and that you’re always free to change your topic later on in the course.

Finally, you can wrap up the personal statement by writing about what you like about the university and why KCL would be a good fit for you. A simple way to do this would be to highlight specific modules in the program, or faculty members who you like, and how you believe this would contribute to your intellectual growth. You can also consider linking this paragraph to your overall motivation for applying for an LLM.

As a disclaimer, the structure set out above is indicative and Farhan's approach might not work for everyone. At the end of the day, it may be a good idea to let the personal statement be what it is designed to be: personal.

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Library Services

Here we explain how to access copies of research theses that UCL Library Services holds. There is also an increasing number of open access thesis repositories available online.

Theses held in UCL Library

Open access repositories containing the full text of selected research theses.

• Indexes of completed theses

Obtaining copies of research theses

• Open Access for Thesis: how to deposit

University of London theses

The Library holds a copy of most research degree theses completed by students registered at UCL and awarded by the UoL, including many from students at Schools and Institutes prior to merger with UCL. Theses are listed by author on the Library catalogue, Explore : they are shelved in our off-campus Store and may be retrieved for consultation (24-hour notice required) by completing the store request form or via the request link on Explore. Theses are not available for loan, either to individuals or via interlibrary loan.

Some UoL research degree theses submitted by UCL students in the areas of classical, Germanic, Latin American studies; history and law are not held: check the UoL School of Advanced Study catalogue for availability.

UCL started to award its own degrees to students registering from 2007/2008. Print copies of research theses are catalogued by author in Explore and shelved in Store; electronic versions are in many cases available on open access in UCL Discovery .

If you wish to access a thesis recorded in UCL Discovery for which the full text is subject to an access restriction or not present, it is best to contact the author directly to request a copy privately.  If this is not possible, please contact the UCL Open Access Team .

If a thesis is not available via UCL Discovery or EThOS (see below) then it might be possible to obtain a copy from our interlibrary loan service via your home university interlibrary loan department. Please contact your university library and ask them to enquire about this service with UCL's Interlibrary Loan service; e-mail [email protected] for more information.

The Library does not normally hold print copies of any theses in the following categories:

• MA, MSc, MRes, LLM theses.
• Diploma theses.
• Undergraduate dissertations.
• Theses submitted at other universities or colleges.

Further information is available in the Support for dissertations and research projects LibGuide .

A growing number of open access thesis repositories is becoming available including:

• ProQuest , holds many full text theses. You can search for dissertations and theses there.
• UCL Discovery , UCL's open access research repository, includes theses alongside other UCL publications. You can search for theses, or browse a list.
• EThOS , a database run by the British Library that aims to record all UK doctoral theses, with links to access an electronic version of the full text where available. The digitisation of theses that only exist in print form can often be requested, depending on the awarding institution and for a fee: UCL supports this process for UCL-held theses.
• The DART-Europe E-theses Portal , holds details of open access electronic theses stored in repositories across Europe.
• Networked Digital Library of Theses and Dissertations , includes links to a number of international search tools and portals.

Video - Using PhD theses in research: EThOS 

YouTube Widget Placeholder http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=F8X8ai6xN-4

Indexes of completed theses (access available to members of UCL only)

Proquest dissertations & theses global (pqdt global).

PQDT Global contains over a million full-text dissertations and theses from 1861 onwards that are available for download in PDF format. The collection includes PQDT UK and Ireland content.

Many UK universities now decline to lend research theses. You may visit the awarding university or, increasingly, obtain an electronic version either from the university itself or from EThOS (see above).

Theses awarded by universities worldwide may be requested via UCL Library Services Interlending and Document Supply service . The normal charge for this service applies. Please note that theses are never available for loan: they must be consulted on Library premises only.

Open access for theses: how to deposit

Candidates for UCL research degrees are required to deposit an electronic copy of their final thesis in UCL's Research Publications Service (RPS), to be made open access in UCL's institutional repository, UCL Discovery . Theses are amongst the most highly-downloaded items in UCL Discovery . Making your thesis open access will mean that it is accessible worldwide, to anyone who wants to read it.

It is also possible, but not mandatory, to submit a print copy of your thesis to the Library for storage and preservation if you wish. We recommend submitting the print copy in cases where the electronic copy cannot be made openly available online in UCL Discovery, but you wish the print copy to be accessible to members of the Library.

Please refer to our guidance on how to deposit  for further information on the submission procedures.

New Journal of Chemistry

Study on the removal of so 4 2− and ca 2+ from potassium chloride brine via a method combining calcium chloride and carbon dioxide.

* Corresponding authors

a National Fundamental Research Laboratory of New Hazardous Chemicals Assessment and Accident Analysis, Institute of Applied Electrochemistry, Beijing University of Chemical Technology, Beijing 100029, China E-mail: [email protected] Fax: +8610-64435452 Tel: +8610-64435452

b State Key Laboratory of Chemical Resource Engineering, Beijing University of Chemical Technology, Beijing 100029, China E-mail: [email protected]

Purification treatment is needed to control the concentration of SO 4 2− and Ca 2+ in brine to solve the problem of low electrolysis efficiency for the electrolysis of KCl solution in the chlor-alkali industry. However, the traditional barium method to remove SO 4 2− faces the problem of high cost and environmental pollution. Herein, inexpensive and environmentally friendly anhydrous calcium chloride was used as the precipitant to replace barium chloride. The conditions for SO 4 2− removal at room temperature were optimized by studying the precipitant doping ratio, reaction time, and stirring speed. The results indicated that the concentration of SO 4 2− in brine could be reduced to less than 5 g L −1 at a raw material ratio of n Ca 2+ to n SO 4 2− of 1.1 : 1, a stirring speed of 300 rpm, and a reaction time of 120 min. Ca 2+ in the solution could be removed by introducing carbon dioxide, and the removal rate of Ca 2+ could reach 99.89% by adjusting the pH of the solution to an appropriate value. This work paves a new way for efficient brine refining to boost sustainable development in the chlor-alkali industry.

Article information

Download citation, permissions.

H. Ren, Q. Wang, Y. Sun, Y. Chen, P. Wan and J. Pan, New J. Chem. , 2024, Advance Article , DOI: 10.1039/D4NJ01044B

To request permission to reproduce material from this article, please go to the Copyright Clearance Center request page .

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