essentials of writing biomedical research papers

Essentials of writing biomedical research papers

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Essentials of writing biomedical research papers

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Writing Biomedical Research Papers

This rigorous course emphasizes that the goal of writing is clarity and reviews how clarity can be achieved via the basic components (words, sentences, and paragraphs) of all expository writing, as applied to each section of a biomedical reserach paper. The course and its associated textbook first reviews the special expectations of each section of a paper in each component and then reviewing examples of both well and poorly written components. Although students do not actually write any new text, they are expected to explicate and edit numerous examples of bad writing. Each hour and half of class requires about three times that amount of time to read the text and to work on its exercises. I try to keep the class interactive and lively by using an Aristotelan approach of asking questions of the students and by adding some of my dry humor. Dr. Robert B. Innis, M.D., Ph.D. Chief , Section on PET Neuroimaging Sciences Molecular Imaging Branch NIMH, IRP

REQUIREMENTS : This course is not a basic introduction to writing; instead, it is an intermediate to advanced level course. Students are expected, for example, to be proficient in English vocabulary, to know the parts of a sentence (subject, verb, and predicate), to readily know parts of speech (noun, adverb, adjective, etc.), and to differentiate active from passive voice. From prior classes, students who lacked these skills received little benefit from the course. To summarize, students appropriate for this course might well be novices at scientific writing, but they should not be novices at writing per se. Session Date Topic 1 9/3/2014 Introduction: Pages 1-8 2 9/8/2014 Chapter 1: Word Choice 3 9/10/2014 Chapter 2: Sentence Structure - first half 4 9/15/2014 5 9/22/2014 Chapter 2: Sentence Structure - second half 6 9/24/2016 7 9/29/2014 Chapter 3: Paragraph Structure - first half 8 10/1/2014 Chapter 3: Paragraph Structure - second half 9 10/6/2014 10 10/8/2014 Chapter 4: Introduction 11 10/15/2014 Introduction: exercise 12 10/20/2014 13 10/22/2014 Introduction: hypothesis-testing paper 14 10/27/2014 Chap 5: Materials & Methods; SI units; verb tense 15 10/29/2014 16 11/3/2014 Chap 5: Exercises 5.1 & 5.2 17 11/5/2014 Chapter 6: Results (first 80%) 18 11/10/2014 19 11/12/2014 Chapter 6: Results (last 20%) plus Chap 7 20 11/19/2014 Chap 7: Discussion 21 11/24/2014 22 12/1/2014 Chap 7: Exercise 7.2 & Chap 8 graphs 23 12/3/2014 Chap 8: Graphs plus Briscoe’s chap on graphs 24 12/8/2014 25 12/11/2014 * Thurs Chap 8: Tables 26 12/15/2014 Chap 8: Abstract 27 12/17/2014 28 12/22/2014 Chap 9: Title & seek students’ opinions of course TIME: Mondays & Wednesdays 3:30 - 5:00 PM (except * Thursday 12/11/2014) LOCATION: TBD TEXTBOOK: Essentials of Writing Biomedical Research Papers , Second Edition, Mimi Zeiger, McGraw-Hill: New York, 2000.

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Chapter 5:  Materials and Methods

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• ORGANIZATION
• SUMMARY OF GUIDELINES FOR THE MATERIALS AND METHODS SECTION
• EXERCISE 5.1: A CLEARLY WRITTEN METHODS SECTION
• EXERCISE 5.2: CONTENT AND ORGANIZATION IN THE METHODS SECTION
• Full Chapter
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For hypothesis-testing papers, the function of the Materials and Methods section (often referred to as the Methods section) is to tell the reader what experiments you did to answer the question posed in the Introduction. Similarly, for descriptive studies, the Methods section tells what experiments you did to obtain the message stated in the Introduction. For methods papers, the Methods section has two functions: it describes the new method in complete detail and also tells what experiments you did to test the new method. For all types of paper, the Methods section should include sufficient detail and references to permit a trained scientist to evaluate your work fully or to repeat the experiments exactly as you did them.

Hypothesis-Testing and Descriptive Papers

We saw that the first step in the story line of a hypothesis-testing or a descriptive paper is presented in the Introduction. This first step is either the question being asked or the structure being described. In either case, the second step in the story line is an overview of the experiments you did. This overview of the experiments gives the strategy of the experiments, the plan that connects the methods to each other and to the question or the message.

Where the overview of the experiments is presented depends on the type of research:

Methods Papers

For a Methods paper, the first step in the story line is a statement that you are presenting a new or improved material, method, or apparatus. The second step in the story line has two parts: a complete description of the new method, material, or apparatus; and a description of how this new method, material, or apparatus was tested. These two steps are described in the Methods section.

In this chapter, we will consider only Methods sections for hypothesis-testing papers.

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Essentials of Writing Biomedical Research Papers

By mimi zeiger.

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"The choice of words to use in biomedical research papers is governed by a few basic principles."

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Chapter 8:  Figures and Tables

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Introduction.

• TELLING A STORY
• SUMMARY OF GUIDELINES FOR FIGURES AND TABLES
• EXERCISE 8.1: DESIGN OF FIGURES AND TABLES AND THEIR RELATION TO THE TEXT
• EXERCISE 8.2: TABLE DESIGN AND RELATION TO THE TEXT
• Full Chapter
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In Section II , The Text of the Biomedical Research Paper, we saw how to write each section of the text to tell a clear story. However, many readers do not read the text, or read only part of it. Instead these readers look at the figures and tables. Therefore it is important that the figures and tables are clear and tell the story of the paper.

Clear figures and tables result from careful design and from informative legends for figures and informative titles and footnotes for tables. Careful design is important because figures and tables are visual means of conveying information and therefore should have strong visual impact. Informative legends, titles, and footnotes are important to ensure that the topic of each figure and table is clear.

Figures and tables that tell the story of the paper result from designing the figures and tables to form a clear sequence that relates clearly to the text.

Chapter 8 presents guidelines for designing clear figures and tables, for writing informative legends for figures and informative titles and footnotes for tables, and for designing figures and tables to tell the story of the paper.

In scientific research papers, most figures are used in the Methods and Results sections, though figures can also be used in the Introduction and the Discussion. In Methods, the main use of figures is to clarify or amplify the methods. For example, figures can be used to show apparatus or anatomic relations. In Results, the main use of figures is to present evidence that supports the results. Figures present either primary evidence (for example, electron micrographs) or numerical data (in graphs).

Drawings and Diagrams

Drawings illustrate anatomy, apparatus, and other concrete things. Diagrams illustrate concepts such as flow systems. Drawings and diagrams can be either realistic or schematic ( Fig. 1 ).

A diagram drawn both realistically (left) and schematically (right). The schematic diagram is simpler, but the realistic diagram may have more impact for some readers. The drawing is black on white, and the labels are uppercase and lowercase letters in a vertical, uncrowded, sans serif typeface of medium weight.

For animals and apparatus, drawings are preferable to photographs, because drawings can eliminate unnecessary detail and emphasize important features ( Fig. 2 ).

Photograph (left) and drawing (right) of an apparatus for measuring intrapleural pressure. The drawing shows the apparatus more clearly and simply than the photograph does.

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