check your understanding critical thinking questions

85 Critical Thinking Questions to Carefully Examine Any Information

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The ability to think critically will often determine your success in life.

Let’s face it. Every day, we are bombarded by news, social media updates, and an avalanche of information. If you take all of this at face value, it’s easy to be deceived, misled or ripped off.

That’s why it’s important to  develop a mindset that focuses on critical thinking . This is a skill that needs to be developed in the classroom. But it’s also a valuable life skill.

With that in mind, the following post will share 85 critical thinking questions you can use to increase your awareness about different problems by carefully examining available information. 

Let’s get started…

Table of Contents

What Are Critical Thinking Questions?

Critical thinking questions are inquiries that help you think rationally and clearly by understanding the link between different facts or ideas. These questions create a seemingly endless learning process that lets you critique, evaluate, and develop a depth of knowledge about a given subject. Moreover, you get to reinforce your viewpoints or see things in a new way.

We make decisions every day, whether at work or home. Adopting logical, rational, and practical approaches in addressing various issues requiring critical thinking is essential in decision-making. Therefore, before arriving at a decision, always ask yourself relevant questions and carefully analyze the matter’s pros and cons.

Critical Thinking Questions When in an Argument

When you make an argument using a critical thinking approach, you focus on justified claims that are valid and based on evidence. It helps one establish a strong argument.

• Do I disagree with the other person? Might the person I'm arguing with be misinformed on what they are saying?
• Would I be comfortable saying what I am telling him/her if I was in front of a group of people? 
• What would happen if I lose this argument? Is engaging in this argument worth my time and energy? How will I feel if I lose?
• Is there room for ambiguity or misinterpretation? Are we arguing because I didn't make my point explicit? Should I take my time to understand his school of thought?
• Do I need some rest before saying something? Am I arguing because of other reasons other than the issues at hand? Do I need to take some time and cool down?

• Is it more important that I’m right? Am I trying to ask to prove an unnecessary point?
• Is this argument inductive, deductive, or abductive? Is it a weak or strong argument that I need to engage in? Is it compelling or sound? 
• Is my opponent sincere? Given that they are wrong, are they willing to admit that they are wrong? Can they depend on available evidence, wherever it leads?
• Are my opponents only trying to shift their burden to me? What is the best way to prove them wrong without making them feel bad?
• Are the people I'm arguing with only interested in winning, or are they trying to pass some information across and help me discover the truth?

Critical Thinking Questions When Reading a Book 

When you read a book, you probably ask yourself many “why” questions. Why is this a problem? Why did the character say that? Why is this important? The most challenging part of reading a book is assessing the information you are reading. These questions can help.

• If I learn only two things from this book, what will they be? How will they help me? How will I apply them in my daily life?
• What message are the authors trying to pass across? Are they making suggestions or providing evidence for their arguments?
• Given that almost every book is about solving problems, what is the most prevalent issue that the author is trying to solve?
• What is the author’s writing style? What strategy or master plan does the author employ to convey his/her main ideas throughout the book?
• Do I have background information about the book’s topic? If so, how is what the author is saying different from what I already know?
• What didn’t I understand from the book? Should I re-read the book to understand everything the writer is trying to convey?
• Which sections of the book do I love the most, and why? Generally, do I like this book? Should I look for more books that are written by the same author?
• If I had a chance to meet this book’s author, what questions would I ask him/her? What would I tell the writer about the book? Is it a great book worth recommending to your friends and family members?
• Who are the main characters of the book? If there is only one main character, what overarching goal does the character accomplish?
• In what ways did the protagonist change from the start of the book to the end? What caused the changes? Was the protagonist reckless in some ways? Which ways?

Critical Thinking Questions to Spot a Scam

Asking questions when you feel that a fraud or a scam is being presented to you is a good way to stretch your critical thinking muscles. Are you being emailed or messaged by a stranger? Or maybe there are other red flags you are unsure about. If so, ask these questions.

• Does it seem to be too good to be true? Is this stranger pushy or trying to lure me into making a poor decision?
• When trying out online dating: Is my new “friend” professing strong feelings towards me although we’ve only interacted for a few hours?
• Why is a stranger calling me to ask about my Social Security Number (SSN), personal contact information, or bank details while claiming they are from the bank or a phone company? 
• When buying products online, why does the seller ask me to pay for goods using an insecure payment option like Bitcoin or money order?
• Does the email I have received have any spelling or grammatical errors? Is the language used overly formal or informal?
• If I do a quick search about the exact words of the email I received, does Google indicate it's a fraud or scam?
• Why should a stranger manipulate me using obvious questions like “Would you want to be rich or poor?” While they already know the answer?
• Is the email asking me to download an attachment? Or click a link to some insecure website? 
• Is the person trying to make me feel selfish or guilty for not sending them money, whether for a donation or buying a product? 
• Is the stranger portraying a sense of urgency and using pressure tactics? Are they telling me that their family member needs urgent medical attention?

Critical Thinking Questions About Your Life

It can also help to ask yourself a few critical thinking questions about your life. This way, you can gather basic information and uncover solutions to problems you might not have otherwise thought of.

• Where do I wish to be in a few years, probably two, three, or five years? What short-term and long-term goals should I set?
• What have I achieved so far from the time I set my previous goals? What should I be grateful for?
• Do I have any values that guide me in life? If so, what are these values? Am I always true to these values?
• Am I always worried about what people around me think? Can I act independently without the need to meet social expectations?
• What should people say about me at my funeral? Would they talk about how good I made them feel or how rich and flashy I was?
• If I wasn't afraid of anyone or anything, what would I have done? What if I didn't have any fear in me?
• If today was my last day, what extraordinary thing would I do? Can I do it right now?
• What should I do with the things that matter the most to me? 
• What things will make the greatest difference in my future life if I take action now?
• How should I react when I feel unwanted by the people I love the most? Should I tell them?

Critical Thinking Questions for a Debate or Discussion

When you are in the middle of a debate or discussion, you need to know that what you are saying is fact, have evidence to support your claim, and position yourself as an expert in what you are saying. Here are some critical thinking questions to ask when you are in a debate or discussion.

• Is there fairness in this discussion? Is the moderator supporting one side? Do they want to make one side look stupid or wrong? 
• What is the aim of this discussion? Is there a major problem that needs to be solved? If so, how can I help solve it?
• Who are the people affected by this discussion? If they were here, what would they say?
• Do my views on this discussion matter? If I raise my point, will I be redundant?
• What am I supposed to learn from this debate, and how can I use what I have learned in my daily life?
• Does the audience seem to be biased towards one side? Are they booing one side? What can I do even if it's our opponents being booed?
• Who are the discussion panel members? What views have they held about this kind of discussion or any other related discussions in the past?
• How can I make my point without being ambiguous? Before I speak, should I take down some notes to avoid any confusion during my speech?
• Am I ready to apologize if I make a mistake during the discussion? If so, what are the limits?
• What information does my team, or I need before this discussion? 

Critical Thinking Questions About Lying

Admitting when you are wrong, choosing not to cheat, and sharing constructive feedback are all ways to show your honesty. Here are some critical thinking skills to ask regarding lying.

• Will the lie hurt those I am telling, or will it help them? What if being honest might cause my friend unnecessary pain?
• Should I be the one telling this person a lie, or I let someone else do it? 
• Will I be the one hurt if I tell this lie? Will my friend feel I am a betrayer? Will it affect our friendship?
• Do they answer my questions in detail, or are they always trying to ignore and dodge the main problem?
• What if I ask these people the same question using different terms and wording? Will they give me the same response?
• Did the tone of my friend suddenly change after I asked him/her this question? Do they sound louder, faster, or slower compared to how they usually speak?
• Does this person have something to gain by lying to me? What is their motive?
• Does this person take a sudden pause or hesitate more than usual when responding to my question?
• When I look at these people's faces, do their facial expressions match what they say?
• Should I believe this person or not? What are my intuitions? Does it look like they are telling the truth?
• Do they blink like other days when I ask them questions? Are they always trying to avoid direct eye contact?
• Why do they seem uncomfortable when it’s just a normal conversation?  

Critical Thinking Questions When Presented With a Claim

Critical thinking is much more than just evaluating whether a claim is true or not. It also means a critical thinker reflects on what follows from true claims.

• What does this claim mean, and what are its implications? What if it's a false claim?
• Which of my morals, values, or beliefs do I have to give up to accept this claim?
• Do professionals in this field agree or disagree with the claim that has been made?
• Do they have evidence to back their claim? Which is the most robust evidence to support the claim?
• What argument can I come up with to refute this claim? Or what is the best view that can support this claim?
• Who is the primary source of the claim being made? Is the basis of the claim reliable?
• Is it a claim, or it's just an opinion?
• Is the claim likely to be 100% false, true, or partially true?
• Am I allowed to refute the claim and table my evidence, or is it one-sided?

Critical Thinking Interview Questions

Critical thinking skills are valuable in any industry or field and for almost all roles. During a job interview, you will be asked questions so the potential employer can assess your skills and see how you use logic. Your critical thinking ability is just one vital part that can play into your professional development.

• Is there a time you had to convince someone to use an alternate approach to solve a problem?
• Have you ever had to make a difficult decision quickly?
• How would you handle a situation where your supervisor handled something wrong or made a mistake?
• What is one of the most difficult decisions you have ever had to make at work?
• How would you solve a disagreement between coworkers when approaching a project?
• Can you describe a time when you anticipated a problem ahead of time and took the appropriate steps to stop the problem from becoming an issue?
• If you discover a cheaper way to do something or a better solution to a problem and try to explain it to your supervisor, but they don’t understand, what do you do?

Critical Thinking Questions for Kids

We can’t leave the kids out either. Critical thinking questions for kids get them thinking and talking. It also allows a parent to get to know their child better.

• How many grains of sand do you think are on the beach?
• What would happen if it stopped raining?
• Do you think there is life on other planets?
• Should children be able to set their own bedtimes?
• How would you describe what a tree looks like without saying green or leaves?
• Can you name five different emotions?
• Can you talk for five minutes without uttering “um?”

What Are the Basic Principles of Critical Thinking?

Your critical thinking skills involve gathering complete information, understanding and defining terms, questioning the methods by which we get facts, questioning the conclusions, and looking for hidden assumptions and biases.

Additionally, we can’t expect to find all of the answers, and we need to take the time to examine the big picture of it all.

Here are the basic principles:

• Disposition: Someone with critical thinking skills is often skeptical, open-minded, and practices fair-mindedness. They can look at different viewpoints and change positions if the evidence and reason lead them to do so.
• Criteria: In order to think critically, one must also apply criteria. Certain conditions must be met before someone believes in something. The information needs to be from credible sources.
• Argument: An argument is simply a statement or proposition that is shown with supporting evidence. When you use your critical thinking skills, you identify, evaluate, and construct your argument.
• Reasoning: With critical thinking comes reasoning. You must examine logical relationships among the statements being made.
• Point of View: Critical thinkers can see things from different perspectives and different points of view.

What Are Good Analysis Questions?

Analysis is a part of critical thinking that allows you to examine something carefully. Someone with analytical skills can examine the information presented, understand what that information means, and then properly explain that information to others. Analysis in critical thinking provides more clarity on the information you process.

When analyzing, you may ask yourself, “how do I know this,” how would I solve this problem,” and “why does it matter?”

Why Is Critical Thinking an Important Skill?

Critical thinking skills allow you to express thoughts, ideas, and beliefs in a better way. It also leads to improved communication while allowing others to understand you better. Critical thinking fosters creativity and encourages out-of-the-box thinking. This is a skill that can be applied to many different areas of your life.

For example, knowing the answers to critical thinking questions for a job interview will better prepare you for the interview. Many employers, during questioning, are likely to ask you critical thinking questions to assess if you have the ability to evaluate information effectively so you can make more informed decisions.

Final Thoughts on Critical Thinking Questions

Although it's common to get torn between making two or more choices, nobody wants to make the wrong decision. The only thing you can do to avoid this is use critical thinking questions to examine your situation. The answers to these questions will help you make informed decisions and help you comprehend crucial matters in your life. 

Want to learn more about critical thinking and decision-making using a real-life example? Here is  how Jeff Bezos uses critical thinking  to make some of the most challenging life decisions.

Finally, if you want to ask better questions, then watch this short, 20-minute course to learn how to have a great conversation with virtually anyone .

48 Critical Thinking Questions For Any Content Area

What Are Critical Thinking Questions For Any Content Area?

by TeachThought Staff

Critical thinking is the heart and soul of learning, and–in our estimation anyway–ultimately more important than any one specific content area or subject matter.

It’s also an over-used and rather nebulous phrase — how do you teach someone to think? Of course, that’s the purpose of education, but how do you effectively optimize that concept into lasting knowledge and the ability to apply it broadly?

Looking for more resources to teach critical thinking? Check out our critical thinking curricula resources on TpT.

What Is Critical Thinking?

This question is what inspires the creation of seemingly endless learning taxonomies and teaching methods: our desire to pin down a clear definition of what it means to think critically and how to introduce that skill in the classroom.

This makes critical thinking questions–well, critical.  As Terry Heick explains in What Does Critical Thinking Mean?:

“To think critically about something is to claim to first circle its meaning entirely—to walk all the way around it so that you understand it in a way that’s uniquely you. The thinker works with their own thinking tools–schema. Background knowledge. Sense of identity. Meaning Making is a process as unique to that thinker as their own thumbprint. There is no template.

After circling the meaning of whatever you’re thinking critically about—navigation necessarily done with bravado and purpose—the thinker can then analyze the thing. In thinking critically, the thinker has to see its parts, its form, its function, and its context.

After this kind of survey and analysis you can come to evaluate it–bring to bear your own distinctive cognition on the thing so that you can point out flaws, underscore bias, emphasize merit—to get inside the mind of the author, designer, creator, or clockmaker and critique his work.”

A Cheat Sheet For Critical Thinking

In short, critical thinking is more than understanding something — it involves evaluation, critiquing, and a depth of knowledge that surpasses the subject itself and expands outward. It requires problem-solving, creativity, rationalization, and a refusal to accept things at face value.

It’s a willingness and ability to question everything.

The Ultimate Cheat Sheet For Digital Thinking by Global Digital Citizen Foundation is an excellent starting point for the ‘how’ behind teaching critical thinking by outlining which questions to ask.

It offers 48 critical thinking questions useful for any content area or even grade level with a little re-working/re-wording. Enjoy the list!

48 Critical Thinking Questions For Any Content Area

See Also:  28 Critical Thinking Question Stems & Response Cards

About The Author

Teachthought staff.

• Grades 6-12
• School Leaders

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100+ Critical Thinking Questions for Students To Ask About Anything

Critical thinkers question everything.

In an age of “fake news” claims and constant argument about pretty much any issue, critical thinking skills are key. Teach your students that it’s vital to ask questions about everything, but that it’s also important to ask the right sorts of questions. Students can use these critical thinking questions with fiction or nonfiction texts. They’re also useful when discussing important issues or trying to understand others’ motivations in general.

“Who” Critical Thinking Questions

Questions like these help students ponder who’s involved in a story and how the actions affect them. They’ll also consider who’s telling the tale and how reliable that narrator might be.

• Is the protagonist?
• Is the antagonist?
• Caused harm?
• Is harmed as a result?
• Was the most important character?

• Is responsible?
• Is most directly affected?
• Should have won?
• Will benefit?
• Would be affected by this?

• Makes the decisions?

“What” Critical Thinking Questions

Ask questions that explore issues more deeply, including those that might not be directly answered in the text.

• Background information do I know or need to know?
• Is the main message?
• Are the defining characteristics?

• Questions or concerns do I have?
• Don’t I understand?
• Evidence supports the author’s conclusion?
• Would it be like if … ?
• Could happen if … ?
• Other outcomes might have happened?
• Questions would you have asked?
• Would you ask the author about … ?
• Was the point of … ?
• Should have happened instead?
• Is that character’s motive?
• Else could have changed the whole story?

• Can you conclude?
• Would your position have been in that situation?
• Would happen if … ?
• Makes your position stronger?
• Was the turning point?
• Is the point of the question?
• Did it mean when … ?
• Is the other side of this argument?
• Was the purpose of … ?
• Does ______ mean?
• Is the problem you are trying to solve?
• Does the evidence say?
• Assumptions are you making?
• Is a better alternative?
• Are the strengths of the argument?

• Are the weaknesses of the argument?
• Is the difference between _______ and _______?

“Where” Critical Thinking Questions

Think about where the story is set and how it affects the actions. Plus, consider where and how you can learn more.

• Would this issue be a major problem?
• Are areas for improvement?
• Did the story change?
• Would you most often find this problem?

• Are there similar situations?
• Would you go to get answers to this problem?
• Can this be improved?
• Can you get more information?
• Will this idea take us?

“When” Critical Thinking Questions

Think about timing and the effect it has on the characters or people involved.

• Is this acceptable?
• Is this unacceptable?

• Does this become a problem?
• Is the best time to take action?
• Will we be able to tell if it worked?
• Is it time to reassess?
• Should we ask for help?
• Is the best time to start?
• Is it time to stop?
• Would this benefit society?

• Has this happened before?

“Why” Critical Thinking Questions

Asking “why” might be one of the most important parts of critical thinking. Exploring and understanding motivation helps develop empathy and make sense of difficult situations.

• Is _________ happening?
• Have we allowed this to happen?
• Should people care about this issue?

• Is this a problem?
• Did the character say … ?
• Did the character do … ?
• Is this relevant?
• Did the author write this?
• Did the author decide to … ?
• Is this important?

• Did that happen?
• Is it necessary?
• Do you think I (he, she, they) asked that question?
• Is that answer the best one?
• Do we need this today?

“How” Critical Thinking Questions

Use these questions to consider how things happen and whether change is possible.

• Do we know this is true?
• Does the language used affect the story?
• Would you solve … ?
• Is this different from other situations?

• Is this similar to … ?
• Would you use … ?
• Does the location affect the story?
• Could the story have ended differently?
• Does this work?
• Could this be harmful?
• Does this connect with what I already know?
• Else could this have been handled?
• Should they have responded?

• Would you feel about … ?
• Does this change the outcome?
• Did you make that decision?
• Does this benefit you/others?
• Does this hurt you/others?
• Could this problem be avoided?

More Critical Thinking Questions

Here are more questions to help probe further and deepen understanding.

• Can you give me an example?

• Do you agree with … ?
• Can you compare this with … ?
• Can you defend the actions of … ?
• Could this be interpreted differently?
• Is the narrator reliable?
• Does it seem too good to be true?

• Is ______ a fact or an opinion?

What are your favorite critical thinking questions? Come exchange ideas on the WeAreTeachers HELPLINE group on Facebook .

Plus, check out 10 tips for teaching kids to be awesome critical thinkers ., you might also like.

Socratic Seminar: Step-by-Step Guide and Questions (Free Printable)

Here's how to use this guided discussion strategy. Continue Reading

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Chapter 8. Higher order cognition: Language and Intelligence

Chapter 8. Critical Thinking Questions

• How does language shape our perception of the world and influence our thoughts and behaviors?
• What impact does bilingualism or multilingualism have on cognitive processes and brain development?
• Can language limit our ability to think or express certain concepts? Provide examples to support your answer.
• How could grammatical errors actually be indicative that children are learning language well?
• Describe a situation in which you would need to use practical intelligence.
• Describe a situation in which emotional intelligence would help you communicate better.
• How do different theories of intelligence shape our understanding of human capabilities and potential?
• What are the potential biases and limitations of intelligence tests in accurately assessing an individual’s intellectual abilities?
• How does the concept of intelligence vary across different cultures and societies? How does cultural context influence our understanding of intelligence?
• In what ways can stereotypes and societal expectations about intelligence impact individuals’ self-perception and performance on cognitive tasks?
• How do environmental factors, such as access to quality education and socio-economic status, influence the development and expression of intelligence?
• What role does genetics play in determining intelligence? How does the interaction between genetic and environmental factors affect intelligence?
• Can intelligence be accurately measured by a single IQ score? What other factors should be considered in assessing an individual’s intellectual abilities?
• What are the potential consequences, both positive and negative, of emphasizing intelligence as a measure of human worth and potential?
• How do different domains of intelligence, such as emotional intelligence or creative intelligence, contribute to overall human intelligence?

Introduction to Psychology (A critical approach) Copyright © 2021 by Jill Grose-Fifer; Rose M. Spielman; Kathryn Dumper; William Jenkins; Arlene Lacombe; Marilyn Lovett; and Marion Perlmutter is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License , except where otherwise noted.

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Interview Questions

50 Interview Questions About Critical Thinking (With Answers)

Being able to look at something deeply can change your perspective. Here are 50 interview questions about critical thinking.

May 18, 2024

The ability to think critically can help companies save money and solve problems better. This post includes 50 interview questions about critical thinking and why you need to think critically at work.

Get more interview questions. Sign up for Huntr to access interview questions tailored to the job you're applying for.

What is critical thinking?

Critical thinking is a vital soft skill that involves the objective analysis and evaluation of an issue in order to form a judgment. It encompasses the ability to logically and coherently reason, reflect, and connect ideas, discern between facts and opinions, solve problems creatively, and make decisions based on evidence and sound reasoning rather than assumptions or emotional responses. Critical thinkers are characterized by their willingness to question assumptions, explore alternative viewpoints, and consider the implications of their decisions. This skill is crucial across various aspects of life, from personal decision-making to professional environments where strategic planning and effective problem-solving are key to success.

Why is critical thinking important in the workplace?

1. problem-solving efficiency.

Critical thinking equips employees with the ability to analyze complex problems, identify their root causes, and devise effective solutions. This skill is invaluable in navigating the challenges that arise in a dynamic work environment, ensuring that issues are resolved efficiently and innovatively.

2. Decision-Making Quality

In the fast-paced business world, making informed decisions is crucial. Critical thinking enables individuals to evaluate options critically, consider potential outcomes, and make decisions based on logic and evidence rather than impulse. This leads to better decision-making that can significantly impact the success and growth of an organization.

3. Enhanced Communication

Critical thinking also plays a key role in improving communication within the workplace. It encourages individuals to question assumptions, analyze information, and articulate their ideas clearly and logically. This fosters an environment of open dialogue and collaboration, where ideas are scrutinized constructively, leading to more robust strategies and solutions.

5 Tips for Answering Critical Thinking Interview Questions

When you're in an interview and faced with questions designed to assess your critical thinking skills, your responses can significantly impact the impression you leave on the hiring panel. Critical thinking is a valued skill across all professions, indicating your ability to analyze situations, make reasoned judgments, and solve problems effectively. Here are five tips to help you showcase your critical thinking abilities during an interview:

1. Understand the Question

Before diving into your answer, take a moment to fully understand the question. Critical thinking begins with comprehension. If necessary, ask for clarification. This shows you're attentive and committed to providing a thoughtful response.

2. Structure Your Response

Employ the STAR method (Situation, Task, Action, Result) to structure your answer. This technique helps you present your response in a coherent and logical sequence, illustrating your critical thinking process. Begin by describing a specific situation, outline the task you were faced with, detail the actions you took by applying your critical thinking skills, and conclude with the results of those actions.

3. Provide Examples

Use real-life examples from your previous experiences to demonstrate your critical thinking ability. Describing how you've applied critical thinking in past situations provides tangible evidence of your skill. Whether it was a problem you solved, a complex project you managed, or an innovative solution you developed, specific examples will make your answer more compelling.

4. Explain Your Thought Process

Don't just state what you did; delve into how and why you did it. Explain the reasoning behind your decisions and the factors you considered. This gives interviewers insight into your critical thinking process, showing them how you approach problems and evaluate solutions.

5. Reflect on What You Learned

Critical thinkers are also reflective thinkers. Conclude your response by sharing what you learned from the experience and how it enhanced your critical thinking skills. This demonstrates your ability to learn from situations and apply those lessons to future challenges, a key aspect of continuous improvement in critical thinking.

50 Interview Questions About Critical Thinking

1. how do you define critical thinking, and why is it important in the workplace.

Critical thinking is the process of analyzing and evaluating information objectively to make reasoned judgments. It involves questioning assumptions, assessing evidence, and considering different perspectives. In the workplace, critical thinking is essential for problem-solving, decision-making, and innovation. It helps employees navigate complex situations, improve processes, and make informed, strategic choices.

2. Can you give an example of a time when you used critical thinking to solve a complex problem?

In a previous role, our team faced a significant drop in customer satisfaction scores. Using critical thinking, I conducted a root cause analysis by gathering data from customer feedback, analyzing service processes, and interviewing team members. I identified that a recent change in our service protocol was causing delays. We revised the protocol, implemented additional training, and monitored the impact, resulting in improved customer satisfaction.

3. What steps do you take when analyzing information to ensure objectivity and accuracy?

To ensure objectivity and accuracy, I gather information from multiple reliable sources, cross-verify data, and avoid personal biases. I use critical questioning techniques to challenge assumptions and seek diverse perspectives to gain a comprehensive understanding. Additionally, I document and review my analysis process to identify any potential errors or gaps.

4. Can you share a situation where your critical thinking skills led to a significant improvement or innovation?

While working on a project to reduce production costs, I used critical thinking to analyze the entire production process. By identifying inefficiencies and redundancies, I proposed an automation solution that streamlined workflows and reduced manual labor. This innovation not only cut costs by 20% but also increased production speed and consistency.

5. How do you approach decision-making using critical thinking principles?

I approach decision-making by clearly defining the problem, gathering relevant data, and identifying possible solutions. I evaluate the pros and cons of each option, considering short-term and long-term impacts. I also seek input from stakeholders to ensure diverse perspectives. Finally, I make a well-reasoned decision and monitor the outcomes to learn and adjust as needed.

6. Can you describe a time when you had to challenge assumptions or conventional wisdom in a project or task?

In a marketing campaign, the conventional wisdom was to target the largest demographic. However, after analyzing customer data, I found that a smaller, niche demographic had higher engagement and conversion rates. I challenged the assumption and proposed a targeted campaign for this niche group. The result was a significant increase in ROI compared to previous campaigns.

7. What strategies do you use to gather and evaluate relevant data when making decisions?

I start by identifying the key questions and information needed for the decision. I gather data from credible sources such as industry reports, internal records, and expert opinions. I use analytical tools to evaluate the data, looking for patterns, trends, and correlations. Cross-referencing and triangulating data from different sources ensure a well-rounded analysis.

8. Can you give an example of a time when you had to make a decision based on incomplete or ambiguous information?

During a product launch, we faced ambiguous market data due to rapidly changing consumer trends. I gathered the best available data, consulted with market experts, and conducted a risk assessment. By making informed assumptions and preparing contingency plans, we proceeded with the launch, which turned out to be successful despite the initial uncertainties.

9. How do you handle situations where there are conflicting opinions or perspectives that require critical analysis?

I handle conflicting opinions by facilitating open discussions, actively listening to all viewpoints, and asking probing questions to understand the underlying reasons. I gather evidence supporting each perspective and objectively analyze the pros and cons. By synthesizing the information, I can make a balanced decision that considers diverse insights.

10. Can you share a situation where you had to adapt your approach or strategy based on new information or insights?

In a project to expand into a new market, initial research suggested a high demand for our product. However, new information from local market surveys indicated strong competition and different consumer preferences. I adapted our strategy by customizing our product features and marketing approach to align with local needs, resulting in a successful market entry.

11. What role does creativity play in your application of critical thinking skills?

Creativity enhances critical thinking by enabling the exploration of unconventional solutions and innovative approaches. It allows for thinking outside the box and generating new ideas that can solve problems more effectively. Creativity combined with critical thinking leads to well-rounded, imaginative, and practical solutions.

12. Can you describe a time when you had to prioritize multiple factors or criteria in a decision-making process?

In a project to select a new software vendor, I had to consider factors such as cost, functionality, user-friendliness, and customer support. I created a weighted scoring system to evaluate each vendor against these criteria. By prioritizing the most critical factors and using a systematic approach, we selected a vendor that best met our needs and budget.

13. How do you ensure that your conclusions and recommendations are logical and well-supported?

I ensure my conclusions and recommendations are logical and well-supported by basing them on thorough analysis and credible evidence. I use logical reasoning to connect data points and draw clear, well-supported conclusions. I also seek feedback from colleagues to validate my findings and recommendations.

14. Can you give an example of a time when you identified a potential risk or opportunity through critical analysis?

While analyzing sales data, I noticed a downward trend in a specific product category. Through further analysis, I identified changing consumer preferences as the root cause. This critical analysis allowed us to pivot our strategy, discontinuing low-performing products and investing in new product development, which capitalized on emerging consumer trends.

15. What steps do you take to evaluate the potential impact of your decisions on stakeholders and outcomes?

I identify all relevant stakeholders and consider how each decision will affect them. I gather input from stakeholders to understand their perspectives and concerns. I conduct impact assessments, weighing the pros and cons, and consider short-term and long-term implications. This comprehensive evaluation ensures decisions are balanced and considerate of all stakeholders.

16. Can you share a situation where your critical thinking skills helped you overcome a major obstacle or setback?

During a product development project, we faced a major technical setback that threatened our timeline. Using critical thinking, I organized a brainstorming session with the team, analyzed the root cause of the issue, and explored alternative solutions. We identified a viable workaround that allowed us to stay on track without compromising quality.

17. How do you handle situations where there is pressure to make quick decisions without sufficient information?

In high-pressure situations, I prioritize gathering the most critical information quickly. I consult with knowledgeable colleagues, use my experience to make informed assumptions, and prepare contingency plans. While I aim for the best possible decision, I remain flexible and ready to adjust as new information becomes available.

18. Can you describe a time when you had to consider ethical implications in your critical thinking process?

In a project to implement customer data analytics, I had to consider the ethical implications of data privacy. I conducted a thorough review of data protection regulations and consulted with legal experts. We implemented strict data anonymization and access controls, ensuring that our practices were ethical and compliant with privacy laws.

19. What role does collaboration play in enhancing your critical thinking abilities?

Collaboration brings diverse perspectives, knowledge, and expertise, which enrich critical thinking. Engaging with colleagues in discussions and brainstorming sessions helps identify blind spots, challenge assumptions, and develop well-rounded solutions. Collaboration fosters a collective approach to problem-solving, enhancing the quality of decisions.

20. Can you give an example of a time when you had to think outside the box to find a creative solution to a problem?

We faced declining engagement in our marketing campaigns. Thinking outside the box, I proposed leveraging user-generated content to create more authentic and relatable marketing materials. We launched a social media campaign encouraging customers to share their experiences, which significantly boosted engagement and brand loyalty.

21. How do you assess the reliability and credibility of sources when conducting research or gathering information?

I assess the reliability and credibility of sources by considering the author's expertise, the publication's reputation, and the evidence supporting the information. I cross-check information with multiple reputable sources and look for peer-reviewed articles, official reports, and data from established institutions to ensure accuracy.

22. Can you share a situation where you had to challenge a flawed or biased argument using critical thinking principles?

In a budget meeting, a colleague argued for cutting training programs based on short-term cost savings. I challenged this by presenting data on the long-term benefits of employee training, such as increased productivity and reduced turnover. By highlighting the flawed reasoning and providing evidence-based counterarguments, we retained the training budget.

23. What steps do you take to remain objective and open-minded when evaluating different perspectives?

I remain objective by actively listening to all perspectives, questioning my own assumptions, and seeking diverse viewpoints. I use evidence-based analysis and avoid letting personal biases influence my judgment. Keeping an open mind allows me to consider new ideas and solutions that I might not have initially recognized.

24. Can you describe a time when you had to analyze complex data sets or information to draw meaningful conclusions?

While working on a market research project, I analyzed complex data sets from multiple sources to identify consumer trends. I used statistical tools to identify patterns and correlations, cross-referenced findings with industry reports, and drew meaningful conclusions that informed our marketing strategy and product development roadmap.

25. How do you handle situations where there are conflicting priorities or goals that require critical prioritization?

I handle conflicting priorities by assessing the urgency and impact of each goal. I use a prioritization matrix to evaluate tasks based on factors such as importance, deadlines, and resource availability. By aligning priorities with organizational objectives and stakeholder needs, I ensure that critical tasks are addressed effectively and efficiently.

26. Can you give an example of a time when you had to analyze a process or workflow to identify inefficiencies or areas for improvement?

In a logistics project, I analyzed the order fulfillment process to identify inefficiencies. By mapping out each step and gathering input from the team, I identified bottlenecks and redundant tasks. We implemented process improvements, such as automation and better inventory management, which reduced lead times and increased efficiency.

27. What strategies do you use to communicate your critical thinking process and conclusions effectively to others?

I use clear and concise language, supported by data and evidence, to communicate my critical thinking process and conclusions. Visual aids, such as charts and diagrams, help illustrate key points. I ensure my arguments are logical and well-structured, and I encourage feedback and questions to clarify any uncertainties.

28. Can you share a situation where your critical thinking skills helped you anticipate and mitigate potential risks or challenges?

In a project to launch a new service, I anticipated potential risks related to customer adoption and technical challenges. I conducted a thorough risk assessment, developed mitigation strategies, and created contingency plans. This proactive approach helped us address issues promptly and ensured a smooth and successful launch.

29. How do you approach problem-solving using a structured and systematic critical thinking framework?

I approach problem-solving by defining the problem clearly, gathering relevant data, and identifying possible solutions. I evaluate each solution based on criteria such as feasibility, impact, and resources required. I select the best solution, implement it, and monitor the results to ensure it effectively addresses the problem.

30. Can you describe a time when you had to make a decision with limited resources or constraints that required creative critical thinking?

During a budget cut, we needed to maintain customer support quality with fewer resources. I proposed leveraging AI chatbots to handle common queries, freeing up human agents for complex issues. This creative solution maintained service quality, reduced costs, and improved efficiency despite the constraints.

31. What role does feedback play in refining and improving your critical thinking skills?

Feedback is essential for refining critical thinking skills as it provides insights into areas for improvement and alternative perspectives. Constructive feedback from colleagues and mentors helps identify blind spots, validate reasoning, and enhance decision-making processes. Continuous learning and adaptation based on feedback strengthen critical thinking abilities.

32. Can you give an example of a time when you had to evaluate the validity of an argument or claim using evidence and reasoning?

In a proposal to switch suppliers, the argument was made based on cost savings. I evaluated the claim by analyzing the long-term reliability, quality, and service levels of the new supplier. Evidence from industry reports and case studies revealed potential risks. Based on this analysis, we decided to maintain our current supplier to ensure quality and reliability.

33. How do you handle situations where there is uncertainty or ambiguity that requires critical analysis and judgment?

In uncertain situations, I gather as much relevant information as possible and identify key uncertainties. I use scenario analysis to evaluate potential outcomes and develop contingency plans. By consulting with experts and considering various perspectives, I make informed judgments that balance risks and benefits.

34. Can you share a situation where your critical thinking skills helped you identify patterns or trends that others may have overlooked?

In a sales performance review, I noticed a subtle but consistent decline in a particular product category. Further analysis revealed a shift in consumer preferences that others had overlooked. By identifying this trend early, we adjusted our product strategy and marketing efforts, ultimately improving sales and customer satisfaction.

35. What steps do you take to ensure that your solutions or recommendations are practical and feasible?

I ensure solutions are practical and feasible by considering resource availability, implementation timelines, and potential obstacles. I conduct pilot tests or simulations to validate the approach and gather feedback from stakeholders. Regularly reviewing and adjusting the plan based on real-world insights ensures successful implementation.

36. Can you describe a time when you had to analyze competing solutions or options to make an informed decision?

In a project to choose a new CRM system, we had multiple options with varying features and costs. I analyzed each option based on criteria such as user-friendliness, integration capabilities, and long-term ROI. By scoring and comparing the options, we selected the CRM system that best met our needs and budget.

37. How do you incorporate feedback and lessons learned from past experiences into your critical thinking approach?

I incorporate feedback and lessons learned by reflecting on past decisions and their outcomes. I document key insights and use them to inform future decision-making processes. Regularly reviewing successes and failures helps identify patterns, refine strategies, and improve critical thinking skills over time.

38. Can you give an example of a time when you had to challenge the status quo or traditional ways of thinking to drive positive change?

In a project to improve customer service, the traditional approach focused on reactive support. I challenged this by proposing a proactive support model using predictive analytics to anticipate customer needs. Implementing this innovative approach led to a significant reduction in support tickets and increased customer satisfaction.

39. What strategies do you use to encourage and foster critical thinking among team members or colleagues?

I encourage critical thinking by fostering a collaborative and open environment where diverse perspectives are valued. I use techniques such as brainstorming sessions, critical questioning, and case studies to stimulate thinking. Providing training and resources on critical thinking skills also helps team members develop their abilities.

40. Can you share a situation where your critical thinking skills helped you identify and capitalize on opportunities for growth or expansion?

While analyzing market trends, I identified an emerging demand for eco-friendly products. By leveraging this insight, we developed a new line of sustainable products, tapping into the growing market. This strategic move not only boosted sales but also enhanced our brand's reputation as an environmentally responsible company.

41. How do you handle situations where there are conflicting interests or priorities that require careful consideration and analysis?

I handle conflicting interests by clearly defining each priority's importance and impact. I facilitate discussions with stakeholders to understand their perspectives and use a decision matrix to evaluate options based on criteria such as urgency, feasibility, and alignment with organizational goals. This structured approach ensures balanced and informed decisions.

42. Can you describe a time when you had to evaluate the potential long-term implications of a decision using critical thinking?

When considering an investment in new technology, I evaluated the potential long-term implications, such as scalability, maintenance costs, and impact on existing systems. By conducting a thorough cost-benefit analysis and consulting with experts, I ensured that the decision aligned with our long-term strategic goals and provided sustainable value.

43. What role does data analysis and interpretation play in your critical thinking process?

Data analysis and interpretation are crucial for informed decision-making. They provide evidence to support or refute assumptions and help identify trends, patterns, and correlations. By analyzing and interpreting data, I can draw meaningful conclusions, develop well-supported recommendations, and ensure decisions are based on objective information.

44. Can you give an example of a time when you had to weigh the pros and cons of different courses of action using critical thinking principles?

In a project to reduce operational costs, I had to choose between outsourcing and implementing new technology. I weighed the pros and cons of each option, considering factors such as cost savings, quality control, and implementation time. By evaluating these factors critically, we chose the option that provided the best balance of cost efficiency and quality.

45. How do you approach decision-making in high-pressure or time-sensitive situations using critical thinking?

In high-pressure situations, I prioritize gathering the most critical information quickly and consult with key stakeholders. I use frameworks such as SWOT analysis to assess options and make informed decisions. While I aim for the best possible decision, I remain flexible and ready to adjust as new information becomes available.

46. Can you share a situation where your critical thinking skills helped you identify and address root causes of problems or issues?

In a project experiencing frequent delays, I used critical thinking to analyze the workflow and identify the root causes. I found that poor communication and unclear task assignments were the primary issues. By implementing clear communication protocols and defined roles, we addressed the root causes and improved project timelines.

47. What steps do you take to ensure that your critical thinking process is thorough and comprehensive?

I ensure thoroughness by defining the problem clearly, gathering relevant information from multiple sources, and using analytical tools to evaluate the data. I seek input from diverse perspectives and document my process to identify any gaps. Regularly reviewing and refining my approach ensures a comprehensive and rigorous critical thinking process.

48. Can you describe a time when you had to evaluate the potential risks and benefits of a decision using critical analysis?

When deciding to enter a new market, I evaluated the potential risks and benefits through a detailed market analysis. I assessed factors such as market demand, competition, regulatory environment, and investment requirements. By weighing the risks and benefits, we made an informed decision that minimized potential downsides and maximized opportunities.

49. How do you handle situations where there are competing priorities or constraints that require creative problem-solving and critical thinking?

I handle competing priorities by assessing their importance and impact on organizational goals. I use creative problem-solving techniques such as brainstorming and mind mapping to generate innovative solutions. By evaluating options against constraints and aligning them with strategic objectives, I make decisions that balance competing demands effectively.

50. Can you give an example of a time when your critical thinking skills led to a successful outcome or achievement in your role?

In a cost reduction initiative, I used critical thinking to analyze our supply chain and identify inefficiencies. By negotiating better terms with suppliers and optimizing inventory management, we achieved significant cost savings. This critical analysis and strategic action led to improved profitability and operational efficiency for the organization.

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Critical Thinking Requires Knowing What Questions to Ask

By  John Ager , Kepner-Tregoe

• Problem Solving & Decision Making Critical thinking skills offer enduring value and improve the way work is done every day. Learn More

In a Wall Street Journal piece, “Bosses Seek ‘Critical Thinking,’ but What Is That? An Important Skill for Young Workers Has a Variety of Definitions”, Melissa Korn continues a line of inquiry which includes Edward Glaser’s An Experiment in the Development of Critical Thinking (1941) and Daniel Kahnemans’s Thinking, Fast and Slow (2011). ‘“It’s one of those words – like diversity was, like big data is – where everyone talks about it but there are 50 different ways to define it,” says Dan Black, …’

Oxford Dictionaries defines Thinking as “The process of considering or reasoning about something” and Critical Thinking as “The objective analysis and evaluation of an issue in order to form a judgment”. If ‘Thinking’ is analogous to what Kahneman refers to as Fast Thinking; “System 1 operates automatically and quickly, with little or no effort …”, then ‘Critical Thinking’ is analogous to Slow Thinking; “System 2 allocates attention to the effortful mental activities that demand it …”. Or as Glaser puts it “The ability to think critically, as conceived in this volume, involves three things:

• An attitude of being disposed to consider in a thoughtful way the problems and subjects that come within the range of one’s experiences,
• Knowledge of the methods of logical inquiry and reasoning, and
• Some skill in applying those methods.”

Critical Thinking is most often required when we have a ‘problem’ to solve and a knowledge gap preventing us from reaching a sound conclusion or making good judgments about the solution. Because there are as many, or more, interpretations of the word ‘problem’ as there are for diversity, big data, or critical thinking, it is not always clear what the knowledge gap is. Fortunately, because the word ‘problem’ is often used when we need to manage change, we can use the three fundamental types of change to define three distinct types of ‘problems’ and the key questions we need to answer to close the knowledge gaps:

• Past change that has occurred – What did change to cause performance to change?
• Present change we are considering – What should change to meet changed expectations?
• Future change that might occur – What could change and cause performance or expectations to change?

To understand the nature of the ‘problem’ they are solving, identify the knowledge gaps they need to close to reach sound conclusions or make good judgments about the solution, and ask the right questions to close the knowledge gaps, Critical Thinkers first PARSE, break down and analyze, their ‘problem’.

The PARSE approach begins with an understanding of Purpose.

Purpose – Critical Thinkers understand their intent; they understand the nature of the change at hand (Past, Present, or Future), the type of answer needed to resolve it (Explanation, Solution, or Preparation and Mitigation), and the information required to reach sound conclusions or make good judgments about the solution. The first question Critical Thinkers ask is “What do we need to know?”

Assumptions – Critical Thinking requires ‘CYA’ or Check Your Assumptions. Critical Thinkers understand the difference between what they know and what they think they know, Glaser’s first point. “Critical thinking calls for a persistent effort to examine any belief or supposed form of knowledge in the light of the evidence that supports it and the further conclusions to which it tends.”  To paraphrase Donald Rumsfeld, Critical Thinkers separate known knowns from known unknowns, and consider unknown unknowns. The second question Critical Thinkers ask is “What do we really know?”

Response – Critical Thinkers understand they need different information to resolve different types of ‘Problems’, Glaser’s second point. Critical Thinking “generally requires ability to recognize problems, to find workable means for meeting those problems, to gather and marshal pertinent information,…”  To do this efficiently and effectively, we need to have what Kahneman refers to as “programs we can retrieve and run”; systematic sets of questions to identify knowledge gaps, then gather, sort, organize, and analyze information to close them. The third question is “What questions do we need to answer?”

Support – Critical Thinkers accept they may need knowledge outside their experience to reach sound conclusions or make good judgments and the engagement of others to ensure acceptance or successful implementation of the solution. Critical Thinkers recognize when they need to work with others and involve the right people from the start. The final question they ask is “Whose information and commitment is needed?”

Execute – Critical Thinkers choose the most effective and efficient path forward. Because they have separated what they know from what they don’t know, they know the specific knowledge gaps they need to close and the questions they need to answer. They are then able to work with others to gather, sort, organize, and analyze the information necessary to reach sound conclusions or make good judgments, and make that information visible to ensure common understanding and agreement.

To Glaser’s third point, not all people are naturally skilled in Critical Thinking. But knowing the right questions to ask, like reading and arithmetic, can be learned and become part of our Fast Thinking. “We are born prepared to perceive the world around us, recognize objects, orient attention, avoid losses, and fear spiders. Other mental activities become fast and automatic through prolonged practice.”  People can learn an alternative to relying on intuition and assumptions; Critical Thinkers have learned the questions that help them understand their intent, examine their assumptions, ask the right questions, involve the appropriate people, and then execute flawlessly.

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Critical Thinking Questions

Studying the embryonic development of the nervous system makes it easier to understand the complexity of the adult nervous system. Give one example of how development in the embryonic nervous system explains a more complex structure in the adult nervous system.

What happens in development that suggests that there is a special relationship between the skeletal structure of the head and the nervous system?

Damage to specific regions of the cerebral cortex, such as through a stroke, can result in specific losses of function. What functions would likely be lost by a stroke in the temporal lobe?

Why do the anatomical inputs to the cerebellum suggest that it can compare motor commands and sensory feedback?

Why can the circle of Willis maintain perfusion of the brain even if there is a blockage in one part of the structure?

Meningitis is an inflammation of the meninges that can have severe effects on neurological function. Why is infection of this structure potentially so dangerous?

Why are ganglia and nerves not surrounded by protective structures like the meninges of the CNS?

Testing for neurological function involves a series of tests of functions associated with the cranial nerves. What functions, and therefore which nerves, are being tested by asking a patient to follow the tip of a pen with their eyes?

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Access for free at https://openstax.org/books/anatomy-and-physiology-2e/pages/1-introduction

• Authors: J. Gordon Betts, Kelly A. Young, James A. Wise, Eddie Johnson, Brandon Poe, Dean H. Kruse, Oksana Korol, Jody E. Johnson, Mark Womble, Peter DeSaix
• Publisher/website: OpenStax
• Book title: Anatomy and Physiology 2e
• Publication date: Apr 20, 2022
• Location: Houston, Texas
• Book URL: https://openstax.org/books/anatomy-and-physiology-2e/pages/1-introduction
• Section URL: https://openstax.org/books/anatomy-and-physiology-2e/pages/13-critical-thinking-questions

© Dec 19, 2023 OpenStax. Textbook content produced by OpenStax is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution License . The OpenStax name, OpenStax logo, OpenStax book covers, OpenStax CNX name, and OpenStax CNX logo are not subject to the Creative Commons license and may not be reproduced without the prior and express written consent of Rice University.