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Sociology articles from across Nature Portfolio

Latest research and reviews.

A thermosurvey dataset: Older adults’ experiences and adaptation to urban heat and climate change

• Barbara Jancewicz
• Małgorzata Wrotek

Social structure and clan group networks of Afar pastorals along the Lower Awash Valley

• Bisrat Teklesilassie Yazew
• Getachew Kassa

Local Network Interaction as a Mechanism for Wealth Inequality

Yu and colleagues leverage population-level data to construct a large-scale, geographically defined, inter-household social network. Using a multilevel network model, they show that having social ties in close geographic proximity is associated with stable household asset conditions, while geographically distant ties correlate to changes in asset allocation. Notably, they find that localised network interactions are associated with an increase in wealth inequality at the regional level, demonstrating how macro-level inequality may arise from micro-level social processes.

• Shao-Tzu Yu
• Brian Houle

Identifying stance in legislative discourse: a corpus-driven study of data protection laws

An autoethnography of a transformative odyssey: decolonizing anthropology, the hegemony of english, and the pursuit of plurilogies, understanding the use of metaphors by parents of children with cancer in blogs: a qualitative analysis.

News and Comment

‘It can feel like there’s no way out’ — political scientists face pushback on their work

In a year in which numerous countries are going to the polls, many election-watching scientists are under pressure.

• Dyani Lewis
• Alison Abbott

Long ties across networks accelerate the spread of social contagions

Long ties that bridge socially separate regions of networks are critical for the spread of contagions, such as innovations or adoptions of new norms. Contrary to previous thinking, long ties have now been found to accelerate social contagions, even for behaviours that involve the social reinforcement of adoption by network neighbours.

We urgently need a culture of multi-operationalization in psychological research

Analysis of different operationalizations shows that many scientific results may be an artifact of the operationalization process. A culture of multi-operationalization may be needed for psychological research to develop valid knowledge.

• Dino Carpentras

Long online discussions are consistently the most toxic

An ambitious investigation has analysed discourse on eight social-media platforms, covering a vast array of topics and spanning several decades. It reveals that online conversations increase in toxicity as they get longer — and that this behaviour persists despite shifts in platforms’ business models, technological advances and societal norms.

Using stakeholder network analysis to enhance the impact of participation in water governance

Citizen participation in water governance can improve the relevance, implementation, and effectiveness of public policies. However, participation can be expressed in a great diversity of forms, on a gradient ranging from mere public consultation to shared governance of natural resources. Positive outcomes ultimately depend on the conditions under which participation takes place, with key factors such as leadership, the degree of trust among stakeholders, and the interaction of public authorities with citizens. Social network analysis has been used to operationalize participatory processes, contributing to the identification of leaders, intersectoral integration, strategic planning, and conflict resolution. In this commentary, we analyze the potential and limitations of participation in water governance and illustrate it with the case of the Campina de Faro aquifer in southern Portugal. We propose that stakeholder network analysis is particularly useful for promoting decentralized decision-making and consensual water resources management. The delegation of power to different interest groups is a key process in the effectiveness of governance, which can be operationalized with network analysis techniques.

• Isidro Maya Jariego

How a tree-hugging protest transformed Indian environmentalism

Fifty years ago, a group of women from the villages of the Western Himalayas sparked Chipko, a green movement that remains relevant in the age of climate change.

• Seema Mundoli

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High Impact Sociology Research

Oxford University Press publishes a portfolio of leading Sociology journals. To keep up to date with the latest research your peers are reading and citing, browse our selection of high impact articles on a diverse breadth of topics below.  

All articles are freely available to read, download, and enjoy until May 2023.

• Community Development Journal
• European Sociological Review 
• International Political Sociology 
• Journal of Human Rights Practice 
• Journal of Refugee Studies
• Refugee Survey Quarterly 
• Social Forces 
• Social Politics 
• Social Problems
• Social Science Japan Journal 
• Sociology of Religion 
• The British Journal of Criminology 

Community Development Journal  

Covid-19 and community development Sue Kenny Community Development Journal , Volume 55, Issue 4, October 2020, Pages 699–703, https://doi.org/10.1093/cdj/bsaa020

Financialization, real estate and COVID-19 in the UK Grace Blakeley Community Development Journal , Volume 56, Issue 1, January 2021, Pages 79–99, https://doi.org/10.1093/cdj/bsaa056

Financial subordination and uneven financialization in 21st century Africa Ingrid Harvold Kvangraven, Kai Koddenbrock, Ndongo Samba Sylla  Community Development Journal , Volume 56, Issue 1, January 2021, Pages 119–140, https://doi.org/10.1093/cdj/bsaa047

CDJ Editorial—What is this Covid-19 crisis? Rosie R. Meade  Community Development Journal , Volume 55, Issue 3, July 2020, Pages 379–381, https://doi.org/10.1093/cdj/bsaa013

There’s a time and a place: temporal aspects of place-based stigma Alice Butler-Warke Community Development Journal , Volume 56, Issue 2, April 2021, Pages 203–219, https://doi.org/10.1093/cdj/bsaa040

European Sociological Review  

Cohort Changes in the Level and Dispersion of Gender Ideology after German Reunification: Results from a Natural Experiment Christian Ebner, Michael Kühhirt, Philipp Lersch European Sociological Review , Volume 36, Issue 5, October 2020, Pages 814–828, https://doi.org/10.1093/esr/jcaa015

‘Cologne Changed Everything’—The Effect of Threatening Events on the Frequency and Distribution of Intergroup Conflict in Germany Arun Frey European Sociological Review , Volume 36, Issue 5, October 2020, Pages 684–699, https://doi.org/10.1093/esr/jcaa007

The Accumulation of Wealth in Marriage: Over-Time Change and Within-Couple Inequalities Nicole Kapelle, Philipp M. Lersch European Sociological Review , Volume 36, Issue 4, August 2020, Pages 580–593, https://doi.org/10.1093/esr/jcaa006

Three Worlds of Vocational Education: Specialized and General Craftsmanship in France, Germany, and The Netherlands Jesper Rözer, Herman G. van de Werfhorst European Sociological Review , Volume 36, Issue 5, October 2020, Pages 780–797, https://doi.org/10.1093/esr/jcaa025

Intergenerational Class Mobility among Men and Women in Europe: Gender Differences or Gender Similarities? Erzsébet Bukodi, Marii Paskov European Sociological Review , Volume 36, Issue 4, August 2020, Pages 495–512, https://doi.org/10.1093/esr/jcaa001

International Political Sociology  

Confronting the International Political Sociology of the New Right Rita Abrahamsen, Jean-François Drolet, Alexandra Gheciu, Karin Narita, Srdjan Vucetic, Michael Williams International Political Sociology , Volume 14, Issue 1, March 2020, Pages 94–107, https://doi.org/10.1093/ips/olaa001

Collective Discussion: Toward Critical Approaches to Intelligence as a Social Phenomenon Hager Ben Jaffel, Alvina Hoffmann, Oliver Kearns, Sebastian Larsson International Political Sociology , Volume 14, Issue 3, September 2020, Pages 323–344, https://doi.org/10.1093/ips/olaa015

The Cruel Optimism of Militarism: Feminist Curiosity, Affect, and Global Security Amanda Chisholm, Hanna Ketola International Political Sociology, Volume 14 , Issue 3, September 2020, Pages 270–285, https://doi.org/10.1093/ips/olaa005

Feminist Commodity Activism: The New Political Economy of Feminist Protest Jemima Repo International Political Sociology , Volume 14, Issue 2, June 2020, Pages 215–232, https://doi.org/10.1093/ips/olz033

Affect and the Response to Terror: Commemoration and Communities of Sense Angharad Closs Stephens, Martin Coward, Samuel Merrill, Shanti Sumartojo International Political Sociology , Volume 15, Issue 1, March 2021, Pages 22–40, https://doi.org/10.1093/ips/olaa020

Journal of Human Rights Practice  

Africa, Prisons and COVID-19 Lukas M. Muntingh Journal of Human Rights Practice , Volume 12, Issue 2, July 2020, Pages 284–292, https://doi.org/10.1093/jhuman/huaa031

Pandemic Powers: Why Human Rights Organizations Should Not Lose Focus on Civil and Political Rights Eda Seyhan Journal of Human Rights Practice , Volume 12, Issue 2, July 2020, Pages 268–275, https://doi.org/10.1093/jhuman/huaa035

Affirming Radical Equality in the Context of COVID-19: Human Rights of Older People and People with Disabilities Supriya Akerkar Journal of Human Rights Practice , Volume 12, Issue 2, July 2020, Pages 276–283, https://doi.org/10.1093/jhuman/huaa032

Digital Dead Body Management (DDBM): Time to Think it Through Kristin Bergtora Sandvik Journal of Human Rights Practice, Volume 12 , Issue 2, July 2020, Pages 428–443, https://doi.org/10.1093/jhuman/huaa002

Legal Reasoning for Legitimation of Child Marriage in West Java: Accommodation of Local Norms at Islamic Courts and the Paradox of Child Protection Hoko Horii Journal of Human Rights Practice , Volume 12, Issue 3, November 2020, Pages 501–523, https://doi.org/10.1093/jhuman/huaa041

Journal of Refugee Studies  

Refugee-Integration-Opportunity Structures: Shifting the Focus From Refugees to Context Jenny Phillimore Journal of Refugee Studies , Volume 34, Issue 2, June 2021, Pages 1946–1966, https://doi.org/10.1093/jrs/feaa012

What Difference do Mayors Make? The Role of Municipal Authorities in Turkey and Lebanon's Response to Syrian Refugees Alexander Betts, Fulya MemiŞoĞlu, Ali Ali Journal of Refugee Studies , Volume 34, Issue 1, March 2021, Pages 491–519, https://doi.org/10.1093/jrs/feaa011

Old Concepts Making New History: Refugee Self-reliance, Livelihoods and the ‘Refugee Entrepreneur’ Claudena Skran, Evan Easton-Calabria Journal of Refugee Studies , Volume 33, Issue 1, March 2020, Pages 1–21, https://doi.org/10.1093/jrs/fez061

Research with Refugees in Fragile Political Contexts: How Ethical Reflections Impact Methodological Choices Lea Müller-Funk Journal of Refugee Studies , Volume 34, Issue 2, June 2021, Pages 2308–2332, https://doi.org/10.1093/jrs/feaa013

The Kalobeyei Settlement: A Self-reliance Model for Refugees? Alexander Betts, Naohiko Omata, Olivier Sterck Journal of Refugee Studies , Volume 33, Issue 1, March 2020, Pages 189–223, https://doi.org/10.1093/jrs/fez063

Migration Studies  

International migration management in the age of artificial intelligence Ana Beduschi Migration Studies , Volume 9, Issue 3, September 2021, Pages 576–596, https://doi.org/10.1093/migration/mnaa003

Migration as Adaptation? Kira Vinke, Jonas Bergmann, Julia Blocher, Himani Upadhyay, Roman Hoffmann Migration Studies , Volume 8, Issue 4, December 2020, Pages 626–634, https://doi.org/10.1093/migration/mnaa029

Research on climate change and migration where are we and where are we going? Elizabeth Ferris Migration Studies , Volume 8, Issue 4, December 2020, Pages 612–625, https://doi.org/10.1093/migration/mnaa028

The emotional journey of motherhood in migration. The case of Southern European mothers in Norway Raquel Herrero-Arias, Ragnhild Hollekim, Haldis Haukanes, Åse Vagli Migration Studies , Volume 9, Issue 3, September 2021, Pages 1230–1249, https://doi.org/10.1093/migration/mnaa006

'I felt like the mountains were coming for me.'-The role of place attachment and local lifestyle opportunities for labour migrants' staying aspirations in two Norwegian rural municipalities Brit Lynnebakke Migration Studies , Volume 9, Issue 3, September 2021, Pages 759–782, https://doi.org/10.1093/migration/mnaa002

Refugee Survey Quarterly  

Refugee Rights Across Regions: A Comparative Overview of Legislative Good Practices in Latin America and the EU Luisa Feline Freier, Jean-Pierre Gauci Refugee Survey Quarterly , Volume 39, Issue 3, September 2020, Pages 321–362, https://doi.org/10.1093/rsq/hdaa011

Syrian Refugee Migration, Transitions in Migrant Statuses and Future Scenarios of Syrian Mobility Marko Valenta, Jo Jakobsen, Drago Župarić-Iljić, Hariz Halilovich Refugee Survey Quarterly , Volume 39, Issue 2, June 2020, Pages 153–176, https://doi.org/10.1093/rsq/hdaa002

Ambiguous Encounters: Revisiting Foucault and Goffman at an Activation Programme for Asylum-seekers Katrine Syppli Kohl Refugee Survey Quarterly , Volume 39, Issue 2, June 2020, Pages 177–206, https://doi.org/10.1093/rsq/hdaa004

Behind the Scenes of South Africa’s Asylum Procedure: A Qualitative Study on Long-term Asylum-Seekers from the Democratic Republic of Congo Liesbeth Schockaert, Emilie Venables, Maria-Teresa Gil-Bazo, Garret Barnwell, Rodd Gerstenhaber, Katherine Whitehouse Refugee Survey Quarterly , Volume 39, Issue 1, March 2020, Pages 26–55, https://doi.org/10.1093/rsq/hdz018

Improving SOGI Asylum Adjudication: Putting Persecution Ahead of Identity Moira Dustin, Nuno Ferreira Refugee Survey Quarterly , Volume 40, Issue 3, September 2021, Pages 315–347, https://doi.org/10.1093/rsq/hdab005

Social Forces  

Paths toward the Same Form of Collective Action: Direct Social Action in Times of Crisis in Italy Lorenzo Bosi, Lorenzo Zamponi Social Forces , Volume 99, Issue 2, December 2020, Pages 847–869, https://doi.org/10.1093/sf/soz160

Attitudes toward Refugees in Contemporary Europe: A Longitudinal Perspective on Cross-National Differences Christian S. Czymara Social Forces , Volume 99, Issue 3, March 2021, Pages 1306–1333, https://doi.org/10.1093/sf/soaa055

Opiate of the Masses? Inequality, Religion, and Political Ideology in the United States Landon Schnabel Social Forces , Volume 99, Issue 3, March 2021, Pages 979–1012, https://doi.org/10.1093/sf/soaa027

Re-examining Restructuring: Racialization, Religious Conservatism, and Political Leanings in Contemporary American Life John O’Brien, Eman Abdelhadi Social Forces , Volume 99, Issue 2, December 2020, Pages 474–503, https://doi.org/10.1093/sf/soaa029

Evidence from Field Experiments in Hiring Shows Substantial Additional Racial Discrimination after the Callback Lincoln Quillian, John J Lee, Mariana Oliver Social Forces , Volume 99, Issue 2, December 2020, Pages 732–759, https://doi.org/10.1093/sf/soaa026

Social Politics  

Varieties of Gender Regimes Sylvia Walby Social Politics: International Studies in Gender, State & Society , Volume 27, Issue 3, Fall 2020, Pages 414–431, https://doi.org/10.1093/sp/jxaa018

The Origins and Transformations of Conservative Gender Regimes in Germany and Japan Karen A. Shire, Kumiko Nemoto Social Politics: International Studies in Gender, State & Society , Volume 27, Issue 3, Fall 2020, Pages 432–448, https://doi.org/10.1093/sp/jxaa017

Counteracting Challenges to Gender Equality in the Era of Anti-Gender Campaigns: Competing Gender Knowledges and Affective Solidarity Elżbieta Korolczuk Social Politics: International Studies in Gender, State & Society , Volume 27, Issue 4, Winter 2020, Pages 694–717, https://doi.org/10.1093/sp/jxaa021

Gender, Violence, and Political Institutions: Struggles over Sexual Harassment in the European Parliament Valentine Berthet, Johanna Kantola Social Politics: International Studies in Gender, State & Society , Volume 28, Issue 1, Spring 2021, Pages 143–167, https://doi.org/10.1093/sp/jxaa015

Gender Regime Change in Decentralized States: The Case of Spain Emanuela Lombardo, Alba Alonso Social Politics: International Studies in Gender, State & Society , Volume 27, Issue 3, Fall 2020, Pages 449–466, https://doi.org/10.1093/sp/jxaa016

Social Problems  

Technologies of Crime Prediction: The Reception of Algorithms in Policing and Criminal Courts Sarah Brayne, Angèle Christin Social Problems , Volume 68, Issue 3, August 2021, Pages 608–624, https://doi.org/10.1093/socpro/spaa004

White Christian Nationalism and Relative Political Tolerance for Racists Joshua T. Davis, Samuel L. Perry Social Problems , Volume 68, Issue 3, August 2021, Pages 513–534, https://doi.org/10.1093/socpro/spaa002

The Increasing Effect of Neighborhood Racial Composition on Housing Values, 1980-2015 Junia Howell, Elizabeth Korver-Glenn Social Problems , Volume 68, Issue 4, November 2021, Pages 1051–1071, https://doi.org/10.1093/socpro/spaa033

Transition into Liminal Legality: DACA' Mixed Impacts on Education and Employment among Young Adult Immigrants in California Erin R. Hamilton, Caitlin Patler, Robin Savinar Social Problems , Volume 68, Issue 3, August 2021, Pages 675–695, https://doi.org/10.1093/socpro/spaa016

Constructing Allyship and the Persistence of Inequality J. E. Sumerau, TehQuin D. Forbes, Eric Anthony Grollman, Lain A. B. Mathers Social Problems , Volume 68, Issue 2, May 2021, Pages 358–373, https://doi.org/10.1093/socpro/spaa003

Social Science Japan Journal  

Nuclear Restart Politics: How the ‘Nuclear Village’ Lost Policy Implementation Power Florentine Koppenborg Social Science Japan Journal , Volume 24, Issue 1, Winter 2021, Pages 115–135, https://doi.org/10.1093/ssjj/jyaa046

Factors Affecting Household Disaster Preparedness Among Foreign Residents in Japan David Green, Matthew Linley, Justin Whitney, Yae Sano Social Science Japan Journal , Volume 24, Issue 1, Winter 2021, Pages 185–208, https://doi.org/10.1093/ssjj/jyaa026

Climate Change Policy: Can New Actors Affect Japan's Policy-Making in the Paris Agreement Era? Yasuko Kameyama Social Science Japan Journal , Volume 24, Issue 1, Winter 2021, Pages 67–84, https://doi.org/10.1093/ssjj/jyaa051

Japan Meets the Sharing Economy: Contending Frames Thomas G. Altura, Yuki Hashimoto, Sanford M. Jacoby, Kaoru Kanai, Kazuro Saguchi Social Science Japan Journal , Volume 24, Issue 1, Winter 2021, Pages 137–161, https://doi.org/10.1093/ssjj/jyaa041

Administrative Measures Against Far-Right Protesters: An Example of Japan’s Social Control Ayaka Löschke Social Science Japan Journal , Volume 24, Issue 2, Summer 2021, Pages 289–309, https://doi.org/10.1093/ssjj/jyab005

Sociology of Religion  

Religion in the Age of Social Distancing: How COVID-19 Presents New Directions for Research Joseph O. Baker, Gerardo Martí, Ruth Braunstein, Andrew L Whitehead, Grace Yukich Sociology of Religion , Volume 81, Issue 4, Winter 2020, Pages 357–370, https://doi.org/10.1093/socrel/sraa039

Keep America Christian (and White): Christian Nationalism, Fear of Ethnoracial Outsiders, and Intention to Vote for Donald Trump in the 2020 Presidential Election Joseph O. Baker, Samuel L. Perry, Andrew L. Whitehead Sociology of Religion , Volume 81, Issue 3, Autumn 2020, Pages 272–293, https://doi.org/10.1093/socrel/sraa015

Formal or Functional? Traditional or Inclusive? Bible Translations as Markers of Religious Subcultures Samuel L. Perry, Joshua B. Grubbs Sociology of Religion , Volume 81, Issue 3, Autumn 2020, Pages 319–342, https://doi.org/10.1093/socrel/sraa003

Political Identity and Confidence in Science and Religion in the United States Timothy L. O’Brien, Shiri Noy Sociology of Religion , Volume 81, Issue 4, Winter 2020, Pages 439–461, https://doi.org/10.1093/socrel/sraa024

Religious Freedom and Local Conflict: Religious Buildings and Zoning Issues in the New York City Region, 1992–2017 Brian J. Miller Sociology of Religion , Volume 81, Issue 4, Winter 2020, Pages 462–484, https://doi.org/10.1093/socrel/sraa006

The British Journal of Criminology  

Reporting Racist Hate Crime Victimization to the Police in the United States and the United Kingdom: A Cross-National Comparison Wesley Myers, Brendan Lantz The British Journal of Criminology , Volume 60, Issue 4, July 2020, Pages 1034–1055, https://doi.org/10.1093/bjc/azaa008

Does Collective Efficacy Matter at the Micro Geographic Level?: Findings from a Study Of Street Segments David Weisburd, Clair White, Alese Wooditch The British Journal of Criminology , Volume 60, Issue 4, July 2020, Pages 873–891, https://doi.org/10.1093/bjc/azaa007

Responses to Wildlife Crime in Post-Colonial Times. Who Fares Best? Ragnhild Aslaug Sollund, Siv Rebekka Runhovde The British Journal of Criminology , Volume 60, Issue 4, July 2020, Pages 1014–1033, https://doi.org/10.1093/bjc/azaa005

‘Playing the Game’: Power, Authority and Procedural Justice in Interactions Between Police and Homeless People in London Arabella Kyprianides, Clifford Stott, Ben Bradford The British Journal of Criminology , Volume 61, Issue 3, May 2021, Pages 670–689, https://doi.org/10.1093/bjc/azaa086

Live Facial Recognition: Trust and Legitimacy as Predictors of Public Support For Police Use of New Technology Ben Bradford, Julia A Yesberg, Jonathan Jackson, Paul Dawson The British Journal of Criminology , Volume 60, Issue 6, November 2020, Pages 1502–1522, https://doi.org/10.1093/bjc/azaa032

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Articles on Sociology

Displaying 1 - 20 of 129 articles.

Paris in spring, Bali in winter. How ‘bucket lists’ help cancer patients handle life and death

Leah Williams Veazey , University of Sydney ; Alex Broom , University of Sydney , and Katherine Kenny , University of Sydney

On its 125th anniversary, W.E.B. Du Bois’ ‘The Philadelphia Negro’ offers lasting lessons on gentrification in Philly’s historically Black neighborhoods

Zawadi Rucks-Ahidiana , University at Albany, State University of New York and Freeden Blume Oeur , Tufts University

Have smartphones created an ‘anxious generation’? Jonathan Haidt sounds the alarm

Hugh Breakey , Griffith University

W.E.B. Du Bois’ study ‘The Philadelphia Negro’ at 125 still explains roots of the urban Black experience – sociologist Elijah Anderson tells why it should be on more reading lists

Elijah Anderson , Yale University

How people get sucked into misinformation rabbit holes – and how to get them out

Emily Booth , University of Technology Sydney and Marian-Andrei Rizoiu , University of Technology Sydney

What’s sociology? A sociologist explains why Florida’s college students should get the chance to learn how social forces affect everyone’s lives

Joya Misra , UMass Amherst

Church without God: How secular congregations fill a need for some nonreligious Americans

Jacqui Frost , Purdue University

Why AI software ‘softening’ accents is problematic

Grégory Miras , Université de Lorraine

In The Culture of Narcissism, Christopher Lasch excoriated his self-absorbed society – but the book’s legacy is questionable

Nick Haslam , The University of Melbourne

Are rents rising in your Philly neighborhood? Don’t blame the baristas

Geoff Moss , Temple University

Why ‘toxic masculinity’ isn’t a useful term for understanding all of the ways to be a man

Richard Gater , Cardiff University

Book review: African thinkers analyse some of the big issues of our time - race, belonging and identity

Ademola Adesola , Mount Royal University

Not religious, not voting? The ‘nones’ are a powerful force in politics – but not yet a coalition

Evan Stewart , UMass Boston

Online gaming communities could provide a lifeline for isolated young men − new research

Tyler Prochnow , Texas A&M University

Are we alone in the universe? 4 essential reads on potential contact with aliens

Mary Magnuson , The Conversation

‘A weather-map of popular feeling’: how Mass-Observation was born

Ben Highmore , University of Sussex

Religion shapes vaccine views – but how exactly? Our analysis looks at ideas about God and beliefs about the Bible

Christopher P. Scheitle , West Virginia University ; Bernard DiGregorio , West Virginia University , and Katie Corcoran , West Virginia University

The fascinating Cameroonian art of spider divination is on display at London exhibition

David Zeitlyn , University of Oxford

The US has a child labor problem – recalling an embarrassing past that Americans may think they’ve left behind

Beth Saunders , University of Maryland, Baltimore County

I study migrants traveling through Mexico to the US, and saw how they follow news of dangers – but are not deterred

Angel Alfonso Escamilla García , Cornell University

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• African Americans
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Top contributors

Associate Professor in Social Sciences, University of Canberra

Distinguished Professor Emeritus of Sociology, University of South Carolina

Senior Lecturer, The University of Melbourne

Professor of Sociology, Ball State University

Reader in Sociology, City, University of London

Professor of Sociology & Director, Sydney Centre for Healthy Societies, University of Sydney

Professor of Psychology, The University of Melbourne

Professor of Sociology and Head, School of Social Science, The University of Queensland

Emeritus Professor at Flinders University and Director for International Centre for Muslim and non-Muslim Understanding, University of South Australia

Lecturer in Business IT & Logistics, RMIT University

Professor, Environment & Society, School of Humanities and Languages, UNSW Sydney

Professor and Associate Dean - Diversity, Belonging, Inclusion, and Equity, Australian National University

Senior Lecturer, Sociology, University of Tasmania

Professor of History and Philosophy, and Deputy Dean Research (Faculty of Arts), University of Adelaide

Professor, University of Newcastle

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Here’s Why the News Didn’t Tell You What Protesters Really Wanted

Baked-in news practices cover only the worst moments of protests and neglect telling people what protesters are asking for, extensive research shows

Douglas M. McLeod

Trump’s Personality Cult Plays a Part in His Political Appeal

Personality measures suggest Donald Trump exerts a cult of personality over his followers, people who are psychologically susceptible to his appeal. This could help explain how he has succeeded in U.S. politics while other populists have not

Ben Goldsmith, Lars J. K. Moen

The Missing Human in Misinformation Fixes

Misinformation solutions target a rational, ethical ideal who doesn’t exist; to combat misinfo, we need to start with a richer concept of the human

7 Steps to Disprove a Conspiracy Theory

Conspiracy theories are everywhere. Here's how you can figure out when you're being fooled

H. Colleen Sinclair, The Conversation US

Americans Are Lonelier than Europeans in Middle Age

The lack of a safety net in the U.S. is a big factor that explains why Americans feel lonelier than Danes or Swedes

AI Doesn’t Threaten Humanity. Its Owners Do

We shouldn’t be afraid of AI taking over humanity; we should fear the fact that our humanity hasn’t kept up with our technology

Joseph Jones

Implicit Bias Hurts Everyone. Here’s How to Overcome It

The environment shapes stereotypes and biases, but it is possible to recognize and change them

Corey S. Powell, OpenMind Magazine

Here's What Universities Always Get Wrong about Student Protests

Repression draws attention to campus protests, like those over the conflict in Gaza, and makes them grow

Brayden King

Everyone Will Have Fewer Relatives in the Future

Changing demographics mean shrinking families and more older relatives in future decades

Lauren J. Young, Amanda Montañez

Why We Believe the Myth of High Crime Rates

The crime issue, a focus of the 2024 presidential election, is sometimes rooted in the misplaced fears of people who live in some of the safest places

It’s Never Too Late to Take Climate Action

The depiction of the climate crisis as a cliff—once we fall off the edge, it’s game over—is nonsense

James K. Boyce

Policing Works when It Is Done Right

The COVID pandemic and the police murder of George Floyd polarized views on policing. Rather than abolishing policing or maintaining its status quo, we need to make it better and more focused

Justin Nix, Jessica Huff, Scott Wolfe, David Pyrooz, Scott Mourtgos

Parenting June 2024

Doubt, grief, guilt, joy – and ambivalence: what does it feel like to parent? Where do mothers and fathers find inspiration as they grow alongside their children? With humour and honesty, our contributors weigh in on the challenges of being judged against societal standards, via tales of peer pressure and self-surveillance, parenting manuals and technological ‘solutions’. And could sociological theory be the surest guide through parenthood’s messy realities?

Selected Articles

The parent trap do society’s conflicting expectations leave mothers exhausted and confused, every move you make are apps and gadgets safeguarding children or fuelling parental anxieties, defying definition a parent’s dictionary exposes the absurdities and failures of child-rearing.

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The Sociological Review Foundation statement of solidarity with the people of Palestine

The ongoing genocide in Gaza is an urgent issue. It exemplifies matters of power, inequality, and the destruction of social worlds.

Undisciplining II The Sociological Review Foundation’s 2024 conference

Just who is sociology for? At Undisciplining II, academics and educators, artists and activists, and thinkers and doers across many fields will come together to consider that question.

Uncommon Sense Season 3 Podcast returns with new ten-part series and fundraising campaign

Lively, listenable and sociologically informed, Uncommon Sense insists that sociology is for everyone. Returning on 15 March for its third season, the acclaimed podcast’s ten new episodes will feature special guests in conversation with hosts Rosie Hancock and Alexis Hieu Truong as they take a closer look at issues that touch us all, from privilege to paperwork and burnout to joy.

Concurrent with the launch of the third season of the Sociological Review Foundation’s flagship podcast, a fundraising campaign will give listeners the opportunity to support future Uncommon Sense episodes via one-off or regular donations.

• Image-Maker in Residence

Haitham Haddad

Each month on our Instagram channel we present a selection of works from a visual artist that responds to our current theme.

“How can identity formulate itself outside of regimes of performance and visibility in a reality where identitarian markers distinguish you as a target?” asks Palestinian visual artist Haitham Haddad, our Image-Maker in Residence for May.

Faragh(void) / فراغ – installation. Qalandiya International programme, Manam group exhibition, Haifa.

I got as close as I could, until my glasses quietly clinked the TV. I turned the sound down, felt the warmth of the screen, and let my eyes relax until the tiny rainbow pixies dissolved into one another. I enjoyed the low electric buzz, the people reduced to blobs of colour and being so close that nothing made sense. There was only the hint of what happened, just movement at the edges.

Thanks for Calling

Laboratories of learning by mario novelli et al.

Social movements are a fluid and diverse form of political resistance that emerge in opposition to policies, conflict, oppression and governments, among other things. Researchers explore why social movements emerge at specific times, which typology they fall under and how people get involved, predominantly within western contexts or through western lenses.

In Laboratories of Learning: Social Movements, Education and Knowledge-Making in the Global South , Mario Novelli and colleagues take social movements and re-present them as knowledge exchanges, or “laboratories of learning”, for both the activists involved and their observers. Critically, they do this by dislocating the West as the primary lens through which social movements are viewed.

Uncommon Sense

Seeing our world afresh through the eyes of sociologists, Uncommon Sense questions taken-for-granted ideas about society. Hosted by Rosie Hancock in Sydney and Alexis Hieu Truong in Ottawa, and featuring a different guest each episode, this monthly podcast insists that sociology is for everyone.

Thanks for Typing

The Thanks for Typing Podcast is part of Ros Edwards’ and Val Gillies’ research journey uncovering the hidden impact of social researchers’ wives. In this six-episode podcast series, they explore how wives helped to shape classic works that set foundations for how modern sociology was thought of and carried out including investigations of communities, class and family life.

The Sociological Review Journal and Monograph Series

Volume 72 issue 3 may 2024.

View current edition online

Narcofeminisms Revisioning Drug Use

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Class, Emotions and the Affective Politics of Social Inequality

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Spatial Delight

Spatial Delight is a ten-part podcast about space, society and power inspired by British geographer Doreen Massey. From a London laundromat to a public park in Berlin, from a contested waterfront in Kochi to the Egyptian desert, this series seeks to inspire listeners to think about space and place as full of power, and to imagine political alternatives to the current world order. Presented, written and produced by Dr Agata Lisiak, funded by the Volkswagen Foundation, and hosted by The Sociological Review.

Connected Sociologies

The Connected Sociologies Curriculum Project is a project of The Sociological Review. It is an educational platform that provides open-access resources for students, teachers and academics who are interested in decolonising school, college and university curricula.

The Stigma Conversations

Sociologist Imogen Tyler meets inspirational activists, academics and frontline workers to talk about stigma – how it’s created, how it divides us, who it serves and how we might resist. Intimate and urgent conversations on poverty and power, racism and resistance, solidarity and hope. From one of the UK’s leading activist scholars.

Discover Society

Discover Society is a free online magazine of social research, analysis, and commentary.

Remembering Ranajit Guha Volume 4, Issue 1

Edited by John Holmwood, Discover Society’s first issue of 2024 remembers Ranajit Guha (1923–2023), the Indian historian, scholar and founding spirit of subaltern studies who led a long life of political engagement and scholarly reflection. Contributors: Alice Corble, Adi Cooper, Sanjay Seth, Gurminder K. Bhambra, Maya Unnithan, Jane Cowan and Moushumi Bhowmik.

Politics After the Pandemic

In Politics After the Pandemic , anthropologist Erica Lagalisse looks transnationally at cultural changes in the wake of the pandemic, its impact on capitalism and other structures of oppression, and considers how social movements, educators and researchers are responding. In a three-part mini-series, she speaks with Elżbieta Drążkiewicz about “conspiracy theory” as social critique.

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An Overview of the Discipline

As Professor Annette Lareau states, "Sociology is the behavior of individuals and the impact of membership in a social group on individual behavior." Sociology includes a wide range of sub-disciplines and areas of interest because "the study of society" is so enormously broad. However, some of the overarching topics that sociologists study are social phenomena (i.e., the family) and the way it interacts with culture, society and individual, as well as the structure of intuitions, social movements, and inequality. In addition, most sociologists can be split up into two different camps: quantitative or qualitative. Quantitative sociologists rely on data-based evidence, such as surveys, while qualitative sociologists rely on ethnographic evidence.

Writing in the Discipline

Reasoning is usually explanatory, but sociologists use evidence to persuade the reader to support their argument. Sociologists might also present disconfirming evidence in their writing, but these should not overshadow the main argument.

Both qualitative and quantitative data are considered valid evidence in sociology. Evidence that can be observed, such as ethnographic research, in-depth interviews, and participant observation all constitute forms of evidence in the field of sociology. Sociologists who research historical sociology may also rely on diaries and journals, historical documents and newspapers. In addition, quantitative evidence, such as large-scale survey collection and aggregated statistical data, is considered legitimate and valuable in sociology. Some sociologists use predominately quantitative or qualitative evidence; however, even those who adhere to one usually still understand the benefits of the others.

Depending on the sub-discipline, sociologists can either be collaborative or diffuse and individualistic. For instance, Professor David Grazian stated that while he is more individualistic and tends to publish work on his own, some sociologists only work on teams, conducting studies in extraordinarily large groups. Professor Lareau explains that usually quantitative sociology is more collaborative, whereas qualitative sociology, which involves ethnography and interviews, tends to be more individualistic.

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• Summarizing, not analyzing - Unless a prompt specifically states to summarize the readings in a class, student writers should always analyze, draw connections, and form a clear and persuasive argument.
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• Using the passive voice - Student writers should eliminate using the passive voice whenever possible. When revising their paper, they should cut out every "to be" verb, and make the sentence active. Professor Grazian stresses there is no reason for students to use the passive voice when writing in sociology.
• Not polishing the paper - As Professor Grazian says, when people go out on a date, they consider it an obligation to take the time to shower and get ready. Even if they're busy, they take the time out of their schedule to get ready and prepare; in the same way, student writers should consider it an obligation to edit and polish their writing before turning it in. They must learn to just build it into their schedule.

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• Published: 20 June 2024

The twisted path to sacredness: a grounded theory study of irrational religious orientation and its psycho-sociological implications

• Ziang Wang 1 ,
• Yinglin Luo 1 ,
• Xuan Cao 2 &
• Jindong Jiang 1  

BMC Psychology volume  12 , Article number:  360 ( 2024 ) Cite this article

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This research delves into the nuances, origins, and societal effects of irrational religious orientations within China’s Generation Z, employing grounded theory methodology for a comprehensive analysis. The focus is on those born between 1995 and 2010, a demographic raised amidst rapid information technology growth and significantly influenced by digitalization and globalization. The study identifies three primary dimensions of irrational religious orientations in Generation Z: religious spiritual dependence, religious instrumental tendency, and religious uniqueness identity. These are shaped by factors such as the overwhelming influx of information via digital media, societal pressures and psychological dilemmas, conflicts in values and identity crises, as well as feelings of social isolation and the need for group belonging. To address these trends, the study suggests several interventions: enhancing multicultural and values education, implementing stricter online information regulation and literacy programs, boosting mental health awareness and support, and fostering engagement in social and cultural activities. These recommendations are essential for comprehensively understanding and effectively responding to the irrational religious orientations of Generation Z, ultimately contributing to their overall well-being and healthy development.

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Introduction

Generation Z’s deep engagement with technology significantly influences their values, lifestyles, and worldviews, including their religious inclinations [ 1 – 2 ]. Studies by Davis and Venkatesh et al. underscore their dependency on technology, driven by its perceived usefulness and ease of use [ 3 , 4 , 5 ]. This dependence is shaped by how well technology meets their needs, the effort involved, and its fit with their social milieu [ 4 ]. Their digital habits, including the use of social media, not only shape their health behaviors but also their religious attitudes, steering them towards pragmatic rather than traditional religious practices [ 2 ]. Understanding these digital behaviors is crucial for appreciating how they affect Generation Z’s lifestyle choices and religious perspectives [ 1 – 2 , 4 − 5 ].

Regarding the “irrational religious orientation” in China’s Generation Z, it’s a multifaceted phenomenon influenced by various factors. Li Chen, Sheng Zeng, and Zaizhen Tian’s study challenges the notion of blind religious adherence among Generation Z, suggesting their religiosity is based on rational considerations of religious rewards [ 6 ]. Jurnal Pendidikan et al.‘s research implies that Generation Z’s openness to religion might indicate a moderate, flexible approach to beliefs [ 7 ]. This contradicts interpretations of their religious behavior as irrational. Demir’s study reveals Generation Z’s adoption of secular, transhumanist values like individuality and critical thinking, potentially influencing their religious orientations [ 8 ]. These findings highlight the need for future research to adopt a nuanced approach, considering the impacts of social change, globalization, and generational shifts on Generation Z’s religious orientations [ 6 , 7 , 8 ]. Such research could lead to strategies promoting balanced religious beliefs and practices in this demographic.

Literature review

The exploration of religious orientation as a key influencer of human behavior, interpersonal relationships, and mental health has revealed a complex duality in its impacts, as evidenced by a range of studies. G. Allport and J. M. Ross’s seminal work highlights how religious orientation can significantly contribute to prejudice, linking certain prejudiced behaviors to specific religious orientations, notably those with indiscriminate favoritism towards religion [ 9 ].

Further, the interaction between religious orientation and mental health is intricate. M. Janbozorgi and F. Aliakbari, Dawood Taqvaei, and Z. Pirani, delve into the potential therapeutic aspects of religious orientation, suggesting a beneficial connection with mental health [ 10 ].

Religious orientation’s influence extends to media engagement, as Ahmad Saifalddin Abu-Alhaija et al. demonstrate its impact on viewer loyalty and perceptions in satellite TV consumption [ 11 ]. Similarly, a study links religious orientation with consumer purchasing behavior influenced by social media advertising, indicating an economic behavioral impact [ 12 ].

The realm of pro-social behavior, particularly among young women, is also explored, focusing on how religious beliefs shape charitable actions and empathy [ 13 ]. Conversely, some studies reveal potential negative implications of religious orientation, such as ‘extrinsic religious orientation’ correlating negatively with well-being [ 14 ], or influencing job-related stress levels [ 15 ].

Noteworthy contributions also include research on religious orientation’s relation to death anxiety in the elderly [ 16 ], depression in college students [ 17 ], and reproductive behaviors in women [ 18 ]. These studies collectively reaffirm the broad and significant impact of religious orientation on diverse life aspects.

In summary, the synthesis of religious orientation literature encompasses a vast array of domains, ranging from media consumption and mental health to societal and economic behaviors. The effects are varied and heavily dependent on individual experiences with religion, highlighting a multifaceted relationship between religious orientation and its influence on human life. This literature review emphasizes the need for more comprehensive and nuanced research to better understand these dynamics [ 9 , 10 , 11 , 12 , 13 , 14 , 15 , 16 , 17 , 18 , 19 ].

The existing literature on religious orientation predominantly focuses on Western contexts, underscoring a significant gap in research concerning non-Western societies, particularly China. Notably, the religious inclinations of Chinese youth, especially Generation Z, remain insufficiently explored. Chen, Zeng, and Tian found that religiosity among China’s Generation Z is notably higher than the national average, influenced by factors like practical benefits and religious socialization [ 20 ]. This underscores the importance of considering the unique cultural and social context in religious studies. Minkov and Kaasa’s study in Africa also highlights the often-neglected cultural differences in religion, sometimes misinterpreted as racial or ethnic disparities [ 21 ]. These insights call for a recontextualization of religious orientation research, particularly in non-Western settings, to enhance its relevance and accuracy.

In China, research on Generation Z’s religious inclinations predominantly focuses on rational factors that drive their religious choices [ 6 ], such as tangible benefits over supernatural elements. However, this perspective, aligning with theories from Stark and Finke, and Hartmut Rosa, largely omits the exploration of irrational or non-rational factors. This aligns with theories by Stark and Finke, and Hartmut Rosa [ 22 ], but largely ignores the role of irrational or non-rational factors [ 23 ]. Studies on religious moderation and the impact of Internet use on religious authority choices tend to focus on rational aspects [ 8 ]. In contrast, research on older populations reveals insights into irrational religious beliefs through acceptance and commitment therapy and the role of doubt in religious education, which could provide useful perspectives for studying Generation Z’s irrational beliefs [ 24 – 25 ].

In essence, while current literature provides critical insights, it largely overlooks the irrational elements of religious inclination in Generation Z. Exploring these aspects in future research could offer a more comprehensive understanding of this demographic’s religious dynamics.

Purpose of the study

The research purpose of the study is to delve into the nuances, origins, and societal effects of irrational religious orientations within China’s Generation Z using grounded theory methodology. The study aims to provide a comprehensive analysis of these orientations, shaped by factors such as the influx of information via digital media, societal pressures, and psychological dilemmas. Additionally, it suggests several interventions to address these trends, ultimately contributing to the overall well-being and healthy development of this demographic.

Methodology

The researcher’s analysis utilizes grounded theory, a methodology developed by Glaser and Strauss, which focuses on deriving theories from data rather than adhering to a pre-existing framework [ 26 , 27 , 28 ]. This approach is particularly effective in social science research, as demonstrated in the study of irrational religious orientations among Daoist and Buddhist believers. Grounded theory enables the development of theories that genuinely reflect respondents’ experiences, fostering a deeper understanding of the subject.

In this study, the researcher employed various grounded theory coding strategies, starting with open coding to extract key concepts, followed by principal axis coding to understand their interrelationships, and concluding with selective coding to build a comprehensive theoretical framework [ 27 , 28 , 29 , 30 ]. Semi-structured interviews, complemented by literature analysis, were pivotal in exploring the conceptual nuances of irrational religious orientations, enhancing the depth and applicability of the findings.

Overall, the researcher’s grounded theory approach, supported by relevant literature, illustrates its effectiveness in social sciences for examining complex phenomena like irrational religious orientations, confirming its vital role in current scholarly discourse. The research utilized a mix of online and offline interviews, guided by an outline of open-ended questions (see Table  1 ), ensuring comprehensive coverage of the research topic.

This study aims to define irrational religious orientations, setting a foundation for future research. A diverse and inclusive sample was crucial, with 29 participants from varied backgrounds in terms of gender, age, occupation, and religious affiliation, ensuring broad representativeness (details in Table  2 ). The sample included a balance of genders (8 males, 21 females) and a wide age range (19–55 years), encompassing various professions like clerical staff, freelancers, and entrepreneurs, enriching the study with diverse professional insights.

The participants’ religious beliefs included only three beliefs, Taoism, Buddhism, and no religious beliefs, which comprehensively reflected their religious orientation. The study utilized a dual-mode interview method, i.e., offline interviews using a KDDI SR502 recorder in a quiet environment and online interviews via Tencent conferencing software to ensure effective communication and data collection. Each interview lasted between 30 and 50 min and was adjusted according to the comfort level of the participants to optimize data quality.

Ethically, the study upheld privacy and confidentiality standards, with voluntary participation emphasized, showcasing a commitment to ethical research practices.

This research, grounded in qualitative methodology, emphasizes the open coding process in analyzing interview transcripts, underscoring the crucial role of qualitative data analysis software like NVivo14 in categorizing data and conceptualizing themes [ 31 – 32 ]. Open coding involves a detailed dissection of data, here interview transcripts, to extract categories, properties, and hypotheses, demanding an in-depth understanding and identification of recurring patterns or themes [ 33 ]. This creative yet disciplined process requires an analytical mind capable of connecting disparate qualitative data.

NVivo14 is instrumental in breaking down data into manageable units, organizing and analyzing content to identify key themes and patterns [ 32 ]. This software minimizes category overlap, clarifying and distinguishing each theme, thereby enhancing the analysis’s accuracy and quality. The incorporation of digital tools like NVivo14 in research workflows not only speeds up the process but also ensures a thorough, nuanced examination of qualitative data. The specifics of open coding are presented in Table  3 .

In grounded theory methodology, spindle coding follows open coding as a pivotal process [ 26 ]. Its primary role is to establish connections and relationships between pre-existing codes. This stage synthesizes initial codes into broader themes, revealing causal links, conditions, and contexts [ 34 ]. For instance, researchers might group codes into themes like “belief avoidance” or “belief dependence,” exploring their interplay within the studied phenomenon.

Selective coding, the final step in grounded theory [ 26 , 35 – 36 ], integrates categories from spindle coding around a central or “core category“ [ 37 ]. This is done to form a cohesive theory around the core categories that effectively summarizes the major phenomena observed in the study [ 26 , 34 , 38 ]. This forms a unified theory reflecting the study’s main observations. For example, if “religious spiritual dependence” emerges as a core category, selective coding aligns all related categories to depict its representation in the data. This process culminates in a structured, coherent theoretical framework, as outlined in Table  4 .

Dimension construction process

The results of the semi-structured interviews on irrational religious orientations revealed three main dimensions of irrational religious orientations: B01 Religious Spiritual Dependence; B02 Religious Instrumental Tendency; and B03 Religious Uniqueness Identity.

Religious spiritual dependence

The three main dimensions are A01 Faith Escape, A02 Faith Dependence, and A03 Faith Dissemination, and the five subdimensions are C10 Reality Escape, C11 Responsibility Escape, C14 Negative Coping, C18 Emotional Dependence, and C19 Persuasion.

Religious-spiritual dependence reflects an individual’s excessive reliance on religious beliefs, which usually manifests itself in the form of avoidance of real-life difficulties and responsibilities, as well as the search for psychological comfort and a sense of social belonging [ 39 ]. In gaining a deeper understanding of the nature of this dependence, its multiple dimensions can be revealed by analyzing the three main categories - Faithful Evasion, Faithful Dependence, and Faithful Dissemination - and their related subcategories.

Faithful Evasion encompasses the subcategories of " C10 Reality Escape " and " C11 Responsibility Escape “. This concept describes the use of religious beliefs by individuals to escape real-life dilemmas and personal responsibilities, reflecting religious spirituality as a mechanism to avoid real-life challenges.

Seeking Solace in Faith is a fusion of the subcategories of “C14 Negative Coping” and “C18 Emotional Dependence”. It expresses the tendency of individuals to seek religion for emotional comfort and psychological support in the face of life’s challenges, rather than actively solving problems, and shows individuals’ reliance on the spirit of religion for psychological comfort and emotional support in the face of adversity.

Faith Dissemination, derived from the subcategory of “C19 Persuasion”, describes individuals who actively persuade others to accept their religious beliefs due to the need for spiritual dependence. This behavior may be due to the fact that the individual seeks to gain self-affirmation and psychological support by getting others to accept his or her beliefs.

Considering the relationship between these primary and secondary categories together, the complexity of religious spiritual dependence can be seen. Individuals may seek to cope with life’s stresses and challenges through faith escape, find emotional solace and psychological support through faith dependence, and enhance their own faith experience and increase their sense of social belonging through faith transmission. Together, these patterns of behavior constitute the structure of religious-spiritual dependence, reflecting how individuals respond to various psychological and social needs in their personal lives through religious belief.

Religious instrumental tendency

The 4 main categories are A04 Extravagant Display, A05 Profit-driven, A06 Stubbornness and Narrow-mindedness, and A07 Social Avoidance. the 8 subcategories are C04 Wastefulness, C08 Flaunting, C06 Profit-making tendency, C09 Investing tendency, C02 Obsessive, C20 Paranoia, C13 Dogmatic rigidity, C17 Social isolation.

Religious instrumental tendency is a state of mind that uses religious beliefs as a means to achieve personal ends, and this tendency shows diversity and complexity among different individuals. By analyzing in depth the four main categories - Ostentatious Display, Profit-Driven, Stubborn Narrow-mindedness, and Social Avoidance - and the sub-categories associated with them, we can understand the nature and manifestations of this tendency more fully.

The concept of “A04 Extravagant display”, formed by combining the subcategories of “C08 Flaunting” and “C04 Wastefulness”, describes the excessive and unnecessary consumption behaviors that individuals engage in in order to display their social status and wealth. Such behavior is not only intended to attract the attention and admiration of others, but also reflects a strong desire for social recognition and status in the context of religious instrumentalism.

“A05 Profit-driven” is a blend of “C06 Profit-making tendency” and “C06 Profit-making tendency”, and is characterized by the individual’s intense pursuit of monetary rewards. This mindset may drive individuals to seek profit in various investments and business activities, sometimes without regard for risk or ethics.

“A07 Social avoidance”, derived directly from the subcategory of “C17 Social isolation”, describes an individual’s tendency to avoid social interactions due to fear of interpersonal complexity or distrust of others. This avoidance behavior may be a defense mechanism, but in the long run it may lead to a deterioration of social skills and impoverishment of interpersonal relationships.

“A06 Stubbornness and narrow-mindedness” combines the subcategories of " C02 Obsessive,” " C20 Paranoia,” and " C13 Dogmatic rigidity,” highlighting a lack of openness and flexibility in an individual’s thinking and behavior. A lack of openness and flexibility in individual thought and behavior. Such attitudes are often associated with resistance to dissent and new information, and reflect an overly insistent and narrow perspective on religious ideas.

Considering these categories together, religious instrumental tendencies constitute a complex web of individual behaviors and mindsets. Through extravagant displays, individuals may seek social recognition and status; through the profit motive, they pursue material gain; through social avoidance, they avoid confronting the complexity of relationships; and through stubborn narrow-mindedness, they defend their beliefs and perspectives. Together, these patterns of behavior exemplify how individuals use religious beliefs to achieve personal ends, including the pursuit of material gain, social status, and avoidance of social interactions.

Religious unique attribute identity

The four main categories are A08 Critically Deficient Conformity, A09 Psychological Compensatory Beliefs, A10 Authoritative Dependence, and A11 Identity Judgemental Discrimination Blind Conformity. the seven subcategories are C01 Blind Conformity, C05 Blind Rendering, C15 Authoritative Dependence, C07 Compensation, C03 Coercion, C12 Obedience to the Word, and C16 Double Standards.

Religious uniqueness identity refers to specific mental attitudes and behavioral patterns exhibited by individuals in their religious practices and beliefs. These patterns typically include blind obedience to authority, compensation for psychological needs, and discrimination and prejudice in identity judgments. By analyzing the four main categories: critically deficient conformity, psychologically compensatory beliefs, authority attachment, and identity-judging discrimination, as well as the related subcategories, we can gain insight into the nature of religiously exclusive identity.

Uncritical Conformity combines the subcategories of Blind Conformity, Blind Rendering, and Authority Dependence to describe the nature of individuals’ religious practices. It describes an individual’s blind acceptance of authoritative opinions and collective beliefs in religious practice without individual critical thinking. This reflects the individual’s unconditional obedience to religious authority and collective views.

Psychological Compensation Faith retains the independence of the Compensation subcategory and emphasizes the use of religious practices to satisfy internal psychological needs, such as comfort, self-affirmation, or escape from stressful situations.

Compliance Pressure combines the subcategories of Compulsion and Obedience to emphasize the unconditional obedience of individuals to authority in religious contexts and the coercion of beliefs on others. It expresses the individual’s submissiveness and dependence on religious authority.

Identity Judgment Bias maintains the independence of the subcategory of “double standards”, which relates to the impartiality of judgments, and manifests itself in discrimination and prejudice against different identities or groups in religious beliefs and practices.

The relationship between these primary and secondary categories reveals the multiple dimensions of religious identity. Individuals may exhibit blind obedience to religious authority and collective viewpoints through critically deficient subordination; through psychologically compensatory beliefs that utilize religion to satisfy internal psychological needs; through authoritative dependence, which manifests as obedience to authority and coercion of beliefs about others; and through identity judgmental discrimination, whereby individuals may exhibit discrimination and prejudice against different identities or groups in their religious beliefs and practices. Together, these behavioral and attitudinal patterns constitute the complex structure of religious uniqueness identity, reflecting how individuals develop specific psychological attitudes and behavioral patterns in their religious beliefs and practices.

Theoretical modeling of irrational religious orientations

In constructing a theoretical model of irrational religious dispositions, a variety of complex psychological, social, and cultural factors are considered and how they interact to shape an individual’s religious behaviors and attitudes (as shown in Fig.  1 ). The model refines the key factors that shape irrational religious dispositions, explores their profound impact on individual mindsets and behaviors, and proposes a range of strategies aimed at mitigating or preventing these dispositions. In this framework, we can see how religious beliefs can mutate from a healthy spiritual support to an irrational form that can bring about psychological distress and social division. Next, we will explore in detail the factors that shape irrational religious orientations as well as specific measures to counter these tendencies.

Conceptual Model of Irrational religious orientations

Factors shaping generation Z’s Irrational religious orientations

Information explosion and online communication.

In the digital age, Generation Z is significantly impacted by the vast availability of online information, particularly in shaping their religious beliefs. This information overload often leads to cognitive stress and confusion, as they struggle to process and assimilate extensive religious content [ 40 ]. Consequently, decision-making becomes more challenging, and there’s a tendency towards superficial information processing [ 41 ]. The diversity of information, while offering broad perspectives, also poses risks. Extreme or irrational religious views online can mislead youth, impacting their value formation. Additionally, social media algorithms may reinforce existing beliefs, creating an ‘Echo Chamber Effect’ and hindering critical thinking [ 42 – 43 ].

Therefore, the information era presents both opportunities and challenges for Generation Z in forming religious concepts. The key concern is aiding them in effectively filtering and processing information to develop rational beliefs [ 44 ].

Social pressures and psychological difficulties

In the current social context, Generation Z faces considerable stressors, including academic, career, and social pressures, contributing to mental health issues like anxiety and depression [ 45 ]. To cope, many turn to religious beliefs for solace, sometimes adopting irrational religious ideas that offer simple solutions [ 45 ].

This reliance on irrational religious concepts can lead to avoidance behaviors, impacting long-term development and mental health [ 46 ]. Such avoidance may manifest as denial of real-life problems and a lack of constructive coping strategies.

This reliance on irrational religious concepts can lead to avoidance behaviors, impacting long-term development and mental health [ 47 ]. This avoidance behavior may manifest itself in ignoring or denying real-life problems, as well as a lack of positive coping attitudes in the face of difficulties.

Furthermore, excessive reliance on these beliefs in decision-making can impair rational thinking, leading to potentially harmful choices in education, career, health, and relationships [ 48 – 49 ].This can also result in a disconnect from family, friends, and society, potentially leading to social isolation and increased psychological distress [ 41 , 50 ].

In summary, Generation Z’s turn to irrational religious beliefs as a response to societal and psychological pressures not only affects their mental health and development but also influences their social relationships and life choices. Understanding and addressing these tendencies is vital for their overall well-being.

Value conflict and identity crisis

In the context of globalization and the digital era, Generation Z navigates complex challenges in shaping their identity and values [ 51 ]. This generation actively seeks to establish unique identities, often blending various cultures, values, and lifestyles beyond traditional or ethnic boundaries. Balancing cultural conflicts and integration, they grapple with tradition versus modernity and local versus global influences.

Many in Generation Z question traditional religions and cultural values, gravitating towards non-mainstream or emerging religious beliefs as a form of spiritual solace and a means to express individuality and dissent [ 52 – 53 ]. This exploration is also driven by their need for a sense of community and belonging. They often turn to virtual communities, which offer a platform for aligning with specific religious concepts or lifestyles, providing a new avenue for identity formation and belonging [ 54 – 55 ].

Overall, Generation Z’s journey in forming personal identities and values is influenced by a mix of cultural diversity, individualization, and community belonging. This journey often includes an attraction to non-mainstream religious beliefs, highlighting the complexity of their search for identity and belonging.

Social loneliness and sense of group belonging

The rise of social networks has had a profound dual impact on Generation Z’s social habits and religious perspectives [ 56 ]. Social media, while facilitating connectivity, often lacks depth and authenticity, leading to decreased real-life socialization and potential social isolation [ 57 – 58 ]. The culture of online comparison can undermine self-worth, exacerbating feelings of loneliness and dissatisfaction. Additionally, overreliance on virtual communication may impair real-life social skills, hindering the formation of meaningful relationships [ 59 ].

In response, religious groups are becoming increasingly appealing to Generation Z for offering community and a sense of belonging [ 50 , 60 ]. The shared beliefs and community activities within these groups can mitigate feelings of isolation and promote social engagement. However, in their search for belonging and meaning, Gen Z may also be drawn to irrational religious beliefs that provide simple answers to complex life questions.

In summary, social media’s influence and the resulting social isolation may prompt Gen Z to seek belonging in religious communities, while simultaneously increasing their susceptibility to irrational religious orientations. This underscores the complexities of Gen Z’s pursuit of social connection, psychological solace, and identity formation.

Response to Generation Z’s Irrational religious orientations

Strengthening internet information regulation and literacy education.

Enhancing internet information regulation and literacy education is vital in assisting Generation Z to discern and resist irrational religious orientations, fostering the development of sound religious concepts and values.

Effective online information regulation involves scrutinizing and filtering religious content to prevent the spread of misinformation and extreme ideas [ 61 – 62 ]. This includes restricting misleading content and ensuring online platforms are transparent and accountable, flagging or removing content promoting harmful religious ideologies [ 63 ].

Literacy education should focus on equipping Gen Z with skills to critically analyze internet content, particularly religious information. This involves teaching them to identify credible sources, understand the intentions behind information, and evaluate online content from various perspectives [ 64 – 65 ].Media literacy education, crucial for safe and responsible use of social media and online platforms, should be integrated into school curricula and broader societal education [ 66 ]. A comprehensive approach requires multifaceted education and guidance, extending beyond formal school settings to families, communities, and online platforms. Promoting content that disseminates healthy religious concepts and recognizing individual differences in information processing and critical thinking are also key. Personalized support should be offered based on individual needs [ 63 , 64 , 65 , 66 ]. These strategies will help Generation Z to develop healthy and rational beliefs and values.

Mental health and counseling

Mental health education and counseling are pivotal for assisting Generation Z in managing psychological stress and diminishing their reliance on irrational religious beliefs. Firstly, enhancing mental health awareness is crucial. It involves educating young people about recognizing and understanding common psychological issues, like anxiety and depression, which are fundamental for mental well-being [ 67 ].

Developing coping and emotional self-regulation skills is also essential. This approach teaches Generation Z effective strategies for handling life’s pressures and emotional challenges, enabling them to respond positively to mood swings and frustrations [ 68 ].

Professional psychological counseling plays a significant role, providing emotional support and specialized assistance, especially in addressing personal problems and stress. Tailored counseling services offer individualized support, helping young people discover personal coping strategies [ 69 – 70 ].

Implementing these strategies in schools and communities is equally important. Integrating mental health education into curriculums and providing accessible community resources, like hotlines and workshops, broadens support. Training parents and teachers enhances their ability to understand and meet the psychological needs of youth [ 71 ].

A comprehensive approach includes a multi-channel mental health support system, combining resources from educational institutions, families, communities, and professional organizations. This system should foster open discussions about mental health to dismantle taboos and offer specialized support for those with specific psychological needs [ 72 ].

Through these initiatives, Generation Z can more effectively manage psychological stress, enhancing their mental health and reducing dependency on irrational religious practices, thereby promoting their overall well-being and healthy development.

Multiculturalism and values education

Multiculturalism and values education are essential in addressing the irrational religious inclinations of Generation Z [ 73 ]. This form of education fosters an appreciation and respect for diverse cultural backgrounds, beliefs, and traditions, crucial for cultivating a broad-minded perspective among young people [ 74 ]. It enhances cultural awareness, sensitivity, and the ability to respect and value equality, while also sharpening critical thinking skills [ 75 ].

The role of public media is significant in promoting pluralistic and inclusive narratives. By offering varied perspectives, including those of minority and marginalized groups, media can contribute to a balanced understanding while steering clear of extreme or radical viewpoints.

Implementing systematic multicultural and values education programs involves integrating these themes into school curricula and leveraging the influence of public media. Encouraging active participation in social and cultural activities enables young people to engage with diverse groups, fostering practical experiences in multiculturalism and values. Opportunities for volunteerism, community involvement, and cultural experiences further reinforce these concepts [ 73 , 74 , 75 ].

These strategies are pivotal in helping Generation Z develop a rational worldview, mitigate the allure of irrational religious beliefs, and grow into open, tolerant, and understanding members of a multicultural society.

Religious education and dialogue

Religious education is key in enhancing young people’s comprehension and appreciation of various religions [ 76 ]. It delves into the history, core beliefs, and practices of different faiths, emphasizing the spectrum and intricacies of religious beliefs. This education is instrumental in helping Generation Z understand diverse religious perspectives, recognize similarities and differences among them, and discern between rational religious concepts and extremist ideas [ 77 – 78 ].

Public lectures and seminars featuring religious experts can foster dialogue and rational discussions, enabling students to articulate and respect diverse viewpoints [ 79 – 80 ]. Inter-religious exchange activities further promote mutual understanding and respect across different faiths.

Critical thinking is a cornerstone of religious education, equipping young people to analyze and critically evaluate religious information, identify prejudices, and base their understandings on facts and logic [ 81 – 82 ]. It encourages them to develop their own religious views, rather than conforming to others’ beliefs uncritically.

Effective strategies for promoting religious understanding include offering religious education and dialogue through schools, communities, religious institutions, and public media. Emphasizing inclusivity and respect for both believers and non-believers in all forms of religious education and dialogue is essential. These measures are designed to help Generation Z develop a well-rounded worldview, understand the role of religion in personal and societal contexts, and become more open, inclusive, and rational members of society [ 76 , 80 , 81 , 82 ].

Main findings

This research delves into the irrational religious orientations of Generation Z in China, uncovering their complexity and multidimensionality. The study identifies key aspects:

a. Religious Spiritual Dependence : This includes faith avoidance, dependence, and propagation, highlighting how individuals excessively rely on religious beliefs for psychological comfort and social belonging when facing real-life challenges.

b. Religious Instrumental Tendency : Some individuals use religion as a means to achieve personal goals, such as gaining social status or material benefits.

c. Religious Uniqueness Identity : This reflects specific attitudes and behaviors in religious practices among Generation Z, characterized by a lack of critical thinking and using religion to fulfill psychological needs.

The formation of these tendencies is influenced by factors such as information overload and Internet communication, leading to cognitive challenges and susceptibility to misinformation, particularly in developing religious ideas. Social pressures, academic and professional development challenges, value conflicts, identity crises, social isolation, and the need for group belonging also contribute significantly.

The study suggests multifaceted strategies to address these tendencies:

Promotion of Multiculturalism and Values Education : Through education and public media, fostering respect, equality, and critical thinking.

Strengthening Online Information Regulation and Literacy : Aiding Gen Z in discerning information and developing rational religious concepts.

Mental Health Awareness and Counseling : Supporting Gen Z in managing psychological stress and reducing dependence on irrational religious beliefs.

Encouragement of Social and Cultural Activities : Enhancing communication and understanding among diverse groups, promoting openness and inclusivity.

These findings and strategies provide valuable insights into Generation Z’s irrational religiosity and propose practical approaches for support and guidance. Implementing these strategies is key to understanding their psychological and behavioral patterns in religious beliefs, crucial for their well-being and healthy development.

Theoretical and practical implications

This study offers a comprehensive exploration of irrational religious orientations in China’s Generation Z, shedding light on their complex motivations and multidimensional nature. It examines how religious spiritual dependence, instrumental tendency, and exclusive identity interplay with personal behaviors, providing valuable theoretical insights into this complex phenomenon.

The research underscores the significance of cultural context in understanding religious orientations. Investigating these tendencies across various cultural and social environments can yield more nuanced understanding, highlighting the impact of cultural factors on the development and manifestation of these inclinations.

For policymakers, the study’s findings offer crucial guidance. It suggests the need for educational policies, public communication strategies, and social interventions tailored to address irrational religious orientations among Generation Z. These strategies aim to foster social cohesion and support the healthy development of young people.

Educators and mental health professionals can leverage these insights to better assist Generation Z. Multicultural education, cyber literacy, and mental health counseling emerge as key tools for guiding young people towards healthier, more rational religious attitudes and helping them navigate the psychological and social challenges associated with these tendencies.

In summary, this study not only enriches the theoretical understanding of irrational religious orientations but also provides practical strategies for addressing these issues, particularly focusing on Generation Z in China. Its implications are vital for enhancing societal well-being and fostering healthy development.

There are still some limitations of this paper, which are as follows:

Sample diversity

The sample in this study may not be fully representative of the broader Generation Z population in different parts of China, which may affect the generalizability of the results. The sample is limited to participants from predominantly urban areas, which may not reflect the religious orientation of participants from rural areas.

Methodological limitations

While grounded theory provides reliable qualitative insights, the interpretation of the data may be subjective and influenced by the researcher’s viewpoint. This may affect the neutrality and replicability of the study.

Cross-sectional nature

The study design is cross-sectional, which limits the ability to capture changes in religious orientation over time or to infer causal relationships between observed factors and religious orientation.

Reliance on self-reported data

The study relies heavily on self-reported data obtained through interviews, which are susceptible to biases such as social desirability or recall bias. Participants may present themselves in ways that they find socially acceptable rather than reflecting their true religious orientation.

Digital influences

Given the study’s focus on the digital influences of Generation Z, the study may overemphasize the impact of digital media on religious orientation without sufficiently considering other important influences such as family, education, and personal experiences.

Recommendations for future research

To further enrich the understanding and theoretical framework of irrational religious orientations among China’s Generation Z, this study suggests employing innovative qualitative research methodologies such as Online Photovoice (OPV), Online Interpretative Phenomenological Analysis (OIPA), and Community-Based Participatory Research (CBPR) [ 83 ]. These methodologies are crucial for capturing the personal experiences and perceptions of individuals authentically and vividly, delving deeper into their thoughts, feelings, images, and behaviors.

Utilizing OPV and OIPA can provide valuable insights into the irrational religious orientations and their psycho-sociological implications. By applying OPV and CBPR, researchers can gain a deeper understanding of Generation Z’s approach to religious and spiritual concepts. Furthermore, examining religious and spiritual facilitators and barriers for Chinese people through the lens of OPV and OIPA, while collaborating with them from a CBPR perspective, is essential [ 84 ].

OPV, as one of the most recent and effective innovative qualitative research methods, offers a unique opportunity for participants to express their own experiences with minimal manipulation compared to traditional quantitative methods. Early adopters of OPV, such as Tanhan and Strack, have operationalized and explained it step by step, demonstrating its effectiveness in capturing authentic participant experiences [ 85 ].

Future researchers are encouraged to conduct qualitative or mixed-method studies to explore the potential of OPV. Educators and trainers can also use OPV for experiential activities to enhance group and organizational synergy. OPV and OIPA provide straightforward and comprehensive approaches to data analysis, resulting in meaningful and comprehensive insights [ 86 ].This approach is not only about expanding the understanding of irrational orientations but also about exploring the multi-dimensional aspects of religious spiritual dependence, instrumental tendency, and exclusive identity.

This comprehensive exploration provides critical insights into the interplay between religious beliefs and personal behaviors, offering new perspectives that contribute to a more nuanced understanding of this complex phenomenon. The study highlights the importance of conducting similar research in different cultural contexts, as cultural factors significantly influence the formation and manifestation of religious orientations. By analyzing these orientations in varied settings, researchers can obtain more comprehensive insights that enhance our understanding globally.

The findings from this study serve as important guidance for policymakers, suggesting the need for more effective educational policies, public communication strategies, and social interventions. These can be specifically targeted to address the challenges posed by irrational religious orientations and promote social cohesion and the healthy development of young people. Additionally, educators and mental health professionals can utilize these findings to better understand and support Generation Z. Through targeted interventions such as multicultural education, cyber literacy, and mental health counseling, professionals can guide young people to develop healthier and more rational religious attitudes, assisting them in navigating the psychological and social challenges associated with irrational religious orientations.

Overall, the integration of these innovative methodologies and the in-depth analysis provided by this study significantly contribute to the theoretical and practical understanding of irrational religious orientations. This is particularly significant in enhancing the well-being and promoting the healthy development of society, especially within the context of Generation Z in China.

Data availability

No datasets were generated or analysed during the current study.

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Acknowledgements

I am immensely grateful for the invaluable support and assistance I’ve received throughout this study. My profound thanks go to Hangzhou Qiuyue Xiyun Culture and Creativity Company, Hong Kong Ruyi Culture and Industry Company Limited, and Zhejiang Jinlan Law Firm for their generous financial backing, insightful guidance, and advice, which were instrumental in the study’s success. I would also like to express my heartfelt gratitude to all the volunteers and participants involved in this study. Their enthusiastic participation, sincere sharing, and invaluable advice provided critical data and profound insights that were invaluable to the depth and breadth of this study. My heartfelt appreciation extends to all the volunteers and participants for their enthusiastic involvement and meaningful contributions, offering essential data and perspectives that greatly enriched this research.

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Wang, Z., Luo, Y., Cao, X. et al. The twisted path to sacredness: a grounded theory study of irrational religious orientation and its psycho-sociological implications. BMC Psychol 12 , 360 (2024). https://doi.org/10.1186/s40359-024-01858-8

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How to write a sociology research paper: a comprehensive guide

With a Juris Bachelor's degree and a decade of legal practice, Darious Davson excels in creating compelling and authoritative academic papers in Law and Ethics. His work is a testament to his profound knowledge of the legal system and commitment to upholding ethical writing practices. So, this experienced paper writer is your top-tier pick!

Sociology research is essential for understanding human societies' patterns and systems, which include family dynamics, collective behavior, school systems, race relations, and societal movements. But how to write a sociology research paper? This article will walk you through the main phases of creating a sociology research paper, explaining how each part affects the overall quality. This organized approach will help you grasp the area and its impact on society.

Understanding sociology research paper topics

The subjects of sociology papers are vast and varied. This diversity allows researchers to study many human behaviors and social processes. Many issues, including family dynamics in sociology, social institutions, and cultural standards, can be explored in sociology papers. Understanding how these themes relate to current societal challenges might help you choose a compelling and meaningful topic. Focusing on sociological issues ensures that your research broadens society's comprehension.

Choosing the right sociology research topic

Choosing the right topic for your sociology papers is crucial in the research process. Here are some factors to consider:

Personal interest and societal relevance

Choosing a topic you are passionate about will make the research process more enjoyable. To ensure your study is valuable, evaluate the topic's relevance to contemporary social challenges. Also, choosing sociology research paper topics that tackle current social challenges might boost your research's effectiveness. Personal involvement and societal significance are essential for compelling sociology papers.

The role of writing services in choosing the right topic

Writing services can assist you in choosing a sociology research topic. For instance, if you find yourself wondering, "Who can write my essay for me?" services like writepaperfor.me can assist you in choosing topics effectively.  These businesses offer expert advice to match your topic to your interests and current social issues.

Availability of data and resources

High-quality research papers require dependable data sources for sociology research. Without enough data, your research may lack depth and validity. The list contains scholarly journals, books, and reputable websites. Primary data from surveys, interviews, and observations can also be useful. Reliable data enriches your study and boosts credibility. Thus, when choosing a sociology research paper topic, data and resources must be considered.

Originality and uniqueness

Choose an innovative sociological topic to make your research paper unique and influential. Choosing an unusual topic can provide new viewpoints, distinguish your research, and advance the field. Effectively articulating and presenting new ideas is essential when learning how to write a sociology research paper.

Significance in sociology

Consider how your sociology research papers affect sociological theories, policies, and practices. Significant field topics can provide insights and advance sociological understanding. You may make your study meaningful by emphasizing its importance. This method can boost your work's significance.

Exploring diverse sociology research topics

Exploring sociology through research papers opens up a myriad of intriguing topics that delve into various aspects of human society and social behavior. The following sociology paper topics offer a broad spectrum of ideas, each providing a unique lens through which to study and understand the complex social world around us.

Social inequality and stratification

• The Impact of Social Class on Education Opportunities
• Wealth Distribution and Poverty Alleviation Strategies
• The Role of Social Mobility in Modern Societies
• Income Inequality and Health Outcomes
• Housing Inequality and Urban Development
• Labor Market Inequalities and Employment Trends
• The Digital Divide and Access to Technology
• Educational Inequality and Policy Interventions
• Social Welfare Programs and Economic Disparities
• Discrimination in the Workplace: Causes and Solutions
• Economic Inequality and Political Participation
• Globalization and its Effects on Social Stratification
• The Influence of Social Capital on Economic Success
• Poverty and Crime: A Sociological Perspective
• Inequalities in Healthcare Access and Quality
• Social Inequality in Rural vs. Urban Areas
• The Role of Inheritance in Perpetuating Wealth Gaps
• The Intersection of Race and Economic Inequality
• Class-based Disparities in Mental Health
• The Impact of Austerity Measures on Social Inequality

Gender and sexuality studies

• The Evolution of Gender Roles in Society
• Gender Stereotypes in Media and Advertising
• The Impact of Feminism on Gender Equality
• Gender Identity and Expression in Contemporary Society
• The Role of Gender in Workplace Dynamics
• Sexual Orientation and Social Acceptance
• Gender Inequality in Education Systems
• The Role of Gender in Health Disparities
• Legal Protections and Rights for the LGBTQ+ Community
• Understanding and Preventing Gender-Based Violence
• The Role of Religion in Shaping Gender Norms
• Gender Representation in Political Arenas
• The Effects of Gender on Health and Well-Being
• Gender Socialization and Childhood Development
• Gender Differences in Communication Styles
• The Role of Men in Advancing Gender Equality
• Gender Studies Research Paper in Leadership Roles
• The History and Impact of the LGBTQ+ Movement
• Gender and Mental Health: Analyzing Disparities
• The Effect of Cultural Practices on Gender Roles

Race and ethnicity

• How Racism Affects Mental Health
• Racial Profiling and Its Influence on Law Enforcement Practices
• The Importance of Education in Mitigating Racial Inequality
• Ethnic Diversity and Its Impact on Social Cohesion
• The Influence of Immigration on Ethnic Relations
• Racial Inequities in the Criminal Justice System
• The History of Civil Rights Movements
• Race and Economic Inequality
• The Impact of Media Representation on Racial Stereotypes
• The Role of Religion in Shaping Ethnic Identities
• Racial Integration in Urban Environments
• The Intersection of Race and Gender in Social Inequality
• The Role of Policy in Addressing Racial Discrimination
• The Impact of Historical Events on Racial Dynamics
• Racial and Ethnic Identity Formation
• The Influence of Cultural Heritage on Ethnic Relations
• The Effects of Gentrification on Ethnic Communities
• Race, Ethnicity, and Education Attainment
• The Role of Advocacy Groups in Racial Justice
• The Influence of Pop Culture on Racial Perceptions

Family dynamics and relationships

• How Divorce Affects Children's Well-being
• The Influence of Parenting Styles on Child Development
• Family Structure and Its Impact on Academic Achievement
• Child Adjustment in Blended Families
• The Influence of Cultural Practices on Family Dynamics
• Family Communication Patterns and Conflict Resolution
• The Role of Extended Family in Modern Society
• Work-Life Balance and Family Relationships
• The Impact of Technology on Family Interactions
• The Effects of Economic Stress on Family Stability
• Single Parenthood and Child Outcomes
• The Role of Gender in Household Responsibilities
• The Influence of Religion on Family Life
• Family Dynamics in Multicultural Households
• How Adoption Shapes Family Structure
• Parenting Challenges and Strategies in the Digital Age
• The Impact of Domestic Violence on Family Members
• The Importance of Family Therapy in Conflict Resolution
• Socioeconomic Status and Its Influence on Family Dynamics
• Caring for Aging Parents: Challenges and Responsibilities

Urban sociology and community studies

• The Impact of Urbanization on Community Life
• Gentrification and its Effects on Local Communities
• The Role of Public Spaces in Urban Environments
• Urban Poverty and Homelessness
• The Influence of Urban Planning on Social Behavior
• Community Studies in Sociology Development and Social Capital
• The Effects of Suburbanization on City Centers
• The Role of Neighborhood Associations in Community Building
• Urban Crime and Prevention Strategies
• The Impact of Public Transportation on Urban Mobility
• The Role of Green Spaces in Urban Areas
• Urban Renewal and its Social Implications
• The Influence of Cultural Diversity on Urban Communities
• The Effects of Economic Development on Urban Areas
• Urban Education Systems and Social Inequality
• The Role of Technology in Shaping Urban Life
• The Impact of Housing Policies on Urban Communities
• Urban Environmental Challenges and Sustainability
• The Influence of Architecture on Urban Living
• Community Policing and Public Safety

Environmental sociology

• The Impact of Climate Change on Social Systems
• Environmental Sociology Research: Justice and Community Activism
• The Role of Policy in Addressing Environmental Issues
• Sustainable Development and Social Change
• The Effects of Pollution on Public Health
• Social Change and Development
• The Role of Technology in Advancing Environmental Conservation
• The Impact of Natural Disasters on Community Well-being
• The Influence of Media on Promoting Environmental Awareness
• The Ethical Responsibility of Society Towards the Environment
• The Effects of Urbanization on Natural Ecosystems
• Education's Role in Encouraging Environmental Sustainability
• Environmental Inequality and Resource Accessibility
• The Environmental Toll of Agricultural Practices
• Corporate Practices and Their Impact on Environmental Health
• Government's Role in Protecting the Environment
• The Global Impact of Deforestation on Ecosystems
• Balancing Environmental Policy with Economic Growth
• How Renewable Energy Influences Social Structures
• The Role of NGOs in Championing Environmental Causes

Refining the focus of sociology research

After selecting a broad topic, narrowing it down to a specific aspect or question is essential. This process involves several steps:

• Choose your interest area: Start by focusing on the part of the topic that interests you the most. This approach makes the research more manageable and engaging.
• Narrow down the scope: Refine your topic to concentrate on a particular area of interest. Analyze it thoroughly to ensure your study is focused and relevant. By narrowing down, your research becomes sociologically significant and adheres to the proper sociology paper format.
• Detail your analysis: To conduct a focused study, refine your research topic to one key element. This allows for a detailed analysis and provides significant insights into the field. Focusing on a single element makes the research both relevant and manageable.
• Finalize your research question: Decide on a specific question or element that captures your interest. Focusing deeply on this aspect results in a thorough and comprehensive sociological research paper.

Ensuring manageability and focus

Well-defined topics make research and analysis easier. Avoid broad subjects that may overwhelm or complicate your paper. If you choose a manageable topic, you can study it thoroughly. Your study will be thorough and focused with this method. Narrowing down sociology research topics lets you write a well-organized, cohesive research paper that advances the field and aligns with the sociology paper format.

Avoiding overly broad or narrow topics

Choose sociology paper topics that are neither too broad for superficial analysis nor too narrow to lack sufficient evidence or relevance. Balanced topics enable thorough research. Avoid wide or restricted themes to make your study relevant and manageable. This method produces a well-rounded and intelligent sociology research paper.

Conducting thorough sociology research

Сonducting research in sociology is the backbone of a successful sociology paper. Here's how to approach it:

Gathering data from reliable sources

High-quality sociology research papers require reliable sources and data. Using reliable sources ensures the authenticity and dependability of your research. Gather data from scholarly journals, books, and respected websites. Primary data from surveys, interviews, and observations is also useful. When using trustworthy data, your research and analysis will be more credible and solidified.

Analyzing key theories and concepts

Incorporating social theories and notions into your research enriches your study. Analyzing significant theories and concepts allows you to thoroughly examine your topic, making your study findings more relevant and significant. By including essential theories and concepts, you deepen your understanding of your sociology paper topics and their ramifications.

Assessing social implications

Understanding how your sociology research papers impact society and influence social policies is vital. Evaluating social implications helps sociologists generate valuable knowledge and develop effective strategies. This approach enhances the relevance and significance of your study findings. Recognizing the broader societal ramifications ensures that your research makes a meaningful contribution to society.

Formulating a compelling thesis statement

A strong thesis statement is central to any research paper. Analyzing a sociology research paper example can provide valuable insights into how to formulate a compelling thesis statement that effectively captures the essence of your study.

Developing a clear and precise thesis statement

Your thesis statement should clearly articulate the main point of your research. A straightforward thesis statement guides your research and gives a solid basis, improving research clarity and relevance.

Ensuring thesis statement alignment with the sociology research topic

To ensure coherence in your research paper, your thesis statement must directly address your chosen sociology research topic. Carefully define it before crafting an argumentative thesis statement that captures it all. Make sure all parts of your paper support and elaborate on this central claim, enhancing clarity and impact.

Crafting a research question to direct the study

Your study requires a well-defined research question to guide and focus your investigation. A clear and thoughtfully formulated research question not only directs your work but also helps maintain its focus, thereby enhancing the strength of your study and providing clarity to your findings.

Structuring the sociology research paper

An organized sociology research paper outline is essential for structuring your paper. Follow these steps:

Designing a detailed outline to arrange the paper's content

Create a sociology research paper outline for the main parts and subsections. This approach not only makes your research more orderly and coherent but also enhances the readability of your paper. A well-crafted outline serves as a roadmap for your investigation, ensuring that your analysis and conclusions are both logical and well-integrated.

Defining main sections and subsections for consistent flow

For a continuous and logical flow, sociology research papers must define the key sections and subsections. Start by listing your study's introduction, literature review, methods, findings, discussion, and conclusion. Each section should have subsections that cover key areas of your research topic. In the beginning, you could offer background information, research questions, and study significance. The literature review might be structured by research-related themes or theoretical frameworks. The methodology section should describe the research design, sampling, data gathering, and analysis.

Reflecting logical progression in the research outline

In the sociology research paper outline, it is crucial to ensure that each section logically progresses to the next, maintaining a coherent flow of ideas. This logical progression not only aids in building a compelling argument but also helps readers easily follow the analysis. By carefully outlining a sociology research paper to reflect this progression, researchers can effectively highlight the connections between various study components, leading to a more persuasive and well-organized paper. For example, in a paper exploring the impact of social media on youth behavior, incorporating a section on collective behavior can elucidate how digital platforms facilitate group dynamics and influence individual actions, thereby enhancing the coherence and persuasiveness of the research.

How to select a relevant and engaging sociology research topic?

Consider your hobbies, current social issues, and data availability to choose engaging sociology research ideas. Choose a sociology topic you love and that matters. Focusing on these aspects will make your study engaging and impactful.

What are some examples of impactful sociology research paper topics?

Social inequality research paper, gender roles, racial prejudice, technology, and globalization are an impactful sociology research paper example. Sociology's important subjects address current social challenges. Choosing an impactful topic can yield insights and advance sociology.

How to narrow down a broad sociology topic for research?

When you are learning how to write a sociology research paper, focus on one component or question to narrow a big topic. Consider your research scope and make sure the topic fits your paper. Narrowing your topic lets you write a tailored research paper.

Where can reliable data and sources for sociology research be found?

Academic publications, books, government reports, and trustworthy websites provide reliable data. Primary research, like surveys and interviews, can also yield useful data. You can verify your study findings by using trusted sources.

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