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The Family Code: Insights into Filipino Culture

Posted by giancarloangulo on April 4, 2014 · 41 Comments

[Photo source: US Department of Defense]

These insights started with my reading of the Geert Hofstede description of the Philippines as a power-based, hierarchical society and were brought into clear focus a couple of blogs ago about the matter of honor at the Philippine Military Academy.

Now I’d like to turn to the family and the primary law defining and supporting the family, the Family Code of the Philippines .

Let me begin this article with a few preamble statements:

The Family Code of the Philippines is a good and necessary document in most aspects. However, it is becoming outdated and, in some respects, imposes the State’s judgment over that of the family. That is what this blog is about.
If there is a Family Code in the U.S., I never read it, nor have most Americans I would guess. Taking care of the family is largely one’s own business, not the State’s, unless damage is done. The attorneys who handled my assorted divorces probably read it.
Laws are written in incredible detail.
Laws like the Building Code are written by the Congress, not an agency, so changing the specifications for buildings (outlawing asbestos, for instance) takes a . . . well . . . takes an act of Congress. Therefore, laws easily become outdated and confusing.
There seems to be little enforcement. This results in a lot of law-breaking or law-avoidance. For example, a law was recently passed to improve treatment of domestic help (establishing the minimum wage and so forth), but there is no enforcement mechanism. It falls to employees to raise a complaint and they either do not know the law, don’t know how to complain, don’t wish to upset their (authoritarian) boss, or don’t have the required complaining fees.

But all that is not the subject of this blog. The subject of this blog is the way Government inserts itself into family affairs rather than giving individuals the right to determine how the family engages, within very broad parameters of fair play. That is, it seems to me that Family Law in the Philippines reflects the top down authoritarian way of Philippine social practices rather than the citizen-up freedom/accountability model of U.S.social practices.

As I was composing this, Rappler published an article that took the Family Code (and Revised Penal Code) to task for failing to give women equal rights to men. I nodded a certain understanding to their complaint.

The Family Code was crafted in 1988 . . . back in the stone ages of societal awareness. When laws become outdated because social awareness grows, then the laws can end up HINDERING happiness, health and productivity . . . and fairness. So some rethinking is definitely in order.

Let me cite a few examples to help explain what I mean.

A Long Short Cut to Marriage

One of the features I LIKE about the Family Code is that no marriage license is required if two people have lived together for at least five years. Getting married is simplified:

Chapter 2. Marriages Exempted from License Requirement. Art. 34 . No license shall be necessary for the marriage of a man and a woman who have lived together as husband and wife for at least five years and without any legal impediment to marry each other. The contracting parties shall state the foregoing facts in an affidavit before any person authorized by law to administer oaths. The solemnizing officer shall also state under oath that he ascertained the qualifications of the contracting parties are found no legal impediment to the marriage.

So those who drafted the Family Code are evidently aware that a LOT of people live together outside of marriage. Why do Filipinos cohabit outside marriage? They don’t have the documents or money to get married. But they can get officially married after five years if they are aware of the law.

My point in raising this matter is to state there is a certain pragmatism and understanding of Philippine ways in the crafting of the laws. The attorneys who wrote the Family Code were aware of poverty and its implications.

A Marriage is a Contract without End

The lack of a divorce law in the Philippines means that many spouses are locked into marriages with abusive mates, or philandering sex addicts, or spouses who won’t obey the Family Code and support the family. If Dad is a deadbeat, the wife cannot ditch him and provide for her children by finding a new father for her kids. The Family Code , by locking the wife into bondage, actually ends up penalizing the family in that case.

The State, by endorsing contracts with no termination provision, ends up creating this awkward default position:

The wife can’t get a divorce from a negligent or abusive mate.
The State does nothing about the deadbeat Dad or abusive husband.
Bad scene, man, bad scene.

The Impossible Out

Chapter 3. Void and Voidable Marriages. Art. 41. A marriage contracted by any person during subsistence of a previous marriage shall be null and void, unless before the celebration of the subsequent marriage, the prior spouse had been absent for four consecutive years and the spouse present has a well-founded belief that the absent spouse was already dead. In case of disappearance where there is danger of death under the circumstances set forth in the provisions of Article 391 of the Civil Code, an absence of only two years shall be sufficient.
(1) That the party in whose behalf it is sought to have the marriage annulled was eighteen years of age or over but below twenty-one, and the marriage was solemnized without the consent of the parents, guardian or person having substitute parental authority over the party, in that order, unless after attaining the age of twenty-one, such party freely cohabited with the other and both lived together as husband and wife;
(2) That either party was of unsound mind, unless such party after coming to reason, freely cohabited with the other as husband and wife;
(3) That the consent of either party was obtained by fraud, unless such party afterwards, with full knowledge of the facts constituting the fraud, freely cohabited with the other as husband and wife;
(4) That the consent of either party was obtained by force, intimidation or undue influence, unless the same having disappeared or ceased, such party thereafter freely cohabited with the other as husband and wife;
(5) That either party was physically incapable of consummating the marriage with the other, and such incapacity continues and appears to be incurable; or
(6) That either party was afflicted with a sexually-transmissible disease found to be serious and appears to be incurable.

So there are three ways out of a marriage: discover that your husband was married before, is dead, or was crazy or criminal when you got married. And good luck paying for the attorneys and psychiatric tests and shrinks and court fees to get that done.

Oh . . . a fourth way out. Be rich and have influence with the courts. Be a Kris Aquino, with attorneys doing the dirty work and judges quite happy with the fee arrangements.

This is a perfect example of the Power Distance measure cited by Geert Hofstede in its description of the Philippines.

The State does not allow adults to be adults and agree that a bad marriage is not working, and end it. Simply. Forthrightly. The State imposes it’s will and emotional burdens upon the family. It does this, of course, as an agent of the Catholic morality, the Church being a powerful force during any election. Fairness and kindness do not motivate Filipino legislators. Staying in power does, and woe to any legislator who crosses the Catholic Church.

“Secular” is defined by pragmatics of getting re-elected, not by logic or compassion.

The State Imposes It’s Will on Husbands and Wives

This section is little bizarre to me. But remember, I am born of the model that family members can take accountability for their own decisions.

TITLE III, RIGHTS AND OBLIGATIONS BETWEEN HUSBAND AND WIFE, Art. 73. Either spouse may exercise any legitimate profession, occupation, business or activity without the consent of the other. The latter may object only on valid, serious, and moral grounds.

The State gives each spouse the right to take independent decisions on where to work. On one hand, a spouse can decide to be a cop (dangerous) or a bar worker (carousing with the drunken guests), or work cheap, and the mate can’t object unless his objection is “serious”.

What in the world is “serious”, anyway? If I don’t like it, it is serious.

I suppose the intent of the law is to promote gender equality in employment and a “right to work”. But to the freedom-based observer, this is treating the parents like children. It presumes they can’t simply work this out between them. Which I’d guess is what most spouses do, and would do, whether this article existed or not. This seems to me to be a law that is simply not needed.

The Family Home

Title 5. The Family. Chapter 2. The Family Home. Art. 157. The actual value of the family home shall not exceed, at the time of its constitution, the amount of three hundred thousand pesos in urban areas, and two hundred thousand pesos in urban areas, or such amounts as may hereafter be fixed by law.

Now I have no idea if the amounts have been updated by subsequent law, but the inclusion of a limit to the amount an individual is able to invest in his or her home seems blatantly dysfunctional to me. I’ve been raised in a capitalist country where aspiration drives capitalistic wealth-building and a big home means laudable success, not “criminal” act. It is further dysfunctional because no one enforces the law, I am convinced. Certainly the governor here on Biliran lives in a palace and I defy anyone to stick this law under his nose and point out that he is above the limit.

Tough Love, by the Book

TITLE VIII, SUPPORT, Art. 194. Support comprises everything indispensable for sustenance, dwelling, clothing, medical attendance, education and transportation, in keeping with the financial capacity of the family.

The education of the person entitled to be supported referred to in the preceding paragraph shall include his schooling or training for some profession, trade or vocation, even beyond the age of majority. Transportation shall include expenses in going to and from school, or to and from place of work.

Art. 105. Subject to the provisions of the succeeding articles, the following are obliged to support each other to the whole extent set forth in the preceding article:

(1) The spouses;

(2) Legitimate ascendants and descendants;

(3) Parents and their legitimate children and the legitimate and illegitimate children of the latter;

(4) Parents and their illegitimate children and the legitimate and illegitimate children of the latter; and

(5) Legitimate brothers and sisters, whether of full or half-blood

I was set back by this section because it appears the much vaunted Filipino family ties are MANDATED. I thought they were voluntary, from the heart. But parents are obligated to care for their kids and kids are required to care for their parents. And brothers and sisters. Unless they are illegitimate, or course. Dump the little illegitimati penniless onto the street.

How in the world is this enforced? Gadzooks, there must be thousands of family law enforcers working the streets. Maybe that is why there are no police around when you need them. They are all out hunting down negligent brothers and sisters. That’s the only thing I can figure.

Man, if I were a Filipino citizen, I wouldn’t work, either. I’d have 10 kids and DEMAND that they take care of me.

Rather like my mother-in-law does, now that I think about it.

Which reminds me, another section of the law says that my mother-in-law owns the home I built for her because she lives in it. It is rather a sophisticated squatter’s right, also codified in the Family Code , I might add. I can never get her out. When I sell the place she will be able to extort thousands from me to extract her from the lot we share.

You have to understand that this is dramatically different from the American style. I was effectively on my own at age 16, working and putting myself through college. My parents only had high-school degrees and little money but they taught the good values of hard work and clean living. As I got older and had a well-paying job, I also knew that if I tried to give my parents financial help, they would take offense. Self-sufficiency is a matter of huge pride.

In the U.S., ownership also means control of property. If my mother-in-law lives on my property, that does not make it her property, too.

“Bring it Home, Joe”

All this causes me to wonder . . . were the laws written to reflect:

A close level of bonding that occurs naturally within families in the Philippines?
Or some kind of idealized economic sharing that is socialist in its notion of mutual support?
Or is the current set of laws a result of the authoritarian manner imposed by Marcos and others?

A few weeks ago, I was stunned to read about a newly drafted Mandatory Remittance Bill put forward in the House that would impel OFWs to make payments to their family members or lose their passports. Well, expats may be upset , but if one reads the Family Code , one gets a clear sense that this “communism of the family” is well-ingrained in Filipino social rules.

We see codified in the law a mandated obedience for care of the family, versus a voluntary, self-motivated, from the heart, caring of the family. The former ensures enduring acrimony because there is no mechanism for release of conflict. The latter, if carried into law, would require public attention only to those disputes not resolved by the parties themselves.

We see codified in the law a mandated bondage for spouses of negligent mates. The Philippines is the last nation on earth to come to a fundamental enlightenment that divorce is a kind human right, and bondage is unkind.

Is there so little faith that, given the right to care for the family outside any laws, Filipinos far and wide would do the RIGHT thing because it is the right thing to do?

What to do? What to do?

If you like the mandates written into the Family Code , do nothing. Delete this blog and move on.

If you think the Family Code does not give Filipinos enough credit for being able to take care of themselves responsibly, give Senator Poe a second bill to write. A bill that takes the established Family Code out of commission and replaces it with a bill that:

Adopts the simple social value that Filipinos are adults of compassion and capability and are fully capable of resolving family matters with minimal assistance from the State.
Establishes a dispute resolution process managed by Family Code administrators rather than judges; administrators would be empowered to rule on property disputes, family matters and divorces.
Includes only laws that are material and will have agencies actually enforcing them.
Establishes that ownership means owner-control, not shared use. End the squatter problem.
Mandates that cities and municipalities have robust programs to house and care for people of little means.

I choose Senator Poe because she is graced with compassion for families and is highly pragmatic and reasonable. She can grasp and apply a new “accountability” model for Philippine family law, one that is attuned to modern standards of human rights.

Senator Sotto, for example, does not have the requisite skill set, just as the dinosaur is no longer making rules for the animal kingdom.

Notes from the Editor

I would like to thank Giancarlo Angulo for taking over administration of the blog to keep it available as a historical resource and to free me to pursue other interests. He is now “the boss of the blog”, haha. I expect to contribute articles from time to time. JA

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A RESEARCH PAPER ON THE FAMILY CODE OF THE PHILIPPINES

My Biggest Parenting Tip For Ensuring Your Child's Safety: A Family Code Word

When it comes to family, keeping secrets is usually frowned upon. You want your kids to be open and honest with you and feel comfortable coming to you with anything they might be going through. But when it comes to secrets you're all in on together, that's when it's usually OK (if not necessary). One such secret is a family code word.

When I was in middle school, my mother informed my younger sister and me that we should establish a family code word. No one but my family would know about our special word — we couldn't tell our best friends or teachers — and we were to keep it that way. So, my sister and I picked our word and set it to memory.

My mom gave strict instructions that this special word was to be used only in emergency situations . For example, if a stranger asked me to get in their car and said something along the lines of, "Your mom is going to be late. She sent me to pick you up," I could ask them to give me the code word for proof. If they couldn't tell me the word, I knew they were lying. Or if someone knocked on the door when I was home alone and pretended to be a family friend, I would ask them the code word. If they didn't know it, I wouldn't open the door. We were now a family who harbored true secrets.

Today, despite how much time has passed and how busy our lives are, my sister and I still remember our secret code word. Luckily, we never had to use it, but this is the kind of family secret I want to pass on to my 5-year-old. It's such a simple thing that can help protect him.

With the start of kindergarten this year, my husband and I have begun talking to our son about what to do should he be approached by strangers , and a family code word will be a part of this plan for him. We'll be clear with him on how this works, and hopefully this secret word will help him feel a sense of safety in a world where "stranger danger" can feel all too overwhelming. I know it did for me.

I'm not a huge fan of secrets in general, but this is one I'm happy to hand down to my son. As a mom, I'm ready to give my kid all the tools I can to help keep him safe and secure, because I doubt making him stay home glued to my hip for the rest of my life is an option (is it?). This is why a family code word is definitely a family secret worth keeping.

Parenting Tips
Little Kids
Personal Essay

ChanRobles Virtual law Library

Click here for full text of : cralaw:red REPUBLIC ACT NO. 11642 — January 06, 2022 AN ACT STRENGTHENING ALTERNATIVE CHILD CARE BY PROVIDING FOR AN ADMINISTRATIVE PROCESS OF DOMESTIC ADOPTION, REORGANIZING FOR THE PURPOSE THE INTER-COUNTRY ADOPTION BOARD (ICAB) INTO THE NATIONAL AUTHORITY FOR CHILD CARE (NACC), AMENDING FOR THE PURPOSE REPUBLIC ACT NO. 8043, REPUBLIC ACT NO. 11222, AND REPUBLIC ACT NO. 10165, REPEALING REPUBLIC ACT NO. 8552, AND REPUBLIC ACT NO. 9523, AND APPROPRIATING FUNDS THEREFOR REPUBLIC ACT NO. 8533 AN ACT AMENDING TITLE I, CHAPTER 3, ARTICLE 39 OF EXECUTIVE ORDER NO. 209, OTHERWISE KNOWN AS THE FAMILY CODE OF THE PHILIPPINES, NULLIFYING THE PRESCRIPTIVE PERIOD FOR ACTION OR DEFENSES GROUNDED ON PSYCHOLOGICAL INCAPACITY The Civil Code of the Philippines - At a Glance Preliminary Title Articles 1-36 Book One Articles 37-413 Book Two Articles 414-711 Book Three Articles 712-1155 Book Four Articles 1156-2270

EXECUTIVE ORDER NO. 209

The family code of the philippines.

I, CORAZON C. AQUINO, President of the Philippines, by virtue of the powers vested in me by the Constitution, do hereby order and promulgate the Family Code of the Philippines, as follows:

Art. 2. No marriage shall be valid, unless these essential requisites are present:

(1) Legal capacity of the contracting parties who must be a male and a female; and

(2) Consent freely given in the presence of the solemnizing officer. (53a) ChanRoblesVirtualawlibrary

Art. 3. The formal requisites of marriage are:

(2) A valid marriage license except in the cases provided for in Chapter 2 of this Title; and

(3) A marriage ceremony which takes place with the appearance of the contracting parties before the solemnizing officer and their personal declaration that they take each other as husband and wife in the presence of not less than two witnesses of legal age. (53a, 55a) ChanRoblesVirtualawlibrary

Art. 4. The absence of any of the essential or formal requisites shall render the marriage void ab initio , except as stated in Article 35 (2).

A defect in any of the essential requisites shall not affect the validity of the marriage but the party or parties responsible for the irregularity shall be civilly, criminally and administratively liable. (n) ChanRoblesVirtualawlibrary

Art. 5. Any male or female of the age of eighteen years or upwards not under any of the impediments mentioned in Articles 37 and 38, may contract marriage. (54a) ChanRoblesVirtualawlibrary

Art. 6. No prescribed form or religious rite for the solemnization of the marriage is required. It shall be necessary, however, for the contracting parties to appear personally before the solemnizing officer and declare in the presence of not less than two witnesses of legal age that they take each other as husband and wife. This declaration shall be contained in the marriage certificate which shall be signed by the contracting parties and their witnesses and attested by the solemnizing officer.

In case of a marriage in articulo mortis , when the party at the point of death is unable to sign the marriage certificate, it shall be sufficient for one of the witnesses to the marriage to write the name of said party, which fact shall be attested by the solemnizing officer. (55a) ChanRoblesVirtualawlibrary

Art. 7. Marriage may be solemnized by:

(2) Any priest, rabbi, imam, or minister of any church or religious sect duly authorized by his church or religious sect and registered with the civil registrar general, acting within the limits of the written authority granted by his church or religious sect and provided that at least one of the contracting parties belongs to the solemnizing officer's church or religious sect;

(3) Any ship captain or airplane chief only in the case mentioned in Article 31; (4) Any military commander of a unit to which a chaplain is assigned, in the absence of the latter, during a military operation, likewise only in the cases mentioned in Article 32;

(5) Any consul-general, consul or vice-consul in the case provided in Article 10. (56a) ChanRoblesVirtualawlibrary

Article. 8. The marriage shall be solemnized publicly in the chambers of the judge or in open court, in the church, chapel or temple, or in the office the consul-general, consul or vice-consul, as the case may be, and not elsewhere, except in cases of marriages contracted on the point of death or in remote places in accordance with Article 29 of this Code, or where both of the parties request the solemnizing officer in writing in which case the marriage may be solemnized at a house or place designated by them in a sworn statement to that effect. (57a) ChanRoblesVirtualawlibrary

Art. 9. A marriage license shall be issued by the local civil registrar of the city or municipality where either contracting party habitually resides, except in marriages where no license is required in accordance with Chapter 2 of this Title. (58a) ChanRoblesVirtualawlibrary

Art. 10. Marriages between Filipino citizens abroad may be solemnized by a consul-general, consul or vice-consul of the Republic of the Philippines. The issuance of the marriage license and the duties of the local civil registrar and of the solemnizing officer with regard to the celebration of marriage shall be performed by said consular official. (75a) ChanRoblesVirtualawlibrary

Art. 11. Where a marriage license is required, each of the contracting parties shall file separately a sworn application for such license with the proper local civil registrar which shall specify the following:

(2) Place of birth;

(3) Age and date of birth;

(4) Civil status;

(5) If previously married, how, when and where the previous marriage was dissolved or annulled;

(6) Present residence and citizenship;

(7) Degree of relationship of the contracting parties;

(8) Full name, residence and citizenship of the father;

(9) Full name, residence and citizenship of the mother; and

(10) Full name, residence and citizenship of the guardian or person having charge, in case the contracting party has neither father nor mother and is under the age of twenty-one years.

The applicants, their parents or guardians shall not be required to exhibit their residence certificates in any formality in connection with the securing of the marriage license. (59a) ChanRoblesVirtualawlibrary

Art. 12. The local civil registrar, upon receiving such application, shall require the presentation of the original birth certificates or, in default thereof, the baptismal certificates of the contracting parties or copies of such documents duly attested by the persons having custody of the originals. These certificates or certified copies of the documents by this Article need not be sworn to and shall be exempt from the documentary stamp tax. The signature and official title of the person issuing the certificate shall be sufficient proof of its authenticity.

If either of the contracting parties is unable to produce his birth or baptismal certificate or a certified copy of either because of the destruction or loss of the original or if it is shown by an affidavit of such party or of any other person that such birth or baptismal certificate has not yet been received though the same has been required of the person having custody thereof at least fifteen days prior to the date of the application, such party may furnish in lieu thereof his current residence certificate or an instrument drawn up and sworn to before the local civil registrar concerned or any public official authorized to administer oaths. Such instrument shall contain the sworn declaration of two witnesses of lawful age, setting forth the full name, residence and citizenship of such contracting party and of his or her parents, if known, and the place and date of birth of such party. The nearest of kin of the contracting parties shall be preferred as witnesses, or, in their default, persons of good reputation in the province or the locality.

The presentation of birth or baptismal certificate shall not be required if the parents of the contracting parties appear personally before the local civil registrar concerned and swear to the correctness of the lawful age of said parties, as stated in the application, or when the local civil registrar shall, by merely looking at the applicants upon their personally appearing before him, be convinced that either or both of them have the required age. (60a) ChanRoblesVirtualawlibrary

Art. 13. In case either of the contracting parties has been previously married, the applicant shall be required to furnish, instead of the birth or baptismal certificate required in the last preceding article, the death certificate of the deceased spouse or the judicial decree of the absolute divorce, or the judicial decree of annulment or declaration of nullity of his or her previous marriage.

In case the death certificate cannot be secured, the party shall make an affidavit setting forth this circumstance and his or her actual civil status and the name and date of death of the deceased spouse. (61a) ChanRoblesVirtualawlibrary

Art. 14. In case either or both of the contracting parties, not having been emancipated by a previous marriage, are between the ages of eighteen and twenty-one, they shall, in addition to the requirements of the preceding articles, exhibit to the local civil registrar, the consent to their marriage of their father, mother, surviving parent or guardian, or persons having legal charge of them, in the order mentioned. Such consent shall be manifested in writing by the interested party, who personally appears before the proper local civil registrar, or in the form of an affidavit made in the presence of two witnesses and attested before any official authorized by law to administer oaths. The personal manifestation shall be recorded in both applications for marriage license, and the affidavit, if one is executed instead, shall be attached to said applications. (61a) ChanRoblesVirtualawlibrary

Art. 15. Any contracting party between the age of twenty-one and twenty-five shall be obliged to ask their parents or guardian for advice upon the intended marriage. If they do not obtain such advice, or if it be unfavorable, the marriage license shall not be issued till after three months following the completion of the publication of the application therefor. A sworn statement by the contracting parties to the effect that such advice has been sought, together with the written advice given, if any, shall be attached to the application for marriage license. Should the parents or guardian refuse to give any advice, this fact shall be stated in the sworn statement. (62a) ChanRoblesVirtualawlibrary

Art. 16. In the cases where parental consent or parental advice is needed, the party or parties concerned shall, in addition to the requirements of the preceding articles, attach a certificate issued by a priest, imam or minister authorized to solemnize marriage under Article 7 of this Code or a marriage counselor duly accredited by the proper government agency to the effect that the contracting parties have undergone marriage counseling. Failure to attach said certificates of marriage counseling shall suspend the issuance of the marriage license for a period of three months from the completion of the publication of the application. Issuance of the marriage license within the prohibited period shall subject the issuing officer to administrative sanctions but shall not affect the validity of the marriage.

Should only one of the contracting parties need parental consent or parental advice, the other party must be present at the counseling referred to in the preceding paragraph. (n) ChanRoblesVirtualawlibrary

Art. 17. The local civil registrar shall prepare a notice which shall contain the full names and residences of the applicants for a marriage license and other data given in the applications. The notice shall be posted for ten consecutive days on a bulletin board outside the office of the local civil registrar located in a conspicuous place within the building and accessible to the general public. This notice shall request all persons having knowledge of any impediment to the marriage to advise the local civil registrar thereof. The marriage license shall be issued after the completion of the period of publication. (63a) ChanRoblesVirtualawlibrary

Art. 18. In case of any impediment known to the local civil registrar or brought to his attention, he shall note down the particulars thereof and his findings thereon in the application for marriage license, but shall nonetheless issue said license after the completion of the period of publication, unless ordered otherwise by a competent court at his own instance or that of any interest party. No filing fee shall be charged for the petition nor a corresponding bond required for the issuances of the order. (64a) ChanRoblesVirtualawlibrary

Art. 19. The local civil registrar shall require the payment of the fees prescribed by law or regulations before the issuance of the marriage license. No other sum shall be collected in the nature of a fee or tax of any kind for the issuance of said license. It shall, however, be issued free of charge to indigent parties, that is those who have no visible means of income or whose income is insufficient for their subsistence a fact established by their affidavit, or by their oath before the local civil registrar. (65a) chan robles virtual law library

Art. 20. The license shall be valid in any part of the Philippines for a period of one hundred twenty days from the date of issue, and shall be deemed automatically canceled at the expiration of the said period if the contracting parties have not made use of it. The expiry date shall be stamped in bold characters on the face of every license issued. (65a) ChanRoblesVirtualawlibrary

Art. 21. When either or both of the contracting parties are citizens of a foreign country, it shall be necessary for them before a marriage license can be obtained, to submit a certificate of legal capacity to contract marriage, issued by their respective diplomatic or consular officials.

Stateless persons or refugees from other countries shall, in lieu of the certificate of legal capacity herein required, submit an affidavit stating the circumstances showing such capacity to contract marriage. (66a) ChanRoblesVirtualawlibrary

Art. 22. The marriage certificate, in which the parties shall declare that they take each other as husband and wife, shall also state:

(2) Their citizenship, religion and habitual residence;

(3) The date and precise time of the celebration of the marriage;

(4) That the proper marriage license has been issued according to law, except in marriage provided for in Chapter 2 of this Title;

(5) That either or both of the contracting parties have secured the parental consent in appropriate cases;

(6) That either or both of the contracting parties have complied with the legal requirement regarding parental advice in appropriate cases; and

(7) That the parties have entered into marriage settlement, if any, attaching a copy thereof. (67a) ChanRoblesVirtualawlibrary

Art. 23. It shall be the duty of the person solemnizing the marriage to furnish either of the contracting parties the original of the marriage certificate referred to in Article 6 and to send the duplicate and triplicate copies of the certificate not later than fifteen days after the marriage, to the local civil registrar of the place where the marriage was solemnized. Proper receipts shall be issued by the local civil registrar to the solemnizing officer transmitting copies of the marriage certificate. The solemnizing officer shall retain in his file the quadruplicate copy of the marriage certificate, the copy of the marriage certificate, the original of the marriage license and, in proper cases, the affidavit of the contracting party regarding the solemnization of the marriage in place other than those mentioned in Article 8. (68a) ChanRoblesVirtualawlibrary

Art. 24. It shall be the duty of the local civil registrar to prepare the documents required by this Title, and to administer oaths to all interested parties without any charge in both cases. The documents and affidavits filed in connection with applications for marriage licenses shall be exempt from documentary stamp tax. (n) ChanRoblesVirtualawlibrary

Art. 25. The local civil registrar concerned shall enter all applications for marriage licenses filed with him in a registry book strictly in the order in which the same are received. He shall record in said book the names of the applicants, the date on which the marriage license was issued, and such other data as may be necessary. (n) ChanRoblesVirtualawlibrary

Art. 26. All marriages solemnized outside the Philippines, in accordance with the laws in force in the country where they were solemnized, and valid there as such, shall also be valid in this country, except those prohibited under Articles 35 (1), (4), (5) and (6), 3637 and 38. (17a) ChanRoblesVirtualawlibrary

Where a marriage between a Filipino citizen and a foreigner is validly celebrated and a divorce is thereafter validly obtained abroad by the alien spouse capacitating him or her to remarry, the Filipino spouse shall have capacity to remarry under Philippine law. (As amended by Executive Order 227)

Chapter 2. Marriages Exempted from License Requirement

Art. 27. In case either or both of the contracting parties are at the point of death, the marriage may be solemnized without necessity of a marriage license and shall remain valid even if the ailing party subsequently survives. (72a) ChanRoblesVirtualawlibrary

Art. 28. If the residence of either party is so located that there is no means of transportation to enable such party to appear personally before the local civil registrar, the marriage may be solemnized without necessity of a marriage license. (72a) ChanRoblesVirtualawlibrary

Art. 29. In the cases provided for in the two preceding articles, the solemnizing officer shall state in an affidavit executed before the local civil registrar or any other person legally authorized to administer oaths that the marriage was performed in articulo mortis or that the residence of either party, specifying the barrio or barangay, is so located that there is no means of transportation to enable such party to appear personally before the local civil registrar and that the officer took the necessary steps to ascertain the ages and relationship of the contracting parties and the absence of legal impediment to the marriage. (72a) ChanRoblesVirtualawlibrary

Art. 30. The original of the affidavit required in the last preceding article, together with the legible copy of the marriage contract, shall be sent by the person solemnizing the marriage to the local civil registrar of the municipality where it was performed within the period of thirty days after the performance of the marriage. (75a) ChanRoblesVirtualawlibrary

Art. 31. A marriage in articulo mortis between passengers or crew members may also be solemnized by a ship captain or by an airplane pilot not only while the ship is at sea or the plane is in flight, but also during stopovers at ports of call. (74a) ChanRoblesVirtualawlibrary

Art. 32. A military commander of a unit, who is a commissioned officer, shall likewise have authority to solemnize marriages in articulo mortis between persons within the zone of military operation, whether members of the armed forces or civilians. (74a) ChanRoblesVirtualawlibrary

Art. 33. Marriages among Muslims or among members of the ethnic cultural communities may be performed validly without the necessity of marriage license, provided they are solemnized in accordance with their customs, rites or practices. (78a) ChanRoblesVirtualawlibrary

Art. 34. No license shall be necessary for the marriage of a man and a woman who have lived together as husband and wife for at least five years and without any legal impediment to marry each other. The contracting parties shall state the foregoing facts in an affidavit before any person authorized by law to administer oaths. The solemnizing officer shall also state under oath that he ascertained the qualifications of the contracting parties are found no legal impediment to the marriage. (76a)

Chapter 3. Void and Voidable Marriages

Art. 35. The following marriages shall be void from the beginning:

(2) Those solemnized by any person not legally authorized to perform marriages unless such marriages were contracted with either or both parties believing in good faith that the solemnizing officer had the legal authority to do so;

(3) Those solemnized without license, except those covered the preceding Chapter;

(4) Those bigamous or polygamous marriages not failing under Article 41;

(5) Those contracted through mistake of one contracting party as to the identity of the other; and

(6) Those subsequent marriages that are void under Article 53.

Art. 36. A marriage contracted by any party who, at the time of the celebration, was psychologically incapacitated to comply with the essential marital obligations of marriage, shall likewise be void even if such incapacity becomes manifest only after its solemnization. (As amended by Executive Order 227) ChanRoblesVirtualawlibrary

Art. 37. Marriages between the following are incestuous and void from the beginning, whether relationship between the parties be legitimate or illegitimate:

(2) Between brothers and sisters, whether of the full or half blood. (81a) ChanRoblesVirtualawlibrary

Art. 38. The following marriages shall be void from the beginning for reasons of public policy:

(2) Between step-parents and step-children;

(3) Between parents-in-law and children-in-law;

(4) Between the adopting parent and the adopted child;

(5) Between the surviving spouse of the adopting parent and the adopted child;

(6) Between the surviving spouse of the adopted child and the adopter;

(7) Between an adopted child and a legitimate child of the adopter;

(8) Between adopted children of the same adopter; and

(9) Between parties where one, with the intention to marry the other, killed that other person's spouse, or his or her own spouse. (82) ChanRoblesVirtualawlibrary

Art. 39. The action or defense for the declaration of absolute nullity of a marriage shall not prescribe. (As amended by Executive Order 227 and Republic Act No. 8533 ; The phrase "However, in case of marriage celebrated before the effectivity of this Code and falling under Article 36, such action or defense shall prescribe in ten years after this Code shall taken effect" has been deleted by Republic Act No. 8533 [Approved February 23, 1998]).

Art. 40. The absolute nullity of a previous marriage may be invoked for purposes of remarriage on the basis solely of a final judgment declaring such previous marriage void. (n) ChanRoblesVirtualawlibrary

Art. 41. A marriage contracted by any person during subsistence of a previous marriage shall be null and void, unless before the celebration of the subsequent marriage, the prior spouse had been absent for four consecutive years and the spouse present has a well-founded belief that the absent spouse was already dead. In case of disappearance where there is danger of death under the circumstances set forth in the provisions of Article 391 of the Civil Code , an absence of only two years shall be sufficient.

For the purpose of contracting the subsequent marriage under the preceding paragraph the spouse present must institute a summary proceeding as provided in this Code for the declaration of presumptive death of the absentee, without prejudice to the effect of reappearance of the absent spouse. (83a) ChanRoblesVirtualawlibrary

Art. 42. The subsequent marriage referred to in the preceding Article shall be automatically terminated by the recording of the affidavit of reappearance of the absent spouse, unless there is a judgment annulling the previous marriage or declaring it void ab initio .

A sworn statement of the fact and circumstances of reappearance shall be recorded in the civil registry of the residence of the parties to the subsequent marriage at the instance of any interested person, with due notice to the spouses of the subsequent marriage and without prejudice to the fact of reappearance being judicially determined in case such fact is disputed. (n) ChanRoblesVirtualawlibrary

Art. 43. The termination of the subsequent marriage referred to in the preceding Article shall produce the following effects:

(2) The absolute community of property or the conjugal partnership, as the case may be, shall be dissolved and liquidated, but if either spouse contracted said marriage in bad faith, his or her share of the net profits of the community property or conjugal partnership property shall be forfeited in favor of the common children or, if there are none, the children of the guilty spouse by a previous marriage or in default of children, the innocent spouse;

(3) Donations by reason of marriage shall remain valid, except that if the donee contracted the marriage in bad faith, such donations made to said donee are revoked by operation of law;

(4) The innocent spouse may revoke the designation of the other spouse who acted in bad faith as beneficiary in any insurance policy, even if such designation be stipulated as irrevocable; and

(5) The spouse who contracted the subsequent marriage in bad faith shall be disqualified to inherit from the innocent spouse by testate and intestate succession. (n) ChanRoblesVirtualawlibrary

Art. 44. If both spouses of the subsequent marriage acted in bad faith, said marriage shall be void ab initio and all donations by reason of marriage and testamentary dispositions made by one in favor of the other are revoked by operation of law. (n) ChanRoblesVirtualawlibrary

Art. 45. A marriage may be annulled for any of the following causes, existing at the time of the marriage:

(1) That the party in whose behalf it is sought to have the marriage annulled was eighteen years of age or over but below twenty-one, and the marriage was solemnized without the consent of the parents, guardian or person having substitute parental authority over the party, in that order, unless after attaining the age of twenty-one, such party freely cohabited with the other and both lived together as husband and wife;

(2) That either party was of unsound mind, unless such party after coming to reason, freely cohabited with the other as husband and wife;

(3) That the consent of either party was obtained by fraud, unless such party afterwards, with full knowledge of the facts constituting the fraud, freely cohabited with the other as husband and wife;

(4) That the consent of either party was obtained by force, intimidation or undue influence, unless the same having disappeared or ceased, such party thereafter freely cohabited with the other as husband and wife;

(5) That either party was physically incapable of consummating the marriage with the other, and such incapacity continues and appears to be incurable; or

(6) That either party was afflicted with a sexually-transmissible disease found to be serious and appears to be incurable. (85a) ChanRoblesVirtualawlibrary

Art. 46. Any of the following circumstances shall constitute fraud referred to in Number 3 of the preceding Article:

(1) Non-disclosure of a previous conviction by final judgment of the other party of a crime involving moral turpitude;

(2) Concealment by the wife of the fact that at the time of the marriage, she was pregnant by a man other than her husband;

(3) Concealment of sexually transmissible disease, regardless of its nature, existing at the time of the marriage; or

(4) Concealment of drug addiction, habitual alcoholism or homosexuality or lesbianism existing at the time of the marriage.

No other misrepresentation or deceit as to character, health, rank, fortune or chastity shall constitute such fraud as will give grounds for action for the annulment of marriage. (86a) ChanRoblesVirtualawlibrary

Art. 47. The action for annulment of marriage must be filed by the following persons and within the periods indicated herein:

(2) For causes mentioned in number 2 of Article 45, by the same spouse, who had no knowledge of the other's insanity; or by any relative or guardian or person having legal charge of the insane, at any time before the death of either party, or by the insane spouse during a lucid interval or after regaining sanity;

(3) For causes mentioned in number 3 of Article 45, by the injured party, within five years after the discovery of the fraud;

(4) For causes mentioned in number 4 of Article 45, by the injured party, within five years from the time the force, intimidation or undue influence disappeared or ceased;

(5) For causes mentioned in number 5 and 6 of Article 45, by the injured party, within five years after the marriage. (87a) ChanRoblesVirtualawlibrary

Art. 48. In all cases of annulment or declaration of absolute nullity of marriage, the Court shall order the prosecuting attorney or fiscal assigned to it to appear on behalf of the State to take steps to prevent collusion between the parties and to take care that evidence is not fabricated or suppressed.

In the cases referred to in the preceding paragraph, no judgment shall be based upon a stipulation of facts or confession of judgment. (88a) ChanRoblesVirtualawlibrary

Art. 49. During the pendency of the action and in the absence of adequate provisions in a written agreement between the spouses, the Court shall provide for the support of the spouses and the custody and support of their common children. The Court shall give paramount consideration to the moral and material welfare of said children and their choice of the parent with whom they wish to remain as provided to in Title IX. It shall also provide for appropriate visitation rights of the other parent. (n) ChanRoblesVirtualawlibrary

Art. 50. The effects provided for by paragraphs (2), (3), (4) and (5) of Article 43 and by Article 44 shall also apply in the proper cases to marriages which are declared ab initio or annulled by final judgment under Articles 40 and 45.

The final judgment in such cases shall provide for the liquidation, partition and distribution of the properties of the spouses, the custody and support of the common children, and the delivery of third presumptive legitimes, unless such matters had been adjudicated in previous judicial proceedings.

All creditors of the spouses as well as of the absolute community or the conjugal partnership shall be notified of the proceedings for liquidation.

In the partition, the conjugal dwelling and the lot on which it is situated, shall be adjudicated in accordance with the provisions of Articles 102 and 129.

Art. 51. In said partition, the value of the presumptive legitimes of all common children, computed as of the date of the final judgment of the trial court, shall be delivered in cash, property or sound securities, unless the parties, by mutual agreement judicially approved, had already provided for such matters.

The children or their guardian or the trustee of their property may ask for the enforcement of the judgment.

The delivery of the presumptive legitimes herein prescribed shall in no way prejudice the ultimate successional rights of the children accruing upon the death of either of both of the parents; but the value of the properties already received under the decree of annulment or absolute nullity shall be considered as advances on their legitime. (n) ChanRoblesVirtualawlibrary

Art. 52. The judgment of annulment or of absolute nullity of the marriage, the partition and distribution of the properties of the spouses and the delivery of the children's presumptive legitimes shall be recorded in the appropriate civil registry and registries of property; otherwise, the same shall not affect third persons. (n) ChanRoblesVirtualawlibrary

Art. 53. Either of the former spouses may marry again after compliance with the requirements of the immediately preceding Article; otherwise, the subsequent marriage shall be null and void. chan robles virtual law library

Art. 54. Children conceived or born before the judgment of annulment or absolute nullity of the marriage under Article 36 has become final and executory shall be considered legitimate. Children conceived or born of the subsequent marriage under Article 53 shall likewise be legitimate.

LEGAL SEPARATION

Art. 55. A petition for legal separation may be filed on any of the following grounds:

(1) Repeated physical violence or grossly abusive conduct directed against the petitioner, a common child, or a child of the petitioner;

(2) Physical violence or moral pressure to compel the petitioner to change religious or political affiliation;

(3) Attempt of respondent to corrupt or induce the petitioner, a common child, or a child of the petitioner, to engage in prostitution, or connivance in such corruption or inducement;

(4) Final judgment sentencing the respondent to imprisonment of more than six years, even if pardoned;

(5) Drug addiction or habitual alcoholism of the respondent;

(6) Lesbianism or homosexuality of the respondent;

(7) Contracting by the respondent of a subsequent bigamous marriage, whether in the Philippines or abroad;

(8) Sexual infidelity or perversion;

(9) Attempt by the respondent against the life of the petitioner; or

(10) Abandonment of petitioner by respondent without justifiable cause for more than one year.

For purposes of this Article, the term "child" shall include a child by nature or by adoption. (9a) ChanRoblesVirtualawlibrary

Art. 56. The petition for legal separation shall be denied on any of the following grounds:

(2) Where the aggrieved party has consented to the commission of the offense or act complained of;

(3) Where there is connivance between the parties in the commission of the offense or act constituting the ground for legal separation;

(4) Where both parties have given ground for legal separation;

(5) Where there is collusion between the parties to obtain decree of legal separation; or

(6) Where the action is barred by prescription. (100a) ChanRoblesVirtualawlibrary

Art. 57. An action for legal separation shall be filed within five years from the time of the occurrence of the cause. (102) ChanRoblesVirtualawlibrary

Art. 58. An action for legal separation shall in no case be tried before six months shall have elapsed since the filing of the petition. (103) ChanRoblesVirtualawlibrary

Art. 59. No legal separation may be decreed unless the Court has taken steps toward the reconciliation of the spouses and is fully satisfied, despite such efforts, that reconciliation is highly improbable. (n) ChanRoblesVirtualawlibrary

Art. 60. No decree of legal separation shall be based upon a stipulation of facts or a confession of judgment.

In any case, the Court shall order the prosecuting attorney or fiscal assigned to it to take steps to prevent collusion between the parties and to take care that the evidence is not fabricated or suppressed. (101a) ChanRoblesVirtualawlibrary

Art. 61. After the filing of the petition for legal separation, the spouses shall be entitled to live separately from each other.

The court, in the absence of a written agreement between the spouses, shall designate either of them or a third person to administer the absolute community or conjugal partnership property. The administrator appointed by the court shall have the same powers and duties as those of a guardian under the Rules of Court . (104a) ChanRoblesVirtualawlibrary

Art. 62. During the pendency of the action for legal separation, the provisions of Article 49 shall likewise apply to the support of the spouses and the custody and support of the common children. (105a) ChanRoblesVirtualawlibrary

Art. 63. The decree of legal separation shall have the following effects:

(2) The absolute community or the conjugal partnership shall be dissolved and liquidated but the offending spouse shall have no right to any share of the net profits earned by the absolute community or the conjugal partnership, which shall be forfeited in accordance with the provisions of Article 43(2);

(3) The custody of the minor children shall be awarded to the innocent spouse, subject to the provisions of Article 213 of this Code; and

(4) The offending spouse shall be disqualified from inheriting from the innocent spouse by intestate succession. Moreover, provisions in favor of the offending spouse made in the will of the innocent spouse shall be revoked by operation of law. (106a) ChanRoblesVirtualawlibrary

Art. 64. After the finality of the decree of legal separation, the innocent spouse may revoke the donations made by him or by her in favor of the offending spouse, as well as the designation of the latter as beneficiary in any insurance policy, even if such designation be stipulated as irrevocable. The revocation of the donations shall be recorded in the registries of property in the places where the properties are located. Alienations, liens and encumbrances registered in good faith before the recording of the complaint for revocation in the registries of property shall be respected. The revocation of or change in the designation of the insurance beneficiary shall take effect upon written notification thereof to the insured.

The action to revoke the donation under this Article must be brought within five years from the time the decree of legal separation become final. (107a) ChanRoblesVirtualawlibrary

Art. 65. If the spouses should reconcile, a corresponding joint manifestation under oath duly signed by them shall be filed with the court in the same proceeding for legal separation. (n) ChanRoblesVirtualawlibrary

Art. 66. The reconciliation referred to in the preceding Articles shall have the following consequences:

(2) The final decree of legal separation shall be set aside, but the separation of property and any forfeiture of the share of the guilty spouse already effected shall subsist, unless the spouses agree to revive their former property regime.

The court's order containing the foregoing shall be recorded in the proper civil registries. (108a) ChanRoblesVirtualawlibrary

Art. 67. The agreement to revive the former property regime referred to in the preceding Article shall be executed under oath and shall specify:

(2) Those to be retained as separated properties of each spouse; and

(3) The names of all their known creditors, their addresses and the amounts owing to each.

The agreement of revival and the motion for its approval shall be filed with the court in the same proceeding for legal separation, with copies of both furnished to the creditors named therein. After due hearing, the court shall, in its order, take measure to protect the interest of creditors and such order shall be recorded in the proper registries of properties.

The recording of the ordering in the registries of property shall not prejudice any creditor not listed or not notified, unless the debtor-spouse has sufficient separate properties to satisfy the creditor's claim. (195a, 108a)

RIGHTS AND OBLIGATIONS BETWEEN HUSBAND AND WIFE

Art. 68. The husband and wife are obliged to live together, observe mutual love, respect and fidelity, and render mutual help and support. (109a) ChanRoblesVirtualawlibrary

Art. 69. The husband and wife shall fix the family domicile. In case of disagreement, the court shall decide.

The court may exempt one spouse from living with the other if the latter should live abroad or there are other valid and compelling reasons for the exemption. However, such exemption shall not apply if the same is not compatible with the solidarity of the family. (110a) ChanRoblesVirtualawlibrary

Art. 70. The spouses are jointly responsible for the support of the family. The expenses for such support and other conjugal obligations shall be paid from the community property and, in the absence thereof, from the income or fruits of their separate properties. In case of insufficiency or absence of said income or fruits, such obligations shall be satisfied from the separate properties. (111a) ChanRoblesVirtualawlibrary

Art. 71. The management of the household shall be the right and the duty of both spouses. The expenses for such management shall be paid in accordance with the provisions of Article 70. (115a) ChanRoblesVirtualawlibrary

Art. 72. When one of the spouses neglects his or her duties to the conjugal union or commits acts which tend to bring danger, dishonor or injury to the other or to the family, the aggrieved party may apply to the court for relief. (116a) ChanRoblesVirtualawlibrary

Art. 73. Either spouse may exercise any legitimate profession, occupation, business or activity without the consent of the other. The latter may object only on valid, serious, and moral grounds.

In case of disagreement, the court shall decide whether or not:

(2) Benefit has occurred to the family prior to the objection or thereafter. If the benefit accrued prior to the objection, the resulting obligation shall be enforced against the separate property of the spouse who has not obtained consent.

The foregoing provisions shall not prejudice the rights of creditors who acted in good faith. (117a)

PROPERTY RELATIONS BETWEEN HUSBAND AND WIFE

Chapter 1. General Provisions

Art. 74. The property relationship between husband and wife shall be governed in the following order:

(2) By the provisions of this Code; and

(3) By the local custom. (118) ChanRoblesVirtualawlibrary

Art. 75. The future spouses may, in the marriage settlements, agree upon the regime of absolute community, conjugal partnership of gains, complete separation of property, or any other regime. In the absence of a marriage settlement, or when the regime agreed upon is void, the system of absolute community of property as established in this Code shall govern. (119a) ChanRoblesVirtualawlibrary

Art. 76. In order that any modification in the marriage settlements may be valid, it must be made before the celebration of the marriage, subject to the provisions of Articles 66, 67, 128, 135 and 136. (121) ChanRoblesVirtualawlibrary

Art. 77. The marriage settlements and any modification thereof shall be in writing, signed by the parties and executed before the celebration of the marriage. They shall not prejudice third persons unless they are registered in the local civil registry where the marriage contract is recorded as well as in the proper registries of properties. (122a) ChanRoblesVirtualawlibrary

Art. 78. A minor who according to law may contract marriage may also execute his or her marriage settlements, but they shall be valid only if the persons designated in Article 14 to give consent to the marriage are made parties to the agreement, subject to the provisions of Title IX of this Code. (120a) ChanRoblesVirtualawlibrary

Art. 79. For the validity of any marriage settlement executed by a person upon whom a sentence of civil interdiction has been pronounced or who is subject to any other disability, it shall be indispensable for the guardian appointed by a competent court to be made a party thereto. (123a) ChanRoblesVirtualawlibrary

Art. 80. In the absence of a contrary stipulation in a marriage settlement, the property relations of the spouses shall be governed by Philippine laws, regardless of the place of the celebration of the marriage and their residence.

This rule shall not apply:

(2) With respect to the extrinsic validity of contracts affecting property not situated in the Philippines and executed in the country where the property is located; and

(3) With respect to the extrinsic validity of contracts entered into in the Philippines but affecting property situated in a foreign country whose laws require different formalities for its extrinsic validity. (124a) ChanRoblesVirtualawlibrary

Art. 81. Everything stipulated in the settlements or contracts referred to in the preceding articles in consideration of a future marriage, including donations between the prospective spouses made therein, shall be rendered void if the marriage does not take place. However, stipulations that do not depend upon the celebration of the marriages shall be valid. (125a)

Chapter 2. Donations by Reason of Marriage

Art. 82. Donations by reason of marriage are those which are made before its celebration, in consideration of the same, and in favor of one or both of the future spouses. (126) ChanRoblesVirtualawlibrary

Art. 83. These donations are governed by the rules on ordinary donations established in Title III of Book III of the Civil Code , insofar as they are not modified by the following articles. (127a) ChanRoblesVirtualawlibrary

Art. 84. If the future spouses agree upon a regime other than the absolute community of property, they cannot donate to each other in their marriage settlements more than one-fifth of their present property. Any excess shall be considered void.

Donations of future property shall be governed by the provisions on testamentary succession and the formalities of wills. (130a) ChanRoblesVirtualawlibrary

Art. 85. Donations by reason of marriage of property subject to encumbrances shall be valid. In case of foreclosure of the encumbrance and the property is sold for less than the total amount of the obligation secured, the donee shall not be liable for the deficiency. If the property is sold for more than the total amount of said obligation, the donee shall be entitled to the excess. (131a) ChanRoblesVirtualawlibrary

Art. 86. A donation by reason of marriage may be revoked by the donor in the following cases:

(2) When the marriage takes place without the consent of the parents or guardian, as required by law;

(3) When the marriage is annulled, and the donee acted in bad faith;

(4) Upon legal separation, the donee being the guilty spouse;

(5) If it is with a resolutory condition and the condition is complied with;

(6) When the donee has committed an act of ingratitude as specified by the provisions of the Civil Code on donations in general. (132a) ChanRoblesVirtualawlibrary

Art. 87. Every donation or grant of gratuitous advantage, direct or indirect, between the spouses during the marriage shall be void, except moderate gifts which the spouses may give each other on the occasion of any family rejoicing. The prohibition shall also apply to persons living together as husband and wife without a valid marriage. (133a)

Chapter 3. System of Absolute Community Section 1. General Provisions

Art. 88. The absolute community of property between spouses shall commence at the precise moment that the marriage is celebrated. Any stipulation, express or implied, for the commencement of the community regime at any other time shall be void. (145a) ChanRoblesVirtualawlibrary

Art. 89. No waiver of rights, shares and effects of the absolute community of property during the marriage can be made except in case of judicial separation of property.

When the waiver takes place upon a judicial separation of property, or after the marriage has been dissolved or annulled, the same shall appear in a public instrument and shall be recorded as provided in Article 77. The creditors of the spouse who made such waiver may petition the court to rescind the waiver to the extent of the amount sufficient to cover the amount of their credits. (146a) ChanRoblesVirtualawlibrary

Art. 90. The provisions on co-ownership shall apply to the absolute community of property between the spouses in all matters not provided for in this Chapter. (n)

Section 2. What Constitutes Community Property

Art. 91. Unless otherwise provided in this Chapter or in the marriage settlements, the community property shall consist of all the property owned by the spouses at the time of the celebration of the marriage or acquired thereafter. (197a) ChanRoblesVirtualawlibrary

Art. 92. The following shall be excluded from the community property:

(2) Property for personal and exclusive use of either spouse. However, jewelry shall form part of the community property;

(3) Property acquired before the marriage by either spouse who has legitimate descendants by a former marriage, and the fruits as well as the income, if any, of such property. (201a) ChanRoblesVirtualawlibrary

Art. 93. Property acquired during the marriage is presumed to belong to the community, unless it is proved that it is one of those excluded therefrom. (160) chan robles virtual law library

Section 3. Charges and Obligations of the Absolute Community

Art. 94. The absolute community of property shall be liable for:

(2) All debts and obligations contracted during the marriage by the designated administrator-spouse for the benefit of the community, or by both spouses, or by one spouse with the consent of the other;

(3) Debts and obligations contracted by either spouse without the consent of the other to the extent that the family may have been benefited;

(4) All taxes, liens, charges and expenses, including major or minor repairs, upon the community property;

(5) All taxes and expenses for mere preservation made during marriage upon the separate property of either spouse used by the family;

(6) Expenses to enable either spouse to commence or complete a professional or vocational course, or other activity for self-improvement;

(7) Ante-nuptial debts of either spouse insofar as they have redounded to the benefit of the family;

(8) The value of what is donated or promised by both spouses in favor of their common legitimate children for the exclusive purpose of commencing or completing a professional or vocational course or other activity for self-improvement;

(9) Ante-nuptial debts of either spouse other than those falling under paragraph (7) of this Article, the support of illegitimate children of either spouse, and liabilities incurred by either spouse by reason of a crime or a quasi-delict, in case of absence or insufficiency of the exclusive property of the debtor-spouse, the payment of which shall be considered as advances to be deducted from the share of the debtor-spouse upon liquidation of the community; and

(10) Expenses of litigation between the spouses unless the suit is found to be groundless.

Art. 95. Whatever may be lost during the marriage in any game of chance, betting, sweepstakes, or any other kind of gambling, whether permitted or prohibited by law, shall be borne by the loser and shall not be charged to the community but any winnings therefrom shall form part of the community property. (164a)

Section 4. Ownership, Administrative, Enjoyment and Disposition of the Community Property

Art. 96. The administration and enjoyment of the community property shall belong to both spouses jointly. In case of disagreement, the husband's decision shall prevail, subject to recourse to the court by the wife for proper remedy, which must be availed of within five years from the date of the contract implementing such decision.

In the event that one spouse is incapacitated or otherwise unable to participate in the administration of the common properties, the other spouse may assume sole powers of administration. These powers do not include disposition or encumbrance without authority of the court or the written consent of the other spouse. In the absence of such authority or consent, the disposition or encumbrance shall be void. However, the transaction shall be construed as a continuing offer on the part of the consenting spouse and the third person, and may be perfected as a binding contract upon the acceptance by the other spouse or authorization by the court before the offer is withdrawn by either or both offerors. (206a) ChanRoblesVirtualawlibrary

Art. 97. Either spouse may dispose by will of his or her interest in the community property. (n) ChanRoblesVirtualawlibrary

Art. 98. Neither spouse may donate any community property without the consent of the other. However, either spouse may, without the consent of the other, make moderate donations from the community property for charity or on occasions of family rejoicing or family distress. (n)

Section 5. Dissolution of Absolute Community Regime

Art. 99. The absolute community terminates:

(2) When there is a decree of legal separation;

(3) When the marriage is annulled or declared void; or

(4) In case of judicial separation of property during the marriage under Articles 134 to 138. (175a) ChanRoblesVirtualawlibrary

Art. 100. The separation in fact between husband and wife shall not affect the regime of absolute community except that:

(2) When the consent of one spouse to any transaction of the other is required by law, judicial authorization shall be obtained in a summary proceeding;

(3) In the absence of sufficient community property, the separate property of both spouses shall be solidarily liable for the support of the family. The spouse present shall, upon proper petition in a summary proceeding, be given judicial authority to administer or encumber any specific separate property of the other spouse and use the fruits or proceeds thereof to satisfy the latter's share. (178a) ChanRoblesVirtualawlibrary

Art. 101. If a spouse without just cause abandons the other or fails to comply with his or her obligations to the family, the aggrieved spouse may petition the court for receivership, for judicial separation of property or for authority to be the sole administrator of the absolute community, subject to such precautionary conditions as the court may impose.

The obligations to the family mentioned in the preceding paragraph refer to marital, parental or property relations.

A spouse is deemed to have abandoned the other when her or she has left the conjugal dwelling without intention of returning. The spouse who has left the conjugal dwelling for a period of three months or has failed within the same period to give any information as to his or her whereabouts shall be prima facie presumed to have no intention of returning to the conjugal dwelling. (178a)

Section 6. Liquidation of the Absolute Community Assets and Liabilities

Art. 102. Upon dissolution of the absolute community regime, the following procedure shall apply:

(2) The debts and obligations of the absolute community shall be paid out of its assets. In case of insufficiency of said assets, the spouses shall be solidarily liable for the unpaid balance with their separate properties in accordance with the provisions of the second paragraph of Article 94.

(3) Whatever remains of the exclusive properties of the spouses shall thereafter be delivered to each of them.

(4) The net remainder of the properties of the absolute community shall constitute its net assets, which shall be divided equally between husband and wife, unless a different proportion or division was agreed upon in the marriage settlements, or unless there has been a voluntary waiver of such share provided in this Code. For purpose of computing the net profits subject to forfeiture in accordance with Articles 43, No. (2) and 63, No. (2), the said profits shall be the increase in value between the market value of the community property at the time of the celebration of the marriage and the market value at the time of its dissolution.

(5) The presumptive legitimes of the common children shall be delivered upon partition, in accordance with Article 51.

(6) Unless otherwise agreed upon by the parties, in the partition of the properties, the conjugal dwelling and the lot on which it is situated shall be adjudicated to the spouse with whom the majority of the common children choose to remain. Children below the age of seven years are deemed to have chosen the mother, unless the court has decided otherwise. In case there in no such majority, the court shall decide, taking into consideration the best interests of said children. (n) ChanRoblesVirtualawlibrary

Art. 103. Upon the termination of the marriage by death, the community property shall be liquidated in the same proceeding for the settlement of the estate of the deceased.

If no judicial settlement proceeding is instituted, the surviving spouse shall liquidate the community property either judicially or extra-judicially within six months from the death of the deceased spouse. If upon the lapse of the six months period, no liquidation is made, any disposition or encumbrance involving the community property of the terminated marriage shall be void.

Should the surviving spouse contract a subsequent marriage without compliance with the foregoing requirements, a mandatory regime of complete separation of property shall govern the property relations of the subsequent marriage. (n) ChanRoblesVirtualawlibrary

Art. 104. Whenever the liquidation of the community properties of two or more marriages contracted by the same person before the effectivity of this Code is carried out simultaneously, the respective capital, fruits and income of each community shall be determined upon such proof as may be considered according to the rules of evidence. In case of doubt as to which community the existing properties belong, the same shall be divided between the different communities in proportion to the capital and duration of each. (189a)

Chapter 4. Conjugal Partnership of Gains Section 1. General Provisions

Art. 105. In case the future spouses agree in the marriage settlements that the regime of conjugal partnership gains shall govern their property relations during marriage, the provisions in this Chapter shall be of supplementary application.

The provisions of this Chapter shall also apply to conjugal partnerships of gains already established between spouses before the effectivity of this Code, without prejudice to vested rights already acquired in accordance with the Civil Code or other laws, as provided in Article 256. (n) ChanRoblesVirtualawlibrary

Art. 106. Under the regime of conjugal partnership of gains, the husband and wife place in a common fund the proceeds, products, fruits and income from their separate properties and those acquired by either or both spouses through their efforts or by chance, and, upon dissolution of the marriage or of the partnership, the net gains or benefits obtained by either or both spouses shall be divided equally between them, unless otherwise agreed in the marriage settlements. (142a) ChanRoblesVirtualawlibrary

Art. 107. The rules provided in Articles 88 and 89 shall also apply to conjugal partnership of gains. (n) ChanRoblesVirtualawlibrary

Art. 108. The conjugal partnership shall be governed by the rules on the contract of partnership in all that is not in conflict with what is expressly determined in this Chapter or by the spouses in their marriage settlements. (147a)

Section 2. Exclusive Property of Each Spouse

Art. 109. The following shall be the exclusive property of each spouse:

(2) That which each acquires during the marriage by gratuitous title;

(3) That which is acquired by right of redemption, by barter or by exchange with property belonging to only one of the spouses; and

(4) That which is purchased with exclusive money of the wife or of the husband. (148a) ChanRoblesVirtualawlibrary

Art. 110. The spouses retain the ownership, possession, administration and enjoyment of their exclusive properties.

Either spouse may, during the marriage, transfer the administration of his or her exclusive property to the other by means of a public instrument, which shall be recorded in the registry of property of the place the property is located. (137a, 168a, 169a) ChanRoblesVirtualawlibrary

Art. 111. A spouse of age may mortgage, encumber, alienate or otherwise dispose of his or her exclusive property, without the consent of the other spouse, and appear alone in court to litigate with regard to the same. (n) ChanRoblesVirtualawlibrary

Art. 112. The alienation of any exclusive property of a spouse administered by the other automatically terminates the administration over such property and the proceeds of the alienation shall be turned over to the owner-spouse. (n) ChanRoblesVirtualawlibrary

Art. 113. Property donated or left by will to the spouses, jointly and with designation of determinate shares, shall pertain to the donee-spouses as his or her own exclusive property, and in the absence of designation, share and share alike, without prejudice to the right of accretion when proper. (150a) ChanRoblesVirtualawlibrary

Art. 114. If the donations are onerous, the amount of the charges shall be borne by the exclusive property of the donee spouse, whenever they have been advanced by the conjugal partnership of gains. (151a) ChanRoblesVirtualawlibrary

Art. 115. Retirement benefits, pensions, annuities, gratuities, usufructs and similar benefits shall be governed by the rules on gratuitous or onerous acquisitions as may be proper in each case. (n)

Section 3. Conjugal Partnership Property

Art. 116. All property acquired during the marriage, whether the acquisition appears to have been made, contracted or registered in the name of one or both spouses, is presumed to be conjugal unless the contrary is proved. (160a) ChanRoblesVirtualawlibrary

Art. 117. The following are conjugal partnership properties:

(2) Those obtained from the labor, industry, work or profession of either or both of the spouses;

(3) The fruits, natural, industrial, or civil, due or received during the marriage from the common property, as well as the net fruits from the exclusive property of each spouse;

(4) The share of either spouse in the hidden treasure which the law awards to the finder or owner of the property where the treasure is found;

(5) Those acquired through occupation such as fishing or hunting;

(6) Livestock existing upon the dissolution of the partnership in excess of the number of each kind brought to the marriage by either spouse; and

(7) Those which are acquired by chance, such as winnings from gambling or betting. However, losses therefrom shall be borne exclusively by the loser-spouse. (153a, 154a, 155, 159) ChanRoblesVirtualawlibrary

Art. 118. Property bought on installments paid partly from exclusive funds of either or both spouses and partly from conjugal funds belongs to the buyer or buyers if full ownership was vested before the marriage and to the conjugal partnership if such ownership was vested during the marriage. In either case, any amount advanced by the partnership or by either or both spouses shall be reimbursed by the owner or owners upon liquidation of the partnership. (n) ChanRoblesVirtualawlibrary

Art. 119. Whenever an amount or credit payable within a period of time belongs to one of the spouses, the sums which may be collected during the marriage in partial payments or by installments on the principal shall be the exclusive property of the spouse. However, interests falling due during the marriage on the principal shall belong to the conjugal partnership. (156a, 157a) ChanRoblesVirtualawlibrary

Art. 120. The ownership of improvements, whether for utility or adornment, made on the separate property of the spouses at the expense of the partnership or through the acts or efforts of either or both spouses shall pertain to the conjugal partnership, or to the original owner-spouse, subject to the following rules:

In either case, the ownership of the entire property shall be vested upon the reimbursement, which shall be made at the time of the liquidation of the conjugal partnership. (158a) ChanRoblesVirtualawlibrary

Section 4. Charges Upon and Obligations of the Conjugal Partnership

Art. 121. The conjugal partnership shall be liable for:

(2) All debts and obligations contracted during the marriage by the designated administrator-spouse for the benefit of the conjugal partnership of gains, or by both spouses or by one of them with the consent of the other;

(3) Debts and obligations contracted by either spouse without the consent of the other to the extent that the family may have benefited;

(4) All taxes, liens, charges, and expenses, including major or minor repairs upon the conjugal partnership property;

(5) All taxes and expenses for mere preservation made during the marriage upon the separate property of either spouse;

(6) Expenses to enable either spouse to commence or complete a professional, vocational, or other activity for self-improvement;

(9) Expenses of litigation between the spouses unless the suit is found to groundless.

If the conjugal partnership is insufficient to cover the foregoing liabilities, the spouses shall be solidarily liable for the unpaid balance with their separate properties. (161a) ChanRoblesVirtualawlibrary

Art. 122. The payment of personal debts contracted by the husband or the wife before or during the marriage shall not be charged to the conjugal properties partnership except insofar as they redounded to the benefit of the family.

Neither shall the fines and pecuniary indemnities imposed upon them be charged to the partnership.

However, the payment of personal debts contracted by either spouse before the marriage, that of fines and indemnities imposed upon them, as well as the support of illegitimate children of either spouse, may be enforced against the partnership assets after the responsibilities enumerated in the preceding Article have been covered, if the spouse who is bound should have no exclusive property or if it should be insufficient; but at the time of the liquidation of the partnership, such spouse shall be charged for what has been paid for the purpose above-mentioned. (163a) ChanRoblesVirtualawlibrary

Art. 123. Whatever may be lost during the marriage in any game of chance or in betting, sweepstakes, or any other kind of gambling whether permitted or prohibited by law, shall be borne by the loser and shall not be charged to the conjugal partnership but any winnings therefrom shall form part of the conjugal partnership property. (164a)

Section 5. Administration of the Conjugal Partnership Property

Art. 124. The administration and enjoyment of the conjugal partnership shall belong to both spouses jointly. In case of disagreement, the husband's decision shall prevail, subject to recourse to the court by the wife for proper remedy, which must be availed of within five years from the date of the contract implementing such decision.

In the event that one spouse is incapacitated or otherwise unable to participate in the administration of the conjugal properties, the other spouse may assume sole powers of administration. These powers do not include disposition or encumbrance without authority of the court or the written consent of the other spouse. In the absence of such authority or consent, the disposition or encumbrance shall be void. However, the transaction shall be construed as a continuing offer on the part of the consenting spouse and the third person, and may be perfected as a binding contract upon the acceptance by the other spouse or authorization by the court before the offer is withdrawn by either or both offerors. (165a) ChanRoblesVirtualawlibrary

Art. 125. Neither spouse may donate any conjugal partnership property without the consent of the other. However, either spouse may, without the consent of the other, make moderate donations from the conjugal partnership property for charity or on occasions of family rejoicing or family distress. (174a)

Section 6. Dissolution of Conjugal Partnership Regime

Art. 126. The conjugal partnership terminates:

Art. 127. The separation in fact between husband and wife shall not affect the regime of conjugal partnership, except that:

(3) In the absence of sufficient conjugal partnership property, the separate property of both spouses shall be solidarily liable for the support of the family. The spouse present shall, upon petition in a summary proceeding, be given judicial authority to administer or encumber any specific separate property of the other spouse and use the fruits or proceeds thereof to satisfy the latter's share. (178a) ChanRoblesVirtualawlibrary

Art. 128. If a spouse without just cause abandons the other or fails to comply with his or her obligation to the family, the aggrieved spouse may petition the court for receivership, for judicial separation of property, or for authority to be the sole administrator of the conjugal partnership property, subject to such precautionary conditions as the court may impose.

A spouse is deemed to have abandoned the other when he or she has left the conjugal dwelling without intention of returning. The spouse who has left the conjugal dwelling for a period of three months or has failed within the same period to give any information as to his or her whereabouts shall be prima facie presumed to have no intention of returning to the conjugal dwelling. (167a, 191a)

Section 7. Liquidation of the Conjugal Partnership Assets and Liabilities

Art. 129. Upon the dissolution of the conjugal partnership regime, the following procedure shall apply:

(2) Amounts advanced by the conjugal partnership in payment of personal debts and obligations of either spouse shall be credited to the conjugal partnership as an asset thereof.

(3) Each spouse shall be reimbursed for the use of his or her exclusive funds in the acquisition of property or for the value of his or her exclusive property, the ownership of which has been vested by law in the conjugal partnership.

(4) The debts and obligations of the conjugal partnership shall be paid out of the conjugal assets. In case of insufficiency of said assets, the spouses shall be solidarily liable for the unpaid balance with their separate properties, in accordance with the provisions of paragraph (2) of Article 121.

(5) Whatever remains of the exclusive properties of the spouses shall thereafter be delivered to each of them.

(6) Unless the owner had been indemnified from whatever source, the loss or deterioration of movables used for the benefit of the family, belonging to either spouse, even due to fortuitous event, shall be paid to said spouse from the conjugal funds, if any.

(7) The net remainder of the conjugal partnership properties shall constitute the profits, which shall be divided equally between husband and wife, unless a different proportion or division was agreed upon in the marriage settlements or unless there has been a voluntary waiver or forfeiture of such share as provided in this Code.

(8) The presumptive legitimes of the common children shall be delivered upon the partition in accordance with Article 51.

(9) In the partition of the properties, the conjugal dwelling and the lot on which it is situated shall, unless otherwise agreed upon by the parties, be adjudicated to the spouse with whom the majority of the common children choose to remain. Children below the age of seven years are deemed to have chosen the mother, unless the court has decided otherwise. In case there is no such majority, the court shall decide, taking into consideration the best interests of said children. (181a, 182a, 183a, 184a, 185a) ChanRoblesVirtualawlibrary

Art. 130. Upon the termination of the marriage by death, the conjugal partnership property shall be liquidated in the same proceeding for the settlement of the estate of the deceased.

If no judicial settlement proceeding is instituted, the surviving spouse shall liquidate the conjugal partnership property either judicially or extra-judicially within six months from the death of the deceased spouse. If upon the lapse of the six-month period no liquidation is made, any disposition or encumbrance involving the conjugal partnership property of the terminated marriage shall be void.

Art. 131. Whenever the liquidation of the conjugal partnership properties of two or more marriages contracted by the same person before the effectivity of this Code is carried out simultaneously, the respective capital, fruits and income of each partnership shall be determined upon such proof as may be considered according to the rules of evidence. In case of doubt as to which partnership the existing properties belong, the same shall be divided between the different partnerships in proportion to the capital and duration of each. (189a) ChanRoblesVirtualawlibrary

Art. 132. The Rules of Court on the administration of estates of deceased persons shall be observed in the appraisal and sale of property of the conjugal partnership, and other matters which are not expressly determined in this Chapter. (187a) ChanRoblesVirtualawlibrary

Art. 133. From the common mass of property support shall be given to the surviving spouse and to the children during the liquidation of the inventoried property and until what belongs to them is delivered; but from this shall be deducted that amount received for support which exceeds the fruits or rents pertaining to them. (188a)

Chapter 5. Separation of Property of the Spouses and Administration of Common Property by One Spouse During the Marriage

Art. 134. In the absence of an express declaration in the marriage settlements, the separation of property between spouses during the marriage shall not take place except by judicial order. Such judicial separation of property may either be voluntary or for sufficient cause. (190a) ChanRoblesVirtualawlibrary

Art. 135. Any of the following shall be considered sufficient cause for judicial separation of property:

(2) That the spouse of the petitioner has been judicially declared an absentee;

(3) That loss of parental authority of the spouse of petitioner has been decreed by the court;

(4) That the spouse of the petitioner has abandoned the latter or failed to comply with his or her obligations to the family as provided for in Article 101;

(5) That the spouse granted the power of administration in the marriage settlements has abused that power; and

(6) That at the time of the petition, the spouses have been separated in fact for at least one year and reconciliation is highly improbable.

In the cases provided for in Numbers (1), (2) and (3), the presentation of the final judgment against the guilty or absent spouse shall be enough basis for the grant of the decree of judicial separation of property. (191a) ChanRoblesVirtualawlibrary

Art. 136. The spouses may jointly file a verified petition with the court for the voluntary dissolution of the absolute community or the conjugal partnership of gains, and for the separation of their common properties.

All creditors of the absolute community or of the conjugal partnership of gains, as well as the personal creditors of the spouse, shall be listed in the petition and notified of the filing thereof. The court shall take measures to protect the creditors and other persons with pecuniary interest. (191a) ChanRoblesVirtualawlibrary

Art. 137. Once the separation of property has been decreed, the absolute community or the conjugal partnership of gains shall be liquidated in conformity with this Code.

During the pendency of the proceedings for separation of property, the absolute community or the conjugal partnership shall pay for the support of the spouses and their children. (192a) ChanRoblesVirtualawlibrary

Art. 138. After dissolution of the absolute community or of the conjugal partnership, the provisions on complete separation of property shall apply. (191a) ChanRoblesVirtualawlibrary

Art. 139. The petition for separation of property and the final judgment granting the same shall be recorded in the proper local civil registries and registries of property. (193a) ChanRoblesVirtualawlibrary

Art. 140. The separation of property shall not prejudice the rights previously acquired by creditors. (194a) ChanRoblesVirtualawlibrary

Art. 141. The spouses may, in the same proceedings where separation of property was decreed, file a motion in court for a decree reviving the property regime that existed between them before the separation of property in any of the following instances:

(2) When the absentee spouse reappears;

(3) When the court, being satisfied that the spouse granted the power of administration in the marriage settlements will not again abuse that power, authorizes the resumption of said administration;

(4) When the spouse who has left the conjugal home without a decree of legal separation resumes common life with the other;

(5) When parental authority is judicially restored to the spouse previously deprived thereof;

(6) When the spouses who have separated in fact for at least one year, reconcile and resume common life; or

(7) When after voluntary dissolution of the absolute community of property or conjugal partnership has been judicially decreed upon the joint petition of the spouses, they agree to the revival of the former property regime. No voluntary separation of property may thereafter be granted.

The revival of the former property regime shall be governed by Article 67. (195a) ChanRoblesVirtualawlibrary

Art. 142. The administration of all classes of exclusive property of either spouse may be transferred by the court to the other spouse:

(2) When one spouse is judicially declared an absentee;

(3) When one spouse is sentenced to a penalty which carries with it civil interdiction; or

(4) When one spouse becomes a fugitive from justice or is in hiding as an accused in a criminal case.

If the other spouse is not qualified by reason of incompetence, conflict of interest, or any other just cause, the court shall appoint a suitable person to be the administrator. (n)

Chapter 6. Regime of Separation of Property

Art. 143. Should the future spouses agree in the marriage settlements that their property relations during marriage shall be governed by the regime of separation of property, the provisions of this Chapter shall be suppletory. (212a) ChanRoblesVirtualawlibrary

Art. 144. Separation of property may refer to present or future property or both. It may be total or partial. In the latter case, the property not agreed upon as separate shall pertain to the absolute community. (213a) ChanRoblesVirtualawlibrary

Art. 145. Each spouse shall own, dispose of, possess, administer and enjoy his or her own separate estate, without need of the consent of the other. To each spouse shall belong all earnings from his or her profession, business or industry and all fruits, natural, industrial or civil, due or received during the marriage from his or her separate property. (214a) ChanRoblesVirtualawlibrary

Art. 146. Both spouses shall bear the family expenses in proportion to their income, or, in case of insufficiency or default thereof, to the current market value of their separate properties. chan robles virtual law library

The liabilities of the spouses to creditors for family expenses shall, however, be solidary. (215a)

Chapter 7. Property Regime of Unions Without Marriage

Art. 147. When a man and a woman who are capacitated to marry each other, live exclusively with each other as husband and wife without the benefit of marriage or under a void marriage, their wages and salaries shall be owned by them in equal shares and the property acquired by both of them through their work or industry shall be governed by the rules on co-ownership.

In the absence of proof to the contrary, properties acquired while they lived together shall be presumed to have been obtained by their joint efforts, work or industry, and shall be owned by them in equal shares. For purposes of this Article, a party who did not participate in the acquisition by the other party of any property shall be deemed to have contributed jointly in the acquisition thereof if the former's efforts consisted in the care and maintenance of the family and of the household.

Neither party can encumber or dispose by acts inter vivos of his or her share in the property acquired during cohabitation and owned in common, without the consent of the other, until after the termination of their cohabitation.

When only one of the parties to a void marriage is in good faith, the share of the party in bad faith in the co-ownership shall be forfeited in favor of their common children. In case of default of or waiver by any or all of the common children or their descendants, each vacant share shall belong to the respective surviving descendants. In the absence of descendants, such share shall belong to the innocent party. In all cases, the forfeiture shall take place upon termination of the cohabitation. (144a) ChanRoblesVirtualawlibrary

Art. 148. In cases of cohabitation not falling under the preceding Article, only the properties acquired by both of the parties through their actual joint contribution of money, property, or industry shall be owned by them in common in proportion to their respective contributions. In the absence of proof to the contrary, their contributions and corresponding shares are presumed to be equal. The same rule and presumption shall apply to joint deposits of money and evidences of credit.

If one of the parties is validly married to another, his or her share in the co-ownership shall accrue to the absolute community or conjugal partnership existing in such valid marriage. If the party who acted in bad faith is not validly married to another, his or her shall be forfeited in the manner provided in the last paragraph of the preceding Article.

The foregoing rules on forfeiture shall likewise apply even if both parties are in bad faith. (144a)

Chapter 1. The Family as an Institution

Art. 149. The family, being the foundation of the nation, is a basic social institution which public policy cherishes and protects. Consequently, family relations are governed by law and no custom, practice or agreement destructive of the family shall be recognized or given effect. (216a, 218a) ChanRoblesVirtualawlibrary

Art. 50. Family relations include those:

(2) Between parents and children;

(3) Among brothers and sisters, whether of the full or half-blood. (217a) ChanRoblesVirtualawlibrary

Art. 151. No suit between members of the same family shall prosper unless it should appear from the verified complaint or petition that earnest efforts toward a compromise have been made, but that the same have failed. If it is shown that no such efforts were in fact made, the same case must be dismissed.

This rules shall not apply to cases which may not be the subject of compromise under the Civil Code . (222a)

Chapter 2. The Family Home

Art. 152. The family home, constituted jointly by the husband and the wife or by an unmarried head of a family, is the dwelling house where they and their family reside, and the land on which it is situated. (223a) ChanRoblesVirtualawlibrary

Art. 153. The family home is deemed constituted on a house and lot from the time it is occupied as a family residence. From the time of its constitution and so long as any of its beneficiaries actually resides therein, the family home continues to be such and is exempt from execution, forced sale or attachment except as hereinafter provided and to the extent of the value allowed by law. (223a) ChanRoblesVirtualawlibrary

Art. 154. The beneficiaries of a family home are:

(2) Their parents, ascendants, descendants, brothers and sisters, whether the relationship be legitimate or illegitimate, who are living in the family home and who depend upon the head of the family for legal support. (226a) ChanRoblesVirtualawlibrary

Art. 155. The family home shall be exempt from execution, forced sale or attachment except:

(2) For debts incurred prior to the constitution of the family home;

(3) For debts secured by mortgages on the premises before or after such constitution; and

(4) For debts due to laborers, mechanics, architects, builders, materialmen and others who have rendered service or furnished material for the construction of the building. (243a) ChanRoblesVirtualawlibrary

Art. 156. The family home must be part of the properties of the absolute community or the conjugal partnership, or of the exclusive properties of either spouse with the latter's consent. It may also be constituted by an unmarried head of a family on his or her own property.

Nevertheless, property that is the subject of a conditional sale on installments where ownership is reserved by the vendor only to guarantee payment of the purchase price may be constituted as a family home. (227a, 228a) ChanRoblesVirtualawlibrary

Art. 157. The actual value of the family home shall not exceed, at the time of its constitution, the amount of the three hundred thousand pesos in urban areas, and two hundred thousand pesos in rural areas, or such amounts as may hereafter be fixed by law.

In any event, if the value of the currency changes after the adoption of this Code, the value most favorable for the constitution of a family home shall be the basis of evaluation.

For purposes of this Article, urban areas are deemed to include chartered cities and municipalities whose annual income at least equals that legally required for chartered cities. All others are deemed to be rural areas. (231a) ChanRoblesVirtualawlibrary

Art. 158. The family home may be sold, alienated, donated, assigned or encumbered by the owner or owners thereof with the written consent of the person constituting the same, the latter's spouse, and a majority of the beneficiaries of legal age. In case of conflict, the court shall decide. (235a) ChanRoblesVirtualawlibrary

Art. 159. The family home shall continue despite the death of one or both spouses or of the unmarried head of the family for a period of ten years or for as long as there is a minor beneficiary, and the heirs cannot partition the same unless the court finds compelling reasons therefor. This rule shall apply regardless of whoever owns the property or constituted the family home. (238a) ChanRoblesVirtualawlibrary

Art. 160. When a creditor whose claims is not among those mentioned in Article 155 obtains a judgment in his favor, and he has reasonable grounds to believe that the family home is actually worth more than the maximum amount fixed in Article 157, he may apply to the court which rendered the judgment for an order directing the sale of the property under execution. The court shall so order if it finds that the actual value of the family home exceeds the maximum amount allowed by law as of the time of its constitution. If the increased actual value exceeds the maximum allowed in Article 157 and results from subsequent voluntary improvements introduced by the person or persons constituting the family home, by the owner or owners of the property, or by any of the beneficiaries, the same rule and procedure shall apply.

At the execution sale, no bid below the value allowed for a family home shall be considered. The proceeds shall be applied first to the amount mentioned in Article 157, and then to the liabilities under the judgment and the costs. The excess, if any, shall be delivered to the judgment debtor. (247a, 248a) ChanRoblesVirtualawlibrary

Art. 161. For purposes of availing of the benefits of a family home as provided for in this Chapter, a person may constitute, or be the beneficiary of, only one family home. (n) ChanRoblesVirtualawlibrary

Art. 162. The provisions in this Chapter shall also govern existing family residences insofar as said provisions are applicable. (n)

PATERNITY AND FILIATION

Chapter 1. Legitimate Children

Art. 163. The filiation of children may be by nature or by adoption. Natural filiation may be legitimate or illegitimate. (n) ChanRoblesVirtualawlibrary

Art. 164. Children conceived or born during the marriage of the parents are legitimate.

Children conceived as a result of artificial insemination of the wife with the sperm of the husband or that of a donor or both are likewise legitimate children of the husband and his wife, provided, that both of them authorized or ratified such insemination in a written instrument executed and signed by them before the birth of the child. The instrument shall be recorded in the civil registry together with the birth certificate of the child. (55a, 258a) ChanRoblesVirtualawlibrary

Art. 165. Children conceived and born outside a valid marriage are illegitimate, unless otherwise provided in this Code. (n) ChanRoblesVirtualawlibrary

Art. 166. Legitimacy of a child may be impugned only on the following grounds:

(b) the fact that the husband and wife were living separately in such a way that sexual intercourse was not possible; or

(3) That in case of children conceived through artificial insemination, the written authorization or ratification of either parent was obtained through mistake, fraud, violence, intimidation, or undue influence. (255a) ChanRoblesVirtualawlibrary

Art. 167. The child shall be considered legitimate although the mother may have declared against its legitimacy or may have been sentenced as an adulteress. (256a) ChanRoblesVirtualawlibrary

Art. 168. If the marriage is terminated and the mother contracted another marriage within three hundred days after such termination of the former marriage, these rules shall govern in the absence of proof to the contrary:

(2) A child born after one hundred eighty days following the celebration of the subsequent marriage is considered to have been conceived during such marriage, even though it be born within the three hundred days after the termination of the former marriage. (259a) ChanRoblesVirtualawlibrary

Art. 169. The legitimacy or illegitimacy of a child born after three hundred days following the termination of the marriage shall be proved by whoever alleges such legitimacy or illegitimacy. (261a) ChanRoblesVirtualawlibrary

Art. 170. The action to impugn the legitimacy of the child shall be brought within one year from the knowledge of the birth or its recording in the civil register, if the husband or, in a proper case, any of his heirs, should reside in the city or municipality where the birth took place or was recorded.

If the husband or, in his default, all of his heirs do not reside at the place of birth as defined in the first paragraph or where it was recorded, the period shall be two years if they should reside in the Philippines; and three years if abroad. If the birth of the child has been concealed from or was unknown to the husband or his heirs, the period shall be counted from the discovery or knowledge of the birth of the child or of the fact of registration of said birth, whichever is earlier. (263a) ChanRoblesVirtualawlibrary

Art. 171. The heirs of the husband may impugn the filiation of the child within the period prescribed in the preceding article only in the following cases:

(2) If he should die after the filing of the complaint without having desisted therefrom; or

(3) If the child was born after the death of the husband. (262 a)

Chapter 2. Proof of Filiation

Art. 172. The filiation of legitimate children is established by any of the following:

(2) An admission of legitimate filiation in a public document or a private handwritten instrument and signed by the parent concerned.

In the absence of the foregoing evidence, the legitimate filiation shall be

(2) Any other means allowed by the Rules of Court and special laws. (265a, 266a, 267a) ChanRoblesVirtualawlibrary

Art. 173. The action to claim legitimacy may be brought by the child during his or her lifetime and shall be transmitted to the heirs should the child die during minority or in a state of insanity. In these cases, the heirs shall have a period of five years within which to institute the action.

Art. 174. Legitimate children shall have the right:

(2) To receive support from their parents, their ascendants, and in proper cases, their brothers and sisters, in conformity with the provisions of this Code on Support; and

(3) To be entitled to the legitimate and other successional rights granted to them by the Civil Code . (264a) ChanRoblesVirtualawlibrary

Chapter 3. Illegitimate Children

Art. 175. Illegitimate children may establish their illegitimate filiation in the same way and on the same evidence as legitimate children.

The action must be brought within the same period specified in Article 173, except when the action is based on the second paragraph of Article 172, in which case the action may be brought during the lifetime of the alleged parent. (289a) ChanRoblesVirtualawlibrary

Art. 176. Illegitimate children shall use the surname and shall be under the parental authority of their mother, and shall be entitled to support in conformity with this Code. The legitime of each illegitimate child shall consist of one-half of the legitime of a legitimate child. Except for this modification, all other provisions in the Civil Code governing successional rights shall remain in force. (287a)

Chapter 4. Legitimated Children

Art. 177. Only children conceived and born outside of wedlock of parents who, at the time of the conception of the former, were not disqualified by any impediment to marry each other may be legitimated. (269 a)

Art. 178. Legitimation shall take place by a subsequent valid marriage between parents. The annulment of a voidable marriage shall not affect the legitimation. (270a) chan robles virtual law library

Art. 179. Legitimated children shall enjoy the same rights as legitimate children. (272a) ChanRoblesVirtualawlibrary

Art. 180. The effects of legitimation shall retroact to the time of the child's birth. (273a) ChanRoblesVirtualawlibrary

Art. 181. The legitimation of children who died before the celebration of the marriage shall benefit their descendants. (274) ChanRoblesVirtualawlibrary

Art. 182. Legitimation may be impugned only by those who are prejudiced in their rights, within five years from the time their cause of action accrues. (275a)

Art. 183. A person of age and in possession of full civil capacity and legal rights may adopt, provided he is in a position to support and care for his children, legitimate or illegitimate, in keeping with the means of the family.

Only minors may be adopted, except in the cases when the adoption of a person of majority age is allowed in this Title.

In addition, the adopter must be at least sixteen years older than the person to be adopted, unless the adopter is the parent by nature of the adopted, or is the spouse of the legitimate parent of the person to be adopted. (27a, E. O. 91 and PD 603) ChanRoblesVirtualawlibrary

Art. 184. The following persons may not adopt:

(2) Any person who has been convicted of a crime involving moral turpitude;

(3) An alien, except:

(b) One who seeks to adopt the legitimate child of his or her Filipino spouse; or

(c) One who is married to a Filipino citizen and seeks to adopt jointly with his or her spouse a relative by consanguinity of the latter.

Aliens not included in the foregoing exceptions may adopt Filipino children in accordance with the rules on inter-country adoptions as may be provided by law. (28a, E. O. 91 and PD 603) ChanRoblesVirtualawlibrary

Art. 185. Husband and wife must jointly adopt, except in the following cases:

(2) When one spouse seeks to adopt the legitimate child of the other. (29a, E. O. 91 and PD 603) ChanRoblesVirtualawlibrary

Art. 186. In case husband and wife jointly adopt or one spouse adopts the legitimate child of the other, joint parental authority shall be exercised by the spouses in accordance with this Code. (29a, E. O. and PD 603) ChanRoblesVirtualawlibrary

Art. 187. The following may not be adopted:

(2) An alien with whose government the Republic of the Philippines has no diplomatic relations; and

(3) A person who has already been adopted unless such adoption has been previously revoked or rescinded. (30a, E. O. 91 and PD 603) ChanRoblesVirtualawlibrary

Art. 188. The written consent of the following to the adoption shall be necessary:

(2) The parents by nature of the child, the legal guardian, or the proper government instrumentality;

(3) The legitimate and adopted children, ten years of age or over, of the adopting parent or parents;

(4) The illegitimate children, ten years of age or over, of the adopting parent, if living with said parent and the latter's spouse, if any; and

(5) The spouse, if any, of the person adopting or to be adopted. (31a, E. O. 91 and PD 603) ChanRoblesVirtualawlibrary

Art. 189. Adoption shall have the following effects:

(2) The parental authority of the parents by nature over the adopted shall terminate and be vested in the adopters, except that if the adopter is the spouse of the parent by nature of the adopted, parental authority over the adopted shall be exercised jointly by both spouses; and

(3) The adopted shall remain an intestate heir of his parents and other blood relatives. (39(1)a, (3)a, PD 603) ChanRoblesVirtualawlibrary

Art. 190. Legal or intestate succession to the estate of the adopted shall be governed by the following rules:

(2) When the parents, legitimate or illegitimate, or the legitimate ascendants of the adopted concur with the adopter, they shall divide the entire estate, one-half to be inherited by the parents or ascendants and the other half, by the adopters;

(3) When the surviving spouse or the illegitimate children of the adopted concur with the adopters, they shall divide the entire estate in equal shares, one-half to be inherited by the spouse or the illegitimate children of the adopted and the other half, by the adopters.

(4) When the adopters concur with the illegitimate children and the surviving spouse of the adopted, they shall divide the entire estate in equal shares, one-third to be inherited by the illegitimate children, one-third by the surviving spouse, and one-third by the adopters;

(5) When only the adopters survive, they shall inherit the entire estate; and

(6) When only collateral blood relatives of the adopted survive, then the ordinary rules of legal or intestate succession shall apply. (39(4)a, PD 603) ChanRoblesVirtualawlibrary

Art. 191. If the adopted is a minor or otherwise incapacitated, the adoption may be judicially rescinded upon petition of any person authorized by the court or proper government instrumental acting on his behalf, on the same grounds prescribed for loss or suspension of parental authority. If the adopted is at least eighteen years of age, he may petition for judicial rescission of the adoption on the same grounds prescribed for disinheriting an ascendant. (40a, PD 603) ChanRoblesVirtualawlibrary

Art. 192. The adopters may petition the court for the judicial rescission of the adoption in any of the following cases:

(2) When the adopted has abandoned the home of the adopters during minority for at least one year, or, by some other acts, has definitely repudiated the adoption. (41a, PD 603) ChanRoblesVirtualawlibrary

Art. 193. If the adopted minor has not reached the age of majority at the time of the judicial rescission of the adoption, the court in the same proceeding shall reinstate the parental authority of the parents by nature, unless the latter are disqualified or incapacitated, in which case the court shall appoint a guardian over the person and property of the minor. If the adopted person is physically or mentally handicapped, the court shall appoint in the same proceeding a guardian over his person or property or both.

Judicial rescission of the adoption shall extinguish all reciprocal rights and obligations between the adopters and the adopted arising from the relationship of parent and child. The adopted shall likewise lose the right to use the surnames of the adopters and shall resume his surname prior to the adoption.

The court shall accordingly order the amendment of the records in the proper registries. (42a, PD 603)

Art. 194. Support comprises everything indispensable for sustenance, dwelling, clothing, medical attendance, education and transportation, in keeping with the financial capacity of the family.

Art. 105. Subject to the provisions of the succeeding articles, the following are obliged to support each other to the whole extent set forth in the preceding article:

(2) Legitimate ascendants and descendants;

(3) Parents and their legitimate children and the legitimate and illegitimate children of the latter;

(4) Parents and their illegitimate children and the legitimate and illegitimate children of the latter; and

(5) Legitimate brothers and sisters, whether of full or half-blood (291a) ChanRoblesVirtualawlibrary

Art. 196. Brothers and sisters not legitimately related, whether of the full or half-blood, are likewise bound to support each other to the full extent set forth in Article 194, except only when the need for support of the brother or sister, being of age, is due to a cause imputable to the claimant's fault or negligence. (291a) ChanRoblesVirtualawlibrary

Art. 197. In case of legitimate ascendants; descendants, whether legitimate or illegitimate; and brothers and sisters, whether legitimately or illegitimately related, only the separate property of the person obliged to give support shall be answerable provided that in case the obligor has no separate property, the absolute community or the conjugal partnership, if financially capable, shall advance the support, which shall be deducted from the share of the spouse obliged upon the liquidation of the absolute community or of the conjugal partnership. (n) ChanRoblesVirtualawlibrary

Art. 198. During the proceedings for legal separation or for annulment of marriage, and for declaration of nullity of marriage, the spouses and their children shall be supported from the properties of the absolute community or the conjugal partnership. After the final judgment granting the petition, the obligation of mutual support between the spouses ceases. However, in case of legal separation, the court may order that the guilty spouse shall give support to the innocent one, specifying the terms of such order. (292a) ChanRoblesVirtualawlibrary

Art. 199. Whenever two or more persons are obliged to give support, the liability shall devolve upon the following persons in the order herein provided:

(2) The descendants in the nearest degree;

(3) The ascendants in the nearest degree; and

(4) The brothers and sisters. (294a) ChanRoblesVirtualawlibrary

Art. 200. When the obligation to give support falls upon two or more persons, the payment of the same shall be divided between them in proportion to the resources of each.

However, in case of urgent need and by special circumstances, the judge may order only one of them to furnish the support provisionally, without prejudice to his right to claim from the other obligors the share due from them.

When two or more recipients at the same time claim support from one and the same person legally obliged to give it, should the latter not have sufficient means to satisfy all claims, the order established in the preceding article shall be followed, unless the concurrent obligees should be the spouse and a child subject to parental authority, in which case the child shall be preferred. (295a) ChanRoblesVirtualawlibrary

Art. 201. The amount of support, in the cases referred to in Articles 195 and 196, shall be in proportion to the resources or means of the giver and to the necessities of the recipient. (296a) ChanRoblesVirtualawlibrary

Art. 202. Support in the cases referred to in the preceding article shall be reduced or increased proportionately, according to the reduction or increase of the necessities of the recipient and the resources or means of the person obliged to furnish the same. (297a) chan robles virtual law library

Art. 203. The obligation to give support shall be demandable from the time the person who has a right to receive the same needs it for maintenance, but it shall not be paid except from the date of judicial or extra-judicial demand.

Support pendente lite may be claimed in accordance with the Rules of Court.

Payment shall be made within the first five days of each corresponding month or when the recipient dies, his heirs shall not be obliged to return what he has received in advance. (298a) ChanRoblesVirtualawlibrary

Art. 204. The person obliged to give support shall have the option to fulfill the obligation either by paying the allowance fixed, or by receiving and maintaining in the family dwelling the person who has a right to receive support. The latter alternative cannot be availed of in case there is a moral or legal obstacle thereto. (299a) ChanRoblesVirtualawlibrary

Art. 205. The right to receive support under this Title as well as any money or property obtained as such support shall not be levied upon on attachment or execution. (302a) ChanRoblesVirtualawlibrary

Art. 206. When, without the knowledge of the person obliged to give support, it is given by a stranger, the latter shall have a right to claim the same from the former, unless it appears that he gave it without intention of being reimbursed. (2164a) ChanRoblesVirtualawlibrary

Art. 207. When the person obliged to support another unjustly refuses or fails to give support when urgently needed by the latter, any third person may furnish support to the needy individual, with right of reimbursement from the person obliged to give support. This Article shall particularly apply when the father or mother of a child under the age of majority unjustly refuses to support or fails to give support to the child when urgently needed. (2166a) ChanRoblesVirtualawlibrary

Art. 208. In case of contractual support or that given by will, the excess in amount beyond that required for legal support shall be subject to levy on attachment or execution.

Furthermore, contractual support shall be subject to adjustment whenever modification is necessary due to changes of circumstances manifestly beyond the contemplation of the parties. (n)

PARENTAL AUTHORITY

Art. 209. Pursuant to the natural right and duty of parents over the person and property of their unemancipated children, parental authority and responsibility shall include the caring for and rearing them for civic consciousness and efficiency and the development of their moral, mental and physical character and well-being. (n) ChanRoblesVirtualawlibrary

Art. 210. Parental authority and responsibility may not be renounced or transferred except in the cases authorized by law. (313a) ChanRoblesVirtualawlibrary

Art. 211. The father and the mother shall jointly exercise parental authority over the persons of their common children. In case of disagreement, the father's decision shall prevail, unless there is a judicial order to the contrary.

Children shall always observe respect and reverence towards their parents and are obliged to obey them as long as the children are under parental authority. (311a) chan robles virtual law library

Art. 212. In case of absence or death of either parent, the parent present shall continue exercising parental authority. The remarriage of the surviving parent shall not affect the parental authority over the children, unless the court appoints another person to be the guardian of the person or property of the children. (n) ChanRoblesVirtualawlibrary

Art. 213. In case of separation of the parents, parental authority shall be exercised by the parent designated by the Court. The Court shall take into account all relevant considerations, especially the choice of the child over seven years of age, unless the parent chosen is unfit. (n) ChanRoblesVirtualawlibrary

Art. 214. In case of death, absence or unsuitability of the parents, substitute parental authority shall be exercised by the surviving grandparent. In case several survive, the one designated by the court, taking into account the same consideration mentioned in the preceding article, shall exercise the authority. (355a) ChanRoblesVirtualawlibrary

Art. 215. No descendant shall be compelled, in a criminal case, to testify against his parents and grandparents, except when such testimony is indispensable in a crime against the descendant or by one parent against the other. (315a)

Chapter 2. Substitute and Special Parental Authority

Art. 216. In default of parents or a judicially appointed guardian, the following person shall exercise substitute parental authority over the child in the order indicated:

(2) The oldest brother or sister, over twenty-one years of age, unless unfit or disqualified; and

(3) The child's actual custodian, over twenty-one years of age, unless unfit or disqualified.

Whenever the appointment or a judicial guardian over the property of the child becomes necessary, the same order of preference shall be observed. (349a, 351a, 354a) ChanRoblesVirtualawlibrary

Art. 217. In case of foundlings, abandoned neglected or abused children and other children similarly situated, parental authority shall be entrusted in summary judicial proceedings to heads of children's homes, orphanages and similar institutions duly accredited by the proper government agency. (314a) ChanRoblesVirtualawlibrary

Art. 218. The school, its administrators and teachers, or the individual, entity or institution engaged in child care shall have special parental authority and responsibility over the minor child while under their supervision, instruction or custody.

Authority and responsibility shall apply to all authorized activities whether inside or outside the premises of the school, entity or institution. (349a) ChanRoblesVirtualawlibrary

Art. 129. Those given the authority and responsibility under the preceding Article shall be principally and solidarily liable for damages caused by the acts or omissions of the unemancipated minor. The parents, judicial guardians or the persons exercising substitute parental authority over said minor shall be subsidiarily liable.

The respective liabilities of those referred to in the preceding paragraph shall not apply if it is proved that they exercised the proper diligence required under the particular circumstances.

All other cases not covered by this and the preceding articles shall be governed by the provisions of the Civil Code on quasi-delicts. (n)

Chapter 3. Effect of Parental Authority Upon the Persons of the Children

Art. 220. The parents and those exercising parental authority shall have with the respect to their unemancipated children on wards the following rights and duties:

(2) To give them love and affection, advice and counsel, companionship and understanding;

(3) To provide them with moral and spiritual guidance, inculcate in them honesty, integrity, self-discipline, self-reliance, industry and thrift, stimulate their interest in civic affairs, and inspire in them compliance with the duties of citizenship;

(4) To furnish them with good and wholesome educational materials, supervise their activities, recreation and association with others, protect them from bad company, and prevent them from acquiring habits detrimental to their health, studies and morals;

(5) To represent them in all matters affecting their interests;

(6) To demand from them respect and obedience;

(7) To impose discipline on them as may be required under the circumstances; and

(8) To perform such other duties as are imposed by law upon parents and guardians. (316a) ChanRoblesVirtualawlibrary

Art. 221. Parents and other persons exercising parental authority shall be civilly liable for the injuries and damages caused by the acts or omissions of their unemancipated children living in their company and under their parental authority subject to the appropriate defenses provided by law. (2180(2)a and (4)a ) ChanRoblesVirtualawlibrary

Art. 222. The courts may appoint a guardian of the child's property or a guardian ad litem when the best interests of the child so requires. (317) ChanRoblesVirtualawlibrary

Art. 223. The parents or, in their absence or incapacity, the individual, entity or institution exercising parental authority, may petition the proper court of the place where the child resides, for an order providing for disciplinary measures over the child. The child shall be entitled to the assistance of counsel, either of his choice or appointed by the court, and a summary hearing shall be conducted wherein the petitioner and the child shall be heard.

However, if in the same proceeding the court finds the petitioner at fault, irrespective of the merits of the petition, or when the circumstances so warrant, the court may also order the deprivation or suspension of parental authority or adopt such other measures as it may deem just and proper. (318a) ChanRoblesVirtualawlibrary

Art. 224. The measures referred to in the preceding article may include the commitment of the child for not more than thirty days in entities or institutions engaged in child care or in children's homes duly accredited by the proper government agency.

The parent exercising parental authority shall not interfere with the care of the child whenever committed but shall provide for his support. Upon proper petition or at its own instance, the court may terminate the commitment of the child whenever just and proper. (391a)

Chapter 4. Effect of Parental Authority Upon the Property of the Children

Art. 225. The father and the mother shall jointly exercise legal guardianship over the property of the unemancipated common child without the necessity of a court appointment. In case of disagreement, the father's decision shall prevail, unless there is a judicial order to the contrary.

Where the market value of the property or the annual income of the child exceeds P50,000, the parent concerned shall be required to furnish a bond in such amount as the court may determine, but not less than ten per centum (10%) of the value of the property or annual income, to guarantee the performance of the obligations prescribed for general guardians.

A verified petition for approval of the bond shall be filed in the proper court of the place where the child resides, or, if the child resides in a foreign country, in the proper court of the place where the property or any part thereof is situated.

The petition shall be docketed as a summary special proceeding in which all incidents and issues regarding the performance of the obligations referred to in the second paragraph of this Article shall be heard and resolved.

The ordinary rules on guardianship shall be merely suppletory except when the child is under substitute parental authority, or the guardian is a stranger, or a parent has remarried, in which case the ordinary rules on guardianship shall apply. (320a) ChanRoblesVirtualawlibrary

Art. 226. The property of the unemancipated child earned or acquired with his work or industry or by onerous or gratuitous title shall belong to the child in ownership and shall be devoted exclusively to the latter's support and education, unless the title or transfer provides otherwise.

The right of the parents over the fruits and income of the child's property shall be limited primarily to the child's support and secondarily to the collective daily needs of the family. (321a, 323a) ChanRoblesVirtualawlibrary

Art. 227. If the parents entrust the management or administration of any of their properties to an unemancipated child, the net proceeds of such property shall belong to the owner. The child shall be given a reasonable monthly allowance in an amount not less than that which the owner would have paid if the administrator were a stranger, unless the owner, grants the entire proceeds to the child. In any case, the proceeds thus give in whole or in part shall not be charged to the child's legitime. (322a)

Chapter 5. Suspension or Termination of Parental Authority

Art. 228. Parental authority terminates permanently:

(2) Upon the death of the child; or

(3) Upon emancipation of the child. (327a) ChanRoblesVirtualawlibrary

Art. 229. Unless subsequently revived by a final judgment, parental authority also terminates:

(2) Upon appointment of a general guardian;

(3) Upon judicial declaration of abandonment of the child in a case filed for the purpose;

(4) Upon final judgment of a competent court divesting the party concerned of parental authority; or

(5) Upon judicial declaration of absence or incapacity of the person exercising parental authority. (327a) ChanRoblesVirtualawlibrary

Art. 230. Parental authority is suspended upon conviction of the parent or the person exercising the same of a crime which carries with it the penalty of civil interdiction. The authority is automatically reinstated upon service of the penalty or upon pardon or amnesty of the offender. (330a) ChanRoblesVirtualawlibrary

Art. 231. The court in an action filed for the purpose in a related case may also suspend parental authority if the parent or the person exercising the same:

(2) Gives the child corrupting orders, counsel or example;

(3) Compels the child to beg; or

(4) Subjects the child or allows him to be subjected to acts of lasciviousness.

The grounds enumerated above are deemed to include cases which have resulted from culpable negligence of the parent or the person exercising parental authority.

If the degree of seriousness so warrants, or the welfare of the child so demands, the court shall deprive the guilty party of parental authority or adopt such other measures as may be proper under the circumstances.

The suspension or deprivation may be revoked and the parental authority revived in a case filed for the purpose or in the same proceeding if the court finds that the cause therefor has ceased and will not be repeated. (33a) ChanRoblesVirtualawlibrary

Art. 232. If the person exercising parental authority has subjected the child or allowed him to be subjected to sexual abuse, such person shall be permanently deprived by the court of such authority. (n) ChanRoblesVirtualawlibrary

Art. 233. The person exercising substitute parental authority shall have the same authority over the person of the child as the parents.

In no case shall the school administrator, teacher of individual engaged in child care exercising special parental authority inflict corporal punishment upon the child. (n)

EMANCIPATION AND AGE OF MAJORITY

Art. 234. Emancipation takes place by the attainment of majority. Unless otherwise provided, majority commences at the age of twenty-one years.

Emancipation also takes place:

(2) By the recording in the Civil Register of an agreement in a public instrument executed by the parent exercising parental authority and the minor at least eighteen years of age. Such emancipation shall be irrevocable. (397a, 398a, 400a, 401a) ChanRoblesVirtualawlibrary

Art. 235. The provisions governing emancipation by recorded agreement shall also apply to an orphan minor and the person exercising parental authority but the agreement must be approved by the court before it is recorded. (n) ChanRoblesVirtualawlibrary

Art. 236. Emancipation for any cause shall terminate parental authority over the person and property of the child who shall then be qualified and responsible for all acts of civil life. (412a) ChanRoblesVirtualawlibrary

Art. 237. The annulment or declaration of nullity of the marriage of a minor or of the recorded agreement mentioned in the foregoing. Articles 234 and 235 shall revive the parental authority over the minor but shall not affect acts and transactions that took place prior to the recording of the final judgment in the Civil Register. (n)

SUMMARY JUDICIAL PROCEEDINGS IN THE FAMILY LAW

Chapter 1. Prefatory Provisions

Art. 238. Until modified by the Supreme Court, the procedural rules provided for in this Title shall apply as regards separation in fact between husband and wife, abandonment by one of the other, and incidents involving parental authority. (n)

Chapter 2. Separation in Fact

Art. 239. When a husband and wife are separated in fact, or one has abandoned the other and one of them seeks judicial authorization for a transaction where the consent of the other spouse is required by law but such consent is withheld or cannot be obtained, a verified petition may be filed in court alleging the foregoing facts.

The petition shall attach the proposed deed, if any, embodying the transaction, and, if none, shall describe in detail the said transaction and state the reason why the required consent thereto cannot be secured. In any case, the final deed duly executed by the parties shall be submitted to and approved by the court. (n) ChanRoblesVirtualawlibrary

Art. 240. Claims for damages by either spouse, except costs of the proceedings, may be litigated only in a separate action. (n) ChanRoblesVirtualawlibrary

Art. 241. Jurisdiction over the petition shall, upon proof of notice to the other spouse, be exercised by the proper court authorized to hear family cases, if one exists, or in the regional trial court or its equivalent sitting in the place where either of the spouses resides. (n) ChanRoblesVirtualawlibrary

Art. 242. Upon the filing of the petition, the court shall notify the other spouse, whose consent to the transaction is required, of said petition, ordering said spouse to show cause why the petition should not be granted, on or before the date set in said notice for the initial conference. The notice shall be accompanied by a copy of the petition and shall be served at the last known address of the spouse concerned. (n) ChanRoblesVirtualawlibrary

Art. 243. A preliminary conference shall be conducted by the judge personally without the parties being assisted by counsel. After the initial conference, if the court deems it useful, the parties may be assisted by counsel at the succeeding conferences and hearings. (n) ChanRoblesVirtualawlibrary

Art. 244. In case of non-appearance of the spouse whose consent is sought, the court shall inquire into the reasons for his failure to appear, and shall require such appearance, if possible. (n) ChanRoblesVirtualawlibrary

Art. 245. If, despite all efforts, the attendance of the non-consenting spouse is not secured, the court may proceed ex parte and render judgment as the facts and circumstances may warrant. In any case, the judge shall endeavor to protect the interests of the non-appearing spouse. (n) ChanRoblesVirtualawlibrary

Art. 246. If the petition is not resolved at the initial conference, said petition shall be decided in a summary hearing on the basis of affidavits, documentary evidence or oral testimonies at the sound discretion of the court. If testimony is needed, the court shall specify the witnesses to be heard and the subject-matter of their testimonies, directing the parties to present said witnesses. (n) ChanRoblesVirtualawlibrary

Art. 247. The judgment of the court shall be immediately final and executory. (n) ChanRoblesVirtualawlibrary

Art. 248. The petition for judicial authority to administer or encumber specific separate property of the abandoning spouse and to use the fruits or proceeds thereof for the support of the family shall also be governed by these rules. (n)

Chapter 3. Incidents Involving Parental Authority

Art. 249. Petitions filed under Articles 223, 225 and 235 of this Code involving parental authority shall be verified. (n) ChanRoblesVirtualawlibrary

Art. 250. Such petitions shall be verified and filed in the proper court of the place where the child resides. (n) ChanRoblesVirtualawlibrary

Art. 251. Upon the filing of the petition, the court shall notify the parents or, in their absence or incapacity, the individuals, entities or institutions exercising parental authority over the child. (n) ChanRoblesVirtualawlibrary

Art. 252. The rules in Chapter 2 hereof shall also govern summary proceedings under this Chapter insofar as they are applicable. (n)

Chapter 4. Other Matters Subject to Summary Proceedings

Art. 253. The foregoing rules in Chapters 2 and 3 hereof shall likewise govern summary proceedings filed under Articles 41, 51, 69, 73, 96, 124 and 127, insofar as they are applicable. (n)

FINAL PROVISIONS

Art. 254. Titles III, IV, V, VI, VIII, IX, XI, and XV of Book 1 of Republic Act No. 386, otherwise known as the Civil Code of the Philippines, as amended , and Articles 17, 18, 19, 27, 28, 29, 30, 31, 39, 40, 41, and 42 of Presidential Decree No. 603, otherwise known as the Child and Youth Welfare Code, as amended , and all laws, decrees, executive orders, proclamations, rules and regulations, or parts thereof, inconsistent herewith are hereby repealed.

Art. 255. If any provision of this Code is held invalid, all the other provisions not affected thereby shall remain valid.

Art. 256. This Code shall have retroactive effect insofar as it does not prejudice or impair vested or acquired rights in accordance with the Civil Code or other laws.

Art. 257. This Code shall take effect one year after the completion of its publication in a newspaper of general circulation, as certified by the Executive Secretary, Office of the President.

Done in the City of Manila, this 6th day of July, in the year of Our Lord, nineteen hundred and eighty-seven.

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DOI: 10.1215/9780822384915-082
Corpus ID: 152266226

The Family Code

Published in The Cuba Reader 17 May 2019
The Cuba Reader

5 Citations

Gendering the revolution: bohemia, power and culture in post-revolutionary cuba, 1960–85, the role of national education in the formation of personal spirituality, gender, kinship and lifecycle rituals in cuba, contestations and complexities of love in contemporary cuba, levels and proximate determinants of fertility in butajira district south central ethiopia., related papers.

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Essay about Family: What It Is and How to Nail It

Humans naturally seek belonging within families, finding comfort in knowing someone always cares. Yet, families can also stir up insecurities and mental health struggles.

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If you're feeling uninspired or unsure of where to start, don't worry! Below, we have compiled a list of good family essay topics to help get your creative juices flowing. Whether you're assigned this type of essay or simply want to explore the topic, these suggestions from our history essay writer are tailored to spark your imagination and prompt meaningful reflection on different aspects of family life.

So, take a moment to peruse the list. Choose the essay topics about family that resonate most with you. Then, dive in and start exploring your family's stories, traditions, and connections through your writing.

Supporting Family Through Tough Times
Staying Connected with Relatives
Empathy and Compassion in Family Life
Strengthening Bonds Through Family Gatherings
Quality Time with Family: How Vital Is It?
Navigating Family Relationships Across Generations
Learning Kindness and Generosity in a Large Family
Communication in Healthy Family Dynamics
Forgiveness in Family Conflict Resolution
Building Trust Among Extended Family
Defining Family in Today's World
Understanding Nuclear Family: Various Views and Cultural Differences
Understanding Family Dynamics: Relationships Within the Family Unit
What Defines a Family Member?
Modernizing the Nuclear Family Concept
Exploring Shared Beliefs Among Family Members
Evolution of the Concept of Family Love Over Time
Examining Family Expectations
Modern Standards and the Idea of an Ideal Family
Life Experiences and Perceptions of Family Life
Genetics and Extended Family Connections
Utilizing Family Trees for Ancestral Links
The Role of Younger Siblings in Family Dynamics
Tracing Family History Through Oral Tradition and Genealogy
Tracing Family Values Through Your Family Tree
Exploring Your Elder Sister's Legacy in the Family Tree
Connecting Daily Habits to Family History
Documenting and Preserving Your Family's Legacy
Navigating Online Records and DNA Testing for Family History
Tradition as a Tool for Family Resilience
Involving Family in Daily Life to Maintain Traditions
Creating New Traditions for a Small Family
The Role of Traditions in Family Happiness
Family Recipes and Bonding at House Parties
Quality Time: The Secret Tradition for Family Happiness
The Joy of Cousins Visiting for Christmas
Including Family in Birthday Celebrations
Balancing Traditions and Unconditional Love
Building Family Bonds Through Traditions

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Family Essay Example

For a better grasp of the essay on family, our team of skilled writers has crafted a great example. It looks into the subject matter, allowing you to explore and understand the intricacies involved in creating compelling family essays. So, check out our meticulously crafted sample to discover how to craft essays that are not only well-written but also thought-provoking and impactful.

Final Outlook

In wrapping up, let's remember: a family essay gives students a chance to showcase their academic skills and creativity by sharing personal stories. However, it's important to stick to academic standards when writing about these topics. We hope our list of topics sparked your creativity and got you on your way to a reflective journey. And if you hit a rough patch, you can just ask us to ' do my essay for me ' for top-notch results!

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FAQs on Writing an Essay about Family

Family essays seem like something school children could be assigned at elementary schools, but family is no less important than climate change for our society today, and therefore it is one of the most central research themes.

Below you will find a list of frequently asked questions on family-related topics. Before you conduct research, scroll through them and find out how to write an essay about your family.

How to Write an Essay About Your Family History?

How to write an essay about a family member, how to write an essay about family and roots, how to write an essay about the importance of family.

Daniel Parker

is a seasoned educational writer focusing on scholarship guidance, research papers, and various forms of academic essays including reflective and narrative essays. His expertise also extends to detailed case studies. A scholar with a background in English Literature and Education, Daniel’s work on EssayPro blog aims to support students in achieving academic excellence and securing scholarships. His hobbies include reading classic literature and participating in academic forums.

is an expert in nursing and healthcare, with a strong background in history, law, and literature. Holding advanced degrees in nursing and public health, his analytical approach and comprehensive knowledge help students navigate complex topics. On EssayPro blog, Adam provides insightful articles on everything from historical analysis to the intricacies of healthcare policies. In his downtime, he enjoys historical documentaries and volunteering at local clinics.

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Guest Essay

A Year on Ozempic Taught Me We’re Thinking About Obesity All Wrong

A photo illustration of junk food — potato chips, cheesecake and bacon — spiraling into a black background.

By Johann Hari

Mr. Hari is a British journalist and the author of “Magic Pill: The Extraordinary Benefits — and Disturbing Risks — of the New Weight Loss Drugs.”

Ever since I was a teenager, I have dreamed of shedding a lot of weight. So when I shrank from 203 pounds to 161 in a year, I was baffled by my feelings. I was taking Ozempic, and I was haunted by the sense that I was cheating and doing something immoral.

I’m not the only one. In the United States (where I now split my time), over 70 percent of people are overweight or obese, and according to one poll, 47 percent of respondents said they were willing to pay to take the new weight-loss drugs. It’s not hard to see why. They cause users to lose an average of 10 to 20 percent of their body weight, and clinical trials suggest that the next generation of drugs (probably available soon) leads to a 24 percent loss, on average. Yet as more and more people take drugs like Ozempic, Wegovy and Mounjaro, we get more confused as a culture, bombarding anyone in the public eye who takes them with brutal shaming.

This is happening because we are trapped in a set of old stories about what obesity is and the morally acceptable ways to overcome it. But the fact that so many of us are turning to the new weight-loss drugs can be an opportunity to find a way out of that trap of shame and stigma — and to a more truthful story.

In my lifetime, obesity has exploded, from being rare to almost being the norm. I was born in 1979, and by the time I was 21, obesity rates in the United States had more than doubled . They have skyrocketed since. The obvious question is, why? And how do these new weight-loss drugs work? The answer to both lies in one word: satiety. It’s a concept that we don’t use much in everyday life but that we’ve all experienced at some point. It describes the sensation of having had enough and not wanting any more.

The primary reason we have gained weight at a pace unprecedented in human history is that our diets have radically changed in ways that have deeply undermined our ability to feel sated. My father grew up in a village in the Swiss mountains, where he ate fresh, whole foods that had been cooked from scratch and prepared on the day they were eaten. But in the 30 years between his childhood and mine, in the suburbs of London, the nature of food transformed across the Western world. He was horrified to see that almost everything I ate was reheated and heavily processed. The evidence is clear that the kind of food my father grew up eating quickly makes you feel full. But the kind of food I grew up eating, much of which is made in factories, often with artificial chemicals, left me feeling empty and as if I had a hole in my stomach. In a recent study of what American children eat, ultraprocessed food was found to make up 67 percent of their daily diet. This kind of food makes you want to eat more and more. Satiety comes late, if at all.

One scientific experiment — which I have nicknamed Cheesecake Park — seemed to me to crystallize this effect. Paul Kenny, a neuroscientist at Mount Sinai Hospital in New York, grew up in Ireland. After he moved in 2000 to the United States, when he was in his 20s, he gained 30 pounds in two years. He began to wonder if the American diet has some kind of strange effect on our brains and our cravings, so he designed an experiment to test it. He and his colleague Paul Johnson raised a group of rats in a cage and gave them an abundant supply of healthy, balanced rat chow made out of the kind of food rats had been eating for a very long time. The rats would eat it when they were hungry, and then they seemed to feel sated and stopped. They did not become fat.

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Miss Manners: Southern family and won’t stop asking when we’re getting engaged

Published: Jul. 03, 2024, 3:00 p.m.

In today's Miss Manners column, advice columnist Judith Martin shares how to tell people to politely mind their business. You can send your questions to Miss Manners through her email, [email protected].

Judith Martin

DEAR MISS MANNERS: My boyfriend and I have been dating for five years, and we just graduated from college a year ago. We’d like to continue dating for some time before getting married for numerous reasons -- including (but not limited to) the cost, the lack of vacation days in our entry-level jobs, and commitments to attend other weddings, including my sister’s. We’re committed to one another; it’s just a matter of timing. However, I feel that this is nobody’s business but our own. I’m from the South, where relationships that begin in college carry the expectation of an immediate marriage proposal upon graduation. I’m getting very tired of deflecting distant relatives and acquaintances who keep asking (often in a rude and judgmental way), “When are you and X getting engaged?” Firstly, I’d like to be surprised by his proposal, so I genuinely don’t know. But I also feel that it’s rude to ask -- in a similar way as asking, “When are you going to get pregnant?” or “Why are you single?” How should I respond to this question without doubling the rudeness of the inquirer? I’ve been asked repeatedly since age 18 -- and I am now an old maid, by Southern standards, at 23.

GENTLE READER: “We don’t have any immediate plans to become engaged,” to which Miss Manners would append, “but thank you so much for asking” -- which she has been given to understand is the Southern way of saying, “so mind your own business.”

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Essay topic: Creating Individual and Family Code of Ethics

Instructions

This assignment provides you with an opportunity to create a code of ethics for you and your family, as well as to explain the strategies and thought processes that went into developing the code. First, create an original code of ethics for your family by thinking about your family as an organization. In your code of ethics, please include the following items:

guiding principles,
purpose of the code,
core values,
training and education (How will you train and educate others about the code?),
definitions,
who it covers,
mission statement, and
other pertinent elements you feel necessary to have a comprehensive code of ethics.

The next part of this assignment involves an evaluation, where you describe the thought process behind the code of ethics that you prepared. For the evaluation part of this assignment, draft an essay to include the following items:

Identify the key roles of those who have a vested interest in the ethical behavior that your code defines.
Explain the strategies and thought processes that you used to formulate the code.
Explain how you would strategically implement and communicate the code to others in the organization.
Explain how you will monitor the practice of ethical decision-making.
Provided that laws exist and have been enacted for resolving conflict, why do we also need a code of ethics?

In the process of writing your code, you must research the topic of codes of ethics and incorporate at least two articles, no older than five years. Your code and evaluation must be at least 1,000 words. Format the code as you like; however, be sure it is professional and legible. Format the evaluation part of the assignment by using APA Style. Save both parts in one Word document, and submit it in Blackboard for grading.

620 Family Essay Topic Ideas & Examples

Explore a wide variety of topics about family members, love, values, and more.

👨‍👩‍👦 Family Essay Structure

🏆 best family topic ideas & essay examples, 👍 good essay topics on family.

🎓 Simple & Easy Family Essay Titles

📌 Family Writing Prompts

⭐ Interesting Topics to Write about Family
🥇 Most Interesting Family Topics to Write about

❓ Essay Questions About Family

As a student, you are likely to get an assignment to write about the importance of relationships. That’s why you can be in need of a good friends and family topic. In this case, you’ve found the right page. Our experts have prepared a list of ideas related to the subject.

Writing a family essay is an easy way to boost your grade and explore the things that matter to you. However, to get a high grade on this assignment, it is essential to structure your paper well. Essays that are organized logically will help you to stand out from the crowd and earn your tutor’s appreciation. Here are some tips on structuring family essays:

1⃣ Narrow down the topic

If your professor didn’t provide a set of topics to choose from, you would need to decide on the focus of your essay. The concept of family is too general, and failing to narrow it down might cost you marks. Think about your interests and experience. Do you want to write about what family means to you? Or would you rather write an essay on family problems? Whatever your interests are, choose a subject that can be explored in-depth within the specified page limit.

2⃣ Check samples online

This is an excellent way to prepare for writing your essay because you can examine how other people structured their work. Luckily, there are many family essay examples and sample papers online that you could use. While reading those, note the key points and how they follow one another in a sequence. Consider how the structure of each paper can be improved to make it more coherent. Did the writer miss some points? Did they provide examples in support of each argument? Write out your notes to keep them in mind while working on your essay.

3⃣ Start by writing one to three titles at the top of the page

Family essay titles tend to be very generic, so you need to choose one that suits the intended content of the paper. Examine each title to see if it is precise and can catch the reader’s attention immediately. For example, if you would like to write about a family relationship, you could use a quote about the importance of family as a title.

4⃣ Create an outline based on your key points

There are typically three parts in an essay: introduction, main body, and conclusion. The first part should contain the most basic information about the topic, as well as your purpose or thesis statement. A family essay body is where you present the main ideas and arguments in a logical sequence. The conclusion should be the last part you write, so you don’t need to plan it along with the other two components. After writing the outline, go through each point again to see if they link together nicely. If not, see if you could move some points around to make them fall into a logical sequence.

5⃣ Add evidence to support each point

Once you’ve completed the outline, add more details to each section. You could use the evidence gathered as part of secondary research, as well as your thoughts and personal experience. For instance, if you have a section about what a happy family means, think whether you know any families that fit the description or explore statistics on happiness among married couples with children.

Following the tips above will help you to create a backbone for your paper, making writing a hundred times easier! If you need any more assistance with your essay, search our website for family essay topics, writing advice, and more!

The Role of Family in the Process of Socialization Although each parent in a family has a role in the upbringing of a child, in many cases, the mother initiates the socialization process in a child.
Family as an Agent of Socialization Essay The family regardless of its nature and size is the fundamental factor in socialization. The family is a storehouse of warmth and compassion and stands in resistance to the aggressive world of trade.
Importance of Family in Society The central family values include, for example, internal ones: the unity of culture and faith in the family, mutual understanding, love, and support between parents and children.
Small Family and Big Family Differences and Similarities – Compare & Contrast Essay Small families Children in small families have all the chances and resources to cater for their education, up to the highest levels of education they deserve.
Importance of Family Communication Essay Furthermore, the only efficient way of passing family information from the elder generation to the younger generation is effective communication between the source of the information and the recipient of the information.
Bali Island in Family Trip Experience The inhabitants of this island are warm and very receptive and it is no surprise that the island has been nicknamed ‘The Island of God in Paradise.’ This descriptive essay is going to capture the […]
Family and Its Structure Classification The main function of the father in this structure is to provide and cater to the family’s needs as well as provide protection of its members.
Comparison and Contrast: The Nuclear Family vs. the Traditional Family As it can be seen, although the nuclear family and the traditional family are very different from each other, there are many ways in which they also remain the same.
Cybernetics and Social Construction in Family Therapy A family is a form of a system, and Cybernetics is the study of systems of all kinds. Also, the theorist noted that every patient is a therapist to another member of the family and […]
Family in “What’s Eating Gilbert Grape?” by Hallstrom The story is narrated by Gilbert Grape, who is the second eldest son of the family. In the Grape family, a triangle is formed between Gilbert, his mother Bonnie, and Arnie.
Family Tree and Its Importance This is the basis upon which such variances of family tree as family medical tree have been suggested and used in the medical field for keeping medical information for specific families. Knowledge of this medical […]
Balancing work and family A balance of work and family can be attained and managed if both negative dimension of the conflict and positive dimension of the employee effort of balancing work and family are considered to facilitate a […]
Family Genogram Analysis Factors This essay presents a summary and analysis of my family’s genogram by assessing the interaction and the impact of environmental factors, genetics, and heredity on my family and me.
A Family Supper The relationship between the author and the parents is strained because of the author’s decision to move to California, as explained in the story where the author states, “My relationship with my parents had become […]
Balancing Studies, Work, and Family Life As result of the numerous responsibilities that may come with these three aspects of life, it is advisable for an individual to set small, realistic, and attainable targets, be it in their work, studies, or […]
Family Systems: Past and Present The type of change that happens to the institution of the family is gradual that is, various components that constitute the family have amble time of adjusting according.
Defining Characteristics of a Healthy Family A healthy family is a family where its every member is happy and lives in harmony with its other members. The given family is considered an unhealthy family, as one of its members is unhappy […]
Family Therapy: Ethical Dilemmas One of the ethical dilemmas in the case is that of deciding whether or not to disclose the information about Breen’s relationship with her boyfriend to her parents.
Single-Parent Families The chief materials that are to be used in the proposed experiment are the measurement scale to evaluate changes in adolescents’ attitudes towards single-parent families and the source of information about single-parent households.
Statement for Marriage and Family Therapist Applicant My personal experience in marriage, long-term work with families within the framework of my occupational duties, and the desire to help people through life’s difficulties motivate me to become a Marriage and Family Therapist.
“Children of Heaven”: The Children’s Focus on Family Relation In spite of the fact that Ali and his sister Zahra live in poverty in the poor Tehran neighborhoods and their struggles are associated with impossibility to satisfy their basic needs, the film is not […]
Dream Family Vacation and Its Benefits Vacation also benefits the family as a whole in that it makes it easier to understand one another as there is a close involvement hence allowing for the learning of what each person likes and […]
Jamaican Family Cultural Practices The history of the Jamaicans in the United States began in 1619 when some blacks from Jamaica, as well as from the Caribbean islands migrated to the United States.
Women: Their Careers and Family Lives Importantly, she pertains to the group of women who are not regarded as less productive as she is more than 28 and she does not have children.
A House Divided: Structural Therapy With a Black Family. Case Conceptualization The present paper focuses on the family of three, including the father of the family, Carl, the mother of the family, Rosalind, and their ten-year-old son.
The Trip of a Lifetime for a Family of Four: Project Plan The project implies planning the trip of lifetime for a family of four during three weeks with a budget of $35,000.
Wonder Movie: A Miracle of Family In addition, the mother always acts as the peacemaker: during the dinner on the first day of school, she is the one to start the conversation to comfort others.
“Public and Private Families” by Andrew J. Cherlin One advantage of the observational method is its ability to form the basis for further scientific inquiry, but its biggest drawback is the interference of too many external factors in the observation.
Drug Abuse & Its Effects on Families Focusing on the family seems to be by far, the most known and effective way of finding a solution with regards to the “war on drugs” since it more promising to end the vicious cycle […]
African American Family in the “Soul Food” Movie The family in the movie, called Joseph’s family, consists of Big Mama, the head of the family, who has three daughters: Terri, Bird and Maxine.
Various Issues in Modern Family The age of initial sexual encounter is getting lower; this has led to unupsurge of teenage pregnancies and abortions in the short term and terminal illnesses in the long term.
Significance of Family in Self-Development What we are going to discuss in this session is the importance of family in the development of an individual. Why we are focusing on this topic is to realize and recognize the role that […]
Marriage and Family Challenges As a rule, one of the principal reasons for a difficult adaptation is the initially inflated requirements of one of the spouses or even both of them.
Structural Family Therapy A chance to work with children and their families proved the idea that family therapy had to be based on trust and loyalty to the ideas; and the role of a therapist should not be […]
Family Categories Schema: Family Strengths Analysis Because family prosperity and family strengths are closely related, the specialists may use Family Categories Schema in order to identify and cultivate the advantages of the family.
Family Life Definition and Identification The lack of a modern and conventional definition of a family has been linked to dynamism of culture and the different form that the family has assumed.
Reflecting on “The Family Crucible” The purpose of this paper is to provide a critical analysis of selected passages in the book and the application of these passages in understanding family relationships and dynamics in the context of family therapy.
Marriage and Family: Life Experience When we got married, a man was perceived to be the head of the family, and in his absence the wife was expected to guide the family.
Cultural Differences Among Families in the “Hotel Rwanda” Film Arguably, the existence of cultural differences between families across the lifespan is the most significant problem affecting the family of Rusesabagina as he attempts to play the role of a corporate manager and a family […]
The Huxtable Family from the Cosby Show His wife, Clair Huxtable, is the matriarch of the family and a lawyer. For her, the main challenge in the family is to balance being a wife, a mother, and a professional.
My Belief About Family Relationships I have chosen to discuss my belief about family relationships instead and how my father and family play an important role in shaping that belief. That is my belief in life and I know that […]
Bowen family system theory The Family Projection Process This is an extension of the previous concept and points to the fact that the family member who has a ‘problem’ is triangulated and works to stabilize a dyad in the […]
Family Analysis in the “Stepmom” by Chris Columbus The aim of this essay is to describe the family relationships in one of the families portrayed by the media. I recommend watching this film to everyone who is interested in the theme of family […]
What is the Family? The aim of the paper is to give a concise definition of family, and the context of family structures such as the traditional family; single parent family, blended family and cohabiting relationship families.
Psychodynamics Family Systems Model The maintenance of the sequence is because the new female generations adopt the roles of their coinciding gender. The level of aggression relates to the past experience of a person.
Family and Child Development Milestones Peter is the decision-maker and plays the role of the primary breadwinner. Cathy is the person who looks after the health of the children and family members.
Social Factors in the Families Cherlin also says the three-status groups of people in the society comprise of college-educated, high school educated, and no high school-educated groups. The poverty limit is a measure of income that represents the product of […]
A General Description of the Family The purpose of this paper is to give a general description of the family, list its main characteristics, and relate them to my family.
Consumerism: Affecting Families Living in Poverty in the United States Hence, leading to the arising of consumerism protection acts and policies designed to protect consumers from dishonest sellers and producers, which indicates the high degree of consumer’s ignorance, and hence failure to make decisions of […]
Marriage and Family Therapy Even though she is the one instigating therapy, she is suggesting that the therapist speaks to Leon and not her. This case, the problems is Marceline’s indecision and lack of set goals of what she […]
Family’s Heritage of Liberian Family There is the Mela group which is compromised of the Kissi and Gola and they are considered the oldest in the region.
Growing Up in a Broken Family: “Found Objects” by Jennifer Egan This clearly shows that the genesis of Sasha’s behavior is linked to her missing father. In the story, the leaving of Sasha’s father has made her to mistrust all the people she is dealing with.
Family Artifact and Ethnic Identity Each of these spoons has a name correlating with a family member’s name at the time my great-grandmother’s, her husband’s, my grandmother’s, and my great aunt’s.
Family Theories in Advanced Nursing Practice At the developmental level, the model allows for evaluating the lifecycle of the family and the level of its development as a whole, and if each member is separately.
Strategic Family Therapy In this regard, all the family members are considered to have unique experiences and behaviors that affect the experiences of the other members of the family.
The Family as the Basic Social Unit Furthermore, liberals, such as Archard, argue that the family is characterized by the roles and responsibilities that are evident in family privacy and the protection of intimacy.
Family Therapy: Bowenian and Narrative Approaches This is one of the issues that should be considered by a therapist. This is one of the aspects that can be distinguished.
The Nature of Aristocratic Marriage and Family in the Mid-Heian Period The poorly defined Heian marriage system denied the women the ability to react and advocate for their human rights, Seidensticker Edward.
Patricia and Her Family Maybe, it is high time to help Patricia to demonstrate that her past mistakes should be forgiven, and relatives are one of the first people, who have to give this forgiveness.
Fujiwara Family: Japan’s Most Powerful Clan The family of Fujiwara was one of the most powerful clans in the history of Japan. No matter whether the chief of the clan was in the government or not, he had all the necessary […]
Personal Interests vs. Family Needs Let me first write the definition of the purpose and course of my life.”I am totally committed to fulfill the needs of my family and ensure their happiness and security, even if I have to […]
Modern Families: Intimate and Personal Relationships Since Queen’s family lived in the United States and my family resided in England, this paper presents an integrated comparison of household aspects in the two countries.
Cybernetics and Parenting Styles in Family Therapy This concept will be very helpful in my future work since I will be able to notice negative behavior in children that is the result of the parenting style adopted by the parents.
Minuchin Family Therapy of Eating Disorders It is for this reason that the family-based treatment was conceived and implemented to involve the family in the recovery of adolescents.
Family Therapy Model and Application: Structural Family Therapy The applicability of the structural family therapy to the case is based on the assertion that a family comprises a system, which is a part of a social grouping.
Family Is a Universal Social Institution The core objective behind this study is to talk about the theory of family Universal Social Institution that erects on the progressions made in the field of the schematic illustration of relational acquaintance in human […]
The XYZ Family W, who doubles as the head of the family, is a local merchant and has a relatively small food kiosk within the Saddle Lake town.
How the Glass Menagerie Illustrates the Breakup of Family Structures Debusscher, in this respect states that, the mention of “a double life,” could be the mask that Tom Wingfield wears to meet the world, in particular the “world of his mother and that of the […]
Family Communication Overview This presentation aims to discuss the impact of family relations on the process of children’s and parents’ socialization and methods of improving family communication.I.
Family Systems Theory and Psychosocial Assessment The focus is therefore on family members and not the individuals in a given family. In this case, therefore, the theory is used to study a particular system which is the family.
The Family from a Sociological Approach The family is the simplest form of social interaction; it forms the base of a society. The case above of dominance and unconscious division of power is seen as social stratification in the family.
Elements of Strong Family In addition to the element of attention, there are other important parts to be considered in a strong and healthy family, like respect and discipline.
The Future of Families: Four Discoveries That Change Everything George describes the shift in the family decision-making process and how children have been involved in decision-making on issues affecting the entire family.
The Concept of Strategic Family Therapy SFT approach rests upon the notion that families possess enduring power to change teenagers. The approach normally targets families with children possessing antisocial behaviors.
Defining Extended Family as a Phenomenon It is the role of early teachers to be aware of who constitutes a child’s family and not to define the child’s family for them.
How Families Have Changed The children who find themselves in such a family set up most often en up with a very different view of how a family works when compared to a child who came from a nucleus […]
The Modern Day Family It is the opinion of this paper that the changing nature of the present day social environment, in the form of work constraints and perceived social obligations, causes the problems that American society faces today.
Patient Education, Psychosocial Factors, and Family Roles in Making Decision This essay discusses patient education and how it is related to other factors, including psychosocial factors, personality styles, adjustments to illness, and the role of the family in patient education and influence to the patient’s […]
Gender Roles and Family Systems in Hispanic Culture In the Hispanic culture, amarianismo’ and amachismo’ are the terms used to determine the various behavioral expectations among the family members.
Changing Notion of Nuclear Family as Portrayed in Television Shows The Simpson displays frustrations and irritations in a family and how sometimes it suffers lack of money and other important effects and it portrays nuclear family which is a very important image of the family.

🎓 Simple Topics about Family

Structural and Experiential Family Therapists Differences A structural family therapist could view the problem of the child by understanding relationships within the family of the child. For example, a structural family therapist could focus on deciphering how the child interacts with […]
Social Issues of Families in Poverty With the tightened budget, parents of the families living in poverty struggle to make ends meet, and in the course of their struggles, they experience many stresses and depressions.
Divorce and its Impacts on Family Members The effects of divorce are experienced by each and every member of the family regardless of who was at fault.”The effects of divorce can change virtually every aspect of a person’s life including where a […]
The African Family This article seeks to analyze the African family by assessing the life of Mpho ‘M’atsepo Nthunya as an African woman in the family context. The father who is the head of the family is in […]
Planning a Family Vacation A first date must also be conscious of the likes and dislikes of their partners. The steering wheel must also be used in straightening of tires.
Philosophy of Cognitive-Behavioral Family Therapy Finally, a comprehensive review of the self of the therapists, empirical support, and the intricacies of the therapeutic alliance will end the discourse on CBFT.
Disintegration of Family and Societal Relations in Kafka’s “The Metamorphosis” In the example of the Samsas’, the author depicts how perceptions and feelings of family members change, revealing the illusory character of seemingly unshaken family bonds and relations within society at large.
Chicago School Theory and Family Studies In order to understand the nature of crime and the concept of social disorganization, one needs to perform a comprehensive analysis of the phenomenon and study it from different angles.
Kinship of Family In the above mentioned scenario it is certain that links that are based on blood are stronger and cannot be compared to links based on the marriage because the partners in marriage are united by […]
Family Life Effects on Human Health The family’s relationship, financial status, and the type of food they take are essential factors that impact people’s health. Furthermore, family structure and the stability of relationships can positively or negatively affect a person’s health.
Extended Family System There is no wonder one reconsiders and feels nostalgia for the age-old traditional family structure of the extended family system.”The basic concept of the joint family system is that more than one family come together […]
Marital and Parental Subsystems in Family In a conventional family system, these members include the husband and wife, the siblings, and the relatives who make up the extended family.
Marriage and Alternative Family Arrangements In the selection of the marriage partners, individuals are required to adhere to the rules of endogamy as well as the rules of exogamy.
Caring for a Family Member Last but not least is the psychological toll that caregiving takes on individuals due to social isolation, lack of privacy, and sleep deprivation.
Family and Culture: Major Problems Facing Families Around the World Many of these family changes have come because of the result of globalization, which has occurred mainly due to the sophisticated technology available in the current world.
Definition of the Family For me, a family can be simply defined as the people whom I come home to when I need to feel loved and wanted. Who is to say what the real definition of a family […]
Family Stress and Crisis: We Got Through It It is important to start with identifying the stressor that led to the development of the family crisis and certain negative and positive changes in my family.
Nuclear Family and British Social Breakdown A brief description of nuclear family is that it be defined as a family that is composed of two sets of family members, parents and children, living together in the same home.
A Typical Household Family A nuclear family is understood to mean a unit consisting of the father, mother and the children, while an extended family is comprised of the nuclear family together with the rest of the family members, […]
Family Versus Individual Therapy Whereas individual therapy lays focus on changing the individual only, family therapy considers the needs of the whole group and actually integrates the whole family in the recovery process of the affected individual. It is […]
School Family Community Partnership and Its Benefits The most exciting aspect of the School Family Community Partnership is that it has a fairly large academic base behind it.
Sexual Functioning and Family Life-Cycle Stages During this stage, the primary concern with sexual behavior becomes lack of time and intimacy in the relationships due to the changing roles of the couple, increased stress, postpartum health problems, and sleep disturbances.
A Choice of a Family Vacation Destination This essay aims to assess which one of the two locations presents a better choice for a family who seeks a diverse assortment of engaging activities for all ages and has the potential for a […]
Impact of Chronic Illness on Families For the parents of a child diagnosed with such a condition, it can lead to anger, worry, denial, and general dejection.
Family Health: Three-Generation Genogram Analysis Judy’s maternal grandfather died from a Heart Attack at 60 years and older and had a Stroke at 60 years and older.
Malay Muslim Traditions and Cultural Identity First I clearly expected that it if the parents and close family members who convey the identity to their children stayed together, then the conflict between mainstream expectations in the American way of life and […]
The American Family: Current Problems It seems that the American families are under strain because there is a lack of a normative structure that would provide the parents with the necessary tools to orient their families.
Incomplete Families: “The Drover’s Wife,” “The Chosen Vessel,” and “Good Country People” The first one, Henry Lawson’s “The Drover’s Wife,” is set in the Australian bush, as is the second, “The Chosen Vessel” by Barbara Baynton; and the third story is set in the American South, Flannery […]
The Stages of the Family Cycle The young person has not only to expand his budget but also has to have a bigger heart that can accommodate his fiancee’s behavior and also his in-laws’ interference with the running of his home.
Family Assessment and Care Plan Some of the family members become victims of family, domestic, or sexual violence, which forces them to leave the household and live in the streets. In short, the child and family health nurse is to […]
Counseling Interview in Family and Relationship Therapy My choice of questions for the interviewees on matters related to life, relationship and family will be designed as linear and systematic questions to aid in formulating an assessment.
Family Relationships Role in the Business It seems that Barry Jr, as well as the other shareholders, failed to implement family talents and skills in an effective way.
Nuclear Family vs. Single Parenting Effects on Child The family is the main environment that contributes to the behavior of a person. The family environment in which these individuals are is the key contributor to the character and behavior of individuals.
Living with Down Syndrome: A Case Study from the UAE Healthy influence of these mammals is proved and the UAE tries to create the best conditions for people who suffer from Down Syndrome.
Family Therapy and Teacher as Counselor The most important result of the project was the boy spending time with his father and understanding that he works hard to provide for the family.
Family Relationships: Psychological Inquiry When parents exert excessive control on the lives their children, the ties that should exist in the family break and the victims develop hatred and aggression.
Women in Qatar: Education, Politics, Family, Law This essay discusses women in Qatar in regard to politics, education, marriage, role in the society, and how this has continuously changed with time and how the society and leadership treats the Qatar women.
Effects of Internet Addiction on Family Relationships Among Teenagers In the modern society, cyber bullying refers to the instances where the individual uses the internet to interfere with the rights and freedoms of others.
Managing Interpersonal Relationships in Family Since there has been limited communication with my family, no person was aware of the project and the sensitivity of the compromised information.
Reasoned Decision-Making in a Family Business Jane, as the head of the Payroll Department, is obligated to make choices and take actions that will contribute to the welfare and interests of the community as well as the company.
Family Interaction: Description of a Dysfunctional Family Mama’s ethnicity is exotic in our town and she was educated, so she was of the higher middle class. Our dad likes sports and Mama loves the symphony, but she plays Spanish music when he […]
African American Family Cultural Background They have a unique culture that is characterized by a unique parenting style, structure of the family, the role of gender in the family, and their views on marriage.
Family Types, Relationships and Dynamics In the case of a consanguine family, the relationship with the family is more absolute in that expenses, food, and other aspects related to living within the same “roof” are shared.
Conflict Communication in Family Relationships People in conflict have to be ready to analyze their situations and problems to achieve the goals and come to a certain conclusion.
Structural Family Therapy Model The SFT model aims at explaining the roles of each member of the family and the description of the changes that can be made.
Collaborating With Families and Community Members Effective school administrators and principals collaborate with community members, families, and the business community to mobilize community resources in order to meet the diverse community needs and interests.
Genogram in Couple and Family Therapy In addition, the patient had a close relationship with her grandmother, and her death was a traumatic event that could negatively affect Marie’s psychological state.
The Couple and Family Map and Its Main Concepts Therefore, closeness and flexibility are important concepts in the map and can describe the relationship between Rick and Louann. Moreover, the family is described as flexible because they have a good balance of stability and […]
The Concept of Family Health Although over the years of nursing practice, family intervention in the process of treatment has been recognized as a mandatory attribute, the scope of the family’s influence on the patient has been significantly modified.
Challenging the “Standard North American Family” In a family, as seen by the proponents of structural functionalism, each member of the family tries to contribute to the development of their household by following some rules and ensuring the acceptance of the […]
The Twinning Process: Biological and Family Aspects This is not because they are worse parents but because they simply find it too tasking to fully give the same attention to each child regardless of them being twins or not.
The Story of Us (1990): A Happy Family? In The Story of Us Katie and Ben try to maintain the facade of a happy family for their children sending them to the summer camp while they understand what goes wrong in their family.
“Family Supper” by Ishiguro: Eastern and Western Family Attitudes Cultural Differences The Japanese people are well known for their martial arts and the writer describes his father as “the proud of the pure samurai blood that ran in the family”.
Family Relationships in Gilman’s The Yellow Wallpaper Being the brain and the intellectual reason of the family, the husband wisely guides the ship of his matrimonial unit through all the possible mishaps and traps and takes the necessary precautions in order to […]
Family Assessment in a Problem Oriented Record According to the available information the power relations in the family is on his side and the bulk of family responsibilities are reserved for Naomi.
Blended Families and Crises The interviewed members were the husband and the wife, and the crisis they had had was the loss of employment by the husband.
Marriage and Family Class Ideas In this paper, I fulfilled an analysis of the three most essential ideas that were presented in the Marriage and Family class.
Wang Group Company: Family Business Changes Charles Wang after succeeding his father Alfred Wang brought in the following changes to the Wang Group in order to bring about change in the organization: Charles Wang changed the business model of the company […]
“Public and Private Families: An Introduction” and “Public and Private Families: A Reader” by Andrew Cherlin: Summary The family pattern for the Blacks includes high fertility rates compared to the average Americans, with the Indians and the Hispanics also displaying the same.
Psychoanalytic Approach to Family Counselling Williams adds that in the second phase of the therapy, a client is assessed based on the relationship so far existent with the therapist to determine reaction against the prevailing conditions on the influence of […]
The Family is God’s Tool of Revealing Himself to the World God intends the family to be one of the fundamental units of society, with Adam the first man, being the symbolic father of the family of humanity.
TV Shows v. The Common View of Nuclear Families In the traditional view of a nuclear family, it is the woman who is supposed to be patient with the man. It challenges the model of a happy and perfect family which was and is […]
The Problem of Work-Family Imbalance in Society The absence of the mother in the family probably contributes to the work-family imbalance problem that Chris is facing in raising his son.
A Beautiful Mind: Understanding Schizophrenia and Its Impact on the Individual and the Family The psychological disorder presented in the movie refer to one of the most common of schizophrenia paranoia. The disorder, however, is still subjected to experimental treatments by means of medications and psychotherapy.
Money or Family Values First? Which Way to Go As such, family values becomes the epicenter of shaping individual behavior and actions towards the attainment of a certain good, while money assumes the position of facilitating the attainment of a certain good such as […]
Mediation of Family Conflicts To be effective, the process of mediating family conflicts as a kind of intervention in a dispute should depend on such principles as the voluntary nature of the parties’ cooperation with mediators and the readiness […]
Family Conflict in Unigwe’s, Kwa’s, Gebbie’s Stories Coincidentally, “The kettle on the boat” seems to communicate the same theme that Dipita illustrates in the “honor of a woman”.
Family Communication, Its Role and Advancement The fact that a person has the support and the acknowledgment of the family creates a very beneficial environment for people to develop strong personalities.
Bowen Family Systems Theory – Psychology In this context, the theory is relevant in demonstrating that the level of stress prevalent in the family due to alcoholism and irresponsible behavior of the family head is directly responsible for the development of […]
Family Therapy in Relation to Its Type This is the kind of family where the parents delegate the responsibility of parenting to one of the child. Therapist comes in where the structure of the family is large and advices on the possibility […]
Surrogacy and How It Affects Families Further, the use of a medical practitioner in the entire process of surrogacy considerably reduces the above events and other factors that may promote destruction of the institution of the family.
Family Budget: How to Live With Annual Income 15300$ Having the information about the annual income of the family and the list of the obligatory costs, it is possible to calculate the expenses of the family, the cloths they can buy and the number […]
Non-Traditional Families and Child Behaviorism Affects The study revealed that men have a tendency to be more homo negative than women and the society’s negative attitude towards gay and lesbian parenting could be partly attributed to external forces prevalent in society […]
“Eat Drink Man Woman”: Confucian Ethics and Traditional Chinese Family Life The daughters are always afraid of him but in the film, the father can tell stories in different circumstances and this makes the daughters to have the urge to eat and have a deeper relationship […]
Autism Spectrum Disorder in Children and Its Impact on the Family Manning, Wainwright and Bennet argue that children with autism are faced with a big challenge because of the nature of the symptoms the disorder.
Family Influences on the Development of a Child’s Behavior Objectives of the study: The general aim of the study is to determine how the organization of the family has a direct effect on the development of the child’s behavior.
Children of Heaven: Family Values and Norms While credit to the quality of the piece of work has been noted to embed the scriptural work and the high performance of the characters who interpreted the story, it has been argued that the […]
Family Relationship Analysis with Use of Genogram When we look at John and Mary’s relationship, we see that they have a close and stable relationship, which may have influenced their children’s and grandchildren’s communication patterns.
Understanding and Addressing Family Stress: Parental Responses and Impact on Children The spousal relationship, employment, a lack of structure in the household, and psychological suffering all contribute to stress. They are regarded as potent mediators, and therefore, offending elders indicates disrespecting the father and may lead […]
The Human Family Tree Development Thus, the investigation of the existing lines of descent in a human family tree allows scientists to determine the worth of connection dots and differences and similarities between the ancestors.

⭐ Engaging Titles about Family to Write about

How Marginalization Affects the Health Care of Women and Families with Children
Family Health Promotion Strategies
Family Intervention Strategies at a National and Local Level
Food Work in the Family and Gender Aspects of Food Choice
Family Health History. Nursing Practice
Family History Project
Self-Health Assessment With Reference to Family Genogram
Family Issues and Adolescence in Crazy/Beautiful
Family Model: Stephanie Coontz’s “What We Really Miss About the 1950s”
Sticking Together: Family Relations Analysis
First Language Acquisition in a Multilingual Family
Home-Start Family Supporting Program: Supporting Program for Children and Their Families
Universal Concept of Family: Future Perspectives
Family Concept in “The Glass Menagerie” by Tennessee Williams
Cohabitation: Family Environment and Life
Family Traditions and Values in the United States
Family Business: R&S Electronic Service Company
Families in the Media Portrayal
Disaster Planning for Families
Family Aggresion and Bronfenbrenner’s Ecological Systems Theory
The Modern Family Concept
Cultural Influences on Family Values and Habits
Family Assessment in Payne’s Film “The Descendants”
Presence of Family Members during Resuscitation
Communicating and Collaborating With Families
Canadian Families Understanding: Intersectional Approach
Race, Ethnicity, Family and Religion
Assessing in the Field of Marriage and Family Therapy
Interview of a Marriage and Family Therapist
Marriage & Family Therapy
Barack Obama’s Family History
How Religion and Family Produces the Idea of Gender
Balancing Work and the Family
Beyond the Nuclear Family
Roles of Education & Family in Frankenstein
Analysis of Alice Walker’s Essay “Everyday Use” in Reference to the Idea of Power and Responsibility Within Family
Anthropological Historical Account of Family Lineage
Disaster Planning for Families: Is Your Family Prepared?
Household Management Audit: Mr. Smith Family Case
The Roles of Families in Virtual Learning
Families and Social Class: Chapter 4 of “The Family” by Philip N. Cohen
Origins of the American Family
Stay-At-Home Mother’s Contribution to the Family Economy
Pornography and Its Influence on Families
Family Communication: A Professional Journal Article
The Family From a Social Institution Perspective
Chapter 3 of “The Family” Book by Philip N. Cohen
Leadership, Family, and Community Collaboration Project
Navigating the Ambiguity of Family
Narrative Family Therapy: Adolescent Mental Health
Family Health Assessment: Child Poverty, Toxic Stress
Families from a Sociological Perspective
Mental Health Nurse’s Communication With Patients and Families
The Shared Table as a Family Tradition
Family Communication in the Captain Fantastic Film
Traditional Family Roles’ Impact on Haitian Teens in New Jersey
Newark Emergency Services for Families’ Marketing Plan
Challenges and Approaches to Family Counseling
Unforgiveness in Marriages and Families
The Role of Family in American Poems and Short Stories
Home, Work, and Relationships in Modern Families
Developmental Psychology of an Immigrant Family
Exploring the Interplay of Family, Philosophy, and Politics
Mental Disorder: Treating a Family Member
The Early Learning Child Care Act: Family Impact Analysis
Family Counseling: Resolving Conflict and Promoting Wellness
Dharker’s Postcards From God Book and Carter’s Family Photograph
The Role of Nurses in Family-Based Interventions
A Family-Centered Cesarean Birth: Experience and Bonding
A Mexican Family Health Assessment
Family-Centered Health Assessment and Promotion
Diversity and Its Impact on Family Form and Function
The Family-Centered Care Principles
Conference: Family System and Support
Counseling for Family Conflicts Resolution
Feminist Perspective on Family Counselling
Home Visits and Families Empowerment
College Education and Family Foundation
Workplace Discrimination: Impact of Family-Friendly Policies
Family Business Succession in Asian Countries
Non-Traditional Family Case Study
Family Hui Hawaii: A Non-Profit Supporting Families
LGBTQ+ Families: Discrimination and Challenges
Health Intervention among Patients and the Families
Family Behavioral Therapy: Case Analysis
Second-Grade Class Family and Community Engagement Plan
Analysis of Family Hui Hawaii
Biomedical Technologies and Natural Family Planning
Engaging Mobile Apps in Family Planning
Paid Family Leave Policy Analysis
The Family Educational Rights and Privacy Act’s Role
Healthcare and Family Diversity
The Contemporary Racist Realities in American Families
Family Education for Valuing the Elderly
South African-American Family Cultural Assessment
Changing Gender Roles in Families Over Time
Schools and Families During the COVID-19 Pandemic
The Ethical Dimension of Family Therapy
Social Determinates of Health of a Family
Discussion of Family Education Aspects
The Effect of Gentrification on Low-Income Families
Family Diversities and Demographics in the USA
Case Study: A Multi-Problem Appalachian Family
Modern Day Families and Homesickness
Lobo Family: The Case of Migration
Classroom Strategies and Family Involvement
Holidays, Schools, and Family: Family Language Policy on Holiday
Initiative on Protecting Child and Family Well-Being
Role of Family in Reducing Juvenile Delinquency
The Healthcare Cost Interview with a Family Member
Challenges of Families with Down Syndrome Children
Stable Radicals Families: Synthesis and Properties
Family Behaviors, Inequality, and Outside Childbearing Marriage
How Understanding of Family Influenced Assessment
How the Pandemic Has Stressed Families
Paid Family Medical Leave in America
Hayman-Woodward’s Paid Family Medical Leave
Modern Parenthood and Family Instability
Resource Availability for Low-Income Families in New York
Inter Families’ Football Competition Event
Therapeutic Intervention in Families
The Family Voices Organization’s Mission & Services
Communities Supporting Families
Social Mobility and Family Occupation Tree
The Family Institution and Impact of Polygamy
The Stress of Working with Families
Lahiri’s “Interpreter of Maladies”: The Issues Surrounding Families Today
Obesity Risk Factors: Impact of Family Background
Family Relationship: Life-Span Development
Conservatism and Liberalism: Discussion of the Decline of Nuclear Families
Relationship: Communication Between Family Members
Delivering Care to Culturally Diverse Families
Family in America and Its Most Common Types
Sociology of the Family: Gender Roles
“Family Relationships in What It Means to Say Phoenix Arizona” by S. Alexie
Family Ties and Obligations as the Driver of Antigone’s Actions in Sophocles’ Play
Stress as a Result of Combining Work and Family
Determining the Applicable Law on Family Matter
Sociology of the Family: Love and Relationships
Beowulf Defeats Grendel: Relationships With Family, Women, and His Own Gender
Aspects of Marriage and Family Life
Family Development Center Program’s Improvement
Lesbian, Gay, Bisexual, Transgender, and Queer Families’ Issues
Gender Theory and the Division of Labor in Families
Consequences of Pandemic COVID-19: The Psychological Climate in the Family
Parenting Models in Modern Family Unit of Emigrants in the USA
Families, Gender Relations and Social Change in Brazil
The Life Model Helping Immigrant Families
Family Unit Structures Comparison
Explaining of Theories of Family Science
Navigating the System For Families Experiencing Homelessness
Social Constructionism in Couple and Family Therapy
Family Stratification Overview
Research on Families and Inequality
Ambiguous Loss: Immigration and Separation of Families
Infidelity as the Main Cause of Family Divorce
Family and Work Patterns in Contemporary British Society
Family-Centered Health and School Age and Adolescent Development
Family-Centered Health and Development: Pediatric Nurses’ Role
Theories of Family Science Overview
Families Recovery From Substance Abuse
Comparing the Level of Comfort of Registered Nurses Related to Family Presence During Resuscitation
Asian Americans and Latino Families: Race and Ethnicity
The Blucare Family Organization’s Interventions
Clayton County Division of Family and Children Services
New York’s Temporary Assistance for Needy Families
Why the Theories Matter in Child and Family Health Practice
Impactful Policy for Child and Family Health Practitioners
Programs in Family Sleep Institute
The Family’s Health Status: The Social Determinants of Health
Federal Guidelines on Procedural Safeguards of Special Needs’ Children and Families
Family Literacy Night
The Implementation of Family-Based Therapy to Manage Anxiety Disorder in Adolescents
Temporary Assistance for Needy Families and Nation’s Health
Vulnerable Families: Problems With Access to Healthcare
Family Support and Family Psychoeducational Models
Family Planning Individual Case Critique
A Loss of a Family Member and Counseling
Telehealth Communication Between Family and Patients During the COVID-19 Pandemic
Social Policy and Family Resilience
Developing an App for Building a Financial System for a Family
Children’s Corner: Family and Community Engagement Plan
“How Home Hospice Care Facilitates Patient and Family Engagement”: Article Analysis
Dual-Earner Families and Issues Within Them
Two Families Social Comparison
Analysis of How Australian Families Spend Their Time
The Modern Perception of Family
Child Development and Family Resources
“Three Years After Family Separation…” by Dickerson
The Topic of Complex Family Relations
How Family Affects Criminal Behavior: Hatred Murders
Families With a Chronically Ill Child: Issues and Techniques
Researching of Family Demographics
Psychic Effects of Detached Family and Social Relations
Genogram and Genomap: Family Group Analysis
Future of the Family Business in World
Family Mediation: Advantages and Disadvantages
Diversity Analysis in Families
Family Relationship in the Thappad Film
Resiliency: Community, Family, and Individual Needs
Family Style Meals in the Childcare Setting
Psychometric Evaluation of the Family-Centered Care Scale
Palliative Care: What Constitutes the Best Technique for Technicians Communication With Patients and Families?
Family/Patient-Centered Care: A Letter
Different Cases on Family Law
Family Law: Presumptions
The Importance of a Family Facilitator During Resuscitation
Family-Cultural Assessment
Providing Holistic Care to the Family Members: Palliative Care
Family Relationship, Childhood Delinquency, Criminality
Analysis of the Family Smoking Prevention and Tobacco Control Act
Genetic Family Historical Analysis
Conger’s Stress and Family With Children
Defining the US Family
Family Nursing and Stress Theory

🥇 Most Interesting Family Essay Topics

Debate on Effect of the Environment on Family
Family Health Assessment by Gordon
Family Plan For Specific Hazards and Risks
The Effectiveness of ICU Nurses in Reducing Stress among Family Members
Family Law: Succession and Probate Practice
Patients Lawsuits and Their Families Against Hospitals
Family Law and Matrimonial Practices
Critical Appraisal on the Impact of Autism Spectrum Disorders on the Family: A Qualitative Study of Mothers’ Perspectives
Crime and Family Background Correlation
Family Health Assessment: Health Promotion Strategy
Should Family-Witnessed Resuscitation Be Allowed in the Emergency Department?
Gender Bias in Family Court
Modality of Family Faith and Meanings and Relationships in Family Life
Family Health Care: The Morrison Family
Cultural Aspects While Assessing the Family
Definitions and Discussions of the Family Leave Act
Family Values in Nursing
Evaluation of the Sound Families Initiative
“Family Law Fifth Edition” by William P. Statsky
Family and Community Violence Exposure Among Youth
Family Theory Use With Dementia
Evolution of the Caregiving Experience in the Initial 2 Years Following Stroke
Family Health Assessment Proforma
Nursing Care of a Family With a Stillborn
The Issues Influencing Contemporary Australian Families
The Family Medical Leave Act (FMLA)
The Williams’ Family Story
Family Violence in “Story of a Girl” by Zarr
Family Professional Collaboration
Homeless Families Analysis
Celebrating Easter in the Family During the Covid-19 Pandemic
Feasibility of Developing a Family Business
A Phenomenological Study of Families With Drug-Using Children
The Essence of Family Nursing Theories
No Respect Given to Military Family
The MacMaster Model Family: The Williams Assessment
“Gender Differences in Work-Family Guilt in Parents of Young Children”: Quantitative Research Critique
Social Distancing: Communication With Patients Families
Family Factors and Youth Suicide
Family and Domestic Violence: Enhancing Protective Factors
Family Concept in “The Story of Us” Movie
Tuareg Community Family Life
Family Systems Theory: Parenting and Family Diversity Issues
The Role of Family in Treating Juvenile Offenders
Same‐Sex Couples, Families, and Marriage
“Let Me Hear Your Voice: A Family’s Triumph Over Autism” by Catherine Maurice
PSDM Model Usage in Solving Family Conflicts
Who Does Protect Poor Families Living in the Districts of Street Gangs?
Family Medical Leave Act and it’s Effect on Organisational Policies
Gender, Family, and Unemployment in Ontario’s Great Depression
How Did the Movie “Life as We Know It” Demonstrate the Conflict in a Family Institution?
Features of Marital and Family Therapy
Family Structure, Family Process and Father Involvement
Religion, Family and Culture
Choices and Theories: Theoretical Perspectives of the Family and Mate Selection
Genograms in Family Assessment
Important Values of Family, the Financial Question
Competing in Preposterousness: Analyzing Barbara Bergman’s Feedback to Gary Becker’s Theory of Family
Developmental Psychology: The Impact of Family-Of-Origin on Adulthood
Women, Men, Work, and Family: An Expansionist Theory
Obesity as a Family Issue in the Community
“Family Partnerships” by Jobeth Allen
A Family Anticipating: Young Children
How Slavery Has Affected the Lives and Families of the African Americans?
“The Military Family” by James Martin
Communication Amongst Military Families
The Film “Avalon” by Barry Levinson and Points of View of Changes Inside American Family
The Impact of Incarceration in the African American Family
Marriage and Family Systems: Western Society and Kadara of Nigeria
Postpartum Psychosis: Impact on Family
Jewish Family Cultural Perspective
“Oresteia” by Aeschylus and “Oedipus the King” by Sophocles: Family Tragedies
“The Essentials of Family Therapy” by Nichols
Family Planning: Hospital Birth or Home Birth?
Family Tutoring Program Design
In What Ways Did the Movie “American Beauty” Portray the Typical Family Values?
American Family: Where We Are Today
Human Communication and Conflict Management in Family
Family Interaction: Psychology Reactions
Family Life as a Stage in the Preparation of a Genogram
Psychology and Sociology in Families
Family Therapy for Treating Major Depression
Recovering From a Traumatic Brain Injury: Cognitive Rehabilitation
The Concepts and Methods of Family Therapy
Jewish Family’s Experiences During the Holocaust
Family and Medical Leave Act in the Workplace
Adulthood and Aging. Family Contacts and Support
Health, Social Behavior and the Study of the Family
Marriage and Family Problems as Social Issues
Family Therapy With Cultural Groups
Autism. Child and Family Assessment
“Decline of the Family” by Janet Z. Giele Review
What Makes a Step Family a Real Family?
Marriage and Family: Women as Love Experts and Victims
Trends in Nursing of Families
Romanian Families: Comparison to Canadian Ones
Television Families: What Do They Tell Us About Race Relations?
Domestic Violence in Marriage and Family
Foster Care Crisis in Georgia: Children in Substitute Families
Psychology: Child Couple Family Therapy
Dysfunctional Behavior Within a Family
Family Crisis Issues and Solving Them
How Does Addiction Affect Families
Engaging Families in Early Childhood Learning
Family Communication Patterns and Interventions
Genogram: Family History and System Theory
Family Factors: Gender, Religion, and Education
Family Services and Community Resources
Federal Welfare Policy: Assistance for Needy Families
Feelings of Families Regarding Drug Dependence: In the Light of Comprehensive Sociology
Stepfamily Relationships: The Blended Family Interview
Step-Grandparents from Family Counselor’s Perspective
Family Legacies
Family Law in South Africa and Saudi Arabia
Single Mother Families in Changing Economic Times
Family Business, Its Philosophy and Strategy
American Family Relationships: Dynamics Alterations
Children’s Psychological Issues: Abusive Behavior in Families
Family Violence in History and Nowadays
Family, Marriage, and Parenting Concepts Nowadays
Pregnancy, Parentage and Family Development
Ways of Families Construction
Family and Work Politics
Adapting Family Network Issue
Major Trends in the Paradigm of Family Life
Sociology of Family: Control and Violence in Relationships
Substance Abuse and Family in “The Corner” Series
Family Role Switching: Pros and Cons
The Roles in the Bringing up of Children: Family Therapy
Teacher’s Communication With Families
Family Life Cycle: The Institution of Marriage
Child, Youth and Family Intervention
Family Issues: Divorce and Family Mediation Process
Family Formation and Assisted Reproductive Technologies
Family Studies and Research Approaches
Asian Women and Families Today and 50 Years Ago
Family and Consumer Education Methodologies
Traditional Family, Its Definition and Future
Family Law: Spousal Support After Divorce in Canada
Psychoanalytic, Existential, and Family Therapies
Sunshine Laws and Family Educational Rights and Privacy Act
Family System in “The Kids Are All Right” by Lisa Cholodenko
Early Childhood in Family Environment
Food Insecurity and Depression in Poor Families
Family Unit and Gender Roles in Society and Market
The Politics of Theorizing African American Families
Family and Its Sociological Perspective
Family Issues in the United States of the XXI Century
Re-Assessing Family Valuables
Family as a Social Institution
Child Clinical Interviewing and Family Involvement
Grandparents as Parental Figures in Modern Families
Family Welfare and Divorce Policies
Counseling and Therapy for Couples: Family Resilience
Telehealth Tools to Support Family Caregivers
Feminist Theory of Family Therapy
Social Media and the Family
Interpersonal Communication Skills: Closeness in Families
Family Systems and Relationship Development
Child Neglect Index for a Boy and His Family
Family and Domestic Violence Legislation in the US
Wellness and Counseling in Family Systems Therapy
Family and Childhood Sociology and Changes
Family-School Partnerships in the United Arab Emirates
Ethical Responsibilities and Families Support
Military Families and Their Sacrifices
Family and Relationships: New Tendencies
The Graham Family and the Washington Post Company
Religion, Family and Their Social Aspects
Long Deployment for Military Families
Family Therapy: Concepts and Methods
Family Versus Societal Needs Priority
Family Support for Patient with Kidney Failure
Family Food and Meals Traditions in Dubai History
Family Laws in the UK, South Africa, Saudi Arabia
Family Business: Success or Challenge?
Individualized Family Service Plan vs. Education Program
Work and Family: Institutional Logic
Family Relationships in Media and Theories
Parental Care and Its Role in Poor Families
Complementary Conflict Patterns in Families
Family Planning in “Letters to Catherine” Blog
Disney’s Representation of Couples and Families
Black Families’ Issues in the “Soul Food” Series
Family Reaction to a Child Loss and Intervention
Fresh Food Provision for Low-Income Families
Strengthening Families Program and Its Benefits
Chronic Disease Impact on Patient’s Family
Child Abuse and Neglect and Family Practice Model
Breaking Structure of Modern Families
The Family Systems Theory: Mahaley’s Case
Capellaville Early Childhood Family Education: School Readiness
Family Involvement in a Child’s Learning Process
Households and Family Decision-Making
Alcoholism as a Social Issue and Its Effect on Families
Family Values Comparison: The Aeneid and the Holy Bible
Military Deployment Effects on Family Members
Family-Community Partnerships Creation
Family Consumer Science’s Impact on Test Scores
Small Family Bakery Entrepreneurship Idea
Family Engagement in Children’s Learning Process
Social Work and Addiction in Family Settings
Temporary Assistance for Needy Families
Family Educational Rights and Privacy Act
Family Studies: Various Approaches
Psychology: Music Role in Family Engagement
Children’s Gender Identity in Same-Sex Families
“Justice, Gender and Family” by Susan Okin
Teacher Career: Family’s Involvement in Education
Gambling and Its Effect on Families
The Role of Verbal Communication in Dynamic Families
Painting: Ludovico il Moro and His Family Kneeling Before the Virgin
Health Promotion Initiative for Young Families
TV Shows’ Influence on Families
ISO 9000 Family of Standards and its Effects on Business
What Impact Does Family Size Have On Conformity?
What Makes Family Values From Regular Values?
What Makes Friends Different From Family?
What Role Does Family Play in Children’s Education?
What Role Does Love Play in Family Relationships?
Are Traditional Family Games a Thing of the Past?
Balancing Work and Family: Be a Working Mother or a Housewife?
Can Family Caregiving Substitute for Nursing Home Care?
Can Old Family Structures Meet New Economic Challenges?
Can Parental Time Commitment and Family Economic Status Influence Child?
Are Family Members More Important Than Friends?
Is Family the Most Important Agent of Socialisation?
Are Single Parent Homes a Dysfunctional Model of Family?
Did the Industrial Revolution Disrupt the American Family?
Does Changing Gender Role Affect Family Relationship?
Does Custody Law Affect Family Behavior in and Out of Marriage?
Does Family Composition Affect Social Networking?
Does Family Planning Help the Employment of Women?
Does Gay Marriage Threaten the Family?
Does Publicly Provided Home Care Substitute for Family Care?
Does Taxation Affect Marriage and Family Planning Decisions?
Does Technology Ruin Family Life?
Does the American Family Have a History?
Does the Student-Loan Burden Weigh Into the Decision to Start a Family?
Does the Welfare State Destroy the Family?
Does Work-Time Flexibility Improve the Reconciliation of Family and Work?
Family Dinners Cause Well Behave Children?
Are Social Network Sites Affecting the Family?
How Does Family Size Directly Affect Family Relationships?
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Parenting Research Topics
Childbirth Titles
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Essay on Importance of Family for Students and Children

500 words essay on importance of family.

In today’s world when everything is losing its meaning, we need to realize the importance of family more than ever. While the world is becoming more modern and advanced, the meaning of family and what stands for remains the same.

A family is a group of people who are related by blood or heritage. These people are linked not only by blood but also by compassion, love, and support. A person’s character and personality are shaped by his or her family. There are various forms of families in today’s society. It is further subdivided into a tight and extended family (nuclear family, single parent, step-family, grandparent, cousins, etc.)

Family – A synonym for trust, comfort, love, care, happiness and belonging. Family is the relationship that we share from the moment we are born into this world. People that take care of us and help us grow are what we call family, and they become lifelines for us to live. Family members have an important role in deciding an individual’s success or failure in life since they provide a support system and source of encouragement.

It does not matter what kind of family one belongs to. It is all equal as long as there are caring and acceptance. You may be from a joint family, same-sex partner family, nuclear family, it is all the same. The relationships we have with our members make our family strong. We all have unique relations with each family member. In addition to other things, a family is the strongest unit in one’s life.

Things That Strengthens The Family

A family is made strong through a number of factors. The most important one is of course love. You instantly think of unconditional love when you think of family. It is the first source of love you receive in your life It teaches you the meaning of love which you carry on forever in your heart.

Secondly, we see that loyalty strengthens a family. When you have a family, you are devoted to them. You stick by them through the hard times and celebrate in their happy times. A family always supports and backs each other. They stand up for each other in front of a third party trying to harm them proving their loyalty.

Most importantly, the things one learns from their family brings them closer. For instance, we learn how to deal with the world through our family first. They are our first school and this teaching strengthens the bond. It gives us reason to stand by each other as we share the same values.

No matter what the situation arises, your family will never leave you alone. They will always stand alongside you to overcome the hardships in life. If anyone is dealing with any kind of trouble, even a small talk about it to the family will make ones’ mind lighter and will give them a sense of hope, an inner sense of strength to fight those problems.

Get the huge list of more than 500 Essay Topics and Ideas

Importance of Family

One cannot emphasize enough on the importance of family. They play a great role in our lives and make us better human beings. The one lucky enough to have a family often do not realize the value of a family.

However, those who do not have families know their worth. A family is our source of strength. It teaches us what relationships mean. They help us create meaningful relationships in the outside world. The love we inherit from our families, we pass on to our independent relationships.

Moreover, families teach us better communication . When we spend time with our families and love each other and communicate openly, we create a better future for ourselves. When we stay connected with our families, we learn to connect better with the world.

Similarly, families teach us patience. It gets tough sometimes to be patient with our family members. Yet we remain so out of love and respect. Thus, it teaches us patience to deal better with the world. Families boost our confidence and make us feel loved. They are the pillars of our strength who never fall instead keep us strong so we become better people.

We learn the values of love, respect, faith, hope, caring, cultures, ethics, traditions, and everything else that concerns us through our families. Being raised in a loving household provides a solid foundation for anyone.

People develop a value system inside their family structure in addition to life lessons. They learn what their family considers to be proper and wrong, as well as what the community considers to be significant.

Families are the epicentres of tradition. Many families keep on traditions by sharing stories from the past over the years. This allows you to reconnect with family relatives who are no longer alive. A child raised in this type of household feels as if they are a part of something bigger than themselves. They’ll be proud to be a part of a community that has had ups and downs. Communities thrive when families are strong. This, in turn, contributes to a robust society.

Q.1 What strengthens a family?

A.1 A family’s strength is made up of many factors. It is made of love that teaches us to love others unconditionally. Loyalty strengthens a family which makes the members be loyal to other people as well. Most importantly, acceptance and understanding strengthen a family.

Q.2 Why is family important?

A.2 Families are very important components of society and people’s lives. They teach us a lot about life and relationships. They love us and treat us valuably. They boost our self-confidence and make us feel valued. In addition, they teach us patience to deal with others in a graceful and accepting manner.

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Now-banned NBA player Jontay Porter will be charged in betting case, court papers indicate

FILE - Toronto Raptors forward Jontay Porter lookson during the first half of the team's NBA...

NEW YORK (AP) — Former Toronto Raptors player Jontay Porter will be charged with a federal felony connected to the sports betting scandal that spurred the NBA to ban him for life, court papers indicate.

Federal prosecutors in Brooklyn filed what’s known as a criminal information sheet on Tuesday. The document doesn’t specify a court date or the charge or charges, but it does show the case is related to an existing prosecution of four men charged with scheming to cash in on tips from a player about his plans to exit two games early.

The Associated Press sent voice and email messages Wednesday to Porter’s St. Louis-based lawyer, Jeff Jensen. He said last month that Porter had been “in over his head due to a gambling addiction” but was getting treatment and cooperating with law enforcement.

Brooklyn U.S. Attorney Breon Peace’s office declined to comment on the new developments.

An NBA investigation found in April that Porter tipped off bettors about his health and then claimed illness to exit at least one game, creating wins for anyone who’d bet on him to underperform expectations. Porter also gambled on NBA games in which he didn’t play, once betting against his own team, the league said.

The four men charged last month appeared in court but haven’t yet entered pleas. They were charged with conspiracy to commit wire fraud and were released on bonds in various amounts.

A court complaint accused the four — Ammar Awawdeh, Timothy McCormack, Mahmud Mollah and Long Phi Pham — with using prior knowledge of an NBA player’s plans so that they or their relatives could place lucrative bets on his performance in Jan. 26 and March 20 games.

The complaint identified the athlete only as “Player 1,” but details — and even a quote from an NBA press release — matched up with the league’s probe into Porter.

Porter played only briefly on Jan. 26 and March 20 before leaving the court, complaining of injury or illness.

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A majority of family medicine visits should qualify for the visit complexity add-on code. Here's how to start using it in your practice.

THOMAS J. WEIDA, MD, FAAFP, AND JANE A. WEIDA, MD, FAAFP

Fam Pract Manag. 2024;31(2):6-10

Author disclosures: no relevant financial relationships.

Primary care is unique in that it is based on an ongoing relationship with patients. Effective Jan. 1, 2024, traditional Medicare (and some Medicare Advantage plans) will recognize the value of that relationship by reimbursing for HCPCS code G2211, which clinicians can add on to an office/outpatient visit evaluation and management (E/M) code. G2211 documents that the longitudinal relationship has complexity beyond that captured in the work of standard E/M codes. This complexity exists for chronic care and even some acute care visits. The deciding factor is the continuing relationship between the clinician and the patient.

DEFINITION OF G2211

The Centers for Medicare & Medicaid Services (CMS) defines G2211 as follows:

Visit complexity inherent to evaluation and management associated with medical care services that serve as the continuing focal point for all needed health care services and/or with medical care services that are part of ongoing care related to a patient's single, serious condition or a complex condition. (Add-on code, list separately in addition to office/outpatient evaluation and management visit, new or established.) 1

There are two aspects to this definition. The first part underscores that the basis for G2211 is not the patient's clinical condition but the clinician's continued responsibility for the patient. The second part acknowledges that an ongoing relationship may exist for a single, serious condition or a complex condition even if the clinician is not the focal point for all services; CMS provides the example of a patient with HIV who receives ongoing care from an infectious disease doctor. 2

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Medicare and Medicaid Programs; CY 2024 Payment Policies Under the Physician Fee Schedule and Other Changes to Part B Payment and Coverage Policies. 88 FR 78970. https://www.federalregister.gov/d/2023-24184/p-1379

Medicare and Medicaid Programs; CY 2024 Payment Policies Under the Physician Fee Schedule and Other Changes to Part B Payment and Coverage Policies. 88 FR 78974. https://www.federalregister.gov/d/2023-24184/p-1397

How to use the office & outpatient evaluation and management visit complexity add-on code G2211. MLN Matters , 13473. Jan. 18, 2024.

Current Procedural Terminology 2024 Professional Edition. American Medical Association. Appendix A:971.

Medicare and Medicaid Programs; CY 2024 Payment Policies Under the Physician Fee Schedule and Other Changes to Part B Payment and Coverage Policies. 88 FR 78971. https://www.federalregister.gov/d/2023-24184/p-1385

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Family Code of Ethics

This paper focuses on the family code of ethics as defined by defined by the World Association of Non-Governmental Organizations (WANGO). The family is an integral part of the society. It has an entitlement to protection by the state given the significance it plays. By protection, there are codes of ethics put in place that define the functioning of the family as well as its protection (Thiroux & Krasemann, 1980). One of the fundamental principles of the family is the value of life. The value of life, in this case, is considered as one of the strong pillars of a family. The other principle evident in the family code of ethics is truth telling or honesty. Telling of truth or honesty is broad and entails faithfulness and fidelity issues. This principle mainly defines the relationship between spouses (Thiroux & Krasemann, 1980). Faithfulness is a primary need in any relationship. Spouses are expected to respect each other. The other principle is goodness or rightness, which is captured by living for each other. Family members have a duty to serve each other and give priority to one anothers needs. Through this, the members of the family will develop maturity and respect one another. Thus, family members need to learn the art of unconditionally helping each other without expecting anything in return. This principle mainly will define the relationship between siblings and ensure that the relationship grows stronger. This ensures that individuals good and respectful towards each other (Thiroux & Krasemann, 1980).

If this sample essay on "Family Code of Ethics" doesn’t help, our writers will!

The other principles in the family code of ethics as defined by the World Association of Non-Governmental Organizations (WANGO) include thoughts, words, deeds, greater purpose and potentiality in a relationship. The other principle in a family entails forgiveness and reconciliation. Individuals or family members should be in a position to compromise on each others position. Therefore, family members need to forgive and forget (Thiroux & Krasemann, 1980).

The addition of the other principles indeed is an improvement over humanitarian ethics. Humanitarianism entails the practice of saving lives and reducing or minimizing of suffering (Hall, 2011). It mainly relates to the emergency response, especially in the face of disasters, either man-made or natural. Having these additional principles ensures improvement in humanitarian ethics as they help to define how the humanitarian aspect of the family comes out (Hall, 2011). By having a greater purpose, individuals are in a position to protect the family members and have strong ties between them. This implies that individuals look and see beyond their personal needs, and see the larger picture of the family at the core. By having the principle of greater purpose in a family, there is an improvement over humanitarian ethics as it ensures physical protection and bodily survival of individuals (Thiroux & Krasemann, 1980; Hall, 2011).

The additional principle of action is also instrumental in the humanitarian ethics. Action in this sense includes the words, thoughts and deeds of individuals. Actions taken by individuals need to be inclusive and take into consideration the consequences. Proper actions within the family set-up ensure there is dignity principle, and every other person in the family is respected in fullness (Thiroux & Krasemann, 1980). The additional principles also propagate the equality principle. The principle entails radical equality of impartiality, responding in instances where there is a need and ensuring non-discrimination in the practices. The additional principles also instill trust and confidence in individuals. By instilling trust, there is neutrality as far as the freedom of operational access is concerned. Additionally, the principles help define the autonomy of operations of individuals in the society while being respectful at the same time. Therefore, individuals can make their choices, which are respected (Thiroux & Krasemann, 1980).

Hall, S. M. (2011). Exploring the ethical everyday: An ethnography of the ethics of family consumption. Geoforum, 42(6), 627-637.

Thiroux, J. P., & Krasemann, K. W. (1980). Ethics: Theory and practice. Glencoe Publishing Company.

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