critical thinking and reading strategies

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Critical Reading and Reading Strategy

What is critical reading.

Reading critically does not, necessarily, mean being critical of what you read.

Both reading and thinking critically don’t mean being ‘ critical ’ about some idea, argument, or piece of writing - claiming that it is somehow faulty or flawed.

Critical reading means engaging in what you read by asking yourself questions such as, ‘ what is the author trying to say? ’ or ‘ what is the main argument being presented? ’

Critical reading involves presenting a reasoned argument that evaluates and analyses what you have read.  Being critical, therefore - in an academic sense - means advancing your understanding , not dismissing and therefore closing off learning.

See also: Listening Types to learn about the importance of critical listening skills.

To read critically is to exercise your judgement about what you are reading – that is, not taking anything you read at face value.

When reading academic material you will be faced with the author’s interpretation and opinion.  Different authors will, naturally, have different slants. You should always examine what you are reading critically and look for limitations, omissions, inconsistencies, oversights and arguments against what you are reading.

In academic circles, whilst you are a student, you will be expected to understand different viewpoints and make your own judgements based on what you have read.

Critical reading goes further than just being satisfied with what a text says, it also involves reflecting on what the text describes, and analysing what the text actually means, in the context of your studies.

As a critical reader you should reflect on:

• What the text says:  after critically reading a piece you should be able to take notes, paraphrasing - in your own words - the key points.
• What the text describes: you should be confident that you have understood the text sufficiently to be able to use your own examples and compare and contrast with other writing on the subject in hand.
• Interpretation of the text: this means that you should be able to fully analyse the text and state a meaning for the text as a whole.

Critical reading means being able to reflect on what a text says, what it describes and what it means by scrutinising the style and structure of the writing, the language used as well as the content.

Critical Thinking is an Extension of Critical Reading

Thinking critically, in the academic sense, involves being open-minded - using judgement and discipline to process what you are learning about without letting your personal bias or opinion detract from the arguments.

Critical thinking involves being rational and aware of your own feelings on the subject – being able to reorganise your thoughts, prior knowledge and understanding to accommodate new ideas or viewpoints.

Critical reading and critical thinking are therefore the very foundations of true learning and personal development.

See our page: Critical Thinking for more.

Developing a Reading Strategy

You will, in formal learning situations, be required to read and critically think about a lot of information from different sources. 

It is important therefore, that you not only learn to read critically but also efficiently.

The first step to efficient reading is to become selective.

If you cannot read all of the books on a recommended reading list, you need to find a way of selecting the best texts for you. To start with, you need to know what you are looking for.  You can then examine the contents page and/or index of a book or journal to ascertain whether a chapter or article is worth pursuing further.

Once you have selected a suitable piece the next step is to speed-read.

Speed reading is also often referred to as skim-reading or scanning.  Once you have identified a relevant piece of text, like a chapter in a book, you should scan the first few sentences of each paragraph to gain an overall impression of subject areas it covers.  Scan-reading essentially means that you know what you are looking for, you identify the chapters or sections most relevant to you and ignore the rest.

When you speed-read you are not aiming to gain a full understanding of the arguments or topics raised in the text.  It is simply a way of determining what the text is about. 

When you find a relevant or interesting section you will need to slow your reading speed dramatically, allowing you to gain a more in-depth understanding of the arguments raised.  Even when you slow your reading down it may well be necessary to read passages several times to gain a full understanding.

See also: Speed-Reading for Professionals .

Following SQ3R

SQ3R is a well-known strategy for reading. SQ3R can be applied to a whole range of reading purposes as it is flexible and takes into account the need to change reading speeds.

SQ3R is an acronym and stands for:

This relates to speed-reading, scanning and skimming the text.  At this initial stage you will be attempting to gain the general gist of the material in question.

It is important that, before you begin to read, you have a question or set of questions that will guide you - why am I reading this?  When you have a purpose to your reading you want to learn and retain certain information.  Having questions changes reading from a passive to an active pursuit.  Examples of possible questions include:

• What do I already know about this subject?
• How does this chapter relate to the assignment question?
• How can I relate what I read to my own experiences?

Now you will be ready for the main activity of reading.  This involves careful consideration of the meaning of what the author is trying to convey and involves being critical as well as active.

Regardless of how interesting an article or chapter is, unless you make a concerted effort to recall what you have just read, you will forget a lot of the important points.  Recalling from time to time allows you to focus upon the main points – which in turn aids concentration. Recalling gives you the chance to think about and assimilate what you have just read, keeping you active.  A significant element in being active is to write down, in your own words, the key points. 

The final step is to review the material that you have recalled in your notes.  Did you understand the main principles of the argument?  Did you identify all the main points?  Are there any gaps?   Do not take for granted that you have recalled everything you need correctly – review the text again to make sure and clarify.

Continue to: Effective Reading Critical Thinking

See also: Critical Analysis Writing a Dissertation Critical Thinking and Fake News

Reading & Writing Purposes

Introduction: critical thinking, reading, & writing, critical thinking.

The phrase “critical thinking” is often misunderstood. “Critical” in this case does not mean finding fault with an action or idea. Instead, it refers to the ability to understand an action or idea through reasoning. According to the website SkillsYouNeed [1]:

Critical thinking might be described as the ability to engage in reflective and independent thinking.

In essence, critical thinking requires you to use your ability to reason. It is about being an active learner rather than a passive recipient of information.

Critical thinkers rigorously question ideas and assumptions rather than accepting them at face value. They will always seek to determine whether the ideas, arguments, and findings represent the entire picture and are open to finding that they do not.

Critical thinkers will identify, analyze, and solve problems systematically rather than by intuition or instinct.

Someone with critical thinking skills can:

• Understand the links between ideas.
• Determine the importance and relevance of arguments and ideas.
• Recognize, build, and appraise arguments.
• Identify inconsistencies and errors in reasoning.
• Approach problems in a consistent and systematic way.
• Reflect on the justification of their own assumptions, beliefs and values.

Read more at:  https://www.skillsyouneed.com/learn/critical-thinking.html

Critical thinking—the ability to develop your own insights and meaning—is a basic college learning goal. Critical reading and writing strategies foster critical thinking, and critical thinking underlies critical reading and writing.

Critical Reading

Critical reading builds on the basic reading skills expected for college.

College Readers’ Characteristics

• College readers are willing to spend time reflecting on the ideas presented in their reading assignments. They know the time is well-spent to enhance their understanding.
• College readers are able to raise questions while reading. They evaluate and solve problems rather than merely compile a set of facts to be memorized.
• College readers can think logically. They are fact-oriented and can review the facts dispassionately. They base their judgments on ideas and evidence.
• College readers can recognize error in thought and persuasion as well as recognize good arguments.
• College readers are skeptical. They understand that not everything in print is correct. They are diligent in seeking out the truth.

Critical Readers’ Characteristics

• Critical readers are open-minded. They seek alternative views and are open to new ideas that may not necessarily agree with their previous thoughts on a topic. They are willing to reassess their views when new or discordant evidence is introduced and evaluated.
• Critical readers are in touch with their own personal thoughts and ideas about a topic. Excited about learning, they are eager to express their thoughts and opinions.
• Critical readers are able to identify arguments and issues. They are able to ask penetrating and thought-provoking questions to evaluate ideas.
• Critical readers are creative. They see connections between topics and use knowledge from other disciplines to enhance their reading and learning experiences.
• Critical readers develop their own ideas on issues, based on careful analysis and response to others’ ideas.

The video below, although geared toward students studying for the SAT exam (Scholastic Aptitude Test used for many colleges’ admissions), offers a good, quick overview of the concept and practice of critical reading.

Critical Reading & Writing

College reading and writing assignments often ask you to react to, apply, analyze, and synthesize information. In other words, your own informed and reasoned ideas about a subject take on more importance than someone else’s ideas, since the purpose of college reading and writing is to think critically about information.

Critical thinking involves questioning. You ask and answer questions to pursue the “careful and exact evaluation and judgment” that the word “critical” invokes (definition from The American Heritage Dictionary ). The questions simply change depending on your critical purpose. Different critical purposes are detailed in the next pages of this text.

However, here’s a brief preview of the different types of questions you’ll ask and answer in relation to different critical reading and writing purposes.

When you react to a text you ask:

• “What do I think?” and
• “Why do I think this way?”

e.g., If I asked and answered these “reaction” questions about the topic assimilation of immigrants to the U.S. , I might create the following main idea statement, which I could then develop in an essay:  I think that assimilation has both positive and negative effects because, while it makes life easier within the dominant culture, it also implies that the original culture is of lesser value.

When you apply text information you ask:

• “How does this information relate to the real world?”

e.g., If I asked and answered this “application” question about the topic assimilation , I might create the following main idea statement, which I could then develop in an essay:  During the past ten years, a group of recent emigrants has assimilated into the local culture; the process of their assimilation followed certain specific stages.

When you analyze text information you ask:

• “What is the main idea?”
• “What do I want to ‘test’ in the text to see if the main idea is justified?” (supporting ideas, type of information, language), and
• “What pieces of the text relate to my ‘test?'”

e.g., If I asked and answered these “analysis” questions about the topic immigrants to the United States , I might create the following main idea statement, which I could then develop in an essay: Although Lee (2009) states that “segmented assimilation theory asserts that immigrant groups may assimilate into one of many social sectors available in American society, instead of restricting all immigrant groups to adapting into one uniform host society,” other theorists have shown this not to be the case with recent immigrants in certain geographic areas.

When you synthesize information from many texts you ask:

• “What information is similar and different in these texts?,” and
• “What pieces of information fit together to create or support a main idea?”

e.g., If I asked and answered these “synthesis” questions about the topic immigrants to the U.S. , I might create the following main idea statement, which I could then develop by using examples and information from many text articles as evidence to support my idea: Immigrants who came to the United States during the immigration waves in the early to mid 20th century traditionally learned English as the first step toward assimilation, a process that was supported by educators. Now, both immigrant groups and educators are more focused on cultural pluralism than assimilation, as can be seen in educators’ support of bilingual education. However, although bilingual education heightens the child’s reasoning and ability to learn, it may ultimately hinder the child’s sense of security within the dominant culture if that culture does not value cultural pluralism as a whole.

Critical reading involves asking and answering these types of questions in order to find out how the information “works” as opposed to just accepting and presenting the information that you read in a text. Critical writing involves recording your insights into these questions and offering your own interpretation of a concept or issue, based on the meaning you create from those insights.

• Crtical Thinking, Reading, & Writing. Authored by : Susan Oaks, includes material adapted from TheSkillsYouNeed and Reading 100; attributions below. Project : Introduction to College Reading & Writing. License : CC BY-NC: Attribution-NonCommercial
• Critical Thinking. Provided by : TheSkillsYouNeed. Located at : https://www.skillsyouneed.com/ . License : Public Domain: No Known Copyright . License Terms : Quoted from website: The use of material found at skillsyouneed.com is free provided that copyright is acknowledged and a reference or link is included to the page/s where the information was found. Read more at: https://www.skillsyouneed.com/
• The Reading Process. Authored by : Scottsdale Community College Reading Faculty. Provided by : Maricopa Community College. Located at : https://learn.maricopa.edu/courses/904536/files/32966438?module_item_id=7198326 . Project : Reading 100. License : CC BY: Attribution
• image of person thinking with light bulbs saying -idea- around her head. Authored by : Gerd Altmann. Provided by : Pixabay. Located at : https://pixabay.com/photos/light-bulb-idea-think-education-3704027/ . License : CC0: No Rights Reserved
• video What is Critical Reading? SAT Critical Reading Bootcamp #4. Provided by : Reason Prep. Located at : https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=5Hc3hmwnymw . License : Other . License Terms : YouTube video
• image of man smiling and holding a lightbulb. Authored by : africaniscool. Provided by : Pixabay. Located at : https://pixabay.com/photos/man-african-laughing-idea-319282/ . License : CC0: No Rights Reserved

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Reading Skills Part 1: Set Yourself Up for Success

"While - like many of us - I enjoy reading what I want to read, I still struggle to get through a dense research article or textbook chapter. I have noticed, however, that if I take steps to prepare, I am much more likely to persist through a challenging reading. "

Reading Skills Part 2: Alternatives to Highlighting

"It starts with the best of intentions: trusty highlighter in hand or (for the tech-savvy crowd) highlighting tool hovering on-screen, you work your way through an assigned reading, marking only the most important information—or so you think."

Reading Skills Part 3: Read to Remember

"It’s happened to the best of us: on Monday evening, you congratulate yourself on making it though an especially challenging reading. What a productive start to the week!"

Reading a Research Article Assigned as Coursework

"Reading skills are vital to your success at Walden. The kind of reading you do during your degree program will vary, but most of it will involve reading journal articles based on primary research."

Critical Reading for Evaluation

"Whereas analysis involves noticing, evaluation requires the reader to make a judgment about the text’s strengths and weaknesses. Many students are not confident in their ability to assess what they are reading."

Critical Reading for Analysis and Comparison

"Critical reading generally refers to reading in a scholarly context, with an eye toward identifying a text or author’s viewpoints, arguments, evidence, potential biases, and conclusions."

Pre-Reading Strategies

Triple entry notebook, critical thinking.

Use this checklist to practice critical thinking while reading an article, watching an advertisement, or making an important purchase or voting decision.

Critical Reading Checklist (Word) Critical Reading Checklist (PDF) Critical Thinking Bookmark (PDF)

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Hillary Wentworth on SKIL Grad Writing Courses, Critical Reading, & Online Etiquette

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Interrogating Texts

• Reading Strategies

Rogier van der Weyden, 1399 -1464. Altarpiece fragment, Mary Magdalene reading. National Gallery (Great Britain). Available through   ArtSTOR

Workshop of Rogier van der Weyden. St. Ivo reading, ca.1450. National Gallery (Great Britain). Available through   ArtSTOR

Max Beckmann (1884-1950). Reclining Woman Reading, with Irises (192 3). Oil on canvas. Private collection. Image available in  HOLLIS

H onore  Daumier (1808-1879). Reader (1863). Oil on wood.  University of California, San Diego.  Image available in  ARTStor

Young Man Reading a Book (c.1570-1574). Attributed to Mirza 'Ali (c.1510-1576). Ink, opaque watercolor and gold on paper. Aga Khan Museum, Toronto, Ontario, Canada. Image available in HOLLIS

Ms. Richardson 5, fol. 66v Book of Hours, England, ca. 1420. Houghton Library. Image linked from HOLLIS

Thinking-Intensive Reading

Critical reading--active engagement and interaction with texts--is essential to your academic success at Harvard, and to your intellectual growth.  Research has shown that students who read deliberately retain more information and retain it longer.

Your college reading assignments will probably be more substantial and more sophisticated than those you are used to from high school. The amount of reading will almost certainly be greater.  College students rarely have the luxury of successive re-readings of material, however, given the pace of life in and out of the classroom. 

So how should you approach reading in this new environment?

While the strategies described below are (for the sake of clarity) listed sequentially, you typically do most of them simultaneously. If you're used to doing little more than moving your eyes across the page, they may feel awkward at first, and you may have to deploy them consciously.  But

But as they become habits, you'll notice the differences -- both in what you “see” in a course reading, and in the confidence with which you approach your texts.

Look “around” the text before you start reading. 

Previewing enables you to develop a set of expectations about the scope and aim of the text.  These very preliminary impressions offer you a way to focus your reading. 

You’ve probably engaged in one version of previewing in the past, when you’ve tried to determine how long an assigned reading is (and how much time and energy, as a result, it will demand from you).  But you can learn a great deal more about the organization and purpose of a text by taking note of features other than its length. For instance:

• What does the presence of headnotes , an  abstrac t, or other  prefatory materia l  tell you?
• Is the author known to you already?  If so, how does their  reputation   or  credentials (like an institutional affiliation)   influence your perception of what you are about to read?

If an author is unfamiliar or unknown in an essay collection, does an editor introduce them (by supplying brief biographical information, an assessment of the author’s work, concerns, and importance)?

Texts demand different things of you as you read, so whenever you can, register the type of information you’re presented with. 

• How does the disposition or  layout of a text  prepare you for reading? Is the material broken into parts--subtopics, sections, or the like?  Are there long and unbroken blocks of text or smaller paragraphs or “chunks” and what does this suggest?  How might the identified parts of a text guide you toward understanding the line of inquiry or the arc of the argument that's being made?
• Does the text seem to be arranged according to certain conventions of discourse ? Newspaper articles, for instance, have characteristics that you will recognize, including "easy" language. Textbooks and scholarly essays are organized quite differently. 

2. Annotate

Annotating puts you actively and immediately in a "dialogue” with an author and the issues and ideas you encounter in a written text. .

It's also a way to have an ongoing conversation with yourself as you move through the text and to record what that encounter was like for you. Here's how to make your reading thinking-intensive from start to finish:

• Throw away your highlighter : Highlighting can seem like an active reading strategy, but it can actually distract from the business of learning and dilute your comprehension.  Those bright yellow lines you put on a printed page one day can seem strangely cryptic the next, unless you have a method for remembering why they were important to you at another moment in time.  Pen or pencil will allow you to do more to a text you have to wrestle with.  
• Mark up the margins of your text with words and phrases : the   ideas that occur to you, notes about things that seem important to you, reminders of how issues in a text may connect with class discussion or course themes. This kind of interaction keeps you conscious of the reasons you are reading as well as the purposes your instructor has in mind. Later in the term, when you are reviewing for a test or project, your marginalia will be useful memory triggers.
• Develop your own symbol system : asterisk (*) a key idea, for example, or use an exclamation point (!) for the surprising, absurd, bizarre.  Your personalized set of hieroglyphs allow you to capture the important -- and often fleeting -- insights that occur to you as you're reading.  Like notes in your margins, they'll prove indispensable when you return to a text in search of that perfect passage to use in a paper, or when you are preparing for a big exam.  
• Get in the habit of hearing yourself ask questions: “What does this mean?” “Why is the writer drawing that conclusion?” “Why am I being asked to read this text?” etc. 

Write the questions down (in your margins, at the beginning or end of the reading, in a notebook, or elsewhere. They are reminders of the unfinished business you still have with a text: something to ask during class discussion, or to come to terms with on your own, once you’ve had a chance to digest the material further or have done other course reading.

3. Outline, Summarize, and Analyze

The best way to determine that you’ve really gotten the point is to be able to state it in your own words. take the information apart, look at its parts, and then, put it back together again in language that is meaningful to you. three ways to proceed: .

Outlining  the argument of a text is a version of annotating, and can be done quite informally in the margins of the text, unless you prefer the more formal Roman numeral model you may have learned in high school.  Outlining enables you to see the skeleton of an argument: the thesis, the first point and evidence (and so on), through the conclusion. With weighty or difficult readings, that skeleton may not be obvious until you go looking for it.

Summarizing  accomplishes something similar, but in sentence and paragraph form, and with the connections between ideas made explicit.

Analyzing  adds an evaluative component to the summarizing process—it requires you not just to restate main ideas, but also to test the logic, credibility, and emotional impact of an argument.  In analyzing a text, you reflect upon and decide how effectively (or poorly) its argument has been made.  Questions to ask:

• What is the writer asserting?
• What am I being asked to believe or accept? Facts? Opinions? Some mixture?
• What reasons or evidence does the author supply to convince me? Where is the strongest or most effective evidence the author offers  -- and why is it compelling?
• Is there any place in the text where the reasoning breaks down?  Are there things that do not make sense,  conclusions that are drawn prematurely, moments where the writer undermines their purposes?

4. Look for repetitions and patterns

The way language is chosen, used, and positioned in a text can be an important indication of what an author considers crucial and what they expect you to glean from their argument.  .

Language choices can also alert you to ideological positions, hidden agendas or biases.   Be watching for:

• Recurring images
• Repeated words, phrases, types of examples, or illustrations
• Consistent ways of characterizing people, events, or issues

5. Contextualize

Once you’ve finished reading actively and annotating it,   consider the text from the multiple perspectives..

When you contextualize, you essentially "re-view" a text you've encountered, acknowledging how it is framed by its historical, cultural, material, or intellectual circumstances. Do these factors change, complicate, explain, deepen or otherwise influence how you view a piece? 

Also view the reading through the lens of your own experience. Your understanding of the words on the page and their significance is always shaped by what you have come to know and value from living in a particular time and place.

6. Compare and Contrast

Set course readings against each other to determine their relationships (hidden or explicit)..

• At what point in the term does this reading come?  Why that point, do you imagine?
• How does it contribute to the main concepts and themes of the course? 
• How does it compare (or contrast) to the ideas presented by texts that come before it?  Does it continue a trend, shift direction, or expand the focus of previous readings?
• How has your thinking been altered by this reading, or how has it affected your response to the issues and themes of the course?

Susan Gilroy , Librarian for Undergraduate Writing Programs, Lamont Library 

PDF version

Interrogating texts [2 page printable]

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2 – Critical Reading

“Citizens of modern societies must be good readers to be successful. Reading skills do not guarantee success for anyone, but success is much harder to come by without being a skilled reader. The advent of the computer and the Internet does nothing to change this fact about reading. If anything, electronic communication only increases the need for effective reading skills and strategies as we try to cope with the large quantities of information made available to us.”      –William Grabe

The importance of reading as a literacy skill is without a doubt. It is essential for daily life navigation and academic success. Reading for daily life navigation is relatively easier, compared to academic reading. Think about the kinds of reading you did in elementary and high school (e.g., story books, picture books, textbook chapters, literary works, online information, lecture notes, etc.).

Now think about what you were expected to do with your reading at school (e.g., memorize, summarize, discuss, pass a test, apply information, or write essays or papers).

Research shows that what you expect to do with a text affects how you read it.

–Bartholomae & Petrosky (1996)

So, reading is not always the same; you read school texts differently than the texts you choose outside of school tasks. Furthermore, there are many external and internal factors that influence how you interpret and use what you read. Much depends on your background (e.g., cultural participation in communities, identity, historical knowledge), and the context in which you are reading. Classrooms and teachers certainly have an influence. The teaching methods used by your instructor, the texts your instructor chooses, and expectations of student performance on assignments all affect how you read and what you do to accomplish an assignment.

Different levels of education also emphasize different types of reading. For example, in primary or secondary education, you learn what is known, so you focus on correctness, memorization of facts, and application of facts. In higher education, although you might still be required to understand and memorize information, you expand what is known by examining ideas and creating new knowledge. In those processes at different levels, reading has been used for different purposes.

Multilingual reading and writing expert William Grabe has identified six different purposes:

• Reading to search for information (scanning and skimming)
• Reading for quick understanding (skimming)
• Reading to learn
• Reading to integrate information
• Reading to evaluate, critique, and use information
• Reading for general comprehension (in many cases, reading for interest or reading to entertain)

In college, reading to evaluate, critique, and use information is the most practiced and tested skill. But what does it mean? Reading to evaluate, critique, and use information is related to critical reading.

Definition of Critical Reading

Critical reading is a more ACTIVE way of reading. It is a deeper and more complex engagement with a text. Critical reading is a process of analyzing, interpreting and, sometimes, evaluating. When we read critically, we use our critical thinking skills to QUESTION both the text and our own reading of it. Different disciplines may have distinctive modes of critical reading (scientific, philosophical, literary, etc).

[Source: Duncan , n.d., Critical Reading ]

Critical reading does not have to be all negative. The aim of critical reading is not to find fault but to assess the strength of the evidence and the argument. It is just as useful to conclude that a study, or an article, presents very strong evidence and a well-reasoned argument, as it is to identify the studies or articles that are weak.

[Source: What is critical reading? ]

There’s No Reason to Eat Animals by Lindsay Rajt

If we care about the environment and believe that kindness is a virtue-as we all say that we do–a vegan diet is the only sensible option. The question becomes: Why eat animals at all?

Animals are made of flesh, bone, and blood, just as you and I are. They form friendships, feel pain and joy, grieve for lost loved ones and are afraid to die. One cannot profess to care about animals while tearing them away from their friends and families and cutting their throats–or paying someone else to do it–simply to satisfy a fleeting taste for flesh.

[adapted from Pattison, 2015, Critical Reading: English for Academic Purposes for instructional purposes ]

What is your position on the issue?

Do you think that the language used helps the audience? How?

How does the language use affect your evaluation of the issue?

Obesity: A Public Health Failure? By Tavis Glassman PhD, MPH, MCHES, Jennifer Glassman M.A., CCC-SLP, and Aaron J. Diehr, M.A.

Obesity rates continue to increase, bringing into question the efficacy of prevention and treatment efforts. While intuitively appealing, the law on weight gain focusing on calories is too simplistic because calories represent only one factor on issues of weight management. From a historical perspective, the recommendation to eat a low fat, high carbohydrate diet may have been the wrong message to promote, thereby making the obesity situation worse. Suggestions to solve the issues of obesity include taxing, restricting advertising, and reducing the use of sugar. Communities must employ these and other strategies to decrease sugar use and reduce obesity rates.

How would you describe the authors’ educational background?

How does the authors’ background affect your evaluation of the argument?

Students Want More Mobile Devices in Classroom by Ellis Booker

Released last week, the Student Mobile Device Survey reveals that students almost unanimously believe mobile technology will change education and make learning more fun. The survey, which collected the responses of 2,350 US students, was conducted for learning company Pearson by Harris Interactive.

According to the survey, 92% of elementary, middle and high school students believe mobile devices will change the way students learn in the future and make learning more fun (90%). A majority (69%) would like to use mobile devices more in the classroom.

The survey results also contained some surprises. For example, college students in math and science are much more likely to use technology for learning, and researchers expected to see this same pattern in the lower grades.

Are you convinced by the survey results? Why?

Color Scheme Associations in Context

The colors you surround yourself with at work are also important as they make a difference in how you are perceived by members of the public. Traditional workplaces still use dark colors such as navy blue, forest green, and chocolate brown to give clients a sense of seriousness and professionalism.

Think about it: which accountant would you choose to prepare your tax return: the one whose office has navy blue drapes and lamps and a maritime scene on the wall or the one whose office is painted in hot pink with a cartoon character on the wall? An online survey of lawyers carried out by Legal Scene magazine showed that of 287 respondents, 38 percent chose a navy blue color scheme for their office; 32 percent chose brown; 19 percent chose forest green; 7 percent chose burgundy; and only 4 percent chose red, pink or orange (Perkins, 2013).

What kind of bias might be implicated in this survey?

What is your personal experience?

These practices do not ask you to memorize or summarize the information you read, but instead, they ask you to provide your opinions and judgment. To answer those questions, you need to engage in critical reading, a form of active reading.

Active reading, which predominates college-level reading, means reading with the purpose of getting a deeper understanding of the texts you are reading and being engaged in the actions of analyzing, questioning, and evaluating the texts. In other words, instead of accepting the information given to you, you challenge its value by examining the source of the information and the formation of an argument.

The difference in how you read falls into two broad categories:

(Source: Reading Critically ]

Reading critically and actively is essential for college students. But what does critical reading look like in actual practice? Here are the steps that you can follow to do the critical reading.

Step 1:  Understand the purpose of your reading and be selective

As college students, you are very busy with your daily coursework. A freshman usually takes four to five courses or even six courses per semester. This means you have tons of reading to do every week. Getting to know the purpose of the reading assignments can save you time as your reading is more targeted. Remember you do not have to read a whole chapter or book. What you can do is through scanning to determine the sections that are useful for you and then read the parts carefully.

Step 2:  Evaluate the reading text

While reading a text, you need to question/analyze/evaluate the text by considering the following:

• Assess whether a source is reliable (Read around the text for the title, author, publisher, publication date, good/bad examples, tones, etc.)
• Distinguish between facts and opinions (Scan for any evidence)
• Recognize multiple opinions in a text
• Infer meaning when it is not directly stated
• Agree or disagree with what you read
• Consider the relevance of the text to your task
• Consider what is missing from a text

It may well be necessary to read passages several times to gain a full understanding of texts and be able to evaluate the source. In this process, you can underline, highlight, or circle important parts and points, take notes, or add comments in the margins.

Critical reading often involves re-reading a text multiple times, putting our focus on different aspects of the text. The first time we read a text, we may be focused on getting an overall sense of the information the author is presenting – in other words, simply understanding what they are trying to say. On subsequent readings, however, we can focus on how the author presents that information, the kinds of evidence they provide to support their arguments (and how convincing we find that evidence), the connection between their evidence and their conclusions, etc.

[Source: Lane, 2021, Critical Thinking for Critical Writing ]

Step 3:  Document your reading and form your own argument

After you finish reading a text, sort out your notes and keep track of the sources you have read on the topic you are exploring. After you read several sources, you might be able to form your own argument(s) and use the sources as evidence for your argument(s).

In college, critical reading usually leads to critical writing.

Critical writing comes from critical reading. Whenever you have to write a paper, you have to reflect on various written texts, think and interpret research that has previously been carried out on your subject. With the aim of writing your independent analysis of the subject, you have to critically read sources and use them suitably to formulate your argument. The interpretations and conclusions you derive from the literature you read are the stepping stones towards devising your own approach.

[Source: Does Critical Reading Influence Academic Writing? ]

In a word, through critical reading, you form your own argument(s), and the evidence used to support your argument(s) is usually from the texts that you read critically. The Source Essay Writing Service explains how critical reading influences academic writing.

How does critical reading influence your writing skills?

Once you start reading texts critically, you develop an understanding of how to write research papers. Here are some practical tips that will help you in academic writing:

• Examine introductions and conclusions of the texts while critical reading so when you write an independent content, you would be able to decide how to focus your critical work.
• When you highlight or take notes from a text, make sure you focus on the argument. The way the author explains the analytical progress, the concepts used, and arriving at conclusions will help you to write your own facts and examples in an interesting way.
• By closely reading the texts, you will be able to look for the patterns that give meaning, purpose, and consistency to the text. The way the arguments are presented in paragraphs will aid you in structuring information in your writing.
• When you critically read a text, you are able to learn how an argument is placed in the text. Try to understand how you can use this placement strategy in academic writing. Paying attention to the context is an important aspect that you learn from critical reading.
• While reading a text, you will notice that the author has given the due credit to the sources used or the references that were consulted. This will help you in understanding how you can cite sources and quotes in your content.
• Critical reading skills enhance your way of thinking and writing skills. The more you read, the better is your knowledge and vocabulary. It is important to use the precise words to express your meaning. You can learn new words and improve your writing by reading as many texts as you can.

Activity 1: Discuss the following questions with your group

• A website from the United Nations Educational, Scientific ad Cultural Organization (UNESCO) gives some statistics about the level of education reached by young women in Indonesia. Is this a reliable source?
• You find an interesting article about addiction to online gambling. The article has some interesting statistics, but it was published ten years ago. Is it worth using?
• You find a book about World War II that presents a different opinion from your other sources. What would you like to know about the author before you decide whether or not to take him seriously?
• An article tells you that research into space exploration is a waste of money. Do you think this article is presenting facts or opinions? How can you tell? What might you look for in the article?
• You find some research that states that people who own dogs generally live longer lives than those who do not. The author has some convincing arguments, but you are not sure whether or not she has enough evidence. How mush is enough?
• A newspaper article tells you about human rights abuses in a certain country. The writer of this article has never visited the country in question; his claims are based on interviews with other people. How would you evaluate his information?
• You find two websites about the use of seaweed as a source of energy. One is full of long words and complicated sentences; the other uses simple, clear language. Is the first one a more reliable source?
• You have read nine different articles that tell you that there is no connection between wealth and happiness. The tenth article gives the opposite opinion: rich people are happier than those who are poor. What questions would you ask yourself about this article before you decide whether or not to consider it?

Activity 2: Reading for analyzing styles

Please read the news and discuss the importance of the graphs in supporting the arguments of the text.

Gender Pay Gap in U.S. Held Steady in 2020

By amanda barroso and anna brown.

The gender gap in pay has remained relatively stable in the United States over the past 15 years or so. In 2020, women earned 84% of what men earned, according to a Pew Research Center analysis of median hourly earnings of both full- and part-time workers. Based on this estimate, it would take an extra 42 days of work for women to earn what men did in 2020.

As has been the case in recent decades, the 2020 wage gap was smaller for workers ages 25 to 34 than for all workers 16 and older. Women ages 25 to 34 earned 93 cents for every dollar a man in the same age group earned on average. In 1980, women ages 25 to 34 earned 33 cents less than their male counterparts, compared with 7 cents in 2020. The estimated 16-cent gender pay gap among all workers in 2020 was down from 36 cents in 1980.

The U.S. Census Bureau has also analyzed the gender pay gap, though its analysis looks only at full-time workers (as opposed to full- and part-time workers). In 2019, full-time, year-round working women earned 82% of what their male counterparts earned, according to the Census Bureau’s most recent analysis.

Why does a gender pay gap still persist?

Much of this gap has been explained by measurable factors such as educational attainment, occupational segregation and work experience. The narrowing of the gap is attributable in large part to gains women have made in each of these dimensions.

Even though women have increased their presence in higher-paying jobs traditionally dominated by men, such as professional and managerial positions, women as a whole continue to be over-represented in lower-paying occupations relative to their share of the workforce. This may contribute to gender differences in pay.

Other factors that are difficult to measure, including gender discrimination, may also contribute to the ongoing wage discrepancy. In a 2017 Pew Research Center survey , about four-in-ten working women (42%) said they had experienced gender discrimination at work, compared with about two-in-ten men (22%). One of the most commonly reported forms of discrimination focused on earnings inequality. One-in-four employed women said they had earned less than a man who was doing the same job; just 5% of men said they had earned less than a woman doing the same job.

Motherhood can also lead to interruptions in women’s career paths and have an impact on long-term earnings. Our 2016 survey of workers who had taken parental, family or medical leave in the two years prior to the survey found that mothers typically take more time off than fathers after birth or adoption. The median length of leave among mothers after the birth or adoption of their child was 11 weeks, compared with one week for fathers. About half (47%) of mothers who took time off from work in the two years after birth or adoption took off 12 weeks or more.

Mothers were also nearly twice as likely as fathers to say taking time off had a negative impact on their job or career. Among those who took leave from work in the two years following the birth or adoption of their child, 25% of women said this had a negative impact at work, compared with 13% of men.

[Source: https://www.pewresearch.org/fact-tank/2021/05/25/gender-pay-gap-facts/ ]

Activity 3: Reading for arguments

What’s the main argument of the poem?

Fire and Ice

By robert frost, some say the world will end in fire, some say in ice. from what i’ve tasted of desire i hold with those who favor fire. but if it had to perish twice, i think i know enough of hate to say that for destruction ice is also great and would suffice..

References:

Barroso, A., & Brown, A. (2021, May 25). Gender pay gap in U.S. held steady in 2020. Pew Research Center. Retrieved July 22, 2022, from https://www.pewresearch.org/fact-tank/2021/05/25/gender-pay-gap-facts/

Bartholomae, D., Petrosky, T., & Waite, S. (2002). Ways of reading: An anthology for writers (p. 720). Bedford/St. Martin’s.

Duncan, J. (n.d.). The Writing Centre, University of Toronto Scarborough. Modified by Michael O’Connor. https://www.stetson.edu/other/writing-program/media/CRITICAL%20READING.pdf

Grabe, W. (2008). Reading in a second language: Moving from theory to practice. Cambridge University Press.

Lane, J. (2021, July 9). Critical thinking for critical writing. Simon Fraser University. Retrieved July 22, 2022, from https://www.lib.sfu.ca/about/branches-depts/slc/writing/argumentation/critical-thinking-writing

Pattison, T. (2015). Critical Reading: English for academic purposes for instructional purposes. Pearson.

Sourceessay. (n.d.). What is critical reading. https://sourceessay.com/does-critical-reading-influence-academic-writing/

University of Leicester. (n.d.). What is critical reading? Bangor University. https://www.bangor.ac.uk/studyskills/study-guides/critical-reading.php.en

Critical Reading, Writing, and Thinking Copyright © 2022 by Zhenjie Weng, Josh Burlile, Karen Macbeth is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License , except where otherwise noted.

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How to Encourage Critical Thinking Skills While Reading: Effective Strategies

Encouraging critical thinking skills while reading is essential to children’s cognitive development. Critical thinking enables them to engage deeply with a topic or a book, fostering a better understanding of the material. It is a skill that does not develop overnight but can be nurtured through various strategies and experiences.

One effective way to cultivate critical thinking in children is by sharing quality books with them and participating in discussions that facilitate an exchange of ideas and opinions. Through these conversations, children can draw on their existing knowledge, problem-solving abilities, and experiences to expand their understanding of a subject.

Parents and teachers help kids think more deeply about things. They can do this by answering questions that help kids compare different ideas, look at things from different angles, guess what might happen, and develop new solutions.

Importance of Critical Thinking Skills in Reading

Critical thinking helps us understand what we read better. It helps us ask questions and think more deeply about the text. Critical thinking skills can help us analyze, evaluate, and understand what we read.

By incorporating critical thinking, readers can differentiate between facts and opinions, forming their views based on logical reasoning and evidence. This ability is particularly crucial in today’s information abundance, where readers are often exposed to biased or unreliable content. According to Critical Thinking Secrets , using critical thinking in reading allows learners to exercise their judgment in assessing the credibility of the information.

Furthermore, critical thinking promotes creativity and problem-solving skills. Practicing critical thinking allows learners to devise new and innovative ideas to address various challenges. This skill improves academic performance and prepares young minds for future professional endeavors.

Engaging with quality books and participating in thought-provoking discussions can nurture critical thinking abilities in children. Reading Rockets emphasizes the importance of exposing children to texts that challenge their thinking and encourage them to ask questions, fostering the development of critical thinking skills over time.

Teachers also play a significant role in promoting critical thinking in the classroom. Employing various instructional strategies, such as problem-based learning, asking open-ended questions, and providing opportunities for group discussions, can help students cultivate critical thinking habits.

Developing a Reading Environment That Fosters Critical Thinking

Creating a reading environment that promotes critical thinking enables students to engage with texts more deeply and develop essential analytical skills. The following sub-sections outline strategies for choosing thought-provoking materials and encouraging open discussions.

Choosing Thought-Provoking Materials

Selecting suitable reading materials is critical to stimulating critical thinking among students. Teachers should look for texts that:

• Are relevant and relatable to students’ lives and interests
• Present various perspectives and diverse characters
• Pose challenging questions and open-ended problems

By incorporating such texts into the classroom, students can be exposed to new ideas and viewpoints, promoting critical thinking and engagement with the material. For instance, in Eight Instructional Strategies for Promoting Critical Thinking , teachers are advised to choose compelling topics and maintain relevance to foster critical thinking

Encouraging Open Discussions

Fostering an environment where open discussions occur is essential to promoting critical thinking skills while reading. Teachers should:

• Create a culture of inquiry by posing open-ended questions and encouraging students to form opinions and debates
• Facilitate discussions by asking students to explain their thinking processes and share their interpretations of the text
• Respect all opinions and viewpoints, emphasizing that the goal is to learn from each other rather than reach a “correct” answer

Students who feel comfortable participating in discussions are more likely to develop critical thinking skills. The Reading Rockets emphasizes the importance of reading together and engaging in conversations to nurture critical thinking in children.

Active Reading Strategies

Active reading is an essential skill for encouraging critical thinking skills while reading. This involves consciously engaging with the material and connecting with what you know or have read before. This section discusses key strategies that can help you become an active reader.

Annotating and Note-Taking

Annotating the text and taking notes as you read allows you to engage with the material on a deeper level. This process of actively engaging with the text helps you to analyze and retain information more effectively. As you read, it is important to make marginal notes or comments to highlight key points and draw connections between different sections of the material.

Asking Questions While Reading

One important aspect of critical reading is questioning the material. This means not taking everything you read at face value and considering the author’s interpretation and opinion . As you read, develop the habit of asking questions throughout the process, such as:

• What is the author’s main argument?
• What evidence supports this argument?
• How is the information presented in a logical manner?
• What are the possible opposing viewpoints?

By asking questions, you can better understand the author’s viewpoint and the evidence presented, which helps to develop your critical thinking skills.

Summarizing and Paraphrasing

Summarizing and paraphrasing are essential skills for critical reading. Summarizing the material allows you to condense key points and process the information more easily. Paraphrasing, or rephrasing the ideas in your own words, not only helps you better understand the material, but also ensures that you’re accurately interpreting the author’s ideas.

Both summarizing and paraphrasing can enhance your critical thinking skills by compelling you to analyze the text and identify the main ideas and supporting evidence. This way, you can make informed judgments about the content, making your reading more purposeful and engaging.

Developing critical thinking skills while reading literature involves a comprehensive understanding of various literary devices. This section highlights three primary aspects of literary analysis: Recognizing Themes and Patterns, Analyzing Characters and Their Motivations, and Evaluating the Author’s Intent and Perspective.

Recognizing Themes and Patterns

One way to foster critical thinking is through recognizing themes and patterns in the text. Encourage students to identify recurring themes, symbols, and motifs as they read. Additionally, examining the relationships between different elements in the story can help create connections and analyze the overall meaning.

For example, in a story about the struggles of growing up, students might notice patterns in the protagonist’s journey, such as recurring conflicts or milestones. By contemplating these patterns, learners can engage in deeper analysis and interpretation of the text.

Analyzing Characters and Their Motivations

Character analysis is an essential aspect of literary analysis, as understanding characters’ motivations can lead to a thorough comprehension of the narrative. Encourage students to analyze the motives behind each character’s actions, focusing on the factors that drive their decisions.

For instance, in a novel where two characters have differing goals, have students consider why these goals differ and how the characters’ motivations impact the story’s outcome. This exploration can lead to thought-provoking discussions about human behavior, facilitating the development of critical thinking skills.

Evaluating the Author’s Intent and Perspective

Critical thinking is essential to evaluating the author’s intent and perspective. This process involves deciphering the underlying message or purpose of the text and analyzing how the author’s experiences or beliefs may have influenced their writing.

One strategy for accomplishing this is to examine the historical or cultural context in which the work was written. By considering the author’s background, students can better understand the ideas or arguments presented in the text.

For example, if reading a novel set during a significant historical period, like the Civil Rights Movement, understanding the author’s experience can help students analyze narrative elements, enhancing their critical thinking abilities.

Methods to Encourage Critical Thinking Beyond Reading

While reading is essential to developing critical thinking skills, it can be further enhanced by incorporating certain activities in daily routines that promote critical thinking.

Debates and Group Discussions

Debates and group discussions are excellent methods for encouraging critical thinking. By participating in debates or discussions, learners exchange diverse ideas, challenge each other’s reasoning, and evaluate the strength of their arguments. These activities require participants to think and respond quickly, synthesize information, and analyze multiple perspectives.

Teachers and parents can facilitate debates and group discussions by selecting topics that are relevant and related to the subject matter. Promoting respectful dialogue and modeling effective listening skills are also important aspects of setting up successful debates or discussions.

Exploring Other Media Formats

In addition to reading, exploring other media formats like documentaries, podcasts, and videos can help stimulate critical thinking in learners. Different mediums present information in unique ways, providing learners with various perspectives and fostering a more comprehensive understanding of the topic.

Using diverse media formats, individuals can compare and contrast information, question what they know, and further develop their analytical skills. It is essential that educators and parents encourage learners to explore these formats critically, assessing the credibility of the sources and ensuring accuracy in the information consumed.

Assessing Progress and Providing Feedback

Developing critical thinking skills while reading requires continuous assessment and feedback. Monitoring students’ progress in this area and providing constructive feedback can help ensure development and success.

Setting Measurable Goals

Establishing clear, measurable goals for critical thinking is vital for both students and educators. These goals should be specific, achievable, and time-bound. To effectively assess progress, consider using a variety of assessments, such as:

• Classroom discussions
• Reflective writing assignments
• Group projects
• Individual presentations

These different assessment methods can help determine if students are reaching their critical thinking goals and guide educators in adjusting their instruction as needed.

Providing Constructive Feedback

Constructive feedback is essential for students to improve their critical thinking skills. When providing feedback, consider the following guidelines:

• Be specific and focused on the critical thinking aspects of students’ work
• Link feedback directly to the established goals and criteria
• Encourage self-assessment and reflection
• Highlight strengths and areas for improvement
• Offer realistic suggestions for improvement

By implementing these strategies, educators can ensure that students receive the necessary support and guidance to develop their critical thinking skills while reading.

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Critical Reading Strategies

Critical reading skills are life skills that you will need in your professional and personal lives. Reading critically will help you comprehend, interpret, evaluate and analyze a text. These skills will not only help you in school, but also in your personal or professional life when you have to complete complex forms for insurance or taxes or in reading contracts to buy a car or a house. Critical reading will also help you negotiate more effectively as you will have a good grip on all aspects of the material that you have read. Reading critically does not mean that you are looking for negative aspects of the text (although that might also be a part of your critique). Instead, you are analyzing the text closely and considering audience, purpose, diction, tone, main ideas, themes, style, voice, point of view, irony etc.

The following video, "Critical Reading" discusses the three critical reading strategies of separating fact from opinion, detecting propaganda, and identifying errors in reasoning.

The following critical reading strategies will help you go beyond the surface level to a deeper analysis of the text:

• What is the CONTEXT in which this text was written? (This writing contributes to what topic, discussion, or controversy? Context is bigger than this one written text.)
• Who is the intended AUDIENCE ?
• What is the author’s PURPOSE ? To entertain? To explain? To persuade? (There’s usually more than one purpose, and essays almost always have an element of persuasion.)
• How is this writing ORGANIZED ? Compare and contrast? Classification? Chronological? Cause and effect? Argumentation? (There’s often more than one organizational form.)
• What is the author’s TONE ? (What are the emotions behind the words? Angry? sad? ironic? sarcastic? objective? persuasive? Are there places where the tone changes or shifts?)
• What TOOLS does the author use to accomplish her/his purpose? Facts and figures? Direct quotations? Fallacies in logic? Personal experience? Repetition? Sarcasm? Humor? Brevity?
• What is the author’s THESIS— the main argument or idea, condensed into one or two sentences?
• Foster an attitude of intellectual curiosity. You might not love all of the writing you’re asked to read and analyze, but you should have something interesting to say about it, even if that “something” is critical.

The following video on "Critical Reading" created by Coventry University demonstrates a few active reading strategies and critical reading questions:

Before you read, consider the purpose, preview the text, and make some predictions.

Contributors.

• Adapted from EDUC 1300: Effective Learning Strategies(opens in new window) . Provided by: Lumen Learning. Public Domain: No Known Copyright(opens in new window)
• Adapted from Writing for Success(opens in new window) . Provided by: The Saylor Foundation. L CC-NC-SA(opens in new window) 3.0(opens in new window) .
• 1.2.1: Activating the Schema
• 1.2.2: Annotating
• 1.2.3: Highlighting
• 1.2.4: Predicting
• 1.2.5: Summarizing
• 1.2.6: Outlining
• 1.2.7: Metacognition

Critical Reading: A Step-by-step Guide for Learners

Unlocking the true potential of reading involves more than just scanning words on a page, it’s about developing the skill of critical reading. Picture it as acquiring a special set of tools that allows you to delve beneath the surface of texts, gaining a deeper understanding of their nuances. This essay delves into the significance of critical reading and its transformative impact on how we engage with written material. By exploring the principles and strategies that underpin this skill, we’ll unravel how it equips us to navigate the complexities of written communication, fostering a more profound and insightful reading experience.

1. What is critical reading? 

Critical reading is an advanced form of reading that goes beyond simply understanding the text’s surface meaning. It involves actively and analytically engaging with a piece of writing to evaluate, interpret, and question its content. Critical readers not only comprehend the information but also assess the author’s arguments, identify biases, and evaluate the evidence presented. This approach requires readers to think beyond the literal words on the page and consider the underlying assumptions, perspectives, and implications of the text. 

Critical reading is a skill often honed in academic settings including IELTS, TOEIC, or TOEFL Reading test sections, where individuals are expected to assess the credibility and validity of information, make connections between different texts, and form their own informed opinions based on evidence and reasoning. Developing critical reading skills can enhance one’s ability to think critically and make well-informed decisions across various aspects of life.

2. Why should you read critically? Benefits of critical reading

Critical reading offers numerous benefits that extend beyond mere comprehension of the text. Here are some key reasons why developing critical reading skills is valuable:

2.1. Empowerment in Discussions

Individuals with strong critical reading skills are better equipped to engage in discussions and debates. They can articulate their views, challenge assumptions, and contribute meaningfully to conversations.

2.2. Preparation for academic success

Critical reading is a fundamental reading skills in academia. It prepares students for the demands of higher education by honing their ability to analyze complex texts, a skill vital for success in academic pursuits.

2.3. Effective decision-making

Critical reading helps individuals assess the reliability and validity of information. This skill is crucial in making informed decisions, whether in academic, professional, or personal contexts.

2.4. Identification of bias

Critical readers can identify biases present in a text, allowing them to recognize the author’s perspective and potential limitations. This awareness contributes to a more well-rounded understanding of the subject matter.

2.5. Critical thinking development

Engaging critically with texts encourages the development of critical thinking skills. Readers learn to analyze, evaluate, and synthesize information, fostering a more active and discerning approach to learning.

3. What are critical reading strategies?

Critical reading involves employing specific strategies to actively engage with a text, analyze its content, and form an informed opinion. Here are some key critical reading strategies:

3.1. Questioning

Critical reading begins with the art of questioning. By formulating insightful and probing questions about the text, readers embark on a journey of active exploration. These questions serve as intellectual guideposts, directing attention toward the author’s intentions, the validity of arguments, and the depth of evidence provided. Effective questions might delve into the author’s bias , the reliability of sources, or the underlying assumptions shaping the narrative. This strategy fosters an interactive reading experience, transforming passive absorption into an engaging dialogue with the text. As readers question and seek answers, they not only enhance comprehension but also develop a nuanced understanding of the material.

3.2. Annotating

Annotation, the act of marking up a text with notes, highlights, and comments, is a powerful tool in the critical reader’s arsenal. As one reads, actively engaging with the material through annotation reinforces comprehension and facilitates later review. Annotations can take various forms, from underlining key concepts to jotting down personal reflections or questions in the margins. This strategy transforms the act of reading into a dynamic, participatory process, as the reader interacts with the text, leaving a tangible trail of insights. In essence, annotation is a personalized dialogue between the reader and the author, allowing for a deeper connection and a more profound grasp of the material.

3.3. Identifying the main idea

At the heart of critical reading lies the ability to discern the main idea or central theme of a text. This foundational strategy requires readers to sift through the details and distill the core message. Identifying the main idea serves as a compass, guiding readers through the author’s narrative intent and highlighting the overarching purpose of the text. By grasping the essence of the material, readers gain clarity on the author’s primary argument and can navigate the intricate web of supporting details with greater ease. This strategy not only enhances comprehension but also empowers readers to engage in thoughtful analysis, recognizing the significance of each element about the broader narrative.

3.4. Considering the source

In the realm of critical reading, evaluating the source is a paramount strategy. Readers must assess the credibility, authority, and potential biases inherent in the authorship and publication. Considering the source involves scrutinizing the author’s qualifications, the reputation of the publication, and any potential agendas that might shape the information presented. This discerning approach ensures that readers engage with material that is not only informative but also reliable. By contextualizing the source within the broader landscape of knowledge, readers can make informed judgments about the trustworthiness of the information, enhancing the depth and quality of their critical reading.

3.5. Making connections

Critical reading transcends the mere absorption of information; it involves actively connecting the text to one’s existing knowledge and experiences. Making connections bridges the gap between new information and the reader’s mental schema, fostering a holistic understanding. Whether drawing parallels to personal experiences, relating concepts to previously learned material, or recognizing patterns across diverse disciplines, this strategy enriches comprehension. By integrating new information with pre-existing knowledge, readers not only deepen their understanding but also create a cognitive framework that facilitates retention and application. Making connections is the thread that weaves together the fabric of knowledge, transforming critical reading into a transformative intellectual exercise.

4. How to develop critical reading steps? Step-by-step guide

To help learners develop their critical reading skill, Estudyme suggest a step-by-step guide for you: 

4.1. Step 1: Establish a purpose of reading

Before delving into a text, define your purpose for reading. Whether it’s gaining a general understanding, extracting specific information, or critically analyzing the content, clarifying your objective sets the stage for effective critical reading.

4.2. Step 2: Preview the text

Begin by previewing the text to grasp its structure, headings, and key points. This initial scan provides a roadmap, offering insights into the author’s organization and main ideas. Pay attention to introductory and concluding paragraphs for overarching themes.

4.3. Step 3: Questioning and predicting

Formulate questions about the text based on your preview. What is the author’s main argument? Are there biases or assumptions? Engage in predictive thinking, anticipating the author’s next moves. This step sets the foundation for an active and inquisitive reading approach.

4.4. Step 4: Actively read and annotate

Read the text actively, making annotations as you progress. Highlight key phrases, jot down questions, and record your reactions. Annotation transforms the reading process into a dynamic dialogue, enhancing comprehension and facilitating later review.

4.5. Step 5: Identify the main idea

Discern the main idea or central theme of the text. What is the author trying to convey? Recognizing the primary message provides a focal point for understanding supporting details and evaluating the author’s argument.

4.6. Step 6: Evaluate source credibility

Assess the reliability of the source by considering the author’s qualifications, the publication’s reputation, and potential biases. Critical reading involves discerning not only what is said but also who is saying it and why. This step ensures you engage with trustworthy information.

4.7. Step 7: Make connections

Connect the material to your existing knowledge and experiences. Relate concepts to prior learning, draw parallels to personal experiences, and identify patterns across disciplines. Making connections enriches comprehension and contributes to a holistic understanding.

4.8. Step 8: Reflect and summarize

Pause periodically to reflect on the material. Summarize key points, evaluate the author’s arguments, and assess the overall impact of the text. Reflection solidifies your understanding and allows for deeper engagement with the content.

4.9. Step 9: Engage in critical analysis

Move beyond comprehension to critical analysis. Question the author’s assumptions, consider alternative viewpoints, and assess the soundness of the arguments presented. Critical analysis involves evaluating the text’s strengths, weaknesses, and broader implications.

4.10. Step 10: Synthesize information

Synthesize the information gleaned from the text with your existing knowledge. This step involves integrating new insights into your mental framework, fostering a cohesive understanding of the subject matter. Synthesis is the culmination of critical reading, transforming information into knowledge.

5. Practice critical reading with estudyme.com 

Consistent practice is a vital component in refining one’s reading skills, and Estudyme.com serves as an exceptional platform tailored for this purpose. With an extensive array of diverse reading materials, our online resource provides a systematic approach to augment comprehension, vocabulary, and overall reading proficiency. Immerse yourself in the variety of passages available on Estudyme.com to cultivate a deeper understanding of various topics, styles, and genres.

Moreover, our platform caters not only to learners preparing for standardized tests such as IELTS Reading , TOEIC Reading  but also benefits anyone aiming to elevate their reading abilities. Through meticulously crafted exercises and thoughtfully curated content, Estudyme.com becomes an invaluable companion on the journey to mastering the art of effective reading. Therefore, delve into the wealth of resources, establish specific goals, and let us be your guide toward a more refined and confident reading experience.

To conclude, critical reading is like a journey that transforms how we interact with words. It’s not just for academics; it’s a lifelong skill that makes us more curious and expands our understanding of the world. As we get better at critical reading, we not only figure out what a text is saying but also tap into our own thinking skills. It’s a kind of superpower that guides us toward a more enlightened and thoughtful relationship with everything we read. If you are planning to obtain an English language certificate , start practicing now with estudyme.com!

• Study and research support
• Academic skills

Critical thinking

Critical reading.

You will select sources and read them in different ways depending on their value to your assignment. For example, you might read to:

• get a general overview of the text by skimming through it
• look for specific information or to understand some core concepts by scanning the text
• examine the text in depth and actively ask questions of the source, in order to understand its relevance and reliability for your own research topic.

The last approach is particularly important for any work you submit for assessment.

You should ask yourself:

• Why am I reading this? Are you reading for a presentation, assignment, pre-reading for a lecture, or for finding ideas?
• What do I want to get out of it? Are you looking for specific facts, a general idea of the content, the author's viewpoint?
• What do I already know?
• How will I know when I have read enough?

Select what and how to read

Usually, you can't read all the texts you find on a topic, or even everything suggested on a long reading list. You need to make choices and be selective.

Opt for quality and not quantity, and choose reliable and current sources. We also recommend that you start with an easy text to give you an overview of the topic.

You could choose one of four main reading strategies. These are:

• Predicting : making an educated guess about what the text is about before you start to read.
• Scanning : looking through the text very quickly to look for keywords.
• Skimming : reading the introduction and the first line of each paragraph to work out what the text is about.
• Intensive reading : reading a short section of text slowly and carefully.

When reading and analysing a source closely, use our set of critical thinking questions (PDF) to help you engage critically.

Spreeder is an online tool useful for skim-reading text whilst still gaining an understanding of the context. You can adjust the number of words presented and reading speed of your text, helping you to improve your reading speed.

• Choosing Effective Vocabulary
• How to Fill a Page (When You Have Nothing to Say)
• Resources – Books
• Critical Thinking and Reading Skills
• Key Terms and the Inference Continuum
• Bad Inferences – Fallacies and Biases
• Application: Inferences and History
• An Aside: Strong Inferences vs. Ghosts
• Eight Types of Evidence – Strengths and Weaknesses
• Bad Evidence – Fallacies and Poor Appeals
• Value Conflicts and Key Terms
• Tragic Application of Values
• Common Value Systems
• Fallacies and a Few Fun Techniques
• Donna Hicks’s Essential Elements of Dignity
• Fundamental Needs
• Mapping Classroom Culture – Support and Humiliation
• The Dignity Pledge
• Separation and Segregation
• Stripping Away Resources and Protections
• Violence and Intimidation
• Murder and Elimination
• Toxic Mythologies and Deep Narratives
• Scapegoating and Conspiracy Theories
• Caricature and Stereotypes
• Denial and Willful Ignorance
• Conclusion and FAQs

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The Art of Understanding: 8 Proven Strategies for Reading Comprehension

Introduction

Mastering the art of reading comprehension isn’t just about cruising through a novel on a lazy Sunday afternoon. It’s a fundamental skill that shapes our learning, communication, and understanding of the world around us. But, let’s face it, we’ve all encountered that one dense, near-impenetrable wall of text that leaves us more confused at the end than when we started. This article will delve into practical, effective strategies for reading comprehension that can transform that uphill struggle into a smooth, enjoyable ride.

Reading comprehension goes beyond just reading words on a page; it’s about understanding the underlying ideas, opinions, and messages that the writer is trying to convey. It’s a critical skill that influences not only academic success but also our day-to-day functioning.

From interpreting complex legal documents, following a recipe, to understanding news articles and blog posts, reading comprehension is at the heart of most of our textual interactions. It also encourages critical thinking, broadens our worldviews, and fosters empathy by allowing us to delve into different perspectives.

Consequently, it’s clear why strategies for reading comprehension are not just helpful but essential tools for success.

Pre-Reading Strategies for Reading Comprehension

1. activate prior knowledge.

Before diving into a text, it’s beneficial to tap into our existing knowledge base, a strategy known as ‘activating prior knowledge’. This method acts as a springboard for understanding new concepts, since making connections between what we already know and what we’re about to learn can enhance comprehension.

There are several ways to activate prior knowledge. For instance, take a moment to reflect on the topic, ask yourself what you already know about it, or engage in a discussion with peers. If the text relates to a historical event, try recalling related events or figures. For a scientific text, think about related scientific principles you are familiar with. Visualizing the topic at hand or creating a KWL chart (What I Know, What I Want to Know, and What I’ve Learned) can also be effective. These strategies for reading comprehension, such as activating prior knowledge, can provide a lucrative starting point, easing the learning process by creating a link between the familiar and the unfamiliar.

2. Set a purpose for reading

Another pivotal pre-reading strategy is defining your reading goals. This step involves pinpointing what you hope to achieve by the end of your reading session. Are you reading for enjoyment, to gather specific information, or to understand a complex concept in depth?

Identifying your purpose beforehand enables you to focus your attention and approach the text in a way that’s most conducive to achieving your goal. You might need to adjust your reading speed, take more detailed notes, or re-read certain sections, depending on your unique objectives.

Having a clear purpose in mind brings several benefits to reading comprehension. Firstly, it keeps you motivated and engaged with the text, as you’re no longer just passively consuming words, but actively hunting for specific information or insights.

Secondly, it boosts your efficiency, saving time and effort by preventing aimless reading, and allowing you to focus on sections of the text most relevant to your goal. Finally, it enhances your understanding and retention of the material.

By actively searching for and processing information related to your purpose, you’re more likely to remember and internalize it. In a nutshell, defining reading goals is a strategy for reading comprehension that not only optimizes your reading experience but also amplifies the learning outcomes.

During Reading Strategies for Reading Comprehension

3. active reading techniques.

Incorporating the practice of annotating and highlighting text is a powerful strategy for reading comprehension. This active reading technique involves marking sections of the text that stand out to you – be it because they’re particularly important, confusing, or thought-provoking.

You might underline key sentences, jot down reflections or questions in the margins, or use a highlighter to mark essential ideas. This method of annotating and highlighting serves two purposes.

Firstly, it requires you to engage deeply with the text, analyzing and evaluating the material rather than just passively reading it. Secondly, it creates a visual roadmap of the text, making it easier for you to recall information and track your thoughts and reactions.

Another effective strategy for reading comprehension is asking questions while you read. As you navigate a text, pose questions to yourself about the material. These questions might pertain to the author’s intentions, the implications of a concept, the validity of an argument, or connections to other topics you’ve studied.

This questioning approach transforms reading into an active, dialogic process, where you’re not just absorbing information, but actively engaging with it. This critical interaction fosters deeper understanding and promotes long-term retention of the material.

These questions can also direct your focus and provide clear targets for note-taking and discussion. In essence, asking questions while reading is a potent strategy for reading comprehension, optimizing engagement and understanding.

4. Visualizing text

Creating mental images is another powerful strategy to enhance reading comprehension. Visualization involves forming pictures in your mind based on the text you’re reading. This strategy, often used unconsciously by experienced readers, can significantly improve understanding and recall of information. As you read, try to imagine the characters, settings, and events in the text. Picture these elements in as much detail as possible, using all of your senses.

Improving comprehension through visualization goes hand-in-hand with creating mental images. When you visualize, you’re building a mental model of the text, which integrates new information with your existing knowledge. This helps you grasp the meaning of the text, remember key details, and make predictions about what might happen next. Visualization can also make abstract concepts more tangible and relatable.

Incorporating visualization into your reading routine can be as simple as pausing periodically to picture what you’ve just read. As you become more comfortable with this strategy, you’ll find that it becomes an automatic part of your reading process, enhancing your comprehension and enjoyment of the text.

5. Monitoring comprehension

A proactive strategy for reading comprehension is to engage in regular self-assessment and reflection. This involves taking a moment to pause, reconsider the material read, and evaluate one’s understanding of it.

Self-assessment can be as simple as asking oneself, “Do I understand what I just read?” or “Can I summarize this in my own words?” This reflective approach can help identify areas of confusion, allowing you to revisit difficult passages and further clarify your understanding.

Utilizing strategies for checking understanding is a crucial step in the reading comprehension process. These strategies may include paraphrasing, summarizing, or even teaching the material to someone else.

Paraphrasing involves rewording the text in your own language, which forces you to understand the core message. Summarizing requires you to condense the material into its main points, helping you to distill key information.

Teaching the concept to someone else is an excellent way to check understanding as it requires you to simplify and explain the material in clear, easy-to-understand terms. These strategies not only help to confirm comprehension of the text but also improve memory retention of the material.

Post-Reading Strategies for Reading Comprehension

6. summarization.

Summarization is a powerful post-reading strategy that involves distilling the main ideas of a piece of text into a concise overview. There are different methods to approach this, two of which are outlining and the use of graphic organizers.

Outlining is a method where you break down the text into its main components, subtopics, and supporting details. This helps in understanding the structure and flow of the text, enabling you to capture the essence of the material without losing important details.

Graphic organizers, on the other hand, visually map out the relationships within the text. They can take various forms, such as flow charts, Venn diagrams, or mind maps. These tools help in visually organizing information, promoting a holistic understanding of the text.

The benefits of summarization are multi-fold. It reinforces understanding by compelling you to process the information in your own words. This practice also aids in information retention, as the process of summarizing involves deep engagement with the text that strengthens memory recall. Additionally, summarization equips you with a handy reference of the main points that can be reviewed at a later date, thereby promoting long-term retention and understanding of the material.

7. Discussion and reflection

Joining reading groups.

Joining a reading group is another effective strategy that aids in enhancing reading comprehension. Reading groups foster a social environment where learners can engage in discussions about the text, thereby facilitating deeper understanding. Participation in these interactive sessions often encourages readers to think critically about the text and articulate their thoughts, which bolsters comprehension and retention.

The diverse perspectives offered within the group can expose readers to various interpretations of the text, broadening their understanding and appreciation of the material. Simply put, the collaborative nature of reading groups nurtures active learning, making them a valuable strategy for reading comprehension.

Critical Thinking and Analysis

Critical thinking and analysis are integral components of effective reading comprehension. This strategy involves scrutinizing the text beyond its literal meaning, and delving into its underlying themes, arguments, and assumptions.

Critical thinking is about questioning what you read, examining the author’s viewpoints, and drawing your own conclusions from the text. This process encourages active engagement with the text, as opposed to passive reading. A crucial aspect of critical thinking is the analysis of language, style, tone, and structure, which can reveal deeper meanings and enhance understanding of the text.

In essence, critical thinking and analysis transform reading from a mere decoding of words to an exciting exploration of ideas, making it a vital strategy for reading comprehension.

8. Re-reading

Re-reading is another significant strategy for improving reading comprehension. It is not uncommon to miss out on certain details or nuances during the initial reading of a text. This is where re-reading comes into play; it allows readers to revisit the text, catch previously overlooked information, and gain a more comprehensive understanding of the content.

Re-reading is especially beneficial when tackling complex materials that demand a deeper level of comprehension, such as academic articles, philosophical writings, or intricate novels. Likewise, it is useful when studying for exams, as it can aid in the retention of information.

Techniques for effective re-reading

• Focused Re-reading: Instead of re-reading the entire text, focus on the sections that you found challenging or confusing during the initial read. This targeted approach saves time and increases comprehension.
• Highlighting and Notetaking: While re-reading, highlight key points or jot down notes in the margins. This active engagement with the text aids memory recall and comprehension.
• Questioning: During your re-read, ask questions about the text. This practice of inquisitive thinking fosters a deeper understanding of the material.

Re-reading is a worthwhile reading comprehension strategy that aids in the thorough understanding of text and can be made more effective through focused reading, highlighting, notetaking, and questioning.

Vocabulary Building

Having a strong vocabulary is essential for successful reading comprehension. A robust vocabulary equips readers with the necessary tools to interpret and understand the text efficiently. When readers encounter unfamiliar words, it can hinder comprehension and disrupt the flow of reading, leading to confusion, frustration, or misinterpretation.

A rich vocabulary bolsters the ability to grasp the context, subtext, and nuances embedded within the text, enhancing the overall reading experience. For instance, knowing a wide array of synonyms can give readers deeper insights into the author’s intentions, perspectives, and tone.

In addition, vocabulary building can also improve communication skills, expanding one’s ability to express thoughts and ideas more precisely and convincingly. In essence, vocabulary is a pivotal building block in the foundation of reading comprehension.

Vocabulary enhancement techniques

Context clues.

A fundamental strategy for vocabulary expansion is the use of context clues. Context clues are hints found within a sentence or paragraph that help the reader infer the meaning of unfamiliar words. These hints may come in various forms such as synonyms, antonyms, examples, or descriptions embedded in the surrounding text.

For instance, if you come across a sentence like “The arduous journey up the mountain left them exhausted”, even if you don’t know the meaning of ‘arduous’, the rest of the sentence gives you a context that suggests it relates to something challenging or strenuous.

Utilizing context clues not only aids in understanding unfamiliar words but also enhances the overall comprehension of the text. It allows for a more fluent reading experience and encourages active engagement with the text, making it a highly effective strategy for improving reading comprehension.

Word lists and flashcards

Another effective technique for vocabulary enhancement is the use of word lists and flashcards. Word lists contain sets of related words, often categorized by their meaning, usage, or complexity. Studying these lists can help readers familiarize themselves with new vocabulary and reinforce their knowledge of similar words.

Flashcards, on the other hand, employ an interactive approach to learning. They typically feature a new word on one side and its definition, or a sentence using the word, on the other. The act of flipping the card to reveal the meaning prompts active recall, a process that strengthens memory retention and aids in embedding the word into the learner’s vocabulary.

This method enables learners to study at their own pace, providing the flexibility to focus on problematic words until their meanings become second nature. Both word lists and flashcards are very efficient strategies for improving reading comprehension, helping learners to grasp the meaning of new words and the context in which they are used.

Application of new vocabulary in reading

Applying new vocabulary in reading is an essential step in consolidating language acquisition and enhancing reading comprehension. One practical way to achieve this is through ‘contextual reading.’ This involves selecting various texts, such as articles, books, or online content that align with the learner’s interests and contain the new vocabulary. Reading these texts allows learners to see the new words in context, reinforcing their understanding and usage.

Another method is the ‘sentence creation’ technique. This requires learners to construct their own sentences using the newly learned vocabulary. It’s an active process that promotes deeper understanding as learners have to consider the meaning, syntax, and appropriate usage of the word.

Lastly, ‘shared reading’ can also be beneficial. In this activity, learners participate in a group reading session, exchanging ideas, and discussing the usage of new vocabulary. This collaborative environment can enhance understanding and retention of new words, all while promoting a culture of learning and curiosity. These practical methods emphasize the active application of new vocabulary, a crucial strategy for improving reading comprehension.

Making Inferences

Inference is a critical skill in the realm of reading comprehension. It is the process by which readers ‘read between the lines,’ drawing conclusions and deciphering meanings that are not explicitly stated in the text. This cognitive function allows readers to link together various pieces of information, using their knowledge and understanding to fill in the gaps.

The ability to make inferences is vital for a deep and nuanced understanding of a text. It enhances the reading experience, making it more engaging and insightful. Inferences connect the text to the reader’s personal experiences and knowledge, creating a richer understanding of the content. This can be particularly beneficial when the reader is encountering complex or unfamiliar concepts.

Furthermore, making inferences can aid retention by encouraging active engagement with the text, rather than passive reading. It is more than just understanding the words on the page; it’s about delving deeper, unraveling hidden meanings, and fostering a greater appreciation of the text. As such, it ranks highly among the most effective strategies for boosting reading comprehension.

Strategies for making inferences

Drawing from the text.

This technique involves carefully analyzing the information explicitly presented within the text and using it as a foundation for additional understanding. Readers can pull together multiple pieces of information, link them using logic and reasoning, and derive more profound implications that aren’t directly stated in the text.

This method requires a keen eye for detail, as often, the smallest elements in the text can lead to significant inferences. Key details could include character actions, dialogue, descriptions, or even the setting of a story. When pieced together, these details can provide insights into character motivations, themes, or future plot developments.

Practicing this strategy can strengthen a reader’s analytical skills and improve their overall reading comprehension. It encourages active engagement with the text, prompting readers to question, reflect, and delve deeper into the material, making the reading experience more enriching and rewarding.

Using context clues

Context clues can serve as powerful tools for making inferences and enhancing reading comprehension. They are pieces of information within a text that, when combined with one’s own knowledge, can help determine the meaning of unfamiliar words or phrases. There are several types of context clues including definitions, examples, synonyms, antonyms, and general sense of the text.

Harnessing context clues involves paying careful attention to the words, phrases, and sentences surrounding an unfamiliar element in the text. For instance, if a character is described as “abstemious” in a text, a reader could infer its meaning by observing that the character often declines food or drink, or chooses modest portions.

This strategy not only aids in vocabulary enrichment but also deepens the understanding of the text. It promotes active reading, where the reader is continually decoding and constructing meanings, transforming the reading process into a dynamic interplay between the reader and the text. By developing the skill of using context clues, readers can navigate complex texts more fluently, enhancing their reading comprehension.

Practicing inference skills

Practicing inference skills is essential for reading comprehension. Making inferences involves using your personal judgment to come up with conclusions that are not explicitly stated in the text. This process combines your previous knowledge with clues given in the text.

One effective way to practice inference skills is by reading a variety of genres, as diversity in reading material can stretch your ability to infer by exposing you to a wide range of contexts. Another way is by practicing intentional questioning. You can ask yourself questions like, “Why did the author choose to include this information?” or “What can I infer from these descriptions or events?” Discussing these questions with others can also be beneficial as it exposes you to different perspectives.

Also, engaging in activities that require critical thinking, such as solving riddles or puzzles, can help boost inference skills. This is because these activities often require you to go beyond what is directly provided to find a solution.

Lastly, remember that practice makes perfect. The more you read and actively engage with the text, the more your inference skills will improve. Over time, you’ll find yourself naturally making inferences as you read, which will significantly enhance your reading comprehension.

Critical Thinking Skills

Developing critical thinking in reading.

Critical thinking in reading involves analyzing the text beyond its literal meaning, examining its structure, underlying themes, and the author’s intent. A vital strategy for developing critical thinking is to regularly engage in reflective reading.

Reflective reading involves not just absorbing the information on the page, but continuously questioning and evaluating it, fostering an active rather than passive reading experience. This practice can facilitate a deeper understanding of the material and enhance overall reading comprehension.

Asking Critical Questions

A key component of critical thinking is the ability to ask probing questions about the text. These questions can include: What is the author’s purpose? How does this information relate to what I already know? Are there any biases present in the text? Does the argument presented in the text have any flaws? Asking such questions encourages an in-depth exploration of the text, enabling readers to discern the value and relevance of the information presented.

Analyzing and Evaluating Information

Analyzing and evaluating information is a two-step process that is integral to critical thinking. Analyzing involves breaking down the text into smaller parts and studying how these parts work together to form the overall message or theme.

Evaluating, on the other hand, involves making judgments about the text, such as assessing the validity of the arguments, the reliability of the data, or the effectiveness of the author’s communication style.

This process doesn’t just help in understanding the text better but also in developing a well-informed perspective on it. By continuously analyzing and evaluating information, readers can significantly enhance their critical thinking skills and subsequently improve their reading comprehension.

Reading Speed and Comprehension

Balancing speed and comprehension.

Striking a balance between speed and comprehension is paramount in mastering reading comprehension. While speed reading can save time, it may lead to missing out on critical details, reducing comprehension. Conversely, reading too slowly can hinder the ability to grasp the overall message or theme of the text. The ideal reading speed is therefore one that allows for an understanding of both the individual parts as well as the overall context of the text.

Techniques to Improve Reading Speed Without Sacrificing Comprehension

Various strategies can be employed to enhance reading speed without sacrificing comprehension.

Previewing:

Before delving into the text, a quick preview – glancing through headings, subheadings, and important markers – can provide a structural roadmap and set the tone for what to expect. This can help in faster ingestion of the material when reading.

Instead of reading word by word, try to read groups of words together, or “chunks”. This technique enables faster reading while still maintaining comprehension as our brains are capable of processing multiple words at a time.

Minimizing Sub-vocalization:

Sub-vocalization is the habit of silently pronouncing each word in your head as you read, which can greatly slow down your reading speed. By minimizing this, you can significantly increase your reading pace.

Practicing Regularly:

Like any other skill, improving reading speed and comprehension takes practice. Regular reading exercises with a focus on speed can help develop this skill over time.

By incorporating these strategies into your reading routine, you can efficiently improve your reading speed while ensuring comprehension is not compromised.

Overcoming Reading Challenges

Strategies for dealing with difficult texts.

Encountering challenging texts can be daunting, but with a few strategies, it can be made manageable.

• Simplify: Break the text into smaller sections and try to understand each section individually. Once you grasp the gist of each part, combine them to understand the whole text.
• Annotate: Make notes, underline key points, and jot down your understanding of the text. Annotations can serve as a quick reference when reviewing the text later.
• Use a Dictionary : Don’t hesitate to look up words you don’t understand. Increasing your vocabulary can significantly aid in understanding difficult texts.
• Discuss: Engage in group discussions about the text. Different perspectives can help in better understanding.

Reading Comprehension Strategies for Learners with Special Needs

Differentiated instruction is key when teaching learners with special needs. Here are some strategies to boost their reading comprehension:

• Graphic Organizers: These can help in visually mapping out the structure of a text, making it easier for learners to understand.
• Multisensory Learning: Incorporate auditory and tactile elements into the reading process to enhance engagement and understanding.
• Reading Aloud: This can help auditory learners to comprehend better.
• Individualized Instruction: Tailoring strategies to suit the individual’s needs can significantly improve their reading comprehension.

15 Surprising Benefits of Multisensory Learning

Strategies for Non-native English Speakers

For non-native English speakers, mastering reading comprehension can be a challenge. Here are some strategies tailored for them:

• Translation Tools: These can help bridge the gap between native language and English.
• Cultural Context: Understanding the culture can significantly aid in understanding the context of a text.
• English Classes: Enrolling in English language classes can help in improving grammar and vocabulary.
• Reading Practice: Regular reading practice with texts of increasing complexity can gradually improve comprehension skills.

In conclusion, one cannot overstate the importance of continuous practice in mastering reading comprehension. Much like mastering a musical instrument or a sport, the key to improving reading comprehension lies in consistent and focused practice. 

Over time, consistent exposure to texts of varying complexity and genres will improve a reader’s ability to understand and interpret the content effectively. This pursuit of knowledge is a journey, and these strategies for reading comprehension are tools to help navigate it. 

Always remember, there is no ‘one-size-fits-all’ approach. What works best for each reader can vary based on individual abilities and circumstances. It is crucial to explore different methods and strategies, adopting those that prove most effective for your unique learning style. 

The goal is not just to read, but to understand and engage with the text in a meaningful way. So, keep practicing, keep exploring, and keep growing!

You might also like:

• 7 Useful Tips for a Productive Study Space
• 15 Tips for Effective Exam Preparation

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6 Important Reading Comprehension Strategies

By Med Kharbach, PhD | Last Update: May 1, 2024

In today’s post, I am excited to share a valuable resource that can significantly enhance reading comprehension for students. Understanding complex texts is a critical skill for academic success, and effectively employing comprehension strategies is key to developing this ability in young learners. The resource I’m highlighting is a chart from Scholastic, adapted from the expert insights of Beal, Keene, and Tovani.

This chart serves as a comprehensive guide to mastering six major reading comprehension strategies. Each strategy is designed to help students engage more deeply with texts, fostering both understanding and retention.

Reading Comprehension Strategies

Whether you’re a seasoned educator or new to teaching, this guide provides practical tools to help your students navigate through their reading assignments more effectively. Let’s explore these strategies in detail and discuss how they can be implemented in the classroom to improve students’ reading skills.

1- Making connections

Encouraging students to make connections involves teaching them to relate what they are reading to their own lives, other texts, and the world at large. This can be facilitated by guiding students through thought processes where they identify similarities between their experiences and the content of the text.

For example, after reading a story, a teacher might ask, “Have you ever experienced something similar to what the character is going through?” or “How does this information relate to what we learned in another book or subject?” This approach helps students see relevance and applicability of their reading material, making the content more meaningful and memorable.

2-Visualizing

This strategy helps students form mental images of the scenes or concepts described within the text. Teachers can develop this skill by encouraging students to describe aloud or draw what they imagine as they read. This could be as simple as asking them to describe a character or setting based on the details the author provides. By prompting students to use descriptive language or create art based on their interpretations, teachers can aid students in building stronger connections to the text, enhancing both comprehension and retention.

3-Asking questions

Teaching students to ask questions about a text is critical for active reading. Students should be encouraged to wonder about the characters’ motivations, the implications of the plot, or the author’s message. Instructing students to jot down questions that arise as they read and then discuss these inquiries in class can be very effective. This strategy not only promotes deeper engagement with the text but also helps students learn to seek additional information and clarification, skills that are valuable across all areas of learning.

4. Inferring

Inferring requires students to go beyond the text to understand its deeper meanings. Good readers think about what the author is implying but not stating directly. Teachers can develop students’ inferencing skills by pointing out subtle clues in the text and asking predictive questions like, “What do you think might happen next, based on what we’ve read?” or “Why do you think the author chose this particular setting?” Exercises like these encourage students to read between the lines and enhance their ability to interpret more complex texts.

5. Determining the importance

Teaching students to identify the main ideas and important details in a text is crucial for understanding the overarching themes and objectives of the author. This skill involves distinguishing between less critical details and those that are essential to the author’s message.

Educators can foster this ability by asking students to summarize what they believe are the central themes of the text or by having them explain the author’s purpose in their own words. This helps students focus on extracting the core information that defines the text’s significance, thereby enhancing their ability to grasp and remember the most vital aspects of what they read.

6. Synthesizing

Synthesizing is a complex skill that involves merging new information from the text with existing knowledge to form a comprehensive understanding or original perspective. This strategy is about seeing the connections between different parts of the text and also between the text and the real world. Teachers can develop students’ synthesis skills by engaging them in activities where they must combine various pieces of information to form a new idea or argument.

For example, after reading multiple sources on a topic, students might be asked to write an essay or participate in a discussion where they present their own viewpoint, supported by the information gathered from their readings. This not only improves their comprehension but also encourages critical thinking and creativity, as students learn to use information as a basis for their own insights and conclusions.

Final thoughts

I hope you have found this overview of effective reading comprehension strategies helpful for enhancing your students’ learning experience. The strategies outlined here, adapted from the work of Beal, Keene, and Tovani and featured in the Scholastic chart, provide a solid foundation for developing deeper understanding and engagement with texts. This post serves as a practical resource that you can easily incorporate into your daily curriculum to support students in becoming more proficient and thoughtful readers.

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Meet Med Kharbach, PhD

Dr. Med Kharbach is an influential voice in the global educational technology landscape, with an extensive background in educational studies and a decade-long experience as a K-12 teacher. Holding a Ph.D. from Mount Saint Vincent University in Halifax, Canada, he brings a unique perspective to the educational world by integrating his profound academic knowledge with his hands-on teaching experience. Dr. Kharbach's academic pursuits encompass curriculum studies, discourse analysis, language learning/teaching, language and identity, emerging literacies, educational technology, and research methodologies. His work has been presented at numerous national and international conferences and published in various esteemed academic journals.

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Critical Thinking: A Simple Guide and Why It’s Important

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Critical Thinking: A Simple Guide and Why It’s Important was originally published on Ivy Exec .

Strong critical thinking skills are crucial for career success, regardless of educational background. It embodies the ability to engage in astute and effective decision-making, lending invaluable dimensions to professional growth.

At its essence, critical thinking is the ability to analyze, evaluate, and synthesize information in a logical and reasoned manner. It’s not merely about accumulating knowledge but harnessing it effectively to make informed decisions and solve complex problems. In the dynamic landscape of modern careers, honing this skill is paramount.

The Impact of Critical Thinking on Your Career

☑ problem-solving mastery.

Visualize critical thinking as the Sherlock Holmes of your career journey. It facilitates swift problem resolution akin to a detective unraveling a mystery. By methodically analyzing situations and deconstructing complexities, critical thinkers emerge as adept problem solvers, rendering them invaluable assets in the workplace.

☑ Refined Decision-Making

Navigating dilemmas in your career path resembles traversing uncertain terrain. Critical thinking acts as a dependable GPS, steering you toward informed decisions. It involves weighing options, evaluating potential outcomes, and confidently choosing the most favorable path forward.

☑ Enhanced Teamwork Dynamics

Within collaborative settings, critical thinkers stand out as proactive contributors. They engage in scrutinizing ideas, proposing enhancements, and fostering meaningful contributions. Consequently, the team evolves into a dynamic hub of ideas, with the critical thinker recognized as the architect behind its success.

☑ Communication Prowess

Effective communication is the cornerstone of professional interactions. Critical thinking enriches communication skills, enabling the clear and logical articulation of ideas. Whether in emails, presentations, or casual conversations, individuals adept in critical thinking exude clarity, earning appreciation for their ability to convey thoughts seamlessly.

☑ Adaptability and Resilience

Perceptive individuals adept in critical thinking display resilience in the face of unforeseen challenges. Instead of succumbing to panic, they assess situations, recalibrate their approaches, and persist in moving forward despite adversity.

☑ Fostering Innovation

Innovation is the lifeblood of progressive organizations, and critical thinking serves as its catalyst. Proficient critical thinkers possess the ability to identify overlooked opportunities, propose inventive solutions, and streamline processes, thereby positioning their organizations at the forefront of innovation.

☑ Confidence Amplification

Critical thinkers exude confidence derived from honing their analytical skills. This self-assurance radiates during job interviews, presentations, and daily interactions, catching the attention of superiors and propelling career advancement.

So, how can one cultivate and harness this invaluable skill?

✅ developing curiosity and inquisitiveness:.

Embrace a curious mindset by questioning the status quo and exploring topics beyond your immediate scope. Cultivate an inquisitive approach to everyday situations. Encourage a habit of asking “why” and “how” to deepen understanding. Curiosity fuels the desire to seek information and alternative perspectives.

✅ Practice Reflection and Self-Awareness:

Engage in reflective thinking by assessing your thoughts, actions, and decisions. Regularly introspect to understand your biases, assumptions, and cognitive processes. Cultivate self-awareness to recognize personal prejudices or cognitive biases that might influence your thinking. This allows for a more objective analysis of situations.

✅ Strengthening Analytical Skills:

Practice breaking down complex problems into manageable components. Analyze each part systematically to understand the whole picture. Develop skills in data analysis, statistics, and logical reasoning. This includes understanding correlation versus causation, interpreting graphs, and evaluating statistical significance.

✅ Engaging in Active Listening and Observation:

Actively listen to diverse viewpoints without immediately forming judgments. Allow others to express their ideas fully before responding. Observe situations attentively, noticing details that others might overlook. This habit enhances your ability to analyze problems more comprehensively.

✅ Encouraging Intellectual Humility and Open-Mindedness:

Foster intellectual humility by acknowledging that you don’t know everything. Be open to learning from others, regardless of their position or expertise. Cultivate open-mindedness by actively seeking out perspectives different from your own. Engage in discussions with people holding diverse opinions to broaden your understanding.

✅ Practicing Problem-Solving and Decision-Making:

Engage in regular problem-solving exercises that challenge you to think creatively and analytically. This can include puzzles, riddles, or real-world scenarios. When making decisions, consciously evaluate available information, consider various alternatives, and anticipate potential outcomes before reaching a conclusion.

✅ Continuous Learning and Exposure to Varied Content:

Read extensively across diverse subjects and formats, exposing yourself to different viewpoints, cultures, and ways of thinking. Engage in courses, workshops, or seminars that stimulate critical thinking skills. Seek out opportunities for learning that challenge your existing beliefs.

✅ Engage in Constructive Disagreement and Debate:

Encourage healthy debates and discussions where differing opinions are respectfully debated.

This practice fosters the ability to defend your viewpoints logically while also being open to changing your perspective based on valid arguments. Embrace disagreement as an opportunity to learn rather than a conflict to win. Engaging in constructive debate sharpens your ability to evaluate and counter-arguments effectively.

✅ Utilize Problem-Based Learning and Real-World Applications:

Engage in problem-based learning activities that simulate real-world challenges. Work on projects or scenarios that require critical thinking skills to develop practical problem-solving approaches. Apply critical thinking in real-life situations whenever possible.

This could involve analyzing news articles, evaluating product reviews, or dissecting marketing strategies to understand their underlying rationale.

In conclusion, critical thinking is the linchpin of a successful career journey. It empowers individuals to navigate complexities, make informed decisions, and innovate in their respective domains. Embracing and honing this skill isn’t just an advantage; it’s a necessity in a world where adaptability and sound judgment reign supreme.

So, as you traverse your career path, remember that the ability to think critically is not just an asset but the differentiator that propels you toward excellence.

Best Reading Comprehension Strategies for Middle School Students

Does your child often struggle with reading comprehension in school?

This can affect their grades, as well as their self-esteem. If your child is finding it hard to absorb the contents of their texts in class, they may need a few extra reading tactics.

These can help them digest materials and enjoy reading more. When they enjoy reading more, they’ll naturally improve their reading comprehension.

To find out which reading comprehension strategies for middle school can help your child, keep reading.

Active Reading

Active reading means becoming an engaged participant in the reading process rather than a passive observer. Encourage middle school readers to interact with the text actively.

Encourage them to underline key points, highlight important sentences, and jot down notes or questions in the margins. This process helps students not only keep information but also better comprehend the material.

When students actively engage with a text, it’s as if they’re having a conversation with the author. This interaction leads to a deeper understanding of the content. This fosters a more thoughtful and critical approach to reading.

Previewing the Text

Before delving into a text, students should preview it by examining the title, subheadings, and any bold or italicized words. This initial scan gives them an idea of what the text is all about. It’s like getting a sneak peek before watching a movie – it helps them prepare mentally and activate their prior knowledge.

As your middle school student previews the text, encourage them to think about what they already know related to the topic. This helps them make connections and gives them a head start in understanding the new material. Think of it as setting the stage for the main performance, making the reading experience smoother and more enjoyable.

Asking Questions

Asking questions while reading is a powerful strategy for enhancing comprehension. Teach them to inquire about the who, what, when, where, why, and how aspects of the text. These questions help guide their thinking and promote critical examination of the material.

When your child asks questions while reading, they’re actively seeking answers and engaging with the text. These queries can be as simple as “Who is the main character?” or “Why did the author say that?” By doing so, they’re actively exploring the content, leading to a deeper understanding.

Vocabulary Building

A strong vocabulary is essential for comprehension. Encourage students to keep a vocabulary journal where they record unfamiliar words and their meanings. This not only enhances their understanding of the current text but also builds a valuable skill for future reading.

Think of vocabulary as the building blocks of comprehension. When your middle schooler encounters a new word, it’s like discovering a new tool in their toolbox. This tool helps them unlock the meaning of the text and expands their ability to understand and communicate effectively.

Summarizing

After reading a section or a chapter, encourage students to summarize what they’ve read in their own words. This forces them to process the information and identify the main ideas and supporting details.

Summarizing helps your middle schooler distill the essential points from the text. It’s like making a condensed version of a long movie into a trailer.

This skill is particularly valuable when studying. It allows students to review the material more efficiently and understand it more thoroughly.

Visualizing

Visualization is a powerful tool for comprehension. Encourage students to create mental images of the scenes or concepts described in the reading. This can make the material more relatable and memorable.

When your middle school student visualizes what they’re reading, it’s like creating a movie in their mind. These mental images bring the text to life and help them connect with the content on a deeper level.

For instance, if they’re reading about a character in a story, they can imagine what that character looks like, where they live, and what they do. This visualization aids in understanding and retention.

Making Connections

Help students make connections between the text and their own experiences, other texts they’ve read, or current events. This enhances comprehension by providing reading context and relevance to the material.

Encourage your middle schooler to think about how the content relates to their own life. This could be as simple as connecting a character’s feelings to their own experiences. Making these connections brings the reading to life and makes it more meaningful.

Encourage students to predict what will happen next in a story or what the author’s main argument will be in an informational text. This keeps them engaged and encourages them to anticipate the direction of the text.

Predicting is like trying to guess the plot of a movie based on the first few scenes. When they do, they become active participants in the narrative. It’s not just about reading words; it’s about making educated guesses and being engaged in the storyline or the author’s argument.

Inferencing

Inferencing is the art of drawing conclusions based on evidence in the text. Middle school students should be taught to identify clues. They can use them to make educated guesses about character motivations, plot developments, or the author’s purpose.

When your child makes inferences while reading, they’re like detectives piecing together a puzzle. They gather clues from the text and use their reasoning skills to make sense of the information.

This not only improves comprehension but also sharpens critical thinking abilities. Reading tutoring can provide extra practice in making inferences, helping students become more adept at this skill. 

Critical Reading

Teach middle school students to read critically. This means analyzing the author’s tone, biases, and the credibility of the information presented. Critical reading promotes a deeper understanding of the text and encourages students to question what they read.

They’re not just accepting everything at face value. They’re evaluating the information and considering the source. This skill empowers them to be effective readers who can separate fact from opinion and identify potential biases.

Effective Reading Comprehension Strategies for Middle School Students

Reading comprehension strategies for middle school can help them excel. By using the strategies discussed, students can become more confident and independent readers.

So, let’s encourage our young learners to practice these strategies and watch them thrive in their reading abilities. Try incorporating these strategies in your classroom today! Please take a look at our blog for more educational articles.

Please take a look at our blog for more educational articles.

This article is published by NYTech in collaboration with Syndication Cloud.