racism in football persuasive essay

Racism in sport: why it comes to the surface when teams lose

Assistant Professor in Cultural History, Utrecht University

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Rachel Anne Gillett does not work for, consult, own shares in or receive funding from any company or organisation that would benefit from this article, and has disclosed no relevant affiliations beyond their academic appointment.

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In the penalty shoot-out that saw Italy defeat England in the UEFA Euro 2020 final, the skill of the goalkeepers was overshadowed by the perceived failure of the English players who missed their shots. Three young players – Marcus Rashford, Jadon Sancho and Bukayo Saka – were subjected to torrents of anti-black racist abuse .

One of the worst things about this racism was how predictable it was. Racism has long been found in European sports , and is intensified when players of colour are put in the spotlight during major international competitions. A tweet in response to the harassment captures this phenomenon: “When you score, you’re English. When you miss, you’re an immigrant.”

It wasn’t only English players who experienced such treatment during the tournament. French player Kylian Mbappé faced online abuse when Swiss goalie Yann Somer successfully defended his penalty in the second-round clash that sent les bleus home. Racist abuse resurfaces constantly.

The massive increase in the visibility and popularity of sports over the past century, thanks to television, radio and the internet, has intensified the way that fans relate to players as local and national representatives. Athletes become the face of a nation, and many of us pin patriotic hopes, fears and frustrations on them. See this oft-cited quote from historian Eric Hobsbawm about the power of football to capture national feelings: “The … imagined community of millions seems more real as a team of 11 named people.”

When visibly diverse teams win world cups, it is seen as an anti-racist triumph. It is one reason South Africa’s win in the 1995 rugby world cup was so symbolic, coming so soon after the collapse of apartheid. The French men’s football team inspired waves of pride in French multiculturalism after their 1998 and 2018 wins. This was symbolised in the slogan Black-Blanc-Beur (Black-White-North African) – a riff on bleu-blanc-rouge (blue, white and red) the colours of the French flag.

But the idea of achieving racial harmony through diverse sports teams has sparked controversy . Historian Laurent Dubois detailed how the national joy of winning a tournament glosses over difficult histories of racism and exclusion in his book on France’s “soccer empire” .

Also, the celebrations last only as long as the win. Research has shown that when visibly diverse teams lose, existing exclusionary and racist nationalist undercurrents rise to the surface, manifesting as denial that players of colour belong to the nation. If the team is not “us”, then “we” didn’t lose. It wasn’t the nation, or “my” people that failed, it was this interloper.

This can take different forms in nations where white people aren’t the majority, but the underlying vitriol is the same. For example, Muslim Indian sports stars have been subjected to such abuse in their own countries, as have Japanese players with black heritage .

Racism and reality

Such abuse is a particularly ugly mix of grief, fandom, patriotism, rage and scapegoating. In the case of the English players, it denies the reality of their birth, citizenship and cultural upbringing in England – and the history that has made the country, and Europe more widely, a profoundly mixed and ethnically diverse space.

When fans engage in racist abuse, they are targeting players because they are seen as “not belonging”. Perhaps rejecting them feels safer than rejecting people who share an imaginary “genuine” white national identity, and strengthens a sense of superiority. Doing this requires both forgetting and reinvention, and suggests deep insecurity about one’s own identity.

Lilian Thuram’s assessment of the racism he received from so-called “fans” was more generous. As Dubois wrote ,

He has repeatedly said and written that the problem is simply that they are caught up in a way of thinking, and that they haven’t had the opportunity to escape that.

Sociologists, historians, art critics, anti-racist activists and media scholars would agree with Thuram about the scale of the problem. There is a long, deep and pervasive tradition of designating players of colour in Europe as “other” than the norm and as being more “physical” or less “strategic”.

It is no coincidence that only 3.9% of coaches in Europe’s 14 biggest leagues have an ethnic minority background. Researcher Irene Blum and anti-racism activist John Oliveira noted that this replicates age-old historic patterns of black labourers and white owners supported by scientific racism, slavery and colonialism.

Could we, then, move beyond the abusive denial of history into a more mature and joyous fandom and national pride? A mural of Marcus Rashford – defaced by racists then transformed by fans and supporters into a moving site of honour and respect – bears witness to this potential.

It remains to be seen whether – and how – government will take action. UK Prime Minister Boris Johnson has suggested that fans spreading racism online could be banned from matches. His critics have accused him of hypocrisy , saying Johnson helped stoke such responses by refusing to condemn booing over players taking the knee.

Perhaps this latest ugliness will achieve a transformation from scientific reports and policy documents to action and structural change. That would take commitment from (social) media, funders, coaches, players, training academies, and also from fans. It might take penalties to achieve, but it is a noble goal.

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Why is racism in football on the backfoot?

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The language of racism and unconscious bias in football

Reflecting on an important year for both sport and society, Damola Odeyemi explains the influence of sporting language on how we perceive race in football.

by Damola Odeyemi

Friday January 29 2021

2020 was a year of racial reckoning. Within the context of the COVID-19 pandemic, the summer of 2020 brought the issues of racial injustice and inequality to the forefront of people’s minds. Society as a whole, and the institutions by which it is held up, had to come to terms with both their history and the current adversities facing people of colour. Football, one of the biggest aspects of our culture, and a huge influence on society, had its own reckoning.

In football we are all too familiar with seeing racism from fans. This can range from a Tottenham Hotspur supporter, in 2018, throwing a banana skin at the Arsenal striker Aubameyang, a Gabon international, to when Burnley supporters, last year, flew a plane towing the message, “ White lives matter Burnley ”, above Turf Moor, moments before kick-off against Manchester City. These are clear acts of racism, so when punitive action needs to be taken against the culprits, there is little ambiguity or debate. More importantly these are purposeful, vindictive misdeeds conducted by fans.

But what happens when the waters are muddied: when these misdemeanours are much less explicit, done by accident, or between professionals of the sport itself?

European football is one of the most multicultural industries in the world, and the English Premier League is the most diverse of the lot: 350 out of the 559 registered players in the English topflight (62.6%) are foreign players. This has always been a great asset for English football, as it looks to attract talent from all around the world. However, in recent years, we have seen some of the cultural differences brought to light in the form of the language that players use. Different cultures have varying thresholds for what is seen as offensive. This brings up a significant topic for discussion about the way all players are educated about race.

“Maybe the question we should be asking is why incidents like this occur in the first place.”

In December of last year, the Uruguayan international and Manchester United striker, Edinson Cavani, was punished for a controversial Instagram post. This post came shortly after Manchester United’s 3-2 win over Southampton in which he scored the equaliser and winning goal. The caption involved the use of the Spanish word ‘negrito’ which literally translates to little black man. This word was used in response to a friend congratulating him on his victory: “gracias negrito”. The player was immediately called up on this, and he issued the following statement:

“The message I posted after the game on Sunday was intended as an affectionate greeting to a friend, thanking him for his congratulations after the game. The last thing I wanted to do was cause offence to anyone. I am completely opposed to racism and deleted the message as soon as it was explained that it could be interpreted differently. I would like to sincerely apologise for this”.

Cavani was fined £100,000, given a three-match ban, and forced to enrol in an educational programme. The Uruguayan accepted his punishment without complaint or an appeal. Within the current societal context of the Black Lives Matter movement, this punishment is purposefully a harsh one. This acts as a deterrent for other players, urging them to pay attention to what they post, even if it’s something that comes naturally to them in their native tongues.

The question many ask is the socio-linguistic one, about the use of the word ‘negrito’: the cultural significance of its meaning, whether it is racially insensitive, or whether the player had any racist intent. Maybe the question we should be asking is why incidents like this occur in the first place. Some of the blame certainly lies with the clubs. Much like in a conventional workplace, all employees need to be educated on the way they should conduct themselves, and on the things that could be taken as offensive in the society in which they are employed. Players are employed by their clubs, and on that account, they should be given unconscious bias training, in addition to their media training. The incident involving Edinson Cavani could perhaps be put down to a failure of media training.

The Premier League puts on a show about taking a firm stance against racism and discrimination but perhaps not enough is being done behind this display. Taking the knee before kick-off is a great performative act. But maybe that’s all it is. Performative. Players should be given unconscious bias training as a matter of employment procedure, rather than simply as a punishment, in the case of Edinson Cavani.

The issues of unconscious bias stemming from cultural differences might be most distinct when focusing on international players. However, it is sometimes the less obvious aspects of the sport that are more pervasive and have the greatest effect on a wider societal scale.

“What is most worrying is the fact a large European audience is being exposed to a brand of commentary in which darker-skinned players are criticised more.”

A paper published in July 2020 by the Danish data sciences firm, Run Repeat , showed quantifiable racial bias in football commentary. The data revealed the biases in the way commentators describe black and dark-skinned players compared to their lighter-skinned counterparts. The study looked at a total of 80 matches from four of the top European leagues: Premier League, La Liga, Serie A and Ligue 1. The key findings of the study gave numerical and statistical proof of unconscious bias in football commentary by specifically looking at praise and criticism in different contexts such as power, speed, intelligence, hard work etc.

The researchers found that on footballing intelligence, 62.6% of praise was directed towards players of a lighter skin tone, and 63.3% of criticism was directed to players of a darker skin tone. With regards to quality, this disparity was even greater, with 67.57% of criticism targeted at darker-skinned players. Looking at the more granular level and the linguistics of commentary, the study found that on the subject of power, commentators were 6.59 times more likely to be referring to a darker-skinned player. The multiplicative factor was 3.38 when talking about speed. This is exemplified by commentators disproportionately using words such as ‘aggressive’, ‘pacey’, ‘a beast’, when describing and even praising black players.

The research showed that darker-skinned players receive an overwhelming number of comments about their physical and athletic abilities. The only categories for which lighter-skinned players proportionally received fewer comments were speed, power, form and versatility. Darker-skinned players received fewer comments for the other variables, those being hard-work, quality, intelligence, leadership and background. The researchers showed that darker-skinned players are less likely to be praised for their skill or intelligence, and more likely to be singled out for their appearance.

Black players are too often reduced to objects of pace and power, rather than natural skill, intelligence or finesse. Darker-skinned players are more likely to be criticised as a whole and most specifically when referring to intelligence and quality. There is no evidence to show that darker-skinned players are any less talented than their lighter-skinned teammates. Only the unconscious bias of the commentators can explain the conclusions of the study.

But why is this study such a revelation, and why are these findings so important?

“Football’s influences run deep in society. Our unconscious biases are reinforced by the commentary we listen to.”

Commentators play a significant role in the way a viewer or listener experiences a sport; this applies for all sports. They are viewed as the expert eye into the activity, to bring the observer closer to the action. They allow the viewer to have a more in-depth experience, to not just be entertained, but be educated by what they are seeing such that they go away with a greater understanding. Commentators open our eyes. As consumers of sport, we wholeheartedly trust them. We hand over the work of analysis to the commentators; we leave them to decode any intricacies and relay it to us in a way we can understand.

To put it simply, commentators make professional sport accessible. It is this level of influence they have over huge audiences that makes these findings by Run Repeat pertinent. The biases that commentators have will precipitate into the public understanding of the sport. If players of colour are referred to mainly for their athletic abilities, their pace, power and aggression, then this will certainly influence the public perception of these players.

Male, Pale And Stale: How SEASON Is Restyling Football Culture

What is most worrying is the fact a large European audience is being exposed to a brand of commentary in which darker-skinned players are criticised more. If commentators do not appreciate certain darker-skinned players for their in-game intelligence, some of this sentiment will be taken up unconsciously by listeners. Football’s influences run deep in society. Our unconscious biases are reinforced by the commentary we listen to. It is fair to say that the wider societal effects of this will not be so easily quantifiable.

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Commentary from the open university sport and fitness team.

Racism in Football: The Rise of Social Media Abuse

Authored by the team ‘Hydra’: Keeley Whittle, John Lees, Charlie Norton, Dean Spencer, Alisha Stark, and Paul Storey [E119 22J students].

This blog was written as part of a collaborative teamwork task by students studying E119. They had to select a topic and then decide on what roles each person would perform in the team, such as researcher, writer, editor, and leader. This blog was chosen as one of the best blogs from 27 blogs that were produced in January 2023.

The 2020 EUFA European Football Championship, held in 2021, was the first time England’s men’s senior team would reach a major tournament final in 55 years since their World Cup victory at Wembley in 1966. Although they would go on to lose on penalties to the tournament winners Italy – this achievement should have been a celebration of how well Southgate’s team performed. Unfortunately, this was overshadowed by vicious attacks on social media against the three black players who missed their penalties. This is just one of the examples in recent memory of the racism and abuse that black players receive daily from faceless trolls on social media.

The Rise of Abuse

Even before the rise of social media, racism in football was nothing new. In 1993 the ‘Kick it Out’ campaign was set up to try and fight against discrimination in sport. They run programmes alongside campaigns to ensure football is always welcoming to everyone – both online and offline. Despite the best efforts made, racist abuse in English football is rising.

Photo by Thomas Serer on Unsplash

Per a study conducted by The Alan Turing Institute (Ofcom, 2022) 2.3 million tweets were directed at Premier League footballers in the first 5 months of the 21-22 season. Although only 3.5%, over 80 thousand, of these were deemed as abusive – that is still a large number in total that is creating a serious risk of harm to the players – especially when you consider that 50% of these abusive social media attacks were aimed at a very small proportion of Premier League players.

This was also reflected in published summaries made to ‘Kick it Out’, with a staggering 54% of those reports relating to racism. (Kick it out, 2022)

Is Social Media football’s issue to solve?

However, the question is raised whether the football associations can successfully tackle racism on social media platforms themselves, as they have little power or influence in the realm of the Tech Giants. As where racial abuse is seen and reported, it is the social media platforms that need to act.

Many clubs have stated they want better regulation of social media so that there is “swifter removal of offensive messages and improved identification and banning of offenders”. In 2021, English football announced a social media boycott, in which all players and clubs would switch off their Facebook, Twitter and Instagram accounts, in response to the ongoing discriminatory abuse received by players, knowing that although it will not stop the abuse from occurring – it demonstrates that they are willing to take proactive steps against the abuse (Premier League, 2021).

Has there been any change?

Online offences have only ever been covered by the Communications Offences Legislation, mainly through the Protection and Harassment Act 1997 and the Malicious Communications Act 1988 (Legislation.gov.uk 2023). In 2022, it was announced that an update to the ‘Online Safety Bill’ was to be made, and that hate crime will now be written on the face of the Bill as a priority illegal offence. This means that social media platforms, such as Twitter and Facebook, would be forced to proactively identify and remove abusive content, as opposed to other users reporting the comments. This bill will also include criminalising threatening behaviour by creating new online offences. This means that it would give the police more powers to convict online offenders (The FA, 2022)

However, as of this writing, the bill has not yet passed the House of Lords (UK Parliament, 2022)

Although this bill is yet to pass, convictions of users committing online abuse are beginning to be seen. In 2021, a 43-year-old Cheshire man was sentenced for racial abuse against England Players after the Euro 2020 (Sky, 2021) with his only defence being he wanted to “make people laugh” and didn’t believe his comments would be considered racist.

Photo by Connor Coyne on Unsplash

What can we do?

As users of social media platforms, there are several small ways we can help tackle online racism. Not only should we report any abusive comments we see to social media platforms to get them removed, but also to charities such as Kick it out who create statistics that can be used as strong evidence to show the Government that changes need to be implemented and push for the Online Safety Bill to be completed.

Final Thoughts

It goes without saying that a large majority of online fans will have seen numerous campaigns from online abuse charities, such as ‘Kick it out’ and ‘Unite against racism’ and have been educated on the harms of online abuse. However, this just means they know just how vile their comments are, and it emboldens them to continue as they know they are inciting reactions. Until the threat of real punishment becomes a reality with the Online Safety Bill these trolls are unlikely to change their ways.

Kick It Out (2023) Kick it out: Reporting statistics. [Online]   https://www.kickitout.org/reporting-statistics   (Accessed on 21st January 2023)

Legislation.gov.uk (2023), ‘The National Archives’  https://www.legislation.gov.uk/primary+secondary/1988?title=communications (Accessed on 21 st January 2023)

Ofcom (2022) Ofcom: Tracking twitter abuse against online players. [PDF] https://www.ofcom.org.uk/__data/assets/pdf_file/0019/242218/2021-22-tracking-twitter-abuse-against-premier-league-players.pdf   (Accessed on 21st January 2023)

Premier League (2021) English football announces social media boycott. [Online] https://www.premierleague.com/news/2116111 (Accessed on 21st January 2023)

Sky News (2021) Cheshire man sentenced for racist abuse of England players Marcus Rashford, Jadon Sancho and Bukayo Saka after Euro 2020 final [online] https://news.sky.com/story/cheshire-man-sentenced-for-racist-abuse-of-england-players-marcus-rashford-jadon-sancho-and-bukayo-saka-after-euro-2020-final-12402403 (Accessed on 21st January 2023)

Sky News (2022) Teenager jailed for sending racist tweet to Marcus Rashford after Euro 2020 final [online] https://news.sky.com/story/teenager-jailed-for-sending-racist-tweet-to-marcus-rashford-after-euro-2020-final-12578310 (Accessed on 21st January 2023)

The FA (2022) The FA and Kick It Out have welcomes an update to the online safety bill  (Accessed on 21st January 2023)

UK Parliament (2023) Parliamentary Bills: Online Safety Bill [Online] https://bills.parliament.uk/bills/3137 (Accessed on 23rd January 2023)

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Racism and English Football

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Racism and English Football: For Club and Country analyses the contemporary manifestations, outcomes and implications of the fractious relationship between English professional football and race. Racism, we were told, had disappeared from English football. It was relegated to a distant past, and displaced onto other European countries. When its appearance could not be denied, it was said to have reappeared. This book reveals that this was not true. Racism did not go away and did not return. It was here all along.

The book argues that racism is firmly embedded and historically rooted in the game’s structures, cultures and institutions, and operates as a form of systemic discrimination. It addresses the ways that racism has tainted English football, and the manner in which football has, in turn, influenced racial meanings and formations in wider society. Equally, it explores how football has facilitated forms of occupational multiculture, black player activism and progressive fan politics that resist divisive social phenomena and offer a degree of hope for an alternative future.

Focusing on a diverse range of topics, in men’s and women’s football, at club and international level, Racism and English Football extends and expands our knowledge of how racism occurs and, critically, how it can be challenged. This is an essential read for scholars and students working on race, ethnicity, sport and popular culture, together with those interested in the social and organisational dynamics of English professional football more generally.

TABLE OF CONTENTS

Chapter 1 | 22  pages, racism and english football, chapter 2 | 40  pages, chapter 3 | 34  pages, chapter 4 | 7  pages, playing by different rules.

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Gary Neville's passionate speech about racism in football ruined by Sky Sports' interjection

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Chelsea ’s victory over Tottenham Hotspur was marred by an incident of racist abuse in the second half.

Play was stopped after an object was thrown on to the pitch and Chelsea’s Antonio Rudiger claimed he heard monkey noises from the crowd.

An announcement inside Tottenham’s stadium warned that “racist behaviour is interfering with the game” and the message was heard two more times before full-time.

It’s the latest in a string of racist incidents to affect football matches in England.

Racism has been rife from the Premier League down to non-league in 2019 and it’s a scary situation that English football is facing.

• Rudiger subjected to racist abuse
• Neville accuses Boris Johnson of fuelling racism
• Serie A's disgraceful 'anti-racism' campaign

The problem was discussed on Sky Sports, with pundit Gary Neville calling for the Premier League to stop hiding behind the FA on the issue.

Neville recently called out UK Prime Minister Boris Johnson for enabling racism in England and he reiterated that point once again on Sunday.

"We have a racism problem in the Premier League, in England, and the Premier League have got to stand up," Neville said.

"They hide behind the FA, the Premier League, on this issue, they hide behind the FA, in my opinion. They push disciplinary issues to the FA. 

"Yes, we heard the announcements at the end. But I said it a couple of weeks ago, we’ve just had a General Election in this country, both main parties and the leaders of both main parties [have been] accused constantly over the last month of fuelling racism and accepting racism in their parties.

"If it’s accepted in the highest office in the country, we’re not talking at a micro-level, we’re talking about it at the absolute highest office in the country.

"And it’s the same here today, we’ve seen an incident, to be fair which we could say is down to one individual person, but it’s a far bigger problem than that.

"I think there has to be something that happens quickly. I think we maybe have to empower the players to walk off the pitch and stop the entertainment while it’s happening. That’s the only way I can see it happen.

"Ultimately, I didn’t walk off the pitch when [fellow pundit] Ashley [Cole] was abused 15 years ago and you might argue that it’s now okay for me to sit here in my ivory tower of the commentary box and suggest players should walk off the pitch.

"But I think I would be ashamed of not doing it 15 years ago and absolutely proud of players now to empower them to think, do something about it, take it into your own hands.

"The PFA have to act because the PFA are there to protect players in this country and players in this country are receiving abuse while playing football and doing their jobs and that is unacceptable.

"The PFA have to take it into their own hands with the Premier League and FA and stop pointing the finger towards the Bulgarian FA and Spanish FA because we have to deal with our own ship here."

However, Neville's speech was ruined somewhat by the interjection of presenter David Jones.

"I am compelled to say the opinions of you, Gary Neville, are not those of Sky Sports, that is my duty," Jones said.

When Neville asked Jones if he didn't agree with his comments, the presenter replied: "Whether I do or I don’t is completely irrelevant, I’m here to try and hold a balanced debate."

Jones' interjection upset many on Twitter who felt it diluted a powerful moment.

GIVEMESPORT’s Scott Wilson says:

England can no longer ignore the fact that it has a racism problem.

Whether Neville is right when he says the country’s political leaders have paved the way for it or not, football fans are now feeling emboldened to hurl racist abuse at players.

One possible way to help would be with a stronger announcement in the stadium than: “Racist behaviour is interfering with the game”.

How about telling fans that anyone found guilty of racism will be banned from football for life and prosecuted, and with a warning that the match will be abandoned if the abuse continues?

The message needs to be stronger.

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