write short note on the following education

• UPSC IAS Exam Pattern
• UPSC IAS Prelims
• UPSC IAS Mains
• UPSC IAS Interview
• UPSC IAS Optionals
• UPSC Notification
• UPSC Eligibility Criteria
• UPSC Online
• UPSC Admit Card
• UPSC Results
• UPSC Cut-Off
• UPSC Calendar
• Documents Required for UPSC IAS Exam
• UPSC IAS Prelims Syllabus
• General Studies 1
• General Studies 2
• General Studies 3
• General Studies 4
• UPSC IAS Interview Syllabus
• UPSC IAS Optional Syllabus

Sociology Optional Topic – Wise Previous Year Questions in UPSC Mains – Education and Social change (2013-2023)

The intersection of Education and Social Change has long been a focal point in the study of sociology, and its significance in the UPSC Mains examination cannot be overstated. Spanning a decade from 2013 to 2023, the questions in the Sociology Optional Topic consistently emphasize the intricate dynamics between education and the evolution of societal norms. These questions not only serve as an assessment of the candidates’ understanding of sociological concepts but also underscore the critical role that education plays in shaping the trajectory of societal development. Delving into the wealth of questions posed by the UPSC over the years provides an illuminating journey through the evolution of educational paradigms and their profound influence on the fabric of society.

Examining the transformative power of education, the UPSC questions navigate through a myriad of crucial themes, ranging from the role of education in fostering social equity to its impact on cultural values and societal norms. The continuous incorporation of these inquiries underscores the UPSC’s recognition of the pivotal role of education as a catalyst for social change and progress. Exploring these questions not only equips aspirants with a comprehensive understanding of the intricate relationship between education and society but also highlights the nuanced role of education in addressing social challenges and fostering a more inclusive and progressive societal framework.

Table of Contents

Education & Social change – Previous Year Questions (UPSC CSE Mains Sociology Optional)

1. “Instead of promoting equality in society, the present system of education itself has contributed to increased socio economic disparities.” Comment. (2022)

2. How does the New Education Policy, 2020 1 aim to eradicate disparities in the system of education in India? (2020)

3. Comment on the critical issues of commercialization of higher education in India. (2019)

4. Assess the role of the State in promoting education of girl child. (2018)

5. Write a note on Education and Equality in India. (2017)

6. Write short notes with a sociological perspective: Privatization of education and increasing inequalities. (2016)

7. Write short notes with a sociological perspective: Empowerment through ‘Right to Education’. (2016)

8. Write short note with a sociological Perspective : Important components of National Education Policy in India. (2015)

9. Write short notes with a sociological perspective on the following in about 150 words : Impact of privatisation on educational disparities. (2014)

10. Discuss the salient features of right to education. (2013)

11. Write short note with a sociological perspective on the following : Education and Dalit empowerment. (2012)

12. Write short note with a sociological perspective on the following : Education and removal of inequality. (2012)

13. Write short note : S.N.D.P. Movement. (2008)

14. Write short note : Education and social mobility. (2007)

15. Write short note : Inequality in Education. (2005)

16. Critically evaluate education as a tool for social justice. (2004)

17. Discuss in detail impact of mass media and education on India Society. (2004)

18. Write short note : Educational problems of weaker sections. (2003)

19. Write short note : Education and social mobility. (2001)

20. Critically examine the protective discrimination policy for the disadvantaged groups in India. Would you suggest any change in this policy? (2000)

21. Write short note : Educational inequalities in India. (2000)

22. Write short note : Total Literacy Campaign(TLC). (1999)

23. Write short note : Problem of adult illiteracy in India. (1998)

24. Describe the role played by education in social mobility. Do you think that education has been the most important factor in accelerating social mobility in modern Indian society ? Give arguments in favour of your answer. (1997)

25. Write short note : Problem of education among ‘Backward classes’ (1996)

26. Discuss the main problems of national integration in India and delineate the role of education in tackling these problems (1995)

27. Explain the relationship of human resource development and education in modem context. (1994)

28. Discuss the educational problems of weaker sections in India. What are the measures adopted to solve these problems (1993)

29. Write short note : Educational inequality and social change. (1990)

30. Delineate the contents of the New Education Policy. Has it made any dent in the educational system? (1989)

31. Write short note : Reservations : Need and achievement. (1987)

32. Write short note : Unequal access to education. (1987)

33. Education for development : the sociological implications of the new education policy. (1986)

34. Write short note : Education for social equality. (1985)

FAQs on Education and Social change

Q. how does education contribute to social change.

Ans. Education can contribute to social change by empowering individuals with knowledge and skills, promoting critical thinking, and fostering values of equality and social justice. It can also provide opportunities for upward social mobility and contribute to the development of an informed and progressive society.

Q. What is the role of education in addressing social inequalities?

Ans. Education plays a crucial role in addressing social inequalities by providing equal access to quality education for all, irrespective of socio-economic backgrounds. It can also promote awareness about social issues, challenge prejudices, and equip individuals with the tools to advocate for a more inclusive and equitable society.

Q. How does education influence cultural norms and values?

Ans. Education influences cultural norms and values by imparting knowledge about diverse cultures, histories, and traditions. It can promote cultural understanding, tolerance, and respect for diversity, fostering a more inclusive and harmonious society.

Q. What is the impact of technology on education and social change?

Ans. Technology has revolutionized education by providing access to online learning resources, facilitating distance education, and promoting digital literacy. It has also influenced social change by expanding educational opportunities, fostering global connectivity, and contributing to the development of a knowledge-based society.

Q. How does education contribute to economic development and social mobility ?

Ans. Education contributes to economic development by fostering a skilled workforce, promoting innovation, and enhancing productivity. It also facilitates social mobility by providing individuals with the necessary skills and knowledge to pursue better employment opportunities and improve their socio-economic status.

In case you still have your doubts, contact us on 9811333901.  

For UPSC Prelims Resources,  Click here

For Daily Updates and Study Material:

Join our Telegram Channel –  Edukemy for IAS

• 1. Learn through Videos –  here
• 2. Be Exam Ready by Practicing Daily MCQs –  here
• 3. Daily Newsletter – Get all your Current Affairs Covered –  here
• 4. Mains Answer Writing Practice –  here

Visit our YouTube Channel –  here

• Sociology Optional Topic – Wise Previous Year Questions in UPSC Mains – Works and Economic Life (2013-2023)
• Sociology Optional Topic – Wise Previous Year Questions in UPSC Mains – Research Methods & Analysis (2013-2023)
• Sociology Optional Topic – Wise Previous Year Questions in UPSC Mains – Sociology as Science (2013-2023)
• Sociology Optional Topic – Wise Previous Year Questions in UPSC Mains – Mead (2013-2023)

Edukemy Team

Sociology optional topic – wise previous year questions in upsc..., sociology optional topic – wise pyq in upsc mains –..., leave a comment cancel reply.

Save my name, email, and website in this browser for the next time I comment.

Our website uses cookies to improve your experience. By using our services, you agree to our use of cookies Got it

Keep me signed in until I sign out

Forgot your password?

A new password will be emailed to you.

Have received a new password? Login here

GS Foundation

UPSC All India Mock Test – Edukemy Open Mock

Foundations of Education Past Papers Exam Questions

Guess paper 1: foundations of education fall – 2020 past papers.

Time Allowed:  3 hours

Total Marks:     70, Passing Marks (35)

Q1. Define Philosophy of Education. Discuss Nature of Philosophy with relevant examples.

Q2. Furnish a comparative analysis of Idealism, Realism, and Pragmatism with examples.

Q3. How Progressivism differs from Perennialsim? Discuss.

Q4. Discuss the general role of Philosophy in Education in detail.

Q5. Explain concept of Economics of Education. Also discuss benefits of education.

Q6. What is the basis of logical and scientific thinking in education? Give relevant examples keeping in view Education as Science.

Q7. Attempt any two of the following: • Education for Vocation and Knowledge • Epistemology of Islam • Financing of Education

Guess Paper 2: Foundations of Education Spring- 2020 Past Papers

Q.1 Write short notes on the following: a) Axiology b) Philosophy of Education c) Financial decision-making

Q.2 Elaborate the logical and scientific thinking in basic education. Q.3 Discuss the general role of Psychology in Education. Q.4 Describe any two Contemporary Educational Philosophies: a. Perennialism b. Progressivism c. Essentialism

Q.5 “Main values enjoyed by Islam”, Explain. Q.6 Identify the important features of Islamic Philosophy. Q.7 What do you know about “Reconstructionism”? Elaborate. Q.8 Write short note on any Two of the following: a) Sociology of Education b) Sources of Knowledge c) Scientific Research

Guess Paper 3: Foundations of Education Fall – 2019 Past Papers

Q1. Write a detail note on any two of the following:

i. Idealism ii. Reconstructionism iii. Maturation

Q2. How academic performance be affected by individual differences? Q3. Explain Islamic Foundation in light of: a. Quran b. Hadith Q4. In case of socio-economic foundation of education explain politics and education with suitable examples. Q5. Education as investment” explains with suitable examples. Q6. Explain with suitable examples aims, goals and objectives. Q7. Elaborate formal and non-formal modes of education. Q8. Write a comprehensive note on “population education in Pakistan”.

Guess Paper 4: Foundations of Education Spring- 2019 Past Papers

Q1. Define Philosophy of Education. Discuss Principles of Philosophy with relevant examples. Q2. Present comparative analysis of Naturalism and Pragmatism with examples. Q3. How Existentialism differs from Perennialsim? Discuss. Q4. Discuss the general role of Philosophy in Education in detail. Q5. Explain concept of Economics of Education. Also discuss benefits of education. Q6. What is the basis of logical and scientific thinking in education? Give relevant examples keeping in view Education as Science. Q7. Attempt any two of the following: i. Education and its philosophy ii. Epistemology of Islam iii. Financing of Education

Related Posts:

• Foundations of Effective Instruction (Special Education) MCQs
• Women Education Past Papers and important Exam Questions
• Credit Management Past Papers Exam Questions
• Critical Logic Thinking Past Papers Exam Questions
• Data Communication Past Papers Exam Questions
• Data Structures Past Papers Exam Questions

You must be logged in to post a comment.

Inclusive Education | Concept and Principles | b.ed notes

Concept of inclusive education:.

Education is the basic human right. Everyone has the right to access quality education. And there are some group of people. Who are excluded to access quality education on grounds of some disabilities or special causes. Discrimination is the great threat to these group of people. Inclusive Education which helps for the harmonies development of a society.

There is a need  of  development or change in the education system. Its essential to change this educational approach from exclusion to inclusion . making a reality of the universal right to equality of education.

To cater learning is the basic human rights of the children with dignity and equity is possible through ‘Inclusive education ’’.

Lets know what is inclusive education ?. And what are the principles of inclusive education ? In details.

Inclusive education is a process of education. Which ensures the equal participation of all children in teaching learning process including with those disabilities.

Inclusive education also known as universal education or integrated education. The concept of integrated education is wider and broad.  It means all children are educated in regular classroom. It defines as learning environment which provides all aspects of development including personal, academic and professional development of all learners. Irrespective of their race, color, gender, sex. It leads to a sense of belongingness within classroom community.  As integrated education allows all the children to read together, play together, learn together. Which also develops a sense of cooperation, togetherness etc. thus integrated educationi a new concept in education. It is the best method of promoting social acceptance, peace and cooperation.

Definition of Inclusive Education by UNESCO (1994):

Inclusive education involves changes and modification in content, approaches, structures and strategies with a common vision which covers all children of the appropriate age range and a conviction that it is the responsibility of the regular syIstem to educate all children.

What are the key principles of inclusive education?.

Inclusive education is based on the principle of the followings-

1.Principle of Togetherness:

Inclusive education provides such learning environment that promotes all round development of all learners together in the same educational setting. Irrespective of their caste, color and gender. So it is an approach which brings all children together in a common educational community.

2. Principle of Equality:

Another key principle is the Principle of equality . Everyone has the right to access knowledge skill and information. Indian constitution guarantees some educational rights for the children. In spite of these provisions there are some group of people who are deprived of education because of some special causes or factor. But inclusive education includes all those section of people  and provides equality to all.

3.Principle of Participation:

Inclusive education is based on the principle of participation. Inclusive education includes all the children in common educational settings where they can learn together without any discrimination. It provides opportunities for the students with disabilities for the active participation equally. Thus inclusive education promotes the participation for all children or adults in teaching learning process.

4.Principle of acceptance:

It is another principle of inclusive education. Every parents wants to their child to lean or educate with all other students in a regular classroom and become able to lead their life independently. And it is base on this principle of acceptance of all children in education process irrespective of their disabilities.

5. Rejection of special classroom:

It is a process education which strongly rejects the concept of special classroom in special school. Rather it emphasis on togetherness or integration between the normal child and the children with disabilities.

6.Individual differences:

It is another principle of integrated education. Each child is different and unique. It considers this principle of individual differences of the children in learning atmosphere. And that is why it benefits all the children.

7.Opposite of exclusion:

The inclusion is a contrast to exclusion, discrimination and limitation  on ground of any differences. All the children who are who are disabled should educate with normal children and have equal access to quality education.

8.Principle of change:

Inclusive educatio n is based on the principle of change. It tries to change the system of education to meet the requirement of the child and not about the change of the children to fit the education system. It tries to include all the children for equal education irrespective of their differences.

Conclusion :

Thus, it is a new concept, covering wide range of areas. It includes all the children with or without disabilities and educate them in the same learning environment. which provides personal, academic and professional development of all learners. Irrespective of their race, color, gender, sex. It leads to a sense of belongingness within classroom community. It is the process of education which promotes social acceptance, peace and cooperation. For more info Wikipedia.

• Teaching of English
• Gender issues
• Inclusive education is based on the principle of——?

Ans: Inclusive e ducation is based on the principle of Equity and the Equal opportunity for all. Inclusive e ducation is a process of e ducation. Which ensures the equal participation of all children in teaching learning process including with those with disabilities. See above to know in details.

• Growth and Development- Concept, Difference &…
• Characteristics of Inclusive Education
• Challenges of Inclusive Education
• Principles of Teaching and learning | Bed notes
• Measurement and Evaluation in Education b ed notes
• Team Teaching | Concept | Types & Characterists | b.ed notes

A Guide to Writing about Education

Introduction, types of papers, discipline-specific strategies.

Education is a field that bridges anthropology, sociology, psychology, science, and philosophy. When writing about education, you will utilize a myriad of writing styles and formats to address your essay topics.

As an education student, you may be asked to write:

• journals/field-notes: think of field-notes as the clay for your future thoughts, observations, and ideas; these are informal
• literature reviews: categorize or conceptualize relevant pieces of literature
• analysis papers: analyze outside sources to promote your own interpretation of a particular theory or style
• evaluative essays: look at a particular approach to teaching or theory of learning and discuss strengths and weaknesses
• narratives present collected data through use of informal methods, imaginary letters to parents, recommendations for school, etc.
• case studies: present problem, discuss others' thoughts on the issue, describe and analyze data/evidence, and draw conclusions
• research and lab papers: identify research questions, contextualize the question in the research literature; identify hypotheses, methods of data collection and reduction and analysis; discuss findings.

Here are some suggestions for approaching any education paper:

• Write about something that interests you Choose topics that will inspire you to delve deeper into research, synthesize new ideas, and spend time writing, revising, and editing. If you have trouble thinking of a topic, review your journal to see what ideas you have already come up with that might be applicable.
• Read If you're feeling confused about what is expected of you, try reading similar papers. Get together with other students and read each other's papers. Or, ask the professor to suggest some journal articles for you to look at for inspiration.
• Talk Talk about your paper, your ideas, and your problems. Talk with your professors, your classmates, and your friends. This will allow you to test out new ideas, find a topic you care about, talk through problems, and see where other people stand on your issue.
• Write a really bad paper It will give you a foundation to build a really great paper. Just be daring and try out radical ideas.
• Have ideas Make sure that each paper has an argument or an idea that you create. Outside support should be used to support the ideas you develop.
• Ground ideas in outside information Your ideas should be firmly based in outside literature, field-notes, research, etc. Every idea should have some fact or observation that supports it.
• Expect to revise Revise once, twice, as many times as needed. Be prepared to rip up a thesis or change your argument if necessary. Revision of grammar, content, and organization is key to an excellent paper. Good writing doesn't happen by magic.
• Take risks in ideas and in structure If your idea doesn't work out, try something else. Use complex and diverse sentences. Have fun while you're writing!

Additional Site Navigation

Social media links, additional navigation links.

• Alumni Resources & Events
• Athletics & Wellness
• Campus Calendar
• Parent & Family Resources

Helpful Information

Dining hall hours, next trains to philadelphia, next trico shuttles.

Swarthmore Traditions

How to Plan Your Classes

The Swarthmore Bucket List

Search the website

How to Make Notes and Write

(8 reviews)

Dan Allosso

S.F. Allosso

Copyright Year: 2022

ISBN 13: 9798842209415

Publisher: Minnesota Libraries Publishing Project

Language: English

Formats Available

Conditions of use.

Learn more about reviews.

Reviewed by Aaron Lefkovitz, Professor, City Colleges of Chicago on 5/4/22

This writing manual the author wrote and used for decades at the University of California, Davis is very comprehensive. It reviews multiple aspects of how to get started with writing, such as analyzing texts and taking notes, discovering a topic,... read more

Comprehensiveness rating: 5 see less

This writing manual the author wrote and used for decades at the University of California, Davis is very comprehensive. It reviews multiple aspects of how to get started with writing, such as analyzing texts and taking notes, discovering a topic, preparing for discussion, creating a thesis, ordering evidence, building an argument, coherent paragraphs, effective sentences, appropriate words, revising, and a revision checklist. Also, it has a valuable appendix and even references to such philosophers as Aristotle, so it is comprehensive in both a practical and theoretical sense.

Content Accuracy rating: 5

The content of A Short Handbook for Writing Essays in the Humanities and Social Sciences is accurate, error-free, and unbiased. This can be read in the “Analyzing Texts, Taking Notes” section, where the author begins with unbiased, clear questions, such as “what is a text?” The author then goes on to quote from such sources as author W.H. Auden (1907-1973), English-born poet and man of letters who achieved early fame in the 1930s as a hero of the left during the Great Depression.

Relevance/Longevity rating: 5

A Short Handbook for Writing Essays in the Humanities and Social Sciences does represent relevance and longevity, in the sense that its chapters can be carried down from one generation to another without much variation, for example read in the “Discovering a Topic, Preparing for Discussion” chapter. Here, the author mentions that texts students work with at the college level of their education are mostly givens, as far as English classics, History primary and secondary sources that are important to understand a particular event and period, as well as the ways texts were chosen out of multiple texts in that they fit together and lead to a particular place.

Clarity rating: 5

There is a great deal of clarity in A Short Handbook for Writing Essays in the Humanities and Social Sciences, as this text makes difficult subjects easier to understand for most students, simplifying such potentially daunting topics as “creating a thesis”. In this chapter, the author asks a variety of questions, including what interpretation is the author trying to persuade the reader is valid, what are the reasons for this interpretation, how is the interpretation different from other interpretations, and what part of the text will be examined and emphasized, as well as what are the author’s assumptions and potential objections. These clear questions provide a sense of clarity for the reader and add to the text’s strengths.

Consistency rating: 5

This text is very consistent. Each chapter starts with an interesting quote that frames the chapter narrative in a compelling way. Then, the chapters start with very first-hand/direct testimony given to readers who can read the paragraphs in a way that is meant to speak to them rather than use jargon and difficult to understand sentences. Chapters follow similar structures in terms of longer paragraphs followed by definitions and clear statements that function to provide additional information with regards to the content and theme of the chapter discussed.

Modularity rating: 5

A Short Handbook for Writing Essays in the Humanities and Social Sciences does have easily and readily divisible sections that are useful to the reader in that they break up the narrative and provide all sorts of additional information in an aesthetically pleasing way that can be assigned at different points within the course. There are not enormous blocks of text without subheadings and the text does not seem to be overly self-referential. Instead, there are all sorts of references and data from disparate sources that provide for an interesting and informative read.

Organization/Structure/Flow rating: 5

This text is full of effective, concise, and clear sentences, and is organized well in terms of the ways chapters are structured, starting with a quote that has a particular relevance to the chapter theme, including boxed reminders that set themselves apart from the general narrative, and including various bullet points and examples from literature.

Interface rating: 5

Everything that I have read in this textbook signals that it is indeed free of any kind of significant interface issues, including navigation problems, distortion of images/charts, and any other display features that may distract or confuse the reader.

Grammatical Errors rating: 5

Additionally, the text seems to be free of grammatical errors even as it does seem to contain some spacing issues but that could be on my computer only.

Cultural Relevance rating: 5

As far as the text’s cultural relevance, it does seem to rely quite heavily on dead White European philosophers, from Aristotle to Wittgenstein, to add to and accentuate a point, however it is not offensive in the sense that it does not go out of its way to denigrate a particular race, ethnicity, or other cultural background.

This text does a fine job of introducing students to basic essay writing in the Humanities and Social Sciences, its brevity functioning as a strength in that it keeps things fairly simple while adding philosophical and historical contexts to stay academic as well as relevant and consistent.

Reviewed by Megan Anderson, Assistant Professor, Limestone University on 12/7/21

With only 9 chapters, this text does not cover every essay writing skill students need, but it does include focus on the higher order elements of writing. read more

Comprehensiveness rating: 3 see less

With only 9 chapters, this text does not cover every essay writing skill students need, but it does include focus on the higher order elements of writing.

Content Accuracy rating: 4

As the title suggests, the content is sparse, but it appears accurate.

While there are various theories on the teaching of writing in terms of pedagogy, writing skills do not really change in the sense of timeliness. The examples used are relatively common references from history and literature.

Clarity rating: 4

Again the content is minimal, but the material is written in a clear, easy-to-understand manner that would work for even first-year students.

The text is consistent in terms of terminology and framework, and even tone.

Modularity rating: 3

Each chapter is very short so they are easily assignable. And while there are headers, each chapter appears as one long page. Splitting up the content into just a few pages and spacing out the material a little more would be preferential.

Organization/Structure/Flow rating: 2

While I believe that the text covers many of the essential elements of writing, the chapters appear out of order to me. I would have the chapter on "Effective Sentences" before the one on "Coherent Paragraphs". It is also problematic to me to have a chapter on "Ordering Evidence, Building an Argument" listed before the chapters on basic writing components.

Interface rating: 3

The interface could be easier to navigate. There is no next button to move to easily move from chapter to chapter and to access the nine chapters, you have to click on a plus sign linked to what is called "I. Main Body". It is not very difficult to figure out, but it is just not as thought out as it could be. Like having a Roman Numeral I without a Roman Numeral II is a little odd. It also cannot be saved as a printable PDF.

I do not see any grammatical issues.

Cultural Relevance rating: 3

While I do not see any references that are culturally insensitive, there is also no real attempt at diversity or inclusion. Examples are really all from canonical texts, meaning white male authors, like Shakespeare, Hemingway, and Melville.

Reviewed by Anthony Accardi Jr, Adjunct Professor, Middlesex Community College on 5/30/21

In the text "A Short Handbook for Writing Essays in the Humanities and Social Sciences" by Salvatore and Dan Allosso the authors present a simple, easy to follow guide for students to use when organizing, planning, researching, and writing an... read more

In the text "A Short Handbook for Writing Essays in the Humanities and Social Sciences" by Salvatore and Dan Allosso the authors present a simple, easy to follow guide for students to use when organizing, planning, researching, and writing an essay. In addition to essay structure, the authors also provide help with the “basics of effective writing”, including paragraph writing, sentence writing and avoiding common grammatical errors.

The concise format of the text requires that the author’s stay “right on point” which they do effectively and accurately.

By following each step outlined in this text, a student would undoubtedly improve his/her essay writing skills. Each topic the authors address is relevant to the development of a good essay. The strong emphasis put on the steps for writing an essay make this text a guide students will surely refer to again and again throughout their academic careers.

The conversational style used by the authors makes this text easy to read and understand. Most students find writing a nerve-racking ordeal. The authors deal with this by using straightforward language to explain concepts and reinforce the explanations with simple, easy to understand examples.

The authors have designed a textbook consistent from chapter to chapter and "as a whole". In general, each chapter begins with a quote from a famous author about writing, followed by an explanation of the chapter’s topic, followed by a working example. The authors' down to earth writing style is consistent in every chapter of the text.

The short length of the chapters makes them ideal to be read as individual assignments and their compartmentalized structure is suited well for associated writing assignments.

The structure of this text is one of its strongest points. The authors have organized the chapters in a logical order that students should follow when writing an essay.

The text interface is easy to navigate with no issues noticed.

The text is free of grammatical and syntactic errors.

Cultural Relevance rating: 4

The authors have created a text that shows an awareness of the need for cultural sensitivity and is inoffensive and completely class appropriate. . The Chapter titled “Appropriate Words” touches on avoiding the use of “Sexist Language”, which indicates concern for gender respect. Improvement could be made by using a more diverse group of authors for the opening chapter quotes.

I think this text is an excellent source for helping students understand the basic steps needed to write a good essay.

Reviewed by Aerie Bernard, Adjunct Faculty, Humanities, College of DuPage on 4/20/21

This short text provides an approachable primer for novice essayists and reminder of standard practices of academic writing for more experienced writers. Rather than go into great depth, the chapters briefly outline the process of writing academic... read more

Comprehensiveness rating: 4 see less

This short text provides an approachable primer for novice essayists and reminder of standard practices of academic writing for more experienced writers. Rather than go into great depth, the chapters briefly outline the process of writing academic essays at the high school or undergraduate level. The text is comprehensive in that it is organized linearly to guide the writer from taking notes and developing a thesis through writing drafts and revisions. There is no index or glossary provided; however, the table of contents and short chapters ensure that the text is easy to navigate.

The content is accurate and error-free. The text is written by educators who attempt to address what they identify as common errors in student writing. As such, the bias present reflects a preference for standard English and traditional structure in academic writing.

Because the text focuses on standard practices in academic writing such as writing strong topic sentences, creating arguable theses, and avoiding passive voice, I doubt the text could become obsolete anytime soon. The text speaks to current trends in academic writing by including tips such as how to use gender neutral language and gears itself towards the high school and undergraduate level by modeling and promoting the use of a conversational tone in academic writing. Short, well-organized, worksheet-like chapters allow plenty of room for one to add to, update, or adapt this text.

The authors advise student essayists to use language and style that illustrates “genuine human conversation.” The text successfully models a balance of accuracy of language with a conversational tone. It is a pleasant read.

The text is consistent in its use of terminology, framework, and voice.

Short chapters with limited scope provide introductions and jumping off points for further discussions and activities related to academic writing in the humanities and social sciences.

The chapters are arranged to illustrate a start to finish approach to writing essays. Each chapter focuses on an element of essay writing. The organization is clear and logical.

Interface rating: 4

I had no difficulty accessing or reading the text online with my laptop and my phone. I was not as successful viewing the EPUB as a download to my phone. The text was too small in Bluefire reader and the app would not allow viewing at a larger font size. I do not know if the limitation was due to the EPUB or the reader app.

I did not notice any grammatical errors.

The text addresses the importance of avoiding problematic language in academic writing in the chapter “Appropriate Words” and cautions that writers avoid repetition and wordiness, cliches, jargon, pop culture references, empty words, words with contested meanings, code words, and overextended/mixed/misapplied metaphors. I notice the absence of resources, strategies, and discussions about words relating to race, ethnicity, background, or identity. Also, examples throughout the text are primarily Western, male, and white. Steps towards inclusiveness are present, such as strategies for gender neutral writing, but there is room for improvement.

Reviewed by Sarah Fischer, Assistant Professor, Marymount University on 2/1/21

The book is *short* and useful. It gives excellent advice for how students can and should select strong evidence, how to write effective openings and closings, and discusses many common grammatical errors. However, the book does not spend enough... read more

The book is *short* and useful. It gives excellent advice for how students can and should select strong evidence, how to write effective openings and closings, and discusses many common grammatical errors. However, the book does not spend enough time on how to organize the body of an essay or how to organize sentences within a paragraph.

This book is well-researched and contains no errors (in terms of subject matter, usage, or grammar).

Very relevant, especially because so many books on writing are long, and the longer they are the less likely students are to read them. This book does very impactful work in a very limited number of pages.

Clarity rating: 3

The book is very clear and accessible for professors and advanced students. Many of the examples from English and History papers utilized in the book would be quite difficult for many first-year students to follow, however.

Formatting is quite consistent; terminology is consistently and appropriately used.

Sections of this book are small, easy to understand, and not overwhelming for any level of student to read.

This book's organization flows in a logical way.

I did not notice any interface issues.

I did not notice any grammatical errors in the text.

The authors took care to be culturally sensitive.

A few short exercises at the end of each section, which instructors could create for their classes, would help students practice the book's lessons as sort of intermediary step between reading about possible pitfalls and working on their own to eliminate issues from their writing.

Reviewed by Deirdre Sullivan, Adjunct Faculty, English Department, Berkshire Community College on 6/27/20

A Short Handbook for Writing Essays in the Humanities and Social Sciences by Salvatore Allosso and Dan Allosso is a comprehensive and concise work on how to write good essays on the humanities and the social sciences by clearly defining the... read more

A Short Handbook for Writing Essays in the Humanities and Social Sciences by Salvatore Allosso and Dan Allosso is a comprehensive and concise work on how to write good essays on the humanities and the social sciences by clearly defining the definitions of those disciplines. I have not seen many indexes and/or glossaries with these online books, so I don't think it is really necessary for the comprehension of the text.

The content was accurate, without error, and unbiased in its content, syntax, and point of view.

I think the light tone, conversational style, and relevance to all who practice the art of writing is both timely and long-lasting. There is a universal appeal to this approach, and while language is always changing, the rules for written work have more longevity.

The book is written in such a way as to engage even the most reluctant reader into a kind of conspiratorial allegiance on how to approach the art of reading well and writing with lucid accuracy, technical prowess, and enlightened awareness.

The text incorporates terminology into the structure and framework of its chapters with clarity and consistency.

The text is proportionate to reasonable reading and writing assignments. In each chapter, there is a clear way of recognizing and analyzing concepts on writing for use toward student outcomes in a writing course.

This text is logically organized to support and sustain its thesis and the thorough exploration of its guiding elements.

There are no significant interface issues, problems with navigation, or distractions to confuse potential readers.

There are no grammatical errors to my reckoning.

The text is not culturally insensitive or offensive in any way. The book embraced multi-culturalism with quotes, questions, and persuasive argument as to how a writer must be objective, open-minded, and thoroughly engaged in standing by their work.

I really loved the conversational style between authors and readers. This father-son duo has clearly taken delight in sharing their love of the world through the art of writing. I really liked the quotes they chose to support their ideas. Perhaps one day, I will use their book in my composition classes. A truly remarkable discovery!

Reviewed by Dayle Turner, Professor, Leeward Community College on 6/27/20

The text covers fairly well the important considerations of writing essays for humanities and social sciences courses. The authors assert their intention of taking students “step-by-step through the process of writing essays for an upper-level... read more

The text covers fairly well the important considerations of writing essays for humanities and social sciences courses. The authors assert their intention of taking students “step-by-step through the process of writing essays for an upper-level high school class or a college course.” The steps of which they speak include analyzing texts, note-taking, formulating essay topics, creating theses, ordering evidence, building arguments, writing coherent paragraphs, composing effective sentences, using appropriate diction, and revising. The text lacks an index and glossary and the inclusion thereof would certainly strengthen the comprehensiveness of the work.

The content of this text is accurate and the steps covered are mostly applicable for first-year college students and high school juniors and seniors.

Relevance/Longevity rating: 4

The content appears up-to-date. Text is devoid of visual imagery, making it potentially less appealing to contemporary/millennial students, but its structure invites relatively easy updating, and all links were accurate.

The text is mostly clear and provides adequate examples to explain the application of material discussed in each chapter.

Consistency rating: 4

The text's consistency would be excellent if an index and glossary were included.

Modularity rating: 4

This text is organized in such a manner that students can be assigned short readings without having to jump hither and yon between chapters or different parts of the book.

There are nine chapters in the text. They are presented in a logical and purposeful order. Critical reading and note-taking comes first while a revision checklist is available at the end. This makes sense as it is important to provide students with suggestions for information-gathering and revision.

The interface is free of any distracting issues. The text is mostly easy to navigate.

I noticed no grammatical errors.

The text successfully represents a variety of races, ethnicities, and backgrounds. Examples are sensitive and free of stereotypes.

This book would have been beneficial to me as an undergraduate. Most of what it covers are things I had to learn by experience, and the quality of my earliest scholarship would have been much improved with the benefit of these lessons. The text has value as a supplementary or recommended material, particularly for students whose plans include graduate school or writing-intensive professions. Students who are most prepared will get the most out of it, but the text also offers good examples

Reviewed by Matilda (Tillie) Yoder, Librarian, Goshen College on 7/10/19

The scope of this text is very clearly outlined in its title - it aims to guide students through the process of writing essays for humanities and social sciences courses. The Allossos succeed in creating a work that does just that, discussing... read more

The scope of this text is very clearly outlined in its title - it aims to guide students through the process of writing essays for humanities and social sciences courses. The Allossos succeed in creating a work that does just that, discussing techniques and strategies for writing well but assuming that readers will have a reasonable familiarity with English grammar. Contents included how to develop ideas, how to formulate effective arguments, how to identify weak points in writing, and how to revise effectively. It is worth noting that the authors are not concerned with formatting, emphasizing the writing process and not the finicky details of citation structure, title page layout, or font size.These issues are easily addressed on a great many websites and reference works; more concerning is that there is no real discussion of plagiarism or how to manage citations and references, which is an important part of any humanities or social sciences essay that requires research and not a single text.

There is no glossary or index for this work, though the table of contents lays out chapter topics very clearly. An index would be quite useful for instructors and students wanting to use the book in its entirety. Similarly, a reference list with links to related works and websites might also be of use for those who would like more in-depth information on particular techniques not elaborated on in this short work.

The content of this guidebook is accurate, although its narrow focus does mean that is not comprehensive (and it does not intend to be). The strategies outlined in it are standard practice and are conveyed succinctly. Quoted authors are all referenced by name but not in any further detail; simple citations for these quotes would model best practices for the students reading the material.

The content of this guidebook is general enough in nature to remain relevant for some time. The examples given throughout the book reference works of classic Western literature or established understandings of history that American schools are likely to continue to teach - Shakespeare’s plays, the history of slave uprisings in the Americas, the Civil War, and Hemingway all feature. Notably, references are only discussed in the context of example passages, and so no knowledge of the events or plots is necessary to understand what the authors are saying.

The Alessos practice what they preach in this instance, writing directly and clearly. Jargon is almost non-existent, and where it does exist it is always defined and explained. Concepts are clearly illustrated with multiple examples and outlined step by step. The overall vocabulary and level of writing is appropriate for students in grade 11 or above.

Key terms are used continually throughout this work; in particular, the authors emphasize the importance of unity, coherence, and emphasis in effective writing. Vocabulary terms are introduced and used consistently, although alternative terms are listed to ensure understanding.

This guide could be easily divided into distinct sections useful for a wide variety of classes throughout the humanities and social sciences. History and English classes would find it particularly relevant, but introductory writing teachers, writing tutors, and academic support offices would also find much that is useful here. The sections on how to construct a thesis and the revision checklist are particularly applicable to me in my work as a writing tutor. I can see myself having students read specific sections of this book depending on what their particular roadblocks to writing are.

The organization of this text is logical, beginning with the process of note-taking and brainstorming, and moving on to persuasive argument building, thesis construction, essay structure, writing, and revision. The revision checklist at the end of the textbook is also organized in such a way that it leads students to look for major issues in their writing before the minor ones.

Overall, the guidebook displayed well and is easy to navigate. There are no images included, and although images are not strictly necessary for this sort of topic, I believe that the text would benefit from some formatting changes. Some of the lists could use better visual clues in their subdivision, and example paragraphs would benefit from being presented in a diagram format where specific portions could be highlighted and remarked on more directly. Unfortunately, this title is not available in PDF format, which would be useful for anyone wanting access to the book without an internet connection. Epub format would be useful as well.

I noticed no grammatical errors or typos in this text.

All references to culture in this text appear in example writing passages. Because of this, no deep understanding of the referenced work or work is needed, because it is the writing and not the content of the passage that is the focus. However, almost all of the references included are focused on classic works concerning Western literature and history (Kafka, Dostoyevsky, Beowulf, etc.). A broadening of examples would be welcome, but as it stands the text is inoffensive and reflects what is taught in many English classes in American schools.

Table of Contents

• Introduction
• 1. Inspiration, Interest, Anxiety
• 2. Writing is Thinking
• 3. Working with Ideas
• 4. Highlighting and Taking Notes
• 5. Making Source Notes
• 6. Discovering Topics and Connections
• 7. Organizing Output
• 8. Coherent Paragraphs
• 9. Effective Sentences
• 10. Appropriate Words
• 11. Revising
• Revision Checklist

Ancillary Material

About the book.

There are plenty of personal knowledge management systems out there, promising to help you take smart notes or link your thinking or build a second brain. And there are plenty of writing guides out there promising to teach you the elements of style. This book offers a simple and effective way to make effective notes on sources and your interpretations of them, then turn those thoughts into clear and compelling output.

About the Contributors

Contribute to this page.

• IAS Preparation
• UPSC Preparation Strategy
• United Nations Educational Scientific And Cultural Organization Unesco

UNESCO - UPSC Notes

The United Nations Educational, Scientific and Cultural Organization (UNESCO) is an important programme under the United Nations. Such international bodies and programmes are very relevant for the IAS exam . In this article, you can read all about UNESCO, its functioning, mandate, objectives and India’s relations with it.

UNESCO is a specialised agency of the United Nations that works for world peace through global cooperation in the fields of education, culture and the sciences. 

UNESCO UPSC Notes:- Download PDF Here

• Through its programmes, it strives to achieve the Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs).
• UNESCO develops educational tools so as to help humanity live in a world free of intolerance and hate.
• It works in preserving the cultural heritage of the world’s many cultures and also promotes the equal dignity of all cultures.
• It also engages in advancing scientific programmes and policies as platforms for cooperation and development.
• UNESCO is also known for advocating the freedom of expression and stands up against the killing of journalists.
• Although officially founded as UNESCO in 1945, the organisation had its origins in the League of Nations itself. The Constitution of UNESCO came into force in 1946.
• Headquartered in Paris, UNESCO is also a member of the United Nations Development Programme (UNDP) .
• The US and Israel pulled out in 2019 citing bias in the organisation in the Palestine issue.
• The US had pulled out of UNESCO once earlier in 1984 and then rejoined in 2003.
• Three countries, namely, Palestine, Niue and the Cook Islands are members of UNESCO, but not of the UN.
• UNESCO sponsors many programmes such as in the fields of teacher training, science, promotion of media and press freedom, regional and cultural history, cultural diversity, natural and cultural heritage, translating world literature, human rights, etc.
• UNESCO is headed by its Director-General.
• Convention on the Means of Prohibiting and Preventing the Illicit Traffic of Cultural Property (1970)
• Convention for the Protection of the World Cultural and Natural Heritage (1972)
• Convention on the Protection of the Underwater Cultural Heritage (2001)
• Universal Declaration on Cultural Diversity (2001)
• Convention for the Safeguarding of the Intangible Cultural Heritage (2003)
• Convention on the Protection and Promotion of the Diversity of Cultural Expressions (2005)
• UNESCO is the only UN Agency to have a global network of national cooperating bodies known as National Commissions for UNESCO.

UNESCO World Heritage Sites

UNESCO World Heritage Site is a site recognized by UNESCO as having a distinctive cultural or physical significance, and which is considered of outstanding value to humanity. There are more than 1000 heritage sites across 167 nations.

To know more about UNESCO World Heritage Sites, and the list of World Heritage Sites in India, click here .

International Days observed at UNESCO

Through UNESCO, the United Nations designates specific days as occasions to mark particular events or topics in order to promote, through awareness and action, the objectives of the Organization.

Some of the International days observed by UNESCO is given in the table below:

To know more about other important international days and dates , visit the linked article.

UNESCO and India

India is a founding member of UNESCO. 

• The INCCU comes under the Department of Secondary and Higher Education, Ministry of Human Resource Development, GOI.
• UNESCO has its presence in India since 1948 and currently has two offices.
• Members are elected for four-year terms.
• India makes huge contributions to the organisation in the form of funds every year.
• Located in New Delhi, It is the first and only category 1 Research Institute in the Asia Pacific and focuses on achieving the SDG 4.7 towards education to foster peaceful and sustainable societies.
• UNESCO’s most significant work in India relates to the cultural heritage of the country. UNESCO works closely with the Ministry of Culture in this regard.

Frequently Asked Questions Related to the UNESCO

What are the achievements of unesco, what is the main purpose of unesco, what role has unesco played in india, leave a comment cancel reply.

Your Mobile number and Email id will not be published. Required fields are marked *

Request OTP on Voice Call

Post My Comment

IAS 2024 - Your dream can come true!

Download the ultimate guide to upsc cse preparation.

• Share Share

Register with BYJU'S & Download Free PDFs

Register with byju's & watch live videos.

25,000+ students realised their study abroad dream with us. Take the first step today

Here’s your new year gift, one app for all your, study abroad needs, start your journey, track your progress, grow with the community and so much more.

Verification Code

An OTP has been sent to your registered mobile no. Please verify

Thanks for your comment !

Our team will review it before it's shown to our readers.

• CBSE Guide /

Note Making: Format and Samples

• Updated on  
• Jan 9, 2024

Be it class 12 History or class 11 Political Science , making effective notes of vast subjects is very important for revision purposes. Apart from collating information pertinent to a multitude of subjects, note-making questions also form an integral part of the class 12 English syllabus or other such boards and exams. In such questions, which are somewhat tricky, a passage of 2-3 paragraphs is given which needs to be converted in the form of notes. At the outset, while it may seem demanding, the following are a few that steps can help you prepare efficiently and score well in the exams.

This Blog Includes:

Benefits of note making, give a quick read, intensive read, know the word limit, systems of note-making, graph or pattern design, outline or layout format, prompt and question format, split page format, note making format, note making sample, methods of note making, points to remember, introduction to note making in english grammar.

Note-making is a process of creating a record of important details from sources such as passages, paragraphs etc. The source can also be written documents or oral communication. Note-making means recording the essence of information that is crucial.

Some of the benefits that the process offers are mentioned below.

• It plays a major role while you are taking an exam or academic assessment
• It helps capture the idea in a more effective way, especially if the notes made are easier for you to understand
• It also helps in fast thinking, and comprehension, memory retention, and prepares an ever-lasting record
• It maintains a primary record of lectures, meetings or studies for later use by students
• Furthermore, note-making helps in summarising and overviewing a group of information which lends a hand in recognising central issues
• It is much more convenient whenever we are looking for a specific data.
• It helps us in filtering more important topics.
• Notes are made in a natural way and in our own language, which can make understanding of a topic much easier.

How to Begin Note-Making?

Note making is a process that in itself needs a process to start with. This is mentioned below!

One needs to understand the importance of reading before commencing the note-making task. It is important to give a quick look over the passage to get a sense of the information, its tone, ideological inclination, etc. Moreover, it helps you in knowing the main idea of the passage as well as the author’s aim in writing. However, as this is intended to develop a preliminary understanding of the passage, you must read at one stroke and leave the critical or knotty sections for when you begin your intensive reading. This should not take more than 3-5 minutes.

After you are done with your quick reading session, you can now start reading attentively and carefully. As you have already gone through the passage once and are attuned to its main idea, reading the passage carefully now assists you in developing a clear grasp of the facts, opinions, arguments, and counter-arguments mentioned by the author. 

• Furthermore, many passages contain a huge amount of information which you have put into categories of relevant, somewhat relevant or irrelevant. Doing this, in turn, will help you in better note making and preparation. 
• You must also remember that there may be sections or opinions that you may not agree with. You should not let any such information have an impact on the notes you prepare in any way or manner. During this phase, skipping any sentence or phrase is not advisable even if you feel it is not pertinent.

Typically, for note making questions, the word limit you must adhere to is 50-100 words. However, as per specific question patterns, the permitted word limit may change.

In books, we generally run over bullet points. The thought behind the use of bullet points is that they give substance about something in such a manner that it becomes easy to memorise and doesn’t become easily forgettable. The purpose of note-making is similar to that i.e. to bring the users’ attention to the main data, and pull back beyond all of the other things.

Different types of Note-Making Formats

In accordance with the requirement, be it in examination, outlining, data association, etc, ther are various different types of not-making formats. Some of them are mentioned below:-

This is a visual note-making approach. IN this method, the data is represented in the for a chart. Related information is present along side the same.

In this technique, all the central matters and related focuses are introduced through a map or a guide. This technique also contains text as well as pictures. The data then, is connected in an appropriate grouping.

In this technique, the data is introduced as a blueprint and the captions and title are numbered in similar manner in this.

This is a visual strategy technique where the central content is featured as a progression of inquiries with respective replies. This technique helps in rapidly going through the notes easily.

This is descriptive technique of note-making. In this method, the page is split into two sections. First or the primary section has the standard notes and the secondary segment will have summary. This format is the most widely recognised format for writing notes.

Note making is an art. Be it for article writing , jotting down ideas for an essay on environment , story writing , or for competitive exams , you need to have an outline so as to avoid missing any important detail. Here is a rough format you can follow to solve note making questions for exams: 

• Heading/Title – This is the starting section of your note which must convey the central idea of the passage. Various sub-headings and points hereon elaborate on this heading. It must be short, clear and crisp. 
• Subheadings, Points, and Sub-points – Subheadings are fundamental components of a passage which further contain important information that needs to be delineated into points and subpoints. 
• Abbreviations and Symbols – In order to shorten long words, it is common and permitted to use abbreviations. However, make use of abbreviative forms judiciously and remember to provide a key at the end of your note, listing all the full forms. Common symbols like  ‘ & , @ , # , % , etc are also permitted.

After getting familiar with the basic details, let us go through a sample to understand how one can answer such questions and score well in the exam:

Here, the keys used in the note-making practice, along with the actual referenced words are mentioned below!

So, what are the different methods that one can adopt while note-making? These are mentioned below!

Now that you are well aware of the specifics of the process, go through the following tips and tricks, mistakes generally committed and how to avoid them: 

• Use thesis statement : A thesis statement encapsulates the sense of the whole idea into a single and brief sentence. It can act as a road map that tells the reader about what he/she can expect while reading the included points. Write as many thesis statements as you can while preparing as this will aid you in getting the hang of writing in a short, succinct and brief manner.
• Revise at least Once: As note making requires you to trim down information, revising at least once after you have prepared your notes is vital. You may have missed relevant data pertaining to the passage.
• Use Active Voice : While preparing notes, make use of sentences only in active voice and do not use passive voice along with ‘had’, ‘have’, etc.
• Do not cross Word Limit : Note making is a play of words and crossing the word limit may result in the imposition of a penalty. 
• Be Choosy : Make use of only the most relevant information and do away with whatever is already implied.

Related Reads:-

Note making helps in fast thinking, and comprehension, memory retention, and prepares an ever-lasting record

The types of note making are The Cornell Method. The Outlining Method. The Charting Method. The Sentence Method. The Mapping Method.

Whether you are preparing for your school or any competitive exams, note making skills can help you write better answers. If the question of what to study after 12 also bothers you then take the assistance of Leverage Edu ’s psychometric test which, after gauging through your profile, will collate a list of suitable courses that align with your interest and goals

Team Leverage Edu

Leave a Reply Cancel reply

Save my name, email, and website in this browser for the next time I comment.

Contact no. *

Nice but at the same time more informative……

Leaving already?

8 Universities with higher ROI than IITs and IIMs

Grab this one-time opportunity to download this ebook

Connect With Us

25,000+ students realised their study abroad dream with us. take the first step today..

Resend OTP in

Need help with?

Study abroad.

UK, Canada, US & More

IELTS, GRE, GMAT & More

Scholarship, Loans & Forex

Country Preference

New Zealand

Which English test are you planning to take?

Which academic test are you planning to take.

Not Sure yet

When are you planning to take the exam?

Already booked my exam slot

Within 2 Months

Want to learn about the test

Which Degree do you wish to pursue?

When do you want to start studying abroad.

September 2024

January 2025

What is your budget to study abroad?

How would you describe this article ?

Please rate this article

We would like to hear more.

[email protected]

1-(888) 531-0857.

• The Art of Writing a Short Note

Table of Contents

The importance of writing a short note, tips for writing a short note, 1. be clear and concise, 2. use a personal tone, 3. express gratitude or appreciation, 4. keep it positive, examples of short notes, 1. why is writing a short note important, 2. how can i make my short note more personal, 3. what should i avoid when writing a short note, 4. how can i express gratitude in a short note, 5. what are some examples of short notes for different occasions.

Writing a short note may seem like a simple task, but it requires careful consideration and attention to detail. Whether you are sending a thank you note, a quick reminder, or a brief message to a friend, the way you craft your words can make a significant impact. In this article, we will explore the art of writing a short note, providing you with tips and strategies to help you communicate effectively in a concise manner.

Short notes are a powerful tool for communication in various situations. They can convey gratitude, express condolences, provide updates, or simply brighten someone’s day. In a world where we are constantly bombarded with information, a short note can stand out and make a lasting impression. Whether you are writing a note for personal or professional reasons, taking the time to craft a thoughtful message can strengthen your relationships and leave a positive impact.

When writing a short note, it is essential to get straight to the point. Avoid unnecessary details and focus on conveying your message clearly and concisely. Keep your sentences short and to the point, and avoid using overly complex language.

Whether you are writing a note to a friend, a colleague, or a family member, it is important to use a personal tone. Address the recipient by name, and tailor your message to suit your relationship with them. Adding a personal touch can make your note more meaningful and memorable.

If you are writing a thank you note or expressing appreciation, be specific about what you are grateful for. Mention the specific actions or gestures that made a difference to you, and express your gratitude sincerely.

Regardless of the purpose of your note, it is important to keep your message positive. Avoid negative language or criticism, and focus on uplifting and encouraging the recipient. A positive note can brighten someone’s day and leave a lasting impression.

Here are a few examples of short notes for different occasions:

• Thank you note: “Dear [Name], I wanted to take a moment to thank you for your help with [specific task]. Your support made a significant difference, and I am truly grateful.”
• Condolence note: “Dear [Name], I was deeply saddened to hear about your loss. Please know that you are in my thoughts and prayers during this difficult time.”
• Reminder note: “Hi [Name], Just a quick reminder that our meeting is scheduled for [date and time]. Looking forward to our discussion.”

Writing a short note may seem like a small gesture, but it can have a big impact. By following the tips and strategies outlined in this article, you can communicate effectively in a concise manner and strengthen your relationships with others. Whether you are expressing gratitude, offering condolences, or simply reaching out to a friend, a well-crafted short note can make a lasting impression.

Writing a short note is important because it allows you to communicate effectively in a concise manner and make a lasting impression on the recipient.

You can make your short note more personal by addressing the recipient by name and tailoring your message to suit your relationship with them.

When writing a short note, it is important to avoid negative language, criticism, and unnecessary details. Keep your message positive and to the point.

To express gratitude in a short note, be specific about what you are grateful for and mention the actions or gestures that made a difference to you.

Examples of short notes for different occasions include thank you notes, condolence notes, and reminder notes. Tailor your message to suit the purpose of your note and the relationship with the recipient.

Latest articles

The ultimate guide to instander 16.0 apk download, the magic of ilayaraja songs: a guide to mp3 downloads on masstamilan, the ultimate guide to imovie songs download, the power of “hurts so good” song download, editor picks, types of cases that long-term disability lawyers handle, stop throwing money at the thermostat optimize your central heating for..., cocooning in style: the danish art of hygge comes back, popular posts, the power of the dog: everything you want to know, grease: rise of the pink ladies : new updates you should..., australian television series harrow season 4 what fans can expect from..., popular category.

• Entertainment 1974
• Marketing 569
• TV Shows 562
• Business 123

• PRO Courses Guides New Tech Help Pro Expert Videos About wikiHow Pro Upgrade Sign In
• EDIT Edit this Article
• EXPLORE Tech Help Pro About Us Random Article Quizzes Request a New Article Community Dashboard This Or That Game Popular Categories Arts and Entertainment Artwork Books Movies Computers and Electronics Computers Phone Skills Technology Hacks Health Men's Health Mental Health Women's Health Relationships Dating Love Relationship Issues Hobbies and Crafts Crafts Drawing Games Education & Communication Communication Skills Personal Development Studying Personal Care and Style Fashion Hair Care Personal Hygiene Youth Personal Care School Stuff Dating All Categories Arts and Entertainment Finance and Business Home and Garden Relationship Quizzes Cars & Other Vehicles Food and Entertaining Personal Care and Style Sports and Fitness Computers and Electronics Health Pets and Animals Travel Education & Communication Hobbies and Crafts Philosophy and Religion Work World Family Life Holidays and Traditions Relationships Youth
• Browse Articles
• Learn Something New
• Quizzes Hot
• This Or That Game New
• Train Your Brain
• Explore More
• Support wikiHow
• About wikiHow
• Log in / Sign up
• Education and Communications
• Letter Writing

How to Write a Note

Last Updated: January 18, 2024 Fact Checked

This article was reviewed by Tami Claytor . Tami Claytor is an Etiquette Coach, Image Consultant, and the Owner of Always Appropriate Image and Etiquette Consulting in New York, New York. With over 20 years of experience, Tami specializes in teaching etiquette classes to individuals, students, companies, and community organizations. Tami has spent decades studying cultures through her extensive travels across five continents and has created cultural diversity workshops to promote social justice and cross-cultural awareness. She holds a BA in Economics with a concentration in International Relations from Clark University. Tami studied at the Ophelia DeVore School of Charm and the Fashion Institute of Technology, where she earned her Image Consultant Certification. This article has been fact-checked, ensuring the accuracy of any cited facts and confirming the authority of its sources. This article has been viewed 84,210 times.

A note can be defined as a few different things, but most importantly, it can be a short, informal letter, or it can be a short record of something that is written down to help jog the memory later. [1] X Research source Notes and letters are easily confused, because of the fact that a note is considered an informal letter. However, there are distinct differences between the two, including how they are written.

Writing Notes to Yourself

• You could choose the traditional pen-and-paper method: Options here include sticky notes, a small notepad, an agenda, a journal, a diary, or a spiral-bound notebook.
• Alternatively, you could choose a technological method: You can try the Sticky Notes program on Windows, a notepad app on your smartphone, a reminder app on your smartphone, or your preferred online calendar, such as Google Calendar or iCal.

• When you need a particular note to help you remember something, you will likely have no idea where it is if you use sticky notes, a calendar, a journal, and an app on your smartphone, as an example.
• There is no way to organize your notes to yourself when you use many different systems. You might have the urge to write something down when it is inconvenient to do so using the system you normally use for that type of thought (e.g. you always write recipe ideas down in your journal, but you get an idea when you are not at home).
• Your reminders and notes are simply more likely to get lost when lots of systems are involved. That may not always mean physically lost; it could also mean mentally lost (i.e. forgotten).

• When the urge strikes to write down a note to yourself, you have the tool you need to do so handy.
• Your notes will stay organized all in one place if you always have that tool with you.

• Writing it down immediately ensures you will not lose that thought.
• If you chose an option like sticky notes, be sure that you keep the sticky note in a safe place until you can put it wherever you choose to safely store them, if you are not near that place.
• You do not necessarily need to use complete sentences when writing a note, as long as you are confident that you will know what you meant when you come back to look at it later.

• If you keep notes to yourself on your smartphone or computer, they will always be there. However, if you choose to use a word processing program for writing notes to yourself, remember to save the documents.
• You might want to keep all of your notes to yourself in something like a journal or diary. Always have that with you or know where it is so that you can access it when you need it.
• Keeping your notes on or near your desk is usually a pretty good idea, as that is one place you likely spend much of your day.
• Sticky notes work really well for some people, but they get messy quick. They also lose their stickiness eventually, causing them to fall from wherever you stuck them and potentially get lost. Keep this in mind if you use sticky notes!

Writing Notes to Someone Else

• Using a technological tool for leaving notes likely will not work when trying to leave a note for someone else, so it is best to choose a pen-and-paper method.
• Always have something ready for writing notes, like a small notepad, sticky notes, or some scrap paper.

• Keep it short and simple. It does not necessarily have to be written in complete sentences, but make sure the recipient will understand what it means.
• Avoid getting off-topic, especially if it is a reminder note. The recipient may get confused about what you are asking him/her to do if you get off-topic.
• Adding a time and/or date to the note will help if it is time-sensitive. This will help the recipient understand when you left the note and how much time he/she has remaining to take care of the task.

• On the refrigerator or freezer door
• On the kitchen counter
• On the dining table
• On the bathroom counter
• In his/her lunchbox
• On his/her desk
• On the seat of his/her car

• If he/she follows up with you first, then there is no need to ask about it again, unless you asked him/her to complete some sort of task that you want to ensure got completed.
• Be polite and friendly without being pushy. Asking, “Did you see my note this morning? I hope I left it in a convenient place for you” or “Do you have any questions about my note?” are some examples.

Writing a Sympathy Note

• Because it is a card for a sympathy note, it should be somewhat professional and serious in appearance. Humorous cards are not appropriate here.
• Your card can be small or large; your note will only be a couple of sentences, so make sure it is at least big enough to fit those.
• You might want a blank card to write your own note. However, you can buy a card with a message printed in it and add to it with your own note, too.

• Dear _______,
• Hello ________,
• Hi ________,

• January 1, 2015
• 1 January 2015

• “I am sorry for your loss. I send my condolences to you and your family in this difficult time.”
• “I want you to know that I am thinking about you while you work through this challenging time. Please let me know what I can do to help you.”
• “I know that this was unexpected, and I am here for you however you need me.”
• “You might not feel like it right now, but you are strong, and you will get through this.”
• “You are not alone. You have many relatives and friends who are ready to support you and help you get through this.”

• Love, ________
• With love, ________
• Your friend, ________
• Sincerely, ________
• Warmly, ________

Writing a Celebratory Note

• Feel free to make your card bright and exciting, as you are celebrating something with this note.
• Your message, or the message printed on the card you buy, might be humorous, serious, or uplifting. It is your choice.

• Hey ________,
• You might also simply write the recipient's name followed by a comma.

• “Happy birthday! I hope you have a fantastic day filled with happiness and love.”
• “Congratulations on the promotion! You will do an excellent job in your new role.”
• “Congrats on graduating! All of your hard work has paid off. Welcome to the real world!”
• “You should be so proud! Buying your first home is a major accomplishment. I can't wait to visit!”
• “Congratulations on your little bundle of joy! I hope baby and parents are doing well, and I'm looking forward to meeting him/her!”

• Best wishes, ________

Sympathy and Celebratory Note Templates

Expert Q&A

• Keep the note short, even if it is a note to someone else. Notes are meant to convey quick thoughts and should not be long. Thanks Helpful 0 Not Helpful 0
• Write legibly. This is not so important with a note to yourself, as you will likely be able to decipher your own handwriting. However, when writing a note to someone else, you want to be sure to write clearly enough for the recipient to read it easily. Thanks Helpful 0 Not Helpful 0

You Might Also Like

• ↑ https://dictionary.reference.com/browse/note?s=t
• ↑ https://www.artofmanliness.com/character/etiquette/the-art-of-letter-writing-the-sympathy-note/
• ↑ https://www.indeed.com/career-advice/career-development/congratulations-note-and-email-examples

About This Article

• Send fan mail to authors

Did this article help you?

Featured Articles

Trending Articles

Watch Articles

• Terms of Use
• Privacy Policy
• Do Not Sell or Share My Info
• Not Selling Info

wikiHow Tech Help Pro:

Level up your tech skills and stay ahead of the curve

• Literary Criticism and Theory

Write short notes on Sphota

  Write short notes on Sphota

Sphota, a Sanskrit word meaning "bursting forth" or "explosion," is a key concept in Indian grammatical and philosophical traditions. It refers to the non-linear, holistic apprehension of meaning that occurs when we encounter language. It is not simply the sum of individual phonemes or words, but rather a unified whole that transcends its constituent parts. This concept has profoundly impacted the study of language and literature in India, offering a unique perspective on meaning-making and the relationship between sound and sense. Sphota Theory for MEG 05 Literary Criticism and Theory

Sphota theory originated in the ancient Vyakarana school of linguistics, particularly with the work of the renowned grammarian Patanjali (2nd century BCE). He proposed that Sphota is the eternal, indivisible unit of meaning that underlies all speech. It is the "sphota" of this unit that allows us to grasp the whole meaning of a sentence instantaneously, even though we hear or read the individual words sequentially.

Scholars have proposed different interpretations of the nature of Sphota. Some view it as a mental entity, a kind of "word-image" that arises in the mind upon hearing or reading a sound sequence. Others believe it is a universal form, a Platonic ideal that exists independently of any individual utterance. Still others argue for a more dynamic interpretation, seeing Sphota as a process of meaning-making that occurs in real-time, as the mind integrates the individual sounds and words into a coherent whole.

Regardless of the specific interpretation, the core idea of Sphota emphasizes the non-linearity of meaning-making. It challenges the notion that meaning is built up sequentially, one word at a time. Instead, it suggests that we grasp the meaning of a whole sentence or even a larger text as a single unit, even before we have processed all the individual components.

This concept has profound implications for the study of literature. By emphasizing the importance of holistic understanding, Sphota theory encourages readers to move beyond a surface-level analysis of words and sentences and delve deeper into the underlying unity of meaning. It suggests that literary texts are not merely collections of words, but rather complex structures that convey meaning through a complex interplay of sound, sense, and form.

 Sphota can help us understand how poets create unity and coherence in their works. By carefully arranging words and sounds, poets can evoke a specific "sphota" in the reader's mind, leading to a richer and more profound understanding of the poem's meaning. For example, the poet Kalidasa uses internal rhyme and alliteration in his poem "Meghadūta" to create a sense of unity and coherence, evoking the sphota of the poem's central theme: longing and separation.

Drama: 

Sphota plays a crucial role in shaping the dramatic experience. The rapid exchange of dialogue and the interplay of voices create a dynamic "sphota" that keeps the audience engaged and immersed in the unfolding story. For instance, in Shakespeare's plays, the use of soliloquies allows characters to reveal their inner thoughts and emotions directly to the audience, contributing to the overall sphota of the play's message.

Narrative: 

Sphota theory can help us understand how narrative works to create meaning and suspense. By withholding information and gradually revealing details, writers can create a sense of anticipation and mystery, leading the reader towards the final "sphota" of the narrative resolution. For example, in the novel "Moby Dick," Melville uses a complex narrative structure and a range of voices to build suspense and anticipation, culminating in the final, explosive confrontation with the whale, which serves as the sphota of the novel's themes and symbolism.

These are just a few examples of how Sphota theory can be applied to the analysis of literature. By recognizing the importance of holistic understanding and the non-linear nature of meaning-making, Sphota offers a valuable tool for enriching our appreciation of literary texts and their complex layers of meaning.

In conclusion, Sphota is a powerful concept that offers a unique perspective on the nature of language and meaning. It encourages us to move beyond a surface-level analysis of words and sentences and recognize the underlying unity of meaning that resides within them. By understanding Sphota, we can gain a deeper appreciation for the power and complexity of language, and for the intricate ways in which it shapes our understanding of the world around us.

a) Peripetia (c) Class ideology (d) Poetic Diction

0 comments:

Note: Only a member of this blog may post a comment.

Popular Posts

• Ice Candy Man Summary, Themes and Characters Bapsi Sidhwa: Ice-Candy-Man Ice Candy Man Summary The novel Cracking India (first published as Ice-Candy-Man in 1980), by Bapsi Sidh...
• Why does Plato want the artists to be kept away from the ideal state? Discuss Why does Plato want the artists to be kept away from the ideal state? Discuss Ans . Plato, born around 427 BC in Athens, Greece, was an i...

Watch Video Now !

Labels Cloud

• BA Assignment 2022-23 9
• Biography 11
• Book Summary 13
• Competitive Exams 9
• English Literature 729
• Govt Exams 4
• IGNOU Answers 1491
• IGNOU ASSIGNMENT 475
• ignou assignment 2022-23 288
• NMIMS Assignment 11