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Reengineering the Recruitment Process

The skills needed in many roles are continually changing—and sources of talent are too.

The Covid-19 pandemic has upended many traditional business practices. When it comes to recruiting, the crisis has not so much disrupted as accelerated shifts in the talent landscape that were already under way, leaving many companies poorly served by their current hiring practices. In a period of steep unemployment, it might seem that companies looking to add workers would be in the driver’s seat. But job openings have also been rising in recent months, meaning that competition for top talent remains keen—and in uncertain times, bringing on the right people is more important than ever.

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Conceptualizations of E-recruitment: A Literature Review and Analysis

14 Department of Computer Science, Namibia University of Science and Technology, 13 Jackson Kaujeua Street, Windhoek, Namibia

Irwin Brown

15 Department of Information Systems, University of Cape Town, Rondebosch, Cape Town, 7701 South Africa

There is diversity in understanding of electronic recruitment (e-recruitment) which results in confusion on the meaning and use of the term. The purpose of this paper is to bring conceptual clarity by investigating the alternative conceptualizations of e-recruitment in academic literature. Using Grounded Theory Methodology (GTM) techniques we analyzed literature to reveal five alternative conceptualizations; these being: (1) E-recruitment as a Technology Tool, (2) E-recruitment as a System, (3) E-recruitment as a Process, (4) E-recruitment as a Service, and (5) E-recruitment as a Proxy. The conceptualizations map to the scope of the definition and utilization of e-recruitment. Identifying conceptualizations of e-recruitment sets a platform for further research. Further research may include determining the relationships between the conceptualizations and determining conceptualizations in different settings among many other possible research focus topics.

Introduction

E-recruitment has many labels that include; internet recruitment, online recruitment, web-recruitment and many others. Unlike traditional recruitment, e-recruitment makes use of information technology to handle the recruitment processes. Breaugh et al. [ 1 ] defined a recruitment model that presents the recruitment process at a macro level with the following activities: Setting recruitment objectives, developing a strategy, performing the recruitment activity and obtaining and evaluating recruitment results. Recruiters compete with each other for candidates (jobseekers suitable for available jobs), while jobseekers compete for jobs; which drives both groups to adopt information technologies at accelerated rates in order to take the strain out of some of the recruitment activities [ 2 – 7 ]. “ For most job seekers, the Internet is where the action is ” [ 3 , p. 140]. Thus, to get candidates, recruiters need to move swiftly to locate and hire, which may require use of a multitude of information technologies in the process [ 8 , p. 130].

There is evidence in research papers that academic disciplines and stakeholders have varied definitions of e-recruitment. The variety of definitions of e-recruitment is expected because it is part of e-HRM (electronic Human Resource Management) that has in itself different definitions depending on the context [ 6 , p. 26], [ 9 , p. 98]. Studies based on these definitions tend to reveal overlapping and contradictory results due to the overlaps or differences in definitions [ 9 , p. 100]. The differences in definitions, aside from being problematic, is evidence of the variety in conceptualization of e-recruitment. Thus to find a standard definition of e-recruitment, conceptualizations of e-recruitment need to be known. To our knowledge, no research paper in e-recruitment has focused on conceptualization of e-recruitment, however there are studies in other areas of information systems (IS) that have focused on conceptualization [ 10 – 19 ]. Most view conceptualization as the formulation of a view about the nature of a phenomenon. The research questions to be answered are:

• What conceptualizations of e - recruitment exist in literature?
• How can the conceptualizations be described and explained?

Methodology for Reviewing Literature

Because of the large number of research papers on e-recruitment we aimed at selecting papers for review that would embrace the full variety of conceptualizations of e-recruitment. Also, we wanted a flexible review methodology that would allow for selection and analysis of papers simultaneously, as the conceptualizations emerged, rather than a sequential review methodology that required all research papers to be selected beforehand. Such flexibility is provided for by applying grounded theory methodology (GTM) as a suitable review methodology [ 20 ]. GTM techniques used in this study included open coding to identify concepts, constant comparative analysis to refine and differentiate conceptualizations, and theoretical sampling to identify further relevant literature [ 21 , 22 ].

Figure  1 is a flowchart depicting how the literature was processed from search until conceptualizations of e-recruitment were identified, saturated and completed.

GTM for reviewing literature

Searching for Articles

We used the web search engine Google Scholar to search electronically for the articles. We fed keywords synonymic with the word e-recruitment into the searching tool. These are: e-recruiting, e-HRM, e-Human Resource Management, electronic HRM, electronic Human Resource Management, e-recruiting, e-recruitment, internet recruiting, internet recruitment, online recruiting, online recruitment, recruiting online, recruiting on the internet, recruiting on the web, recruitment online, web-based recruiting, web-based recruitment, web recruiting, web recruitment [ 20 ].

After an initial search on Google Scholar and filtering of articles for relevancy based on paper titles and abstracts we had 445 journal articles and conference papers published in the period 1998 to 2019 in approximately 145 sources. The search process provided a set of many articles, but it did not qualify all of them as useful for the review. The selection process had to take place to sample useful and relevant articles for the review.

Theoretical Sampling of Articles

Ideally all papers on e-recruitment needed to be included in the review. Alternatively, papers included in the analysis had to be a representative sample of all papers in e-recruitment that were relevant for the developing conceptualizations. However with the vast amount of research in e-recruitment and the huge number of articles from our search and filtering it would be difficult or time consuming to include all relevant e-recruitment research articles for the review. The alternative of having a representative sample was viable and using GTM’s theoretical sampling [ 21 ] was feasible for the objectives of this research to be met.

An initial article to be analyzed was picked from the population of 445 articles. Picking of subsequent articles for inclusion in the sample was informed by the emerging conceptualizations. Theoretical sampling was performed until all the conceptualizations got saturated and completed. Glaser [ 22 ] defines saturation as a state where new data does not bring new properties to the concepts. In an effort to attain completeness a check was done to make sure all conceptualizations were included. Theoretical sampling ended when saturation and completeness was achieved. This is the point at which the number of research articles involved in identifying conceptualizations in e-recruitment were counted. In the end 26 research articles were relevant for identifying and explaining conceptualizations of e-recruitment.

Analyzing Articles

Analysis of the articles that let conceptualizations of e-recruitment emerge (see Fig.  1 ) required that constant comparison be applied by comparing codes to codes and concepts to concepts to find and note their relationships and further develop the labelled conceptualizations [ 21 , 22 ]. The emerging conceptualizations served as a framework for further selection of articles and using systematic deduction from the emerging conceptualization possibilities and probabilities were determined to guide the next cycle of article selection. Memos were created to note the emergent ideas. Memoed ideas also served to direct which article to sample next.

Every sampled article was investigated for its perspective on the essence of e-recruitment or the most essential or most vital part that embodied the conceptualization of e-recruitment. Indicators in the article brought forth the conceptualizations. The moment of departure from the analysis to getting another article for analysis came only after the article was fully analyzed. The resulting conceptualizations are detailed in the next section.

Conceptualizations of E-recruitment

Five conceptualizations of e-recruitment emerged from extent literature, namely: e-recruitment as a technology tool, e-recruitment as a system, e-recruitment as a process, e-recruitment as a service and e-recruitment as a proxy. Although many of the articles had a mixture of conceptualizations, one or two stood out in each article and for each conceptualization Table  1 gives example research articles. After the presentation in Table  1 each of the conceptualizations is described and explained in sub-sections that follow.

Table 1.

E-recruitment as a technology tool.

E-recruitment as a technology tool is a conceptualization of e-recruitment as a technical artefact [ 19 ]. This means is demonstrated by Faliagka et al. [ 23 ] who presented a tool to automate the ranking of applicants in recruitment.

E-recruitment as a System

Studies that view e-recruitment as a system conceptually divide e-recruitment into independent but interrelated elements, at the core of which is information technology, society, organizations, etc. The system view allows each component to receive input from the other elements and produce input for other components [ 25 ]. The system view of e-recruitment assigns all automating functions to the IT artefact of the system while organizational recruitment experts evaluate the outcome [ 24 ]. While some stakeholders view e-recruitment as a system, others view it as a process.

E-recruitment as a Process

Instead of focusing on entities, the process view of e-recruitment focuses on e-recruitment activities [ 37 ]. There is no attempt to set boundaries between the IT artefact, society and organization, but activities are clearly identified and can be performed by either the IT artefact or by human actors. Examples include e-recruitment being seen as data collection activity using an online system [ 33 ]. However recruitment activities can be performed by human actors too [ 37 ]. With the process view of e-recruitment the end goal is the execution of all the recruitment activities.

E-recruitment as a Service

The view exists that e-recruitment is a service to recruiters and job-seekers. Many e-recruitment platforms are independent of the organizations or societies they serve. Sub-views of e-recruitment as a service include: e-recruitment as a repository, e-recruitment as a medium, and e-recruitment as a program.

E-recruitment as a repository.

Some studies portrayed e-recruitment as a repository for data about jobs, recruiters and employers [ 40 ]. In another study online forms were filled in by jobseekers and the data provided on the forms was stored for recruiters and other stakeholders to retrieve [ 33 ]. While the view of e-recruitment as a repository is usually held when e-recruitment is newly adopted, other services follow suit.

E-recruitment as a medium is another view held, e.g. Bartram [ 41 ] portrays e-recruitment as a facilitator of communication between jobseekers and organizations. Traditional media like newspaper [ 42 ] are sometimes found inconvenient thus e-recruitment takes their place. Some organizations employ e-recruiters who form part of e-recruitment and serve to link the IT artefact and other elements in recruitment. Although e-recruitment as a medium improves communication speed it also comes with a downside, e.g. information overload [ 37 ].

E-recruitment as a program is a view that associates e-recruitment with calculations and logical interpretation and processing of data. One study included, as an algorithmic module, a Pre-screening Management System to automatically assess the extent of match between an applicant’s qualification and job requirements [ 25 ]. Such module or similar modules are found in many e-recruitment systems given the high volumes of applications associated with e-recruitment. Therefore, many studies espouse the view that e-recruitment serves to provide a convenient matching program.

E-Recruitment as a Proxy

Orlikowski and Iacono [ 19 ] reveal the pervasiveness of the proxy view of the IT artefact in IS literature. E-recruitment may act to present the image of the company, culture of the company, etc. Braddy et al. [ 45 ] examined the effects of website content features on people’s perceptions of organizational culture. Their study implies that e-recruitment, especially the IT artefact (website) acts on behalf of some corporate image management entity in the organization. Some studies focused on website content [ 45 ], while others focused on website characteristics [ 46 ].

Contribution and Implications of Conceptualizations of E-recruitment

Conceptualizations of e-recruitment contribute to understanding of e-recruitment and have implications for both practice and research as discussed in this section.

Contribution of the Research

This study mapped the scope of the definition of e-recruitment by explaining the diversity in understanding. This mapping was done by identifying five conceptualizations of e-recruitment and labelling them as: E-recruitment as a Technology Tool, E-recruitment as a System, E-recruitment as a Process, E-recruitment as a Service and E-recruitment as a Proxy. Taking note of conceptualizations provides practitioners with a tool to enhance productivity while allowing researchers to have more focus in their research.

Implications of Conceptualizations of E-recruitment

The implications of conceptualizations of e-recruitment stem from being able to attach a label to the said stakeholders’ conceptualizations and put it to their trade or scholarly pursuits. Labelling conceptualizations provides a pathway to standardization of e-recruitment. The benefits of such standardization include having common understanding of concepts, and ease of communication. While these are overarching implications, some implications are specific to practice or research.

Implications for Practice.

Labelled and well defined conceptualizations of e-recruitment sets bounds on what practitioners should expect in their practice and strive towards when they adopt a particular conceptualization. Well defined conceptualizations as ones in this study provide alternative conceptualization options that practitioners can adopt depending on their needs. Practitioners can always adopt a conceptualization that best reflects their situation. As there are implications for practice, there are implications for research as well.

Implications for Research.

Through this identification, description and explanation of conceptualizations of e-recruitment, there are a number of conceptualizations to consider. Therefore, focus on a specific conceptualization or focus on specific conceptualizations is possible. Such focus allows the researcher to delimit research.

Conclusion and Further Research

The study highlighted the problem of diversity in understanding of e-recruitment that goes without explicit attention in literature and proposed that identifying and labelling the varied conceptualizations of e-recruitment can be part of better articulation of the diversity. Using GTM, literature on e-recruitment was reviewed and conceptualizations of e-recruitment were identified. Taking note of conceptualizations provides practitioners with a tool to enhance productivity while allowing researchers to have more focus in their research. In addition this study provides insight into directions for potential further study.

Further Research

While this research contributes to understanding of e-recruitment, further research related to it can respond to several issues which are not addressed herein. Understanding of relationships between conceptualizations helps to avoid conceptual chaos. Therefore, further research aimed at relating the conceptualizations is essential. Conceptualizations of e-recruitment may be compared to conceptualizations of other forms of e-phenomena, and hence to the development of more general understanding of IS and the IT artefact.

Contributor Information

Marié Hattingh, Email: [email protected] .

Machdel Matthee, Email: [email protected] .

Hanlie Smuts, Email: [email protected] .

Ilias Pappas, Email: [email protected] .

Yogesh K. Dwivedi, Email: moc.liamg@ideviwdky .

Matti Mäntymäki, Email: [email protected] .

Mike Abia, Email: moc.liamg@ekimaiba .

Irwin Brown, Email: [email protected] .

Conference on e-Business, e-Services and e-Society

I3E 2020: Responsible Design, Implementation and Use of Information and Communication Technology pp 370–379 Cite as

Conceptualizations of E-recruitment: A Literature Review and Analysis

• Mike Abia 14 &
• Irwin Brown 15  
• Conference paper
• First Online: 01 April 2020

19k Accesses

3 Citations

Part of the book series: Lecture Notes in Computer Science ((LNISA,volume 12067))

There is diversity in understanding of electronic recruitment (e-recruitment) which results in confusion on the meaning and use of the term. The purpose of this paper is to bring conceptual clarity by investigating the alternative conceptualizations of e-recruitment in academic literature. Using Grounded Theory Methodology (GTM) techniques we analyzed literature to reveal five alternative conceptualizations; these being: (1) E-recruitment as a Technology Tool, (2) E-recruitment as a System, (3) E-recruitment as a Process, (4) E-recruitment as a Service, and (5) E-recruitment as a Proxy. The conceptualizations map to the scope of the definition and utilization of e-recruitment. Identifying conceptualizations of e-recruitment sets a platform for further research. Further research may include determining the relationships between the conceptualizations and determining conceptualizations in different settings among many other possible research focus topics.

• E-recruitment
• Conceptualization
• Literature review
• Grounded Theory Methodology

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1 Introduction

E-recruitment has many labels that include; internet recruitment, online recruitment, web-recruitment and many others. Unlike traditional recruitment, e-recruitment makes use of information technology to handle the recruitment processes. Breaugh et al. [ 1 ] defined a recruitment model that presents the recruitment process at a macro level with the following activities: Setting recruitment objectives, developing a strategy, performing the recruitment activity and obtaining and evaluating recruitment results. Recruiters compete with each other for candidates (jobseekers suitable for available jobs), while jobseekers compete for jobs; which drives both groups to adopt information technologies at accelerated rates in order to take the strain out of some of the recruitment activities [ 2 , 3 , 4 , 5 , 6 , 7 ]. “ For most job seekers, the Internet is where the action is ” [ 3 , p. 140]. Thus, to get candidates, recruiters need to move swiftly to locate and hire, which may require use of a multitude of information technologies in the process [ 8 , p. 130].

There is evidence in research papers that academic disciplines and stakeholders have varied definitions of e-recruitment. The variety of definitions of e-recruitment is expected because it is part of e-HRM (electronic Human Resource Management) that has in itself different definitions depending on the context [ 6 , p. 26], [ 9 , p. 98]. Studies based on these definitions tend to reveal overlapping and contradictory results due to the overlaps or differences in definitions [ 9 , p. 100]. The differences in definitions, aside from being problematic, is evidence of the variety in conceptualization of e-recruitment. Thus to find a standard definition of e-recruitment, conceptualizations of e-recruitment need to be known. To our knowledge, no research paper in e-recruitment has focused on conceptualization of e-recruitment, however there are studies in other areas of information systems (IS) that have focused on conceptualization [ 10 , 11 , 12 , 13 , 14 , 15 , 16 , 17 , 18 , 19 ]. Most view conceptualization as the formulation of a view about the nature of a phenomenon. The research questions to be answered are:

What conceptualizations of e - recruitment exist in literature?

How can the conceptualizations be described and explained?

2 Methodology for Reviewing Literature

Because of the large number of research papers on e-recruitment we aimed at selecting papers for review that would embrace the full variety of conceptualizations of e-recruitment. Also, we wanted a flexible review methodology that would allow for selection and analysis of papers simultaneously, as the conceptualizations emerged, rather than a sequential review methodology that required all research papers to be selected beforehand. Such flexibility is provided for by applying grounded theory methodology (GTM) as a suitable review methodology [ 20 ]. GTM techniques used in this study included open coding to identify concepts, constant comparative analysis to refine and differentiate conceptualizations, and theoretical sampling to identify further relevant literature [ 21 , 22 ].

Figure  1 is a flowchart depicting how the literature was processed from search until conceptualizations of e-recruitment were identified, saturated and completed.

GTM for reviewing literature

2.1 Searching for Articles

We used the web search engine Google Scholar to search electronically for the articles. We fed keywords synonymic with the word e-recruitment into the searching tool. These are: e-recruiting, e-HRM, e-Human Resource Management, electronic HRM, electronic Human Resource Management, e-recruiting, e-recruitment, internet recruiting, internet recruitment, online recruiting, online recruitment, recruiting online, recruiting on the internet, recruiting on the web, recruitment online, web-based recruiting, web-based recruitment, web recruiting, web recruitment [ 20 ].

After an initial search on Google Scholar and filtering of articles for relevancy based on paper titles and abstracts we had 445 journal articles and conference papers published in the period 1998 to 2019 in approximately 145 sources. The search process provided a set of many articles, but it did not qualify all of them as useful for the review. The selection process had to take place to sample useful and relevant articles for the review.

2.2 Theoretical Sampling of Articles

Ideally all papers on e-recruitment needed to be included in the review. Alternatively, papers included in the analysis had to be a representative sample of all papers in e-recruitment that were relevant for the developing conceptualizations. However with the vast amount of research in e-recruitment and the huge number of articles from our search and filtering it would be difficult or time consuming to include all relevant e-recruitment research articles for the review. The alternative of having a representative sample was viable and using GTM’s theoretical sampling [ 21 ] was feasible for the objectives of this research to be met.

An initial article to be analyzed was picked from the population of 445 articles. Picking of subsequent articles for inclusion in the sample was informed by the emerging conceptualizations. Theoretical sampling was performed until all the conceptualizations got saturated and completed. Glaser [ 22 ] defines saturation as a state where new data does not bring new properties to the concepts. In an effort to attain completeness a check was done to make sure all conceptualizations were included. Theoretical sampling ended when saturation and completeness was achieved. This is the point at which the number of research articles involved in identifying conceptualizations in e-recruitment were counted. In the end 26 research articles were relevant for identifying and explaining conceptualizations of e-recruitment.

2.3 Analyzing Articles

Analysis of the articles that let conceptualizations of e-recruitment emerge (see Fig.  1 ) required that constant comparison be applied by comparing codes to codes and concepts to concepts to find and note their relationships and further develop the labelled conceptualizations [ 21 , 22 ]. The emerging conceptualizations served as a framework for further selection of articles and using systematic deduction from the emerging conceptualization possibilities and probabilities were determined to guide the next cycle of article selection. Memos were created to note the emergent ideas. Memoed ideas also served to direct which article to sample next.

Every sampled article was investigated for its perspective on the essence of e-recruitment or the most essential or most vital part that embodied the conceptualization of e-recruitment. Indicators in the article brought forth the conceptualizations. The moment of departure from the analysis to getting another article for analysis came only after the article was fully analyzed. The resulting conceptualizations are detailed in the next section.

3 Conceptualizations of E-recruitment

Five conceptualizations of e-recruitment emerged from extent literature, namely: e-recruitment as a technology tool, e-recruitment as a system, e-recruitment as a process, e-recruitment as a service and e-recruitment as a proxy. Although many of the articles had a mixture of conceptualizations, one or two stood out in each article and for each conceptualization Table  1 gives example research articles. After the presentation in Table  1 each of the conceptualizations is described and explained in sub-sections that follow.

3.1 E-recruitment as a Technology Tool

E-recruitment as a technology tool is a conceptualization of e-recruitment as a technical artefact [ 19 ]. This means is demonstrated by Faliagka et al. [ 23 ] who presented a tool to automate the ranking of applicants in recruitment.

3.2 E-recruitment as a System

Studies that view e-recruitment as a system conceptually divide e-recruitment into independent but interrelated elements, at the core of which is information technology, society, organizations, etc. The system view allows each component to receive input from the other elements and produce input for other components [ 25 ]. The system view of e-recruitment assigns all automating functions to the IT artefact of the system while organizational recruitment experts evaluate the outcome [ 24 ]. While some stakeholders view e-recruitment as a system, others view it as a process.

3.3 E-recruitment as a Process

Instead of focusing on entities, the process view of e-recruitment focuses on e-recruitment activities [ 37 ]. There is no attempt to set boundaries between the IT artefact, society and organization, but activities are clearly identified and can be performed by either the IT artefact or by human actors. Examples include e-recruitment being seen as data collection activity using an online system [ 33 ]. However recruitment activities can be performed by human actors too [ 37 ]. With the process view of e-recruitment the end goal is the execution of all the recruitment activities.

3.4 E-recruitment as a Service

The view exists that e-recruitment is a service to recruiters and job-seekers. Many e-recruitment platforms are independent of the organizations or societies they serve. Sub-views of e-recruitment as a service include: e-recruitment as a repository, e-recruitment as a medium, and e-recruitment as a program.

E-recruitment as a repository.

Some studies portrayed e-recruitment as a repository for data about jobs, recruiters and employers [ 40 ]. In another study online forms were filled in by jobseekers and the data provided on the forms was stored for recruiters and other stakeholders to retrieve [ 33 ]. While the view of e-recruitment as a repository is usually held when e-recruitment is newly adopted, other services follow suit.

E-recruitment as a medium is another view held, e.g. Bartram [ 41 ] portrays e-recruitment as a facilitator of communication between jobseekers and organizations. Traditional media like newspaper [ 42 ] are sometimes found inconvenient thus e-recruitment takes their place. Some organizations employ e-recruiters who form part of e-recruitment and serve to link the IT artefact and other elements in recruitment. Although e-recruitment as a medium improves communication speed it also comes with a downside, e.g. information overload [ 37 ].

E-recruitment as a program is a view that associates e-recruitment with calculations and logical interpretation and processing of data. One study included, as an algorithmic module, a Pre-screening Management System to automatically assess the extent of match between an applicant’s qualification and job requirements [ 25 ]. Such module or similar modules are found in many e-recruitment systems given the high volumes of applications associated with e-recruitment. Therefore, many studies espouse the view that e-recruitment serves to provide a convenient matching program.

3.5 E-Recruitment as a Proxy

Orlikowski and Iacono [ 19 ] reveal the pervasiveness of the proxy view of the IT artefact in IS literature. E-recruitment may act to present the image of the company, culture of the company, etc. Braddy et al. [ 45 ] examined the effects of website content features on people’s perceptions of organizational culture. Their study implies that e-recruitment, especially the IT artefact (website) acts on behalf of some corporate image management entity in the organization. Some studies focused on website content [ 45 ], while others focused on website characteristics [ 46 ].

4 Contribution and Implications of Conceptualizations of E-recruitment

Conceptualizations of e-recruitment contribute to understanding of e-recruitment and have implications for both practice and research as discussed in this section.

4.1 Contribution of the Research

This study mapped the scope of the definition of e-recruitment by explaining the diversity in understanding. This mapping was done by identifying five conceptualizations of e-recruitment and labelling them as: E-recruitment as a Technology Tool, E-recruitment as a System, E-recruitment as a Process, E-recruitment as a Service and E-recruitment as a Proxy. Taking note of conceptualizations provides practitioners with a tool to enhance productivity while allowing researchers to have more focus in their research.

4.2 Implications of Conceptualizations of E-recruitment

The implications of conceptualizations of e-recruitment stem from being able to attach a label to the said stakeholders’ conceptualizations and put it to their trade or scholarly pursuits. Labelling conceptualizations provides a pathway to standardization of e-recruitment. The benefits of such standardization include having common understanding of concepts, and ease of communication. While these are overarching implications, some implications are specific to practice or research.

Implications for Practice.

Labelled and well defined conceptualizations of e-recruitment sets bounds on what practitioners should expect in their practice and strive towards when they adopt a particular conceptualization. Well defined conceptualizations as ones in this study provide alternative conceptualization options that practitioners can adopt depending on their needs. Practitioners can always adopt a conceptualization that best reflects their situation. As there are implications for practice, there are implications for research as well.

Implications for Research.

Through this identification, description and explanation of conceptualizations of e-recruitment, there are a number of conceptualizations to consider. Therefore, focus on a specific conceptualization or focus on specific conceptualizations is possible. Such focus allows the researcher to delimit research.

5 Conclusion and Further Research

5.1 conclusion.

The study highlighted the problem of diversity in understanding of e-recruitment that goes without explicit attention in literature and proposed that identifying and labelling the varied conceptualizations of e-recruitment can be part of better articulation of the diversity. Using GTM, literature on e-recruitment was reviewed and conceptualizations of e-recruitment were identified. Taking note of conceptualizations provides practitioners with a tool to enhance productivity while allowing researchers to have more focus in their research. In addition this study provides insight into directions for potential further study.

5.2 Further Research

While this research contributes to understanding of e-recruitment, further research related to it can respond to several issues which are not addressed herein. Understanding of relationships between conceptualizations helps to avoid conceptual chaos. Therefore, further research aimed at relating the conceptualizations is essential. Conceptualizations of e-recruitment may be compared to conceptualizations of other forms of e-phenomena, and hence to the development of more general understanding of IS and the IT artefact.

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Abia, M., Brown, I. (2020). Conceptualizations of E-recruitment: A Literature Review and Analysis. In: Hattingh, M., Matthee, M., Smuts, H., Pappas, I., Dwivedi, Y.K., Mäntymäki, M. (eds) Responsible Design, Implementation and Use of Information and Communication Technology. I3E 2020. Lecture Notes in Computer Science(), vol 12067. Springer, Cham. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-45002-1_32

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Report summary: e-Recruitment: Is it Delivering?

E-recruiting, embracing the term web-based recruiting, can be described as any recruiting processes that a business organisation conducts via web-based tools, such as a firm’s public internet site or its corporate intranet. We use the terms online recruitment, internet recruitment, and e-recruitment interchangeably.

This e-recruitment study set out to answer the following questions, using evidence-based research:

• What are the overall trends in e-recruitment use and practice? Which parts of systems are web-enabled and what are the related benefits and challenges?
• What is happening in practice? What are the e-recruitment methods that are being used, and what are the real experiences from organisations attempting implementation?
• Does it work? How do organisations evaluate the success of their e-recruitment initiative?

There were four main phases to the project: a literature review, a survey, an IES Research Network event on e-recruitment, and a series of case studies. The survey provided the overview of use, while the case studies illustrated more in-depth analysis of some of the issues organisations are facing.

Trends in e-recruitment

There is growing evidence that organisations are using internet technology and the World Wide Web as a platform for recruiting and testing candidates. The IES survey of 50 organisations using e-recruitment reported that the primary drivers behind the decisions to pursue e-recruitment were to:

• improve corporate image and profile
• reduce recruitment costs
• reduce administrative burden
• employ better tools for the recruitment team.

Fifty-five per cent of respondents expected their organisation to reduce its use of other recruitment methods in the future. The key limiting factors to e-recruitment most frequently reported were:

• the cultural approach of the organisation towards recruitment
• the lack of knowledge of e-recruitment within the HR community
• internet usage by target candidates
• commitment of senior management.

Issues raised as causing concern with e-recruitment included the quantity and quality of candidates applying using web-based tools (eg organisations being inundated with CVs attached by email, many of whom were not suitable for the post), the relevance of shortlisting criteria (eg the validity and legality of searching by keywords), confidentiality and data protection, and ensuring diversity of applicants.

The trends in e-recruitment use suggest a changing landscape whereby in future the candidate is connected to the central system and there is involvement of the line manager in the process (see figure). In addition to the reported benefits such as cost efficiencies, the role of HR in this model is viewed as more of a facilitative role, in theory allowing time for recruiters to become involved in the strategic issues within resourcing.

Figure: The e-recruitment landscape

Source: IES

E-recruitment methods

Advertising job openings, tracking the source of applications, and online enquiry forms, were the most frequently used methods for attracting candidates. In many cases, web-based technology in selection and assessment is only being used by the most selection-sophisticated organisations that can afford the high start-up and maintenance costs. The IES survey reported that, out of the 50 organisations surveyed:

• a large proportion were using online application forms (67 per cent)
• only four per cent were using psychometric tests online.

There was wide variety in the extent to which online applications were structured, and also in how they were screened, eg electronically by keywords or manually. There exists a great deal of variation and less maturity in this part of the e-recruitment process in terms of application and use, than in the application of internet technology at the attraction stage of the process.

In terms of applicant tracking and workflow systems, of the 50 organisations surveyed, 78 per cent received CVs and application forms online, 49 per cent used email response letters, with 39 per cent using progress-tracking systems. Only nine per cent provided status reports to hiring managers.

Evaluating impact

The experiences of IES members suggest that the emergence of fundamentally new e-enabled recruiting processes not only increases the opportunities, but also the risks associated with the resourcing process. Hence, evaluation of those risks and benefits becomes more important. It is claimed that current measures of impact in this area focus on efficiency (input and output measures), as opposed to measures of effectiveness and quality of output. The evidence from the IES survey, which asked organisations to indicate which evaluation measures they used, suggests that the former is true. Number of successful applications, cost per hire and internet/intranet site traffic analysis, were the most frequently used measures in our sample; all input-output measures. Measures of quality were less evident.

Working with a small number of the case study organisations, a framework was developed and used as a mechanism for exploring the availability, and validity, of the data each organisation held on their staffing processes. The intention was to determine the usefulness of a supply-chain approach to measurement in making optimal investment decisions in e-recruitment systems, and in measuring the value of e-recruitment. The categories of measurement we explored with the participating companies were:

• cost of recruitment and selection activities
• time taken to fill
• volume/yield
• diversity and legal compliance
• candidate and employer satisfaction
• quality/value of the recruit.

IES case study members shared our conclusion that better information about the end-to-end process should lead to better decisions about any investment in e-recruitment. An evaluation approach linked to the staffing process, as ‘value chain’ we argue, is the way forward if organisations are going to truly understand the value of e-recruitment.

Implementation challenges

The findings from the survey indicated that key implementation challenges were the cultural approach of the organisation towards e-recruitment, and the lack of knowledge within the HR community. This has implications for training within HR to develop the capability to deliver e-recruitment, and also elsewhere within the organisation (eg at line manager level). Further implications of e-recruitment are that it may allow a more strategic role for HR. A compelling argument why online recruitment should be integrated sooner rather than later, is that it will serve to move the recruiter up the value chain, allowing them to be far more strategic. Finally, cultural and behavioural change was reported as the significant challenge in ensuring that e-recruitment delivers.

Assessing your organisation’s e-recruitment strategy

The experiences of Research Network members underline the complexity of considerations and possibilities of e-recruitment. The report also offers a series of self-assessment questions, which, if answered specific to your organisation and its HR function, provide the basis for an e-recruitment agenda.

Conclusions

What are the key messages from our research? In examining the findings, the key message for recruiters is to acknowledge that the adoption of e-recruitment is about more than just technology. It is about the recruitment system being able to attract the right candidate, the selection process being based on sound and credible criteria, and the tracking process being able to integrate with existing systems. Perhaps most significantly, e-recruitment is about cultural and behavioural change, both within HR and at line management level. From our evidence, we suggest that for e-recruitment to deliver, it is about developing the capability of HR to facilitate the system and to view the staffing process as an end-to-end process, similar to that of a supply-chain.

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E-recruitment: challenges and the future ahead.

Publication Year :  2010

Authors:  D John, F Nightingale and A Syed

Industry:  General Business

Region: Global

Case Code:  HRM0072IRC

Teaching Note:  Not Available

Structured Assignment:  Not Available

Abstract: Recruitment has become an important process in the highly competitive labour market. The traditional methods of recruitment had been revolutionised by the emergence of the Internet. e-Recruitment is the latest trend in the recruitment process and it has been adopted in many organisations from large to small-sized companies. Many companies use e-Recruitment to post jobs and accept resumes on the Internet, and correspond with the applicants by e-mail. The main success factors of e-Recruitment are the value-added services provided by the job sites, cost-effectiveness, speed, providing customised solutions, helping to establish relationships with HR managers and facilitates brand building of the companies. Though there are many benefits to the employers and the job seekers in e-Recruitment, it still has its own limitations and shortcomings. The case study helps to analyse the pros and cons of e-Recruitment and its increasing scope in the recruitment process of a company.

• To understand the trends and practices of e-Recruitment in the recruitment process of a company
• To compare the traditional recruitment process with e-Recruitment and also discuss the advantages and disadvantages of e-Recruitment
• To analyse the potential of e-Recruitment and the challenges faced by it.

Keywords :  e-Recruitment, General recruitment strategies, HR professionals, e-Recruitment trends, e-Recruitment practices, Advantages of e-Recruitment, Disadvantages of e-Recruitment, Job sites, Corporate websites, www.monster.com, TimesJobs.com, Jobstreet.com, Naukri.com, Challenges

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• � Mattel�s Workforce Strategy
• � Schultz�s Return to Starbucks: To Fend off Rivals?
• � Indian Women in Banking Industry Breaking Glass Ceilings
• � Employee Engagement Employer and Employee�s Delight

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HR is responsible for recruiting , onboarding and offboarding employees, training and development, payroll and timekeeping, tracking vacation and sick days, and employees’ general well-being within the organization. Benefits of HR automation Examples of HR automation in action The best HR automation tools currently on offer.

Recruiting in the Era of International Accounting Standards: A Hiring Manager’s Handbook

FEBRUARY 9, 2024

Partnering with a Global Accounting Recruitment Agency Navigating the global accounting landscape and finding top talent can be a daunting task. One effective solution is to partner with a global accounting recruitment agency. Ready to elevate your expertise and drive success in global accounting?

5 Ways to Revolutionize Recruiting with AI

Linkedin Talent Blog

DECEMBER 6, 2023

Namely, it gives recruiters more time for the human aspects of their work. “AI In one example , the team prompted the AI to “Act as if you’re giving a presentation on key data findings and theme takeaways from survey responses around our representation recruiting survey.” million job applications.

Trend: Candidate Feedback for Recruiter Reviews and Managing Recruiters

JANUARY 13, 2023

Using candidate feedback for recruiter reviews and managing recruiters is fast becoming standard practice these days. In fact MOST Survale clients use some form of candidate and/or hiring manager feedback in quarterly or annual recruiter reviews, incentive compensation or other systems for managing recruiters ’ performance.

A Real Life Example: The Benefits of Recruiting Chatbots

SelectSoftware

APRIL 28, 2020

If you’re looking to save time with your recruiting efforts, check out this case study .

Best recruitment marketing blogs of the year by Stories Inc.

DECEMBER 22, 2020

At the start of 2020, we focused on providing for you the best recruitment marketing blogs possible. All in all, we hit “publish” over 100 times this year— including virtual content creation resources , a COVID-19 hub , case studies , downloadables , and original articles. Crisis communications for recruitment marketers.

Improving Diversity Recruiting Strategy: 7 Practical Tips

SEPTEMBER 8, 2020

People say that using a diversity recruitment strategy is the right thing to do. This post is here for companies that need to improve their diversity recruiting strategy and take advantage of these benefits. By the time you’re done reading, you’ll know what it takes to recruit top diverse talent and retain them effectively.

Talent Mobility Webinar: How to Recruit and Retain Internal Talent

NOVEMBER 7, 2016

Recruiting : instead of immediately looking externally for talent, you consider your internal talent inventory to determine if you have someone you can move into the role. Each case study tells a slightly different story, and I’m excited to share those examples . It has a whole host of impacts and benefits.

Organizations Can Use Assessments to Bridge the Skills Gap

SEPTEMBER 5, 2017

According to the Society for Human Resource Management (SHRM) report “ The New Talent Landscape: Recruiting Difficulty and Skills Shortages ”, 68 percent of HR professionals are having trouble recruiting candidates for full-time positions. Organizations Can Use a 3-Strategy Approach to Recruitment . Enjoy the post!).

Case Study Underscores Why HR Change Management Skills Are Critical

HR Daily Advisor

DECEMBER 8, 2017

Here is an example to illustrate the point: This is a true story about Robert, a director of Recruitment and Human Development for a major chemical company. Improve the company’s college recruiting program designed to bring into the company “high potential” entry-level engineers and technically-trained individuals.

#GamifyHR HR / Learning Gamification Case Studies

Strategic HCM

MAY 18, 2014

Day 3 of Fleming''s Gamification in HR Summit focused on learning, particularly in this case study from Tuba Surucu from Yapi Kredi Bank in Turkey. So again, this is gaming rather than gamification - and quite similar to the recruitment case studies in fact.

How an Employee Experience Platform Helps with Recruiting

DECEMBER 14, 2017

Case in point: recruiting . How an employee experience platform helps recruiting . That means it touches everything in the employee lifecycle, from recruiting to retirement. With more time and data on hand, HR professionals can optimize their efforts around programs such as recruiting . About Kazoo.

#E4S case studies - BT, Capital One.

DECEMBER 17, 2012

But after a couple of these I was beginning to worry whether these case study sessions were going to live up to the challenge that E4S provides and David Guest described earlier - if there’s been such as huge management c**k-up as there certainly has, we don’t get out of it by a slight shift in management as usual.

Company Culture Examples: The Ultimate Guide

MAY 18, 2017

Although culture can’t be copied, it helps to learn by example . It’s important to put company culture examples into context so that you can lay a strong foundation within your own organization. Chapter 3: Company Culture Examples to Emulate. Southwest Airlines: A Case Study in Employee Engagement | Entreprenuer.

Case Study: HR as a Vital Catalyst for Company Success

SEPTEMBER 19, 2017

HR effectively redefined the recruiting and selection process to hire people who would embrace the 20 percent, aided in creating incentives aligned with the 20 percent purpose, and built a performance review process designed to reward and recognize efforts and contributions focused on achieving the it.

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