how to write research proposal for phd in germany

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Research Proposal

Information for All Applicants

A research proposal should be clear, coherent and compelling, contain all the key elements involved in the research process and include sufficient information for the committee to evaluate the proposed study. The proposal should situate the project’s objectives in the context of existing research, debates and literature on the topic. The research design should be realistic in scope and responsive to theoretical and methodological concerns of a particular discipline but should also be of demonstrable cross-disciplinary interest. Applicants should show an appropriate level of training and skill to undertake the proposed study, including evidence of language fluency adequate to complete the project and participate in the German language colloquium at the Freie Universität Berlin.

Applicants should demonstrate a sound knowledge of the local academic context and the available research resources and specify why an extended period of research in Berlin is critical to the successful completion of their proposed research.

Regardless of the discipline, research area, the methodology and academic level of the research project, all proposals should include the following information:

• An explicit statement of the major questions to be explored or hypotheses to be tested.
• Importance of the research to disciplinary concerns.
• An explicit description and justification of the research methods.
• Availability and quality of sources/material/data.
• Preliminary research already completed or plans for research prior to going overseas.
• Proposed location(s) for research and explanation of why the project requires overseas research and why Berlin is of particular significance for the project.
• Contacts/affiliations which have or will be established with institutions/interview partners etc. relevant to the proposed research project in Berlin/Germany/Europe.  
• A research schedule with bimonthly target dates as well as reflections on possible challenges and how to address them. Include the local sources (archives, libraries, museums, data, institutions, individuals)  you will be working with or are planning to work with.
• Bibliography listing most important topical sources including German-language publications - or other European language publications respectively - which reflect the state of research on your topic.

Information for Postdoc Applicants

The Berlin Program funds recent postdocs, i.e. applicants whose Ph.D. was conferred in the last two calender years or will be conferred before the fellowship - if granted - would begin.

An application for a postdoc fellowship may  involve:

• revising a dissertation into a book manuscript,
• launching a new research project,

If you are proposing a dissertation revision, state this, explaining the changes to the manuscript that you plan, and how you will accomplish these goals. Use this the opportunity to highlight how your dissertation contributes to the field, but also how your proposed research will advance your study. Make sure you clearly describe the questions you will ask beyond those examined in your dissertation. As you will have the potential readership of your future book in mind and try to extend the publication’s reach to the broader academic community, reflect on additional research questions, analysis of additional sources/data/literature.

If you are applying for support of a new project, and this may seem a bit of a challenge as you are still finishing your dissertation and had not had time to work on the new project, do not be alarmed. As described above, provide an overview of the new project, explaining the basic ideas, problems, or questions examined by your research, i.e. help the committee get the bigger picture and the new avenues you are pursuing. You could reflect on how the new research connects to your existing work or adds new dimensions in your research foci (e.g.  a change of century, adding a comparative dimension, or a shift in methodology etc.). Identify the methods, sources etc. by which you will accomplish these research goals. Describe how the project will complement, challenge, or expand relevant existing knowledge in the field. Demonstrate your ability to do this in the time line submitted.

If you are apply for funding to both revise your launch a new project, make sure you include both titles in the project description, the research proposal and the research schedule. If applicable, explain the connection between the both.

Learn from our skills workshop How to Become a Superapplicant run in November 2021 by BP alumni Veronika Fuechtner (Dartmouth College) and Johannes von Moltke (Michigan University).

Continue with Pointers and Advice .

Special announcement

A step by step guide: daad research grant application.

Applying to the DAAD Research Grant might look like a daunting task. We have explained the approach on where to start and how to proceed before submitting an online application.

In what order should I approach my preparation?

1. what prerequisite qualification will i need to meet.

As a rule, you will need to have:

• A very good higher education degree that is recognized in Germany. Generally, that is a degree equivalent to a German Master. This means you need to have completed 18 years (MS/ M Phil) of education in Pakistan.
• No more than six years should have passed since you gained the last degree.

In the past, applicants to the DAAD Research Grant programme have been expected to be faculty of a Pakistani university or research institution. Now, postgraduate students (having recently completed 18 years of education) or who are in the process of finalizing their M. Phil course or who are on an M. Phil leading to PhD programme or those who have already started their PhD research work without being employed at any university are eligible to apply.

For the programme announcement please visit DAAD Scholarship Programmes for Pakistan .

2. Find your research topic

The point to start from is the careful consideration of your research question. Please keep in mind that PhD is supposed to be based on previous research and findings in the specific field and to contribute new findings to the academic discourse. Thus, the following pre-knowledge is mandatory:

• Broad knowledge in your field as such.
• Knowledge of the state of research including the latest national and international publications in your field of specialization.
• Knowledge of methodology and its implementation. (Not just quantitative and qualitative methods but how exactly they are executed and to what purpose with expected results.

If you are not sure if you can master this, buy some books, sit down and read. For literature on your own field, read the international online journals which are mostly accessible from Pakistani universities. Please read the guideline How to Develop a Research Project and Write a Research Proposal [PDF 191.14 KB] .

3. Find a supervisor in Germany according to your research topic

The next step is to find a supervisor – a Doktorvater or Doktormutter . Please read the guideline How To Find A Supervisor [PDF 321.48 KB] carefully.

Keep in mind that you have to find a professor with matching research foci. The German professor is looking for somebody with an interesting project to join his/her team. So inform yourself very well about the ongoing research projects at his/her institute. Read all available information carefully including abstracts, of the ongoing research projects, but do not make contact with the professor at this stage!

A comprehensive search of the German research landscape can be conducted by using the Research Explorer (GERiT) or by visiting  our PhD Germany database .

4. Develop the research proposal

Before contacting the supervisor, it is important that you have a well prepared synopsis of the doctoral dissertation you are planning to write. Please read the guideline How to Develop a Research project and Write a Research Proposal [PDF 191.14 KB] .

As a rule, every applicant is expected to submit a self written research proposal!

In case you are applying for a structured PhD programme, you also are required to submit a statement of purpose/ letter of motivation. The statement of purpose should describe in detail:

• why you are interested to carry out the proposed project (benefits for your career or for your country, gain of specific academic skills etc.),
• why you think you are fit to complete this project (similar projects in MPhil research? Read publications on the topic? Which ones?).

Please strictly obey the rules of good academic practice and never ever plagiarize from other people’s publication. Whatever is taken from another source word by word has to be enclosed in quotation marks followed by a reference to the original. Whenever you use other people’s ideas, you have to give the reference to the original.

5. Write to potential relevant supervisors

Next you have to write a careful introductory e-mail to a professor which you have identified in step 2 . Please follow the guideline How to make contact to a potential supervisor [PDF 192.90 KB] , before sending out any e-mail.

Always write a new e-mail to each professor and explain in detail why you think you will be a suitable member of his/her research team. Make sure you have read at least one of his/her online publications and refer to it in your e-mail. Add your draft research proposal and your CV. Also, please make sure that you have read the guideline Email Etiquette [PDF 71.65 KB] , for formal e-mail writing, carefully.

6. Scan all your academic records

Since you will be uploading all your previous and present academic records, therefore you have to scan all your transcripts and degrees in pdf format. These academic records include:

• SSC transcript and certificate,
• HSSC transcript and certificate,
• Bachelor transcripts (all semesters) and degree,
• M SC transcripts (all semesters) and degree,
• M Phil / MS transcripts (all semesters) and degree.

7. Create an account on the DAAD Portal

Since the application to the DAAD Research Grant  has to be submitted online to the DAAD Portal , you will have to register yourself first and create an account.

8. Acquire letter of recommendations

While waiting for a response from the supervisor(s), you may acquire your letter of recommendations.

You can provide your referee with the pdf format generated from the DAAD Portal provided by DAAD to fill out, or use the letter head of the referee`s institution/university if otherwise not possible.

9. Submit your online application to the DAAD Portal

When you have gathered all the mandatory documents required to be submitted to the DAAD Research Grant, you may choose to submit your application on the DAAD Portal .

For more information on how to apply online to the DAAD Research Grant`s various categories please visit DAAD Scholarship Programmes for Pakistan .

Further information

• You have some additional questions? Please have a look at the Frequently Asked Questions (FAQ`s) section!
• More information for PhD students in our  Downloads & Publications section under Research in Germany or on Research in Germany .
• Documents do not need to be certified at the time of online application! Certified copies have to be submitted only by successful candidates!
• IELTS or TOEFL is mandatory!
• Your application is only valid if you submit all the required documents to the DAAD Portal by the deadline!
• The DAAD Portal closes at 24.00 hrs. Central European Time (CET) on the last application day.

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How to Write a PhD Research Proposal

• Applying to a PhD
• A research proposal summarises your intended research.
• Your research proposal is used to confirm you understand the topic, and that the university has the expertise to support your study.
• The length of a research proposal varies. It is usually specified by either the programme requirements or the supervisor upon request. 1500 to 3500 words is common.
• The typical research proposal structure consists of: Title, Abstract, Background and Rationale, Research Aims and Objectives, Research Design and Methodology, Timetable, and a Bibliography.

What is a Research Proposal?

A research proposal is a supporting document that may be required when applying to a research degree. It summarises your intended research by outlining what your research questions are, why they’re important to your field and what knowledge gaps surround your topic. It also outlines your research in terms of your aims, methods and proposed timetable .

What Is It Used for and Why Is It Important?

A research proposal will be used to:

• Confirm whether you understand the topic and can communicate complex ideas.
• Confirm whether the university has adequate expertise to support you in your research topic.
• Apply for funding or research grants to external bodies.

How Long Should a PhD Research Proposal Be?

Some universities will specify a word count all students will need to adhere to. You will typically find these in the description of the PhD listing. If they haven’t stated a word count limit, you should contact the potential supervisor to clarify whether there are any requirements. If not, aim for 1500 to 3500 words (3 to 7 pages).

Your title should indicate clearly what your research question is. It needs to be simple and to the point; if the reader needs to read further into your proposal to understand your question, your working title isn’t clear enough.

Directly below your title, state the topic your research question relates to. Whether you include this information at the top of your proposal or insert a dedicated title page is your choice and will come down to personal preference.

2. Abstract

If your research proposal is over 2000 words, consider providing an abstract. Your abstract should summarise your question, why it’s important to your field and how you intend to answer it; in other words, explain your research context.

Only include crucial information in this section – 250 words should be sufficient to get across your main points.

3. Background & Rationale

First, specify which subject area your research problem falls in. This will help set the context of your study and will help the reader anticipate the direction of your proposed research.

Following this, include a literature review . A literature review summarises the existing knowledge which surrounds your research topic. This should include a discussion of the theories, models and bodies of text which directly relate to your research problem. As well as discussing the information available, discuss those which aren’t. In other words, identify what the current gaps in knowledge are and discuss how this will influence your research. Your aim here is to convince the potential supervisor and funding providers of why your intended research is worth investing time and money into.

Last, discuss the key debates and developments currently at the centre of your research area.

4. Research Aims & Objectives

Identify the aims and objectives of your research. The aims are the problems your project intends to solve; the objectives are the measurable steps and outcomes required to achieve the aim.

In outlining your aims and objectives, you will need to explain why your proposed research is worth exploring. Consider these aspects:

• Will your research solve a problem?
• Will your research address a current gap in knowledge?
• Will your research have any social or practical benefits?

If you fail to address the above questions, it’s unlikely they will accept your proposal – all PhD research projects must show originality and value to be considered.

5. Research Design and Methodology

The following structure is recommended when discussing your research design:

• Sample/Population – Discuss your sample size, target populations, specimen types etc.
• Methods – What research methods have you considered, how did you evaluate them and how did you decide on your chosen one?
• Data Collection – How are you going to collect and validate your data? Are there any limitations?
• Data Analysis – How are you going to interpret your results and obtain a meaningful conclusion from them?
• Ethical Considerations – Are there any potential implications associated with your research approach? This could either be to research participants or to your field as a whole on the outcome of your findings (i.e. if you’re researching a particularly controversial area). How are you going to monitor for these implications and what types of preventive steps will you need to put into place?

6. Timetable

We’ve outlined the various stages of a PhD and the approximate duration of a PhD programme which you can refer to when designing your own research study.

7. Bibliography

Plagiarism is taken seriously across all academic levels, but even more so for doctorates. Therefore, ensure you reference the existing literature you have used in writing your PhD proposal. Besides this, try to adopt the same referencing style as the University you’re applying to uses. You can easily find this information in the PhD Thesis formatting guidelines published on the University’s website.

Finding a PhD has never been this easy – search for a PhD by keyword, location or academic area of interest.

Questions & Answers

Here are answers to some of the most common questions we’re asked about the Research Proposal:

Can You Change a Research Proposal?

Yes, your PhD research proposal outlines the start of your project only. It’s well accepted that the direction of your research will develop with time, therefore, you can revise it at later dates.

Can the Potential Supervisor Review My Draft Proposal?

Whether the potential supervisor will review your draft will depend on the individual. However, it is highly advisable that you at least attempt to discuss your draft with them. Even if they can’t review it, they may provide you with useful information regarding their department’s expertise which could help shape your PhD proposal. For example, you may amend your methodology should you come to learn that their laboratory is better equipped for an alternative method.

How Should I Structure and Format My Proposal?

Ensure you follow the same order as the headings given above. This is the most logical structure and will be the order your proposed supervisor will expect.

Most universities don’t provide formatting requirements for research proposals on the basis that they are a supporting document only, however, we recommend that you follow the same format they require for their PhD thesis submissions. This will give your reader familiarity and their guidelines should be readily available on their website.

Last, try to have someone within the same academic field or discipline area to review your proposal. The key is to confirm that they understand the importance of your work and how you intend to execute it. If they don’t, it’s likely a sign you need to rewrite some of your sections to be more coherent.

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How to Apply for a PhD in Germany: Programs, Funding, & FAQs

Germany is an excellent destination for both young and experienced researchers. 

The European country is third behind the U.S. and China for research & development expenditure . Plus, it is home to some of the most prestigious (and affordable!) research universities in the world.

If you’re considering doing a PhD in Germany, you will need to follow these steps:

The main steps to doing a PhD in Germany:

• Find a PhD Program and a Supervisor
• Decide Between Individual and Structured PhD Programs
• Meet All Requirements & Prepare Your Application
• Apply for Doctoral Studies
• Secure Funding
• Get a Student Visa or Resident Permit
• Arrive in Germany and Begin Your PhD Program

Why Pursue a PhD in Germany?

If you’re not yet sure if you should choose Germany for your PhD studies, here are some compelling reasons why you should consider it:

• Top-tier universities. Four German universities are ranked in the top 100 global universities, and many more are in the top 200.
• Large international student community. Germany welcomes a diverse and thriving international student community. Over 458,210 international students are currently studying in the country.
• Quality research institutions. There are over a thousand publicly funded research institutions (universities, universities of applied sciences, research institutes, businesses, and government bodies) that you can choose from in Germany.
• High investment in research and development. Germany’s public expenditure in the research and development sector reached a record high of 112.6 billion euros in 2021.
• Strong economy. Germany is known for its strong and stable economy. After completing your PhD, there are plenty of employment opportunities in the academic, business, and research sectors.

How to Apply for a PhD in Germany

From finding the perfect program for you to submitting your application and starting your PhD, here are all the steps you need to take:

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1. Find a PhD Program and a Supervisor

After all the years of studying leading up to this step, you most likely have a few areas of interest you want to do your research in.

This is the first important step: define your research focus by considering your interests and academic background. If you need more help, you can consult online resources from research universities. Or, even better, you can discuss your decision to pursue a PhD with academic communities online or offline and seek advice from current PhD students in Germany who can tell you more about their individual experiences.

If you already know what your research direction is, you can begin searching for suitable programs right ahead. 

• The German Academic Exchange Service (DAAD) has an extensive list of current opportunities, which you can look up at the  DAAD PhD Database . 
• Another option is to research universities in Germany individually to find the newest opportunities and offerings at each institution.

You will also have to find a supervisor. The best way to do this is to go to university websites and find faculty directories with profiles of professors and their research fields/current projects. Contact professors whose work aligns with your interests via email to inquire about supervision opportunities.

> Search PhD programs from 31,000 research institutions listed on the GERiT database .

Types of PhD Programs in Germany

There are two different paths you can take when pursuing a PhD: individual PhD programs and structured PhD programs. Each comes with its own set of advantages and requirements.

2. Verify That You Meet All Requirements & Prepare the Application

Requirements and application documents to apply for a PhD in Germany are specific to the institution and research area you’re applying to. But, as a general guideline, you should prepare the following:

• Academic degree recognized in Germany. You need a master’s degree or a German state examination (Staatsexamen) in a field relevant to the PhD program to qualify.
• Copy of master’s thesis. Submit a copy of your master’s thesis. The work should demonstrate your research skills and the depth of your academic work.
• Research proposal. Craft a clear and detailed research proposal that includes your intended research topic, objectives, methodology, and significance. 
• Statement of purpose. Write a statement of purpose why you want to do a PhD in your chosen field, your academic and career goals, and how this program aligns with them.
• Curriculum Vitae (CV). Prepare a detailed CV highlighting your academic achievements, research experience, relevant coursework, publications, and any other qualifications.
• Proof of language proficiency. Depending on the language of instruction, you may have to provide proof of language proficiency in English and/or German. You can do this with certificates like TestDaF and DSH for German or TOEFL and IELTS for English. Proof of previous studies in the language is also sufficient.
• Academic references. Provide contact information or recommendation letters from professors/ academic advisors who can attest to your academic abilities and potential.
• Predoctoral examination. Some programs ask that you pass a predoctoral examination as part of the application process.

3. Apply for Doctoral Studies

After finding a suitable PhD program and mentor, and making sure your academic qualifications are recognized, you can send in your application.

You can send in your application online or by post, depending on the hosting institution’s preferences. To make sure, check their guidelines and specifications. Admission committees are selective, so you may also have to attend an interview soon in the application process.

4. Secure Funding

You must demonstrate access to a minimum of €992 per month (€11,908 per year) to meet visa requirements and live comfortably while you’re in Germany. You can prove this through an admission agreement or relevant PhD contract, or you can open a blocked account with individual funds.

There are many ways to support yourself financially while pursuing a PhD in Germany:

• PhD scholarships. DAAD offers the highest number of doctoral scholarships. PhD students get an average monthly stipend of €1,139. 
• Paid PhD positions. Many universities and research institutions offer paid PhD positions in Germany. You will work on specific research projects on a contract and receive a salary.
• Research associate positions. You can also work as a research associate in a university, research institution, or company and receive a salary as compensation.
• Part-time jobs. Some PhD students/researchers work part-time jobs that are not related to their studies for extra income.

> Read more about the costs of studying in Germany.

> Discover PhD scholarships in Germany.

5. Get a Student Visa or Resident Permit

If the institution confirms your place in the PhD program, next in line is applying for a student visa or residence permit. The requirements for a German PhD visa or permit can vary depending on your nationality and circumstances: 

Visa Requirements

If you’re a citizen of the European Union (EU), the European Economic Area (EEA), or Switzerland, you don’t need a special permit or visa for a PhD in Germany. You can enter the country for research and work purposes with a valid passport or ID card.

Otherwise, you will need a visa and/or a residence permit to do your PhD in Germany. Nationals of some countries, including the United States, Australia, Israel, Japan, and Korea, don’t need a visa but must apply for a residence permit.

Depending on the circumstances, you need one of the following visas:

• Study visa. If you’re pursuing a full-time doctoral program.
• Research visa. If your focus is on research and you have a formal affiliation with a research institution in Germany.
• EU Blue Card. If your PhD contract pays a gross annual salary of at least €45,300 (or €41,041.80 in certain professions), you can apply for an EU Blue Card . This is a special residence title for international academics and other professionals.

Residence Permit Requirements

If you come to Germany on a visa, you will need to apply for a residence permit within three months of arrival. This also applies to nationals of countries outside the EU, EEA, and Switzerland who are exempt from the visa requirement.

You can apply for one of the following residence permits:

• Study permit. If you’re accepted into a PhD program at a German university, apply for a study-based residence permit. It lasts up to two years, extendable.
• Research permit. If you’re a researcher with the right qualifications for doctoral programs, apply for a research permit. This requires a contract with a research institution for your project.
• EU Blue Card. With a PhD offer that has a minimum salary of €45,300 per year, or €41,041.80 for some bottleneck professions , you may be eligible for the EU Blue Card. Apply for this permit if you meet the criteria.

> For more specific information tailored to your situation, we recommend contacting the German embassy or consulate in your home country. You can also use this visa navigator.

6. Arrive in Germany and Begin Your PhD Program

The most exciting step of all is near—time to unpack your bags and begin your life as a PhD student or researcher in Germany. Once you’re settled in, there are some formalities you need to take care of.

The international office at the university or another representative can guide you best on this. However, here are some of the main things you need to do once you arrive in Germany:

Register Your Residence

Shortly after your arrival, you must register your residence at the local registration office (Einwohnermeldeamt or Bürgeramt). This is mandatory, and you typically have a window of two weeks to complete this process. 

Get Health Insurance

Everyone in Germany is required by law to have health insurance coverage. This includes international PhD students. Depending on the source of your funding, you are eligible for one of the following health insurance coverages: 

• Doctoral candidates with an employment contract are automatically insured with a state-regulated health insurance provider (Gesetzliche Krankenversicherung-GKV) in most cases.
• Doctoral candidates without an employment contract (with a fellowship or private funding) can choose between:
• Voluntary health insurance coverage with a state-regulated provider.
• Coverage with a private health insurance company.

There are some exceptions in which you can use your insurance from your home country. These apply to students from a European Union (EU) country or other countries with social security agreements with Germany.

Open a Bank Account 

You should open a German bank account as soon as possible. Most financial transactions in Germany, including receiving your stipend or salary, are done through a German bank account.

Enroll at the University

If your PhD program is part of a university degree, you need to enroll as a student at the university. Follow your university’s instructions to submit the necessary documents to the enrollment office. These usually include your admission letter, passport, proof of health insurance, and semester fee.

After you complete this process, you will receive an Enrollment Certificate (Immatrikulationsbescheinigung). This is a very important document that you most likely need in the future.

Frequently Asked Questions (FAQs)

There’s a lot of planning involved if you’re considering doing a PhD, especially if it’s in a foreign country. We’re sure you’ve got more questions, and we’re here to help.

How Long Does It Take to Get a PhD in Germany?

A PhD in Germany usually takes between three to six years to complete. Just like in other countries, it can take longer or shorter than expected, depending on several factors. The type of PhD you choose (structured programs can be more rigid), your subject area, and individual progress can all make a difference in the time it takes to get a PhD in Germany.

Are PhD Programs in Germany Tuition-Free?

The majority of PhD programs in Germany are tuition-free, at least for the first six semesters. However, if need to enroll at a university for your PhD, there is a small semester fee you need to cover. The fee can be higher or lower depending on the university, but it usually falls within the range of €100 to €350.

Is German Mandatory to Pursue a PhD in Germany?

You don’t necessarily have to know German to do a PhD in Germany. In fact, most PhD programs in Germany are in English, especially in fields such as science, engineering, and humanities. In these programs, you can both write your thesis and communicate with your advisor and peers in English.

There is of course the chance that the program you’ve chosen is in German or requires knowledge of German (in most cases, in addition to English). In this case, you have to prove your proficiency through a recognized language certificate or proof of previous studies in German.

Even if German isn’t mandatory, we strongly encourage you to learn the basics. They will be super helpful in daily interactions and getting accustomed to life in Germany.

How Much Does a PhD Student Earn in Germany?

Most PhD candidates in Germany receive financial support in the form of a salary or grant. This includes candidates affiliated with universities, research institutes, or company collaborations.

The majority of doctoral positions are structured under either the Collective Agreement for Civil Service TVöD (Tarifvertrag für den öffentlichen Dienst or the Collective Agreement for the Civil Service of Individual Federal States TV-L (Tarifvertrag der Länder). Since universities are funded by their respective federal government, if your PhD is affiliated with one, your salary will be structured under the TV-L.

Doctoral positions fall within the TV-L 13 category, with a salary range spanning from €4,188 (Tier 1) to €6,037 (Tier 6). The difference between the tiers (Stufe) depends on prior experience in the field. If you don’t have any research experience, you will fall under Tier 1 and progress to the other tiers throughout your PhD.

Your salary will ultimately be determined based on a wage agreement that specifies the contract tier (Stufe) and working hours (percentage-based). Many entry-level PhD students start with tier 1 contracts that are not full-time. For example, if your contract places you in Pay Group E-13 Tier 1 of the TV-L and you work at 75% capacity, your monthly gross salary will be €3,141.

> Learn more about pay ranges for PhD students using this convenient calculator .

Can I Work While Pursuing a PhD in Germany?

Part-time work is an option in most cases unless it’s strictly stated otherwise in your contract. Whether or not you are allowed to work on the side as a PhD in Germany depends on the working hours stated in your PhD contract, supervisor, and other specific circumstances. 

However, since the PhD is considered a job in itself, it’s usually frowned upon to have a side hustle. Even if you have a 50% contract, a PhD is demanding and requires long hours of work and research. If you choose to work on the side, make sure to find the right balance between work and your PhD commitments. To be on the safe side, it’s best to talk to your supervisor and go over all the legal and contractual obligations related to your PhD.

What Is the Process for Defending a PhD Thesis in Germany?

Here are the main steps to defending your PhD thesis in Germany:

• Submit your thesis. The first step is submitting submit your thesis and supporting documents in adherence to all the formal requirements. A commission will be formed, and in some cases, you can suggest reviewers.
• Oral defense. The next step is preparing and undergoing an oral defense, which can take between 30 minutes to 2 hours. During this time, you will present your research and discuss it with the committee. The defense can be either public or private.
• Receive the title and publish your work. The outcome of the discussion determines your final grade, to be received after the defense. If everything goes well, you’re granted the Ph.D. title and have about two years to publish your dissertation.

What Are the Career Prospects Like After Doing a PhD in Germany?

Career prospects after a PhD in Germany are quite promising. 

The most common paths for PhD holders in Germany are either in academia as professors or post-doctorate researchers or in industry positions. 

Technology, healthcare, and finance, in particular, are some of the most in-demand industries in Germany. The country’s strong economy and research-oriented environment make it an attractive place to develop your career.

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Phd-Study-In-Germany

• Applying for a PhD in Germany

Written by Mark Bennett

Planning on applying for a PhD in Germany? The process is different to many other countries and depends on the kind of project you’re planning to study. This guide will cover what’s required to get onto a German PhD programme and how to submit your application.

Do I have the right qualifications for a PhD in Germany?

To study for a PhD in Germany you will generally need to have completed a minimum of eight semesters of academic study. The final qualification you obtained must be equivalent to a German Masters degree.

Your previous degree/s must also be recognised by the Dean's Office (Dekanat) or Board of Examiners ( Promotionsausschuss ) at your university.

Exceptionally well-qualified international students may be admitted onto a PhD with a Bachelor degree (fast-track programme). For this you will typically have to complete an entrance examination.

The language requirements for a PhD in Germany will depend on the programme you apply for.

Structured doctoral programmes are typically taught in English. If this isn’t your first language you may have to complete an English language proficiency test, such as the TOEFL or IELTS. Individual institutions will set their required scores for these tests.

Traditional PhDs may require you to write your thesis in German (though some institutions allow other languages). Therefore, you may need to prove your German language proficiency. Your knowledge of German will need to be certified through a TestDaF or DSH.

Application process for PhD programmes in Germany

If you apply for a traditional PhD, you must identify and contact a supervisor to request they supervise your thesis.

Applications for structured PhDs are made directly to your chosen institution or graduate school.

To apply for a PhD in Germany, you'll usually need to submit the following:

• A statement from your doctoral supervisor – if you are applying to complete a traditional PhD project you must submit a statement from your chosen supervisor confirming that they intend to supervise your thesis
• Academic documents – you will need to provide certified copies of certificates and academic transcripts from previous degrees
• Proof of recognition – you must obtain recognition of your qualifications from the Dean’s Office or University Board of Examiners
• Academic references – your referees should include at least two professors who have worked with you

Some structured PhD programmes interview applicants. This will typically be in front of the supervising board for that programme. Interviews for traditional programmes are usually conducted with your chosen supervisor (and may be more informal).

Interviews for international students are typically conducted over Skype.

Once you’ve secured your place on a German PhD programme and decided how you’ll fund it , you’ll need to apply for a student visa . Then you’ll be ready to embark on your PhD journey in Germany!

Think you’re ready to find the perfect project for you?

Search our database of PhD programmes in Germany .

Our postgrad newsletter shares courses, funding news, stories and advice

There are no fees for PhD study at most German universities and funding is available from a range of government agencies, research societies and other organisations.

Want to study a PhD in Ireland? This guide gives a detailed introduction to the kind of visa you need to study in Ireland and how to apply for it.

Everything you need to know about part-time and full-time work in Germany as a student or recent graduate in Germany.

What's it like to live in Germany during a PhD? Our guide covers accommodation, student living costs, working and other key information.

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A doctorate is the highest academic degree that a university can award. In Germany, studying for a doctorate primarily means  working intensely on a specific subject or research project  for a long period of time. It typically takes five to six years to obtain a doctorate, though the length of time can vary.

How to obtain a PhD in Germany

If you decide to do a doctorate, you can choose between different forms of study. Depending on your discipline, research area, personal circumstances and formal qualifications, there are two different paths:

• Individual doctorate The individual doctorate is based on independent research carried out alone under the supervision of one professor. This is the traditional path followed by over three quarters of all doctoral students in Germany.
• Structured PhD programmes These programmes offer a form of study similar to that found in English-speaking countries. You will be supervised by a team and will attend courses, lectures and seminars together with other doctoral students. Normally, such programmes are publicly advertised and often feature grants or paid doctoral positions.

Individual doctorate

DAAD/Jan Zappner

The "traditional" or "individual" path to a PhD remains the  most common in Germany. An individual doctorate involves a thesis or dissertation that is produced under the  supervision of one professor .

This form of PhD study offers a great deal of  flexibility , but also demands a  high degree of personal initiative and responsibility . A professor supervises a PhD student, who works on his or her subject in consultation with the professor, but  largely independently .

How long a traditional individual doctorate takes depends on your own time schedule – or on the duration of your work contract. On average, you can expect it to take five to six years . Although a university is normally responsible for the doctoral process, you can also carry out your research at other institutions.

Depending on your subject, research area and interests, you can choose whether to work on a research project and your PhD at a university or non-university research institute – or indeed in industry. However, no matter where you conduct your research, a professor will always supervise your PhD.

You can obtain a doctorate by pursuing research:

• at a university
• at a non-university research institute or
• in a German company

PhD at a university

The "typical" PhD student in Germany works – usually part-time – as a  research associate  at his or her university. Although research is generally part of the job description, most of the associate’s own doctoral research usually has to be carried out outside working hours. How closely teaching, research and/or administrative duties are actually tied into the doctoral student’s own research depends very much on the individual situation.

PhD at a non-university research institute

Non-university research establishments – such as the  Fraunhofer-Gesellschaft ,  Helmholtz Association ,  Leibniz Association  and  Max Planck Society  – offer an excellent research environment in which to conduct your research. These institutions do not have the right to award doctorates themselves, but collaborate with universities for that purpose. They offer PhD students  scholarships and/or (usually fixed-term) contracts of employment  – or a combination of the two. However, support is also possible in the form of regular research posts, which are especially typical of Fraunhofer-Gesellschaft and the Max Planck Society.

PhD in industry

Graduates who decide to work in industry and study for a doctorate part-time – often with funding and support from their employer – also need a university professor to supervise their research. In some cases, the employer will already be collaborating with a university or research institute and can help the PhD student find the right supervisor.

People who have PhD research posts within a company usually have part-time temporary contracts and work on a research project that allows them to pursue their doctoral research under the supervision of a professor. When a university and an industrial company collaborate in specially established institutes, doctoral researchers usually work on their projects with their professor and a supervisor from the company.

More information:

Find your individual doctorate 

The traditional individual path to a doctorate remains the most common in Germany. In this case, the doctoral student works for the most part independently on their thesis, though in consultation with their supervising professor.

Structured PhD programmes

DAAD/Volker Lannert

Structured doctoral programmes often have a  strong international orientation  with English as the team language. Unlike the individual doctorate model that can be freely structured to suit the individual research project, here doctoral students and their research proposals have to fit in with an existing PhD programme.

The doctorate frequently entails a  clearly structured doctoral study   programme  with compulsory attendance at lectures or seminars and interim assessment (credit points). The programme frequently also covers  academic and scientific methods or soft skills , such as presentation techniques.

As a rule, PhD Students work steadily at realising their research project within the team and with intensive  support from a group of academic staff  (often referred to as the “thesis committee”).

The duration of your studies is generally   limited to three to five years, and there is usually a fixed curriculum within which you work toward your doctorate and write your thesis.

Find your structured PhD programme

Though no database containing all structured PhD programmes in Germany is available yet, we can point you in the direction of databases that will help you find what you are looking for nonetheless, where to obtain information about eligibility requirements and how to apply.

Check out our brochure:

Doing a phd in germany (2019, 40 pages).

This booklet for (prospective) international doctoral students presents the different options for doing a doctorate in Germany. It explains the formal requirements and gives some practical advice on finding the right supervisor or doctoral programme. It also outlines different sponsorship and funding options.

Research Proposal for German Scholarship Applications

Writing an impressive research proposal in 2022.

Applying for a scholarship can be a bit daunting, especially if one is applying for the first time. There are several procedures to follow and a number of documents to submit. One such document being ‘A Research Proposal’.  A Research proposal is mandatory for Ph.D. applicants. It can also be required from master’s and bachelor’s applicants. It gives the scholarship committees deep insights into the research potential and intellectual level of the scholarship applicant.

A research proposal is a formal document that outlines what research project the prospective student will be undertaking along with its objectives, the importance of it, and the methodology that will potentially be followed for carrying out the research project.

If you are a master’s degree scholarship applicant then you need to submit a study plan instead of a research proposal.

Research Proposal Format & Short Outline

The formats of writing research proposals vary according to the level of studies. Students should know beforehand what format of writing will be most suited for them. Still, most of the research proposals have the following segments. 

• A cover page
• Introduction of the research
• Review of the Literature
• Research Methodology
• Prospective outcome/s
• The time frame required
• Budget for the research
• Citations or References.

Reasons to Write a Research Proposal:

There are two major reasons why a research proposal is required from a researcher or a student. One is to get funding from potential sources by showing them how your research can contribute to society or that organization in particular. The other is to get the research project approved by the supervisors. Both of the reasons essentially just persuade the higher authorities that the research is worth undertaking.

A research proposal should be convincing, i.e. it should be relevant to your area of study, you should know every advancement that has happened in your area of research, and your research should have a strong impact in the academic world.

You should be able to compel the readers that you know the best way to arrive at the projected results. It would involve making a strong case for your methodology, data collection methods, and the deployment of the most appropriate tools and techniques. An impressive research proposal should convince that the research project will be completed within the proposed time frame and within the available funding. 

Segments of a Research Proposal:

• The Cover Page:

The cover page is just meant to have information about the applicant or researcher. It contains the title of the research, the name of the student/researcher, the name of the supervisor, institution, and department. Students should check with their institutions whether they have a specific format that needs to be followed for the cover page.

• Introduction:

The introduction part should be crafted carefully as it gives the readers insight into your research. It introduces the research project, provides some background information, identifies the research problem, and poses research questions. Some questions that need to be answered in the introductory part of the research proposal are as follows:

• To whom the research is intended? Is it supposed to be read by scientists, policymakers, or academicians?
• What knowledge gap this research intends to fill?
• What new information will be revealed through this research?
• Review of the Literature:

A strong review of the previous literature proves that the researcher has a firm grasp of his/her subject matter. It convinces the scholarship jury that the proposed project is unique in its very nature and is not just intended to repeat the work that has already been done. It should compare the work that has been done before with the work that is being proposed to be done. It should be able to point out the loopholes in the work previously done and should offer to fill those loopholes with the new research.

• Prospective Methodology:

This segment is meant to describe what methods will be deployed to solve the research questions and to achieve the aims and objectives of the research. The methodology should be detailed and unambiguous. The data collection techniques will also be discussed. Also, the methodology selected should be the one that has the least chances of error or being failed.

• Expected Results or Outcomes:

The researchers should also briefly talk about what kinds of results do they expect from their research project. What kinds of breakthroughs the research can provide and what are the chances of its success or failure.

• The Proposed Time Frame:

Some funding sources are keen on the fact that the applicants should be able to provide them with a realistic time frame within which the research will be completed. This is meant to help them track the research progress. The time frame should be comprehensive i.e. it should describe how much time each step of the research will take. You can use infographics software for that purpose as well.

It is vital to state how much funding will be required in the smooth execution of the research project. The researcher also needs to state from where does he/she intends to acquire the required funds. These funding sources will then reassess the budget allocated to each step of the research to make sure that their funds are going at the right place.

• References or Citations:

A strong research proposal should honestly cite every source of information that has been used in the course of writing the research proposal. The references should be detailed and should include the name of the authors and the publication. The applicants should confirm with their departments what kind of referencing styles do they prefer and should follow the ones prescribed by them. 

Dr. Philip Morgan

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PhD Studies

Planning your phd, eligibility and application, german or english medium, living as a student, working in germany, get guidance.

With a long tradition of research and ground breaking discoveries, Germany is indeed a land of innovation and progress. Besides giving your ideas a research-based boost, Germany also offers promising career opportunities along with a vibrant social and cultural milieu. So like for many other international students, it can be the right place to pursue a doctoral degree for you too!

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Starting your doctoral studies is a big step in your academic life. Along with identifying your research area you also have to plan where and in which institute you want to pursue your PhD.

Where does research take place in Germany?

Contemplating pursuing a PhD in Germany?  There are a number of universities, research institutions and business houses that will welcome you. So getting an insight into the research landscape of the country is of paramount importance!

© DAAD India

Research is extensively carried out by and through universities, research organisations and the industry. These three are famously known as the three pillars of research in Germany.

You can take a closer look at this on  Research in Germany .

Which universities should I look at for PhD?

There are various kinds of institutions of higher education in Germany. A majority of these belong to either of the following categories:

Universities and Universities of Technology (TU), are research-oriented and offer a wide variety of subjects. These are the only establishments that can award a PhD degree.

In case you are carrying out your PhD at a research organisation/ University of Applied Sciences, it will always be through a partner university/TU that you will get your degree. Therefore it is important that you fulfill the eligibility criteria of the university/TU as well.

Before you finalise a university or a research institution make sure to check out their websites to know what kind of research is already going on there.

Which is the best university in Germany?

There is no “best university”, neither in one subject and certainly not across all subjects.

DAAD India © CHE Ranking

Germany offers a multidimensional ranking, considering various criteria that are important from a student’s perspective. For example, student and staff judgments on quality of teaching, atmosphere at the university, library and other equipment, student numbers, average study duration, number of graduations, third party funding etc. This way you get a detailed picture of the strengths and weaknesses of each university on university-ranking.de . Here you can find your programme by selecting a subject, a university or even a city in Germany!

As a researcher you should also take the research rankings  into consideration. The criteria for such rankings could be research infrastructure, citations, patents, publications and student reviews, to name a few.

How should I plan my doctorate?

If you have set your mind on a PhD in Germany, you can consider two approaches: the traditional approach i.e. individual doctorate and the structured doctoral programmes.

Individual doctoral studies involve identifying a supervisor ( Doktorvater / Doktormutter ) at a German university who is willing to guide your research. This system offers a lot of freedom, and calls for a great deal of personal initiative right from identifying a topic in your research field. This kind of doctorate takes about 3-5 years to complete.

Structured PhD programmes  are internationally oriented, conducted largely in English and are comparable to PhD programmes offered in English-speaking countries. Here supervision is carried out by several university teachers. These programmes lead to a PhD in about three years.

What if I want to do a part of my PhD research in Germany?

The research Grant: Bi-nationally Supervised Doctoral Degrees / Cotutelle which is also famously known as DAAD Sandwich Scholarship lets you complete your PhD in two countries. The first country being your home country where you are registered as a doctoral student and the second country is but naturally Germany.

You are supervised at your home university as well as at the host institute in Germany. Your doctoral degree is awarded by the home institution. This is the well known “sandwich model”.

While generally as a Master degree holder you will have ticked off the first major requirement, it is always a good idea to check if the university’s requirements and your qualifications match. And then you can start with the application procedure.

Am I eligible to apply for a PhD?

In Germany, every university is autonomous. This means that every university/ study programme has its own set of criteria for admitting students. So please check the university website, and specifically the programme you are interested in. Here you will find the exact admission requirements.

However, some generalisation is  possible. As a Master degree holder from Bangladesh, Bhutan, India, Nepal or Sri Lanka your degree is treated at par with a German Master degree. In some cases, further assessment of eligibility will be required. Do clarify the matter of eligibility with the university or the research organisation of your choice before you send in your application.

Some universities may ask for the proof of your English language proficiency in form of TOEFL or IELTS scores. Some universities may ask for good German language skills depending upon subject of your research. In such cases, your knowledge of German needs to be certified through examinations like the TestDaF  or DSH.

How do I go about applying for a PhD?

• PhD Germany   – A portal where German universities advertise openings for doctoral positions
• An interactive database of  Graduate Schools at German universities
• Research Training Groups  coordinated by the German Research Foundation (DFG)
• International Max Planck Research Schools (IMPRS) Academicians from your country who have collaborations with German academicians or your seniors who might be carrying out research in Germany can be a great source of information too!
• Contact and convince a supervisor. Make sure that you approach a potential supervisor the right way and in good time – a brief and well-structured communication with an overview of your research proposal and relevant information about yourself is more likely to get you the right kind of response than a simple email stating that you are interested in doing a PhD!
• Communicate information about your background, academic performance and academic goals.
• Get a letter of acceptance from your supervisor.
• Identify a programme. Contact the selected university. This will be your most important source of information as far as exact details about eligibility, programme structure, fee, application procedure etc. are concerned.
• Check the application deadline for the programme chosen!
• Application forms and other relevant material can be downloaded from the respective university website.
• Send the application packet.
• Get a confirmation of admission.
• The Admission procedures vary for different universities and for different programmes.
• Check about these with the university of your choice or your supervisor.
• Make sure you have a valid passport!
• Apply for a student visa as soon as you have the admission letter, as the procedure can take 8 to 12 weeks. The German Embassy and the Consulates require proof of funding for the first year of studies. At this stage make sure if you need to get the APS certificate ( www.aps-india.de ) that some universities/host professors may insist upon. To find out where you should apply for a visa, visit the website of the Germany Embassy in your country.
• Apply for a place in a hostel. In some cases the International Office ( Akademisches Auslandsamt ) of the university will help you.
• Arrive in Germany at least a week before your course begins.
• Contact the International Office ( Akademisches Auslandsamt ) of your university for guidance.
• Step 6 Get your residence permit within the first three months of your stay in Germany from the Foreigners’ Registration Office ( Ausländeramt ).

Germany offers education in German as well as in English. Different subject fields can have different language requirements.

Can I do my PhD completely in English medium?

Germany offers close to 200 structured international programmes with English as the sole or primary medium of instruction. These programmes are called International Programmes.

Few of these programmes may require students to have learnt/learn some German language during their PhD.

Must I learn German for my PhD?

As you have already seen, Germany offers numerous PhD programmes with English as the sole or primary medium of instruction and the language for your thesis. English is also accepted as a language of research and education in Germany.

However, some universities/ subject fields may expect you to have German language proficiency for your PhD.

As a student in Germany, your life will not be limited to the university campus. You will surely want to interact with people, travel through the country-side and make the best of your time there. This is where knowledge of German will present a great advantage!

Universities offer beginner and well as advanced level courses where you can learn German. You can also start learning the language while you are still in your home country at a  Goethe-Institut (Max Mueller Bhavan) / Goethe-Zentrum.

Do I require to learn German for DAAD scholarship?

To apply for the DAAD PhD scholarship knowledge of the German language is not mandatory. However, after getting the scholarship you will be expected to complete a DAAD sponsored German course. This will help you with your life Germany.

While in a foreign country being able to manage your finances on your own is very important. You would need to plan your budget by keeping your living expenses, travel costs and tuition fees if any in mind.

What kind of budget should I have in my mind?

Fees: As a PhD scholar in Germany, you are exempted from tuition fees. You will need to pay a semester contribution of around Euro 300, depending upon the university and the services or benefits provided.

Living costs : Apart from the tuition fees, if any,  you will require about EUR 934 per month for subsistence i.e. housing, food, clothing, study material and other expenses such as health insurance and leisure activities. The precise split up for this amount will be updated soon. The amounts can vary from city to city, and of course from lifestyle to lifestyle!

The following table shows the split up at the time of the last budget indicated in 2019.

Source: German Student Union (Deutsches Studentenwerk), 2019 

How can I finance my doctorate?

If you are participating in a structured doctoral programme and doing your doctorate at a graduate school, research centre or research training group, the issue of funding is usually resolved with you either working as a research assistant or receiving a scholarship of about EUR 1,000 per month.

If you are pursuing your doctorate on the basis of the traditional approach, you can apply for a job as a research assistant, if there is vacancy.

Working as a research/doctoral assistant involves collaboration in research/teaching and doing administrative work in addition to completing the dissertation. Non-university research institutions like Fraunhofer Institutes and also some companies offer doctoral candidates employment and / or fund their doctoral dissertations.

The DAAD offers the most extensive scholarship programme.  Also a number of foundations support international candidates approved for the doctoral process. A database of scholarships offered by various German organisations can be found at  www.funding-guide.de .

What is a DAAD PhD scholarship like and how can I apply for it?

If you are a well-motivated researcher with high-calibre this research grant supports your complete doctoral studies in Germany. In general the duration of your PhD should not exceed more than four years.

If you have already registered for PhD in your home country and would like to carry out a part of the research in Germany, you may consider applying for Bi-nationally Supervised Doctoral Degrees / Cotutelle scholarship of the DAAD .

An independent selection committee consisting of specialist scientists reviews your applications, wherein your academic qualification, quality of your research project is checked along with your career prospects, motivation and extra curricular activities including your civic engagement.

If you want to do your full PhD in Germany DAAD PhD Scholarship would be more relevant for you. The application deadline is 20 October every year. This is for scholarship starting from October of the following year.

Here is a step-by-step guideline for your application process:

• Collect general information about the DAAD PhD scholarship.
• Thoroughly check the eligibility criteria.
• Attend information sessions or internet-based seminars (webinars) organised by the DAAD.
• Once you have the letter of acceptance from your supervisor/admission letter from your university, complete the application procedure as specified in the scholarship announcement.
• The application deadline typically falls in the month of October the current year for a PhD beginning in the next year.
• Shortlisted applicants from India will be invited for a personal interview around January-February. For Bangladesh, Bhutan, Nepal and Sri Lanka the procedure will be announced closer to the date of interviews.
• The final decision will be announced for applicants from Bangladesh, Bhutan, India, Nepal and Sri Lanka around mid or end of April of the following year.
• Step 4 Once selected, you will have to attend a mandatory German language course, which is a necessary and important part of your scholarship.
• Step 5 After the successful completion of your language course in Germany, your PhD will begin in October.

Living on your own comes with lots of responsibilities, at the same time it can also be very  interesting. It starts with finding a place to stay, learning how to cook, shopping on a budget, making friends and connections. Hope this section helps you with some of your questions.

How do I find accommodation?

Germany offers various types of accommodations:

• Students hall of residence:  Here you can rent rooms provided by  Student Services Organisation ( Studentenwerk ). They are low in cost and preferred by many students. Studentenwerk also provides specially designed Service Kits for international students. Get in touch with Studentenwerk of your city know more.
• Shared Flats ( Wohngemeinschaft – WG) : Shared flat or WG is another affordable accommodation, where you have your own room in a flat and share the kitchen and the bathroom with other flatmates. Living in a shared flat is cheaper as the rent and other expenses  get shared. You can find advertisements for vacancies in WGs online on social media groups or on student-friendly websites.
• Private apartments:  If you prefer living alone, private apartments can be an option for you.  You can find them with the help of Studentenwerk, on boards in the university foyer or even on social media groups and websites for rental real estate.

Make sure to be on the lookout from early on, so that you find the best place at an affordable price.

How do I connect with other students?

Connecting with other students can help you to learn from their experience. It may also help you get acquainted with the lifestyle, once you are in Germany.

• Get in touch with  DAAD Young Ambassadors . They have studied or carried out their research in Germany. Contact them with your questions, they will be happy to guide you!
• You can also find out about various student associations and groups formed by students of your country/ region.
• You can contact students on various socials media platforms as well. There are groups based on nationalities or interests and activities.
• Many universities arrange introductory events. Ask the international office of your university about them. Research institutions too generally run such initiatives.

You can of course work in Germany as long as you follow the regulations, which are not complex and are easy to understand.

Can I work in Germany as a student?

As an international student, you are permitted to work for 120 full days or 240 half days in a year. This will help you in getting a bit of extra pocket-money!OK

Can I work in Germany after my studies?

After completing your degree in Germany, you can choose from amongst a wide range of options:

You can stay on in the country for up to 1.5 years to look for a job that is in keeping with your education. Once you find a job, the residence permit issued to you for the purpose of studying, can be converted into a residence permit for taking gainful employment.

Germany has always had a very strong industry-academia linkage. A lot of scientific research is funded by the industry as well. During your studies you can get the opportunity to do internships with German companies, which can open new vistas for your professional career.

In Germany, a doctorate is a prerequisite for a career in research or higher education. Your options include:

• Teaching/Research Assistantships
• Postdoc Positions
• Research Positions in Industry

The portal  www.academics.com has Germany’s biggest online job market for researchers. There are also scholarships for Postdocs offered by the  Alexander-von-Humboldt Foundation  and other organizations.

Whether you are in India, Nepal or Bhutan, the DAAD is there to help you with your study in Germany plans. Check out how you can reach us!

Individual Appointments

You can connect with the DAAD offices online or offline in Bengaluru ,  Chennai ,  New Delhi  and  Pune .

Information Sessions

The DAAD offers free of cost information session about studying in Germany regularly. Check which dates and topics suit you, register and join!

Click here for dates, timings and registration links: www.daad.in/events .

Writing a Research Proposal

Take a look at the DAAD’s guidelines for writing research proposal

Research Proposal writing: Guidelines 2023

PhD Proposal Writing Workshop

Wondering how to write a PhD proposal? The DAAD offers PhD Proposal Writing Workshop on various topics for aspirants who intend to pursue their doctorate in Germany!

Early Career Research Symposia

The  Early Career Research Symposia offer you a platform to help you propel your research, amplify its reach and get inspired by exchange of ideas.

• Did you find the information about  doctoral studies in Germany useful? Keep the digital  PhD brochure with you, so that it is all handy!
• You will also find the digital brochure Research Proposal Guidelines 2023 useful.
• There is comfort  and certainty in numbers. With the fact sheet Germany India 2022 you can check out actual number of Indian students, what fields they are opting for and which universities they have preferred.

Grant proposal writing - How to design and communicate your project convincingly

Short description

Succesful grant proposal writing offers you the opportunity to drive your career as a researcher, to fund your own research, to get you into independence early after obtaining your PhD and to grow your research group. Also, outside of academia it plays an important role for funding research and innovation activities.

There are plenty of national and international funding programmes with different funding schemes. Although there are differences between the funding schemes that influence what each winning proposal would look like, the process of how to turn your idea for a project into a proposal is the same.

Therefore, this workshop focuses on a) How to develop your idea for a project into a sound work programme; b) how to match it with the requirements of a particular funding programme; and c) how to facilitate communication with the reviewer by presenting your complex ideas in an easy-to-understand way.

Target group

This training is dedicated to researchers with little or no experience in grant proposal writing. 

At the end of the workshop, the participants will have:

• An overview of funding possibilities and helpful sources of information
• A list of contact points, websites and phone numbers which provide support and detailed answers to questions
• A set of tools for efficiently developing research ideas into research projects and designing them to a funding programme of interest
• Examples of proposal building blocks, as well as comments on these
• Concise building blocks for different parts of a proposal: Work plan, Pert-diagram, objective, innovative aspects, impact.

SESSION 1: Funding programmes and how to read the documents (3.5 hours) • The triangle of projects • Overview of funding opportunities • Background information on funding programmes and evaluation processes • How to read the official documents • The funding scheme fingerprint

SESSION 2: Developing your idea into a work plan (3.5 hours) • Elements and structure of a work plan • The Disney method • Developing your idea for a research project into a first work plan • Visualisation of the work plan

SESSION 3: Communicating your project convincingly (3.5 hours) • Matching your idea with the funding programme of choice • Communication with the reviewer • Objectives and how to get the details to make them SMART • Innovative aspects

SESSION 4: Impact and budget (3.5 hours) • Where to put which information in the proposal and how to write about it convincingly • The eagle’s perspective on research projects • Impact • Budget calculation • Coordination of the grant proposal writing process

Dr. Sabine Preusse decided to quit academia in 2006 after obtaining her PhD in Astrophysics and moved on to the project management of European Funded Research projects in the Steinbeis-Europa-Zentrum. Besides writing grant proposals and being a project manager in the field of production technologies, she has also trained herself as a business economist (IWW) and a professional business trainer. With this she founded her own company RaumZeit e.K. Coaching Training Beratung in 2011 and is now (also as a professional business coach) supporting researchers from all levels and disciplines in grant proposal writing and the implementation of research projects, dissemination and exploitation of project results, as well as open educational resources.

Since 2011 Sabine Preusse has given more than 150 two-day workshops on grant proposal writing and more than 80 coaching sessions with respect to grant proposal writting, design of research projects and career-building for young researchers, postdocs and professors.

Instructor photo © Dean Vrakela; website photo © Sabine Preusse 

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How to write a research proposal for a PhD

Writing a research proposal for a doctorate may seem like a huge challenge, but with good planning and structure, it is possible to create a solid and convincing document. This guide will help you understand the essential steps to draft an effective proposal, from defining the topic to the final review of the document. By following these tips, you will be able to present a proposal that stands out and meets academic expectations.

• Clearly define the research topic and ensure it is well delineated.
• Establish clear and specific objectives that effectively guide your research.
• Conduct a thorough literature review to underpin your proposal and identify gaps in the research.
• Formulate a precise and relevant research question that aligns with the objectives.
• Design an appropriate methodology that justifies the chosen methods and plans the data analysis.

Defining the Research Topic

Defining the research topic is the first crucial step in developing a research proposal for a doctorate. This process involves identifying your personal interests , reviewing existing literature, and narrowing the scope of the topic . The following details these key aspects.

Establishing Research Objectives

For your research proposal to be effective, it is crucial to clearly define the objectives. These objectives will guide all your work and help you maintain focus. The following outlines the steps to establish solid and coherent objectives for your research.

General Objectives

The general objectives should align with the main research question. These objectives broadly describe what you hope to achieve with your study. It is essential that they are clear and achievable . For example, if your research focuses on the use of WhatsApp in education, a general objective could be: "To analyse the impact of WhatsApp on the academic performance of university students".

Specific Objectives

The specific objectives break down the general objective into more manageable and detailed parts. These objectives should be more concrete and focus on particular aspects of your research. For example, continuing with the WhatsApp theme, some specific objectives could be:

• Evaluate the frequency of WhatsApp use among students.
• Identify the main functions of WhatsApp used in educational contexts.
• Analyse students' perceptions of the effectiveness of WhatsApp in their learning.

Justification of the Objectives

The justification of the objectives is essential to demonstrate the relevance and necessity of your research. Here you should explain why you have chosen these objectives and how they will contribute to filling gaps in the existing literature. An effective research proposal should clearly show how your objectives align with the priorities of the field of study and how they can influence future research or practices. For example, you could argue that, although there are studies on the use of WhatsApp in education, few have addressed its specific impact on academic performance, making your research particularly relevant.

Conducting a Thorough Literature Review

To draft a solid research proposal, it is essential to conduct a thorough literature review . This process will allow you to understand the current state of knowledge in your area of study and detect possible gaps that your research could fill.

Formulating the Research Question

Formulating a clear and precise research question is fundamental to the success of your doctoral project. The following details the key aspects you should consider when formulating your research question.

Designing the Research Methodology

Designing the research methodology is a crucial step in developing your doctoral proposal. This section should clearly describe how you plan to address your study problem, what methods you will use to collect data, and how you will analyse that data. A well-designed methodology ensures the validity and reliability of your research .

Creating a Work Schedule

Creating a work schedule is essential for managing your time and ensuring that you complete your research within the established timeframe. A well-structured schedule will allow you to organise your tasks and maintain a constant track of your progress. The following outlines the key steps to create an effective schedule.

Defining Project Stages

To begin, divide your project into clear and manageable stages. Each stage should represent an important milestone in your research, such as the literature review, data collection, and analysis of results. Defining these stages will help you visualise the progress of your project and identify the specific tasks you need to complete in each phase.

Assigning Times for Each Stage

Once you have defined the stages of your project, assign specific times for each one. It is crucial to be realistic in this assignment to avoid delays. Consider factors such as the complexity of the tasks and your availability of time. A well-planned schedule should include time margins for unforeseen events and revisions.

Tools for Tracking the Schedule

Use tools that allow you to effectively track your schedule. There are various applications and project management software that can help you stay organised. These tools allow you to update your progress, adjust times, and receive reminders for pending tasks. Maintaining constant tracking is key to meeting established deadlines and ensuring the success of your research.

Writing the Research Proposal

Writing a research proposal is a crucial step in advancing your academic career. This document defines the direction of your research and can determine acceptance into a doctoral program. The following presents the essential elements you should consider when writing your proposal.

Structure of the Proposal

A well-structured research proposal should include the following sections:

• Introduction : Provides an overview of the research topic, its importance, and the objectives to be achieved.
• Problem Statement : Clearly defines the research problem and its relevance in the current context.
• Objectives : Details the general and specific objectives of your research.
• Methodology : Describes the methods and techniques you will use to collect and analyse the data.
• Schedule : Presents a work plan with the stages of the project and the times assigned for each.
• References : Includes a list of the sources consulted and cited in your proposal.

Tips for Clear and Concise Writing

To ensure that your proposal is clear and concise, follow these tips:

• Use simple and direct language. Avoid unnecessary technical jargon.
• Be specific and avoid generalities. Specificity is key for an effective proposal.
• Review and edit your document several times to eliminate grammatical and stylistic errors.
• Ask colleagues or mentors to review your proposal and provide feedback.

Review and Correction of the Document

The review and correction of your proposal is a fundamental step to ensure its quality. Here are some steps to follow:

• Initial Review : Read your proposal aloud to identify errors and areas for improvement.
• Style Correction : Ensure that the tone and style are appropriate for an academic document.
• Peer Review : Ask other researchers to review your proposal and give you their opinion.
• Final Correction : Conduct a final review to ensure there are no errors and that the document is ready to be submitted.

By following these steps, you will be able to draft a solid and well-structured research proposal, increasing your chances of success in your academic career.

Preparing the Proposal Presentation

Key elements of the presentation.

For an effective presentation, it is essential to include certain key elements. First, ensure you have a clear introduction that captures your audience's attention. Then, present the objectives of your research and the methodology you will follow. Don't forget to include a section on expected results and preliminary conclusions. Finally, close with a question and answer section to interact with your audience.

Use of Visual Resources

The use of visual resources can significantly enhance the understanding of your proposal. Use graphs, tables, and diagrams to illustrate your key points. Ensure that these resources are clear and relevant. Remember that a good visual presentation can make your proposal more engaging and easier to follow.

Practice and Feedback

Practice is essential for a successful presentation. Rehearse your presentation several times before the final day. Ask colleagues or friends to provide constructive feedback. This will help you identify areas for improvement and gain confidence. Additionally, consider recording your presentation to analyse your performance and make necessary adjustments.

Consulting with the Academic Supervisor

Importance of Feedback

Feedback from your academic supervisor is crucial for the success of your research proposal. An experienced supervisor can offer you valuable insights and help you identify areas for improvement. Additionally, their experience in the field will allow you to adjust your approach and methodology more effectively.

Frequency and Modality of Consultations

It is essential to establish a regular frequency for consultations with your supervisor. This can be weekly, bi-weekly, or monthly, depending on the stage you are at in your research. Ensure you agree on the modality of the consultations, whether in person, via email, or video call, to maintain smooth communication.

Incorporating Suggestions into the Proposal

Once you have received feedback, it is essential to incorporate your supervisor's suggestions into your proposal. This will not only improve the quality of your work but also demonstrate your ability to accept and apply constructive criticism. Remember that continuous feedback is key to developing a solid proposal.

Ethical Considerations in Research

When drafting a research proposal for a doctorate, it is essential to address ethical considerations . These not only ensure the integrity of the study but also protect the participants and the researcher. The following details the fundamental ethical principles you should keep in mind.

Fundamental Ethical Principles

The ethical principles in research include beneficence and non-maleficence . These principles aim to ensure that the benefits of the research are high and the harms are low. Before any study begins, it is crucial to assess the potential risks and benefits for the participants.

Obtaining Informed Consent

Informed consent is a process by which participants are informed about all relevant aspects of the study before deciding to participate. This process should include information about the study's objectives, procedures, risks and benefits, and the right to withdraw at any time without negative consequences.

Handling Sensitive Data

Proper handling of sensitive data is essential to protect the privacy of participants. This includes anonymising the data and securely storing the information. Additionally, it is important to establish clear protocols for accessing and using the data, ensuring that only authorised personnel have access to it.

Evaluating the Project's Feasibility

Evaluating the feasibility of your research project is crucial to ensure its success. This process involves analysing the necessary resources, identifying potential obstacles, and developing a contingency plan. The following outlines the essential steps to carry out this evaluation.

Reviewing and Refining the Proposal

Once you have completed the draft of your research proposal , it is crucial to dedicate time to review and refine it. This process not only improves the quality of the document but also ensures that it meets the required academic standards.

Reviewing and refining your proposal is crucial to ensure the success of your thesis. Don't worry if you feel lost, we are here to help you. Visit our website and discover how our Thesis Action Plan can guide you step by step. Don't miss this opportunity!

Writing a research proposal for a doctorate is a process that requires dedication, organisation, and a clear understanding of your study's objectives. It is essential to follow a logical and coherent structure that allows you to clearly and concisely present the relevance and feasibility of your research. Additionally, it is important to conduct a thorough review of the existing literature and define an appropriate methodology that supports your hypotheses. By following these steps, you will not only be meeting academic requirements but also laying the groundwork for solid and meaningful research that will contribute to the advancement of knowledge in your field of study.

Frequently Asked Questions

What is a research proposal.

A research proposal is a document that describes the plan for a research project. It includes the topic, objectives, methodology, and relevance of the study.

What should the introduction of a research proposal include?

The introduction should provide a brief description of the research area, the motivation behind the study, and its importance.

How do I define research objectives?

Research objectives should be clear and specific. They include both general and specific objectives that will guide your study.

What is a literature review?

It is a detailed analysis of the existing literature on the research topic. It helps identify gaps and justify the need for the study.

Why is methodology important in a research proposal?

The methodology defines how data will be collected and analysed. It is crucial to ensure the validity and reliability of the study.

What is a work schedule?

It is a plan that details the stages of the project and assigns specific times for each. It helps organise and manage time effectively.

How can I ensure my proposal is clear and concise?

Use simple and direct language. Review and correct the document several times to eliminate any ambiguity or redundancy.

What should I consider in consultations with my academic supervisor?

It is important to receive regular feedback, discuss progress, and adjust the proposal according to the supervisor's suggestions.

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थीसिस कैसे शुरू करें: शुरुआती लोगों के लिए एक व्यापक मार्गदर्शिका

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Transparency and communication are key to building successful research collaborations

Working together can make research stronger, but cooperation can be complicated. Here’s how to get the most out of collaboration

Vol. 54 No. 6 Print version: page 71

• Conducting Research
• Working as a Psychologist

As psychology’s prominence continues to grow, researchers are collaborating more both within the field and across disciplines. These collaborations can help psychologists reach a wider audience, have a bigger impact, and ultimately improve the work that’s being done.

But collaborations come with complications, such as managing team dynamics, communicating effectively, determining authorship, working across time zones, combining funding, and more. To make collaborations successful, researchers say communication and transparency are key.

Jay Van Bavel, PhD, a social psychologist at New York University, and Claire Robertson, a doctoral student in his lab, had an accidental success story of an interdisciplinary, international collaboration that highlighted what makes collaborations work. They had set out to study the effect of negative headlines on online news consumption. But after submitting their findings to the journal Nature Human Behaviour, they were shocked to receive an email from the journal that another set of researchers had submitted identical findings, using the same data set, within days of Van Bavel and Robertson’s submission.

To deal with this unusual situation, the journal editors asked both research teams if they’d be willing to jointly submit a manuscript. Van Bavel and Robertson agreed and found themselves unexpectedly collaborating with a team of computer scientists from Germany and Switzerland for the next 20 months.

The teams managed to mesh, with both sides genuinely excited about what the other could offer, ultimately publishing their paper in March ( Nature Human Behaviour , Vol. 7, 2023 ).

“It ended up being a really great collaboration,” Robertson said. “In the end, it made the paper 10 times stronger.”

Most people won’t form a partnership this way. But what made their cooperation work is common among successful research teams: communication, compromise, and enthusiasm for each other’s contributions.

Launching a collaboration

Collaborations, especially across disciplines or national boundaries, can be stressful, said Kim Gorgens, PhD, a rehabilitation psychologist at the University of Denver who is involved in several multidisciplinary projects with other researchers and community organizations in Colorado. “But the payout is so worth it,” Gorgens said. “The chance to reach another audience or to think about your results in a way that is informed by another lens is a way to stay more relevant as a psychologist.”

Some collaborations arise naturally out of networking at conferences or on academic listservs; in other cases, researchers go looking for them. Social media can be one place to connect: Researchers have found collaborators through Twitter and through blog posts. Combing through the scientific literature on a particular topic is another common method. “I’m a cold-caller,” Gorgens said.

Often, potential collaborations simmer for years before they come to fruition. Julie McCarthy, PhD, a psychologist at Mass General Brigham McLean, is an early career investigator midway through a National Institute on Drug Abuse K23 career development grant. McCarthy is part of active collaborations and is also working on building a network through trainings, workshops, and other one-off activities to lay the foundation for future ones.

“Some of the advice I’ve gotten is that it’s really important that you like and trust the people you’re working with,” she said. “It’s a nice way to test the waters with respect to the type of work people are doing, how they think about these research and clinical issues, and whether they are excited about the same things that you are.”

When first working with someone, it’s important to make sure you’re on the same page. One way to do that is to develop what Howard Gadlin, PhD, a psychologist and retired ombuds for the National Institutes of Health, calls a “scientific prenup.” By laying out basic parameters about authorship, data handling, decision-making processes, and goals, researchers can avoid conflict in the long run, Gadlin said.

“When some people first hear about this idea, their reaction is, ‘If I ask people to have a prenup, they will think I don’t trust them,’” he said. “But the prenup is exactly the basis for establishing trust, because you detail your expectations of one another and divide up roles and responsibilities.”

Common sticking points often emerge around credit and authorship, Gadlin said. In the case of Robertson and Van Bavel, figuring out how to handle who would be first author and senior author was one of the foremost orders of business, especially given the importance of first-author publications for graduate students like Robertson. (The team settled on joint first authorship for Robertson and her German counterpart.)

Examples and templates for collaboration agreements are available at multiple organizations, including the Psychological Science Accelerator and ManyBabies , an open science consortium for infant research. “Transparency and clarity are the two big things we try to live by,” said Heidi Baumgartner, PhD, a developmental psychologist at Stanford University, the codirector of the Stanford Big Team Science Lab, and the executive director of ManyBabies. “Whatever the expectations are, just write them down and make that available to everyone.”

Navigating compromise and cooperation

One of the big challenges in multidisciplinary collaborations is talking across fields—and adjusting to the norms of a different discipline. Diversity of educational background and experience positively influences team creativity, said Roni Reiter-Palmon, PhD, an industrial-organizational psychologist at the University of Nebraska Omaha who collaborates with researchers from medical science and engineering. Her collaborators read different journals, attend different conferences, and use different analysis methods. “They bring a wealth of information that I would not normally see, and I bring to them information that they would not normally see,” she said.

Finding a shared vocabulary is key to mining these various perspectives. Different fields may use terminology in different ways, so it’s important to be clear about definitions, Reiter-Palmon said. It is also important to step outside the norms of psychology to understand the goals and needs of other fields. For example, does an article in a psychology journal benefit a computer scientist when it comes time for them to apply for tenure? Is everyone growing professionally from their role on the team? Is there a way to design goals that will work for everyone? Is the team prioritizing voices of early-career researchers and researchers from marginalized backgrounds, who might lack the status of more established or White scientists? Is there input from community partners? Psychologists’ expertise in issues of diversity, equity, and inclusion often makes them a good point person for navigating these questions, Gorgens said.

And then there are the practicalities: How will your team schedule meetings, jointly edit manuscripts, and share data? These issues become particularly important for international collaborations. For example, to be fair to team members in different time zones, it might be important to rotate through different meeting times so one group isn’t always stuck logging in to Zoom during nonwork hours. “You have to adjust,” said Pina Marsico, PhD, a developmental and educational psychologist at the University of Salerno and the president-elect of APA’s Division 52 (International Psychology).

When collaborating internationally, it’s also important to avoid doing scientific tourism or parachute science, Marsico said, which is typically defined as dropping into a foreign location for one’s own benefit, without engaging with the knowledge of local scientists and stakeholders. The best international projects grow out of strong ties with researchers in other countries and mutual benefit. In Europe, Latin America, and Asia, the Kitchen Seminar Network  aims to build these kinds of ties by pairing mentees with mentors from other nations so that students start working across borders from the master’s level onward. Marsico is working on a similar, multidisciplinary network for the Southern Hemisphere called the Global South Network.

These considerations can also be important in domestic research. McCarthy is working on a proposal for a project to implement Community Reinforcement and Family Training (CRAFT), a program for loved ones of people with substance use disorders, at the Northern Navajo Medical Center in Shiprock, New Mexico, which grew out of volunteer work she did at the center. Shiprock is within the Navajo Nation, so it was important to avoid a colonialist model of introducing a program that the community didn’t want, McCarthy said.

“I’m very mindful of collaborating with communities that may have had experience with research colonialism and want to make sure that anything I would be doing with them is coming from an identified need from within that community,” she said. On-the-ground collaborators can also be invaluable for logistics, such as working out ways programs can be delivered within their specific organization.

While planning ahead and thinking through workflow issues can head off many problems, disagreements may still arise. In those cases, facilitated or mediated discussions can be helpful, Gadlin said.

“Many universities have either an ombudsperson or other conflict-resolution program, and, of course, there are mediators in the private sector,” he said. “I’ve always been a big believer that facilitated conversation is a reasonable way to address conflicts.” Some collaborations might choose a neutral arbiter and agree ahead of time to follow that person’s decision about a conflict. Others set up a majority-minority opinion process, much like the U.S. Supreme Court: If there are dissenting opinions within the group about the interpretation of the results, those researchers get the chance to publish a “minority opinion” as a supplement or special section of the final research paper. Sometimes just knowing that that is an option heads off arguments, Baumgartner said, because everyone knows their voice will ultimately be heard.

And sometimes conflict is the starting point for collaboration. Adversarial collaboration, first developed over two decades ago by Nobel laureate Daniel Kahneman, PhD, a psychologist and professor emeritus at Princeton University, is when scientists with opposing theoretical views conduct experiments jointly. This forces transparency in methods and rigor from the beginning of a study and can avoid years of back-and-forth and criticism between teams working separately. Kahneman and his first adversarial collaborators, Thomas Gilovich and Victoria Medvec, published their research on the experience of regret in 1998, finding that both sides were a little bit right ( Psychological Review , Vol. 105, No. 3 ). The Adversarial Collaboration Project at the University of Pennsylvania supports these types of research partnerships, which are still rare.

Reaping the benefits

There are often structural barriers to collaborations, especially collaborating across disciplines. It can be hard to move money from one department to another, Gorgens said, complicating funding issues. Funding structures aren’t often set up to distribute small amounts of money to multiple labs, Baumgartner said, meaning a lot of big team science in psychology relies on volunteer efforts and researchers piggybacking experiments onto projects they already have running. Rigid rules around authorship and credit can also de-incentivize working together. To simplify the process, Baumgartner and her colleagues are advocating for the standard use of the Contributor Roles Taxonomy , a system for divvying up credit refined by the Consortia Advancing Standards in Research Administration Information and the National Information Standards Organization.

“Every chance we get, we’re trying to bring up these points with more senior people in the field with power on hiring and tenure committees to help those people understand the benefits and importance of participating in big team research,” Baumgartner said. In her field, which relies on infant research, the biggest benefit is data pooling. Infant participants are hard to recruit and not always cooperative in the lab, so many infant studies have tiny sample sizes. By letting a network of labs share their data, these team science collaborations enable much larger samples.

Collaborations often lead to other benefits and partnerships. Vicki Gier, PhD, an experimental psychologist in memory and cognition at Mississippi State University–Meridian, began working with researchers at other institutes more than 15 years ago to deliver distance research talks to her psychology students, who, given the small department and campus, otherwise would have very limited exposure to the work of academic psychologists. That effort has now expanded internationally, with researchers from Germany, Thailand, and the Philippines giving lectures on their work. It has been a boon to Gier’s work, too.

“I also am collaborating with people now that I never would have known before if I hadn’t had the opportunity of meeting them through this,” said Gier, who presented on the effort at APA 2023.

Gorgens’ work with the local criminal justice system and legislative advocates has contributed to real-world change. In 2021, the Colorado governor signed into law S.B. 21-138, requiring screening and support for brain injury in people involved with the criminal justice system, an effort spearheaded by community advocate Marchell Taylor, who was incarcerated at the time and who was a community stakeholder in Gorgens’s research team. Soon after, a survivor of intimate partner violence (IPV) named Melissa Bickford contacted Gorgens about advocating for a similar bill for people who had experienced IPV. Gorgens was able to act as a node in a network, connecting Bickford to Taylor for mentorship. Colorado S.B. 22-057, which created a task force to begin a brain-injury screening program for survivors of IPV, passed in 2022.

“It’s harder to do the work. It’s certainly more fraught with hurdles and stress than collaborating with colleagues next door,” Gorgens said. “But my advice would be that it’s worth it, so hang in there.”

Further reading

How to build up big team science: A practical guide for large-scale collaborations Baumgartner, H. A., et al., Royal Society Open Science , 2023

Adversarial collaboration Rakow, T., In O’Donohue, W., et al. (Eds.), Avoiding Questionable Research Practices in Applied Psychology, Springer, 2022

Ghosted in science: How to move on when a potential collaborator suddenly stops responding Simha, A., Nature , May 26, 2023

TSAG pilot Implementation study of team science trainings and interventions University of Wisconsin Institute for Clinical and Translational Research

Enhancing the effectiveness of team science Cooke, N. J., & Hilton, M. L. (Eds.), The National Academies Press, 2015

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