assignment on computer data

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• Prof. Eric Grimson
• Prof. John Guttag

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• Electrical Engineering and Computer Science

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• Programming Languages

Introduction to Computer Science and Programming

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Kenneth Leroy Busbee

An assignment statement sets and/or re-sets the value stored in the storage location(s) denoted by a variable name; in other words, it copies a value into the variable. [1]

The assignment operator allows us to change the value of a modifiable data object (for beginning programmers this typically means a variable). It is associated with the concept of moving a value into the storage location (again usually a variable). Within most programming languages the symbol used for assignment is the equal symbol. But bite your tongue, when you see the = symbol you need to start thinking: assignment. The assignment operator has two operands. The one to the left of the operator is usually an identifier name for a variable. The one to the right of the operator is a value.

Simple Assignment

The value 21 is moved to the memory location for the variable named: age. Another way to say it: age is assigned the value 21.

Assignment with an Expression

The item to the right of the assignment operator is an expression. The expression will be evaluated and the answer is 14. The value 14 would be assigned to the variable named: total_cousins.

Assignment with Identifier Names in the Expression

The expression to the right of the assignment operator contains some identifier names. The program would fetch the values stored in those variables; add them together and get a value of 44; then assign the 44 to the total_students variable.

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Data can be defined as a representation of facts, concepts, or instructions in a formalized manner, which should be suitable for communication, interpretation, or processing by human or electronic machine.

Data is represented with the help of characters such as alphabets (A-Z, a-z), digits (0-9) or special characters (+,-,/,*,<,>,= etc.)

What is Information?

Information is organized or classified data, which has some meaningful values for the receiver. Information is the processed data on which decisions and actions are based.

For the decision to be meaningful, the processed data must qualify for the following characteristics −

Timely − Information should be available when required.

Accuracy − Information should be accurate.

Completeness − Information should be complete.

Data Processing Cycle

Data processing is the re-structuring or re-ordering of data by people or machine to increase their usefulness and add values for a particular purpose. Data processing consists of the following basic steps - input, processing, and output. These three steps constitute the data processing cycle.

Input − In this step, the input data is prepared in some convenient form for processing. The form will depend on the processing machine. For example, when electronic computers are used, the input data can be recorded on any one of the several types of input medium, such as magnetic disks, tapes, and so on.

Processing − In this step, the input data is changed to produce data in a more useful form. For example, pay-checks can be calculated from the time cards, or a summary of sales for the month can be calculated from the sales orders.

Output − At this stage, the result of the proceeding processing step is collected. The particular form of the output data depends on the use of the data. For example, output data may be pay-checks for employees.

• Assignment Statement

An Assignment statement is a statement that is used to set a value to the variable name in a program .

Assignment statement allows a variable to hold different types of values during its program lifespan. Another way of understanding an assignment statement is, it stores a value in the memory location which is denoted by a variable name.

The symbol used in an assignment statement is called as an operator . The symbol is ‘=’ .

Note: The Assignment Operator should never be used for Equality purpose which is double equal sign ‘==’.

The Basic Syntax of Assignment Statement in a programming language is :

variable = expression ;

variable = variable name

expression = it could be either a direct value or a math expression/formula or a function call

Few programming languages such as Java, C, C++ require data type to be specified for the variable, so that it is easy to allocate memory space and store those values during program execution.

data_type variable_name = value ;

In the above-given examples, Variable ‘a’ is assigned a value in the same statement as per its defined data type. A data type is only declared for Variable ‘b’. In the 3 rd line of code, Variable ‘a’ is reassigned the value 25. The 4 th line of code assigns the value for Variable ‘b’.

Assignment Statement Forms

This is one of the most common forms of Assignment Statements. Here the Variable name is defined, initialized, and assigned a value in the same statement. This form is generally used when we want to use the Variable quite a few times and we do not want to change its value very frequently.

Tuple Assignment

Generally, we use this form when we want to define and assign values for more than 1 variable at the same time. This saves time and is an easy method. Note that here every individual variable has a different value assigned to it.

(Code In Python)

Sequence Assignment

(Code in Python)

Multiple-target Assignment or Chain Assignment

In this format, a single value is assigned to two or more variables.

Augmented Assignment

In this format, we use the combination of mathematical expressions and values for the Variable. Other augmented Assignment forms are: &=, -=, **=, etc.

Browse more Topics Under Data Types, Variables and Constants

• Concept of Data types
• Built-in Data Types
• Constants in Programing Language 
• Access Modifier
• Variables of Built-in-Datatypes
• Declaration/Initialization of Variables
• Type Modifier

Few Rules for Assignment Statement

Few Rules to be followed while writing the Assignment Statements are:

• Variable names must begin with a letter, underscore, non-number character. Each language has its own conventions.
• The Data type defined and the variable value must match.
• A variable name once defined can only be used once in the program. You cannot define it again to store other types of value.
• If you assign a new value to an existing variable, it will overwrite the previous value and assign the new value.

FAQs on Assignment Statement

Q1. Which of the following shows the syntax of an  assignment statement ?

• variablename = expression ;
• expression = variable ;
• datatype = variablename ;
• expression = datatype variable ;

Answer – Option A.

Q2. What is an expression ?

• Same as statement
• List of statements that make up a program
• Combination of literals, operators, variables, math formulas used to calculate a value
• Numbers expressed in digits

Answer – Option C.

Q3. What are the two steps that take place when an  assignment statement  is executed?

• Evaluate the expression, store the value in the variable
• Reserve memory, fill it with value
• Evaluate variable, store the result
• Store the value in the variable, evaluate the expression.

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Computer networks and internet, introduction to programming, computer security and privacy, functionalities of computer, the evolution of computers, applications of computer fundamentals, faqs on computer fundamentals.

This Computer Fundamental Tutorial covers everything from basic to advanced concepts, including computer hardware, software, operating systems, peripherals, etc. Whether you’re a beginner or an experienced professional, this tutorial is designed to enhance your computer skills and take them to the next level.

The computer is a super-intelligent electronic device that can perform tasks, process information, and store data. It takes the data as an input and processes that data to perform tasks under the control of a program and produces the output. A computer is like a personal assistant that follows instructions to get things done quickly and accurately. It has memory to store information temporarily so that the computer can quickly access it when needed.

Prerequisites: No prerequisites or prior knowledge required. This article on Computer Fundamentals is designed for absolute beginners.

Computer Fundamentals Index

• What are Computer Fundamentals?
• Importance of Computer Fundamentals in Digital Age
• Advantages and Disadvantages of Computer
• Classification of Computers
• Application area of Computer
• History of Computers
• The Origins of Computing
• Generations of Computer
• Central Processing Unit (CPU)
• Memory Units
• Input Devices
• Output Devices
• Motherboard
• Random Access Memory (RAM)
• Hard Disk Drives (HDD)
• Solid State Drives (SSD)
• Graphics Processing Unit (GPU)
• Power Supply Unit (PSU)
• Computer Peripherals (Keyboard, Mouse, Monitor, etc.)
• Introduction to Software
• Types of Software
• Application Software
• System Software
• What is a Storage Device?
• Types of Data Storage
• Optical Storage ( CDs , DVDs, Blu-rays )
• Flash Drives and Memory Cards
• Cloud Storage
• Register Memory
• Cache Memory
• Primary Memory
• Secondary Memory
• What is Operating System?
• Evolution of Operating System
• Types of Operating Systems
• Operating System Services
• Functions of Operating System
• Introduction to Computer Networks
• Types of Networks (LAN, WAN, MAN)
• Network Topologies (Star, Bus, Ring)
• Network Protocols (TCP/IP, HTTP, FTP)
• Network Devices (Hub, Repeater, Bridge, Switch, Router, Gateways and Brouter)
• World Wide Web
• What is Programming?
• A Categorical List of programming languages
• Language Processors: Assembler, Compiler and Interpreter
• Variables ( C , C++ , Java )
• Data Types ( C , C++ , Java )
• Operators ( C , C++ , Java )
• Control Structures (Conditionals, Loops)
• Functions and Procedures
• Importance of Computer Security
• Common Security Threats
• Malware (Viruses, Worms, Trojans)
• Network Security Measures (Firewalls, Encryption)
• Access Control
• User Authentication
• Privacy Concerns and Data Protection

Any digital computer performs the following five operations:

• Step 1 − Accepts data as input.
• Step 2 − Saves the data/instructions in its memory and utilizes them as and when required.
• Step 3 − Execute the data and convert it into useful information.
• Step 4 − Provides the output.
• Step 5 − Have control over all the above four steps

A journey through the history of computers. We’ll start with the origins of computing and explore the milestones that led to the development of electronic computers.

• Software Development: Computer fundamentals are fundamental to software development. Understanding programming languages, algorithms, data structures, and software design principles are crucial for developing applications, websites, and software systems. It forms the basis for creating efficient and functional software solutions.
• Network Administration : Computer fundamentals are essential for network administrators. They help set up and manage computer networks, configure routers and switches, troubleshoot network issues, and ensure reliable connectivity. Knowledge of computer fundamentals enables network administrators to maintain and optimize network performance.
• Cybersecurity : Computer fundamentals are at the core of cybersecurity. Understanding the basics of computer networks, operating systems, encryption techniques, and security protocols helps professionals protect systems from cyber threats. It enables them to identify vulnerabilities, implement security measures, and respond effectively to security incidents.
• Data Analysis : Computer fundamentals are necessary for data analysis and data science. Knowledge of programming, statistical analysis, and database management is essential to extract insights from large datasets. Understanding computer fundamentals helps in processing and analyzing data efficiently, enabling data-driven decision-making.
• Artificial Intelligence and Machine Learning : Computer fundamentals provide the foundation for AI and machine learning. Concepts such as algorithms, data structures, and statistical modelling are vital in training and developing intelligent systems. Understanding computer fundamentals allows professionals to create AI models, train them on large datasets, and apply machine learning techniques to solve complex problems.

Q.1 How long does it take to learn computer fundamentals? 

The time required to learn computer fundamentals can vary depending on your prior knowledge and the depth of understanding you aim to achieve. With consistent effort and dedication, one can grasp the basics within a few weeks or months. However, mastering computer fundamentals is an ongoing process as technology evolves.

Q.2 Are computer fundamentals only for technical professionals? 

No, computer fundamentals are not limited to technical professionals. They are beneficial for anyone who uses computers in their personal or professional life. Basic computer skills are increasingly essential in various careers and everyday tasks.

Q.3 Can I learn computer fundamentals without any prior technical knowledge? 

Absolutely! Computer fundamentals are designed to be beginner-friendly. You can start learning without any prior technical knowledge. There are numerous online tutorials, courses, and resources available that cater to beginners.

Q.4 How can computer fundamentals improve my job prospects? 

Computer skills are highly sought after in today’s job market. Proficiency in computer fundamentals can enhance your employability by opening up job opportunities in various industries. It demonstrates your adaptability, problem-solving abilities, and ability to work with digital tools.

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What Is An Assignment In Computer Science

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Assignment – This definition explains the meaning of Assignment and why it matters.

An assignment is a statement in computer programming that is used to set a value to a variable name. The operator used to do assignment is denoted with an equal sign (=). This operand works by assigning the value on the right-hand side of the operand to the operand on the left-hand side.

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Assignment (computer science)

Certain use patterns are very common, and thus often have special syntax to support them. These are primarily syntactic sugar to reduce redundancy in the source code, but also assists readers of the code in understanding the programmer’s intent, and provides the compiler with a clue to possible optimization.

Today, probably the most generally used notation with this operation is x = expr (initially Superplan 1949–51, popularized by Fortran 1957 and C). The 2nd most generally used notation is(1) x := expr (initially ALGOL 1958, popularised by Pascal). A number of other notations will also be being used. In certain languages, the symbol used is considered being an operator (and therefore a job statement in general returns something). Other languages define assignment like a statement (and therefore it can’t be utilized within an expression).

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In computer programming, an assignment statement sets or re sets the value stored in the storage location(s) denoted by a variable name. In most imperative computer programming languages, assignment statements are one of the basic statements.…

In computer programming, an assignment statement sets or re-sets the value stored in the storage location(s) denoted by a variable name. In most imperative computer programming languages, assignment statements are one of the basic statements. Common notations for the assignment operator are = and :=.

Any assignment that changes an existing value (e. g. x := x + 1) is disallowed in purely functional languages. In functional programming, assignment is discouraged in favor of single assignment, also called name binding or initialization. Single assignment differs from assignment as described in this article in that it can only be made once, usually when the variable is created; no subsequent re-assignment is allowed. Once created by single assignment, named values are not variables but immutable objects.

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Overview – The assignment operator allows us to change the value of a modifiable data object (for beginning programmers this typically means a variable). It is associated with the concept of moving a value into the storage location (again usually a variable). Within most programming languages the symbol used for assignment is the equal symbol. But bite your tongue, when you see the = symbol you need to start thinking: assignment. The assignment operator has two operands. The one to the left of the operator is usually an identifier name for a variable. The one to the right of the operator is a value.

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In computer programming, an assignment statement sets and/or re-sets the value stored in the storage location(s) denoted by a variable name; in other words, it copies a value into the variable. In most imperative programming languages, the assignment statement (or expression) is a fundamental construct. (en)

In computer programming, an assignment statement sets and/or re-sets the value stored in the storage location(s) denoted by a variable name; in other words, it copies a value into the variable. In most imperative programming languages, the assignment statement (or expression) is a fundamental construct. Today, the most commonly used notation for this operation is x = expr (originally Superplan 1949–51, popularized by Fortran 1957 and C). The second most commonly used notation is x := expr (originally ALGOL 1958, popularised by Pascal),. Many other notations are also in use. In some languages, the symbol used is regarded as an operator (meaning that the assignment statement as a whole returns a value). Other languages define assignment as a statement (meaning that it cannot be used in an expression). Assignments typically allow a variable to hold different values at different times during its life-span and scope. However, some languages (primarily strictly functional languages) do not allow that kind of “destructive” reassignment, as it might imply changes of non-local state.

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1 QUESTION 1 Computer-programming. Computer-programming is definitely an science and art, of giving a mechanism or computer, the directions or instructions to follow along with to resolve an issue or accomplish an activity. QUESTION 2 Variations BETWEEN EVENT-DRIVEN AND OBJECT-ORIENTED AND PROCEDURAL PROGRAMMING LANGUAGES. To say the least, in the event-Driven the flow of Control is dependent upon occasions triggered through the user, (click of the mouse), although Object-Oriented Programming necessitates the programmer to pay attention to the objects the program may use to complete its goal. Finally, in Procedural Oriented Programming, the programmer only focuses on the main tasks the program must perform step-by-step. The flow of control for that program is dependent upon occasions mostly triggered by users. That’s, execution is decided for instance with a user action for example click, keypress, or perhaps a message in the Operating-system (OS) or any other user. Visual Basics and Visual C++ are specifically made to facilitate event-driven programming and supply a built-in development atmosphere (IDE) that partly automates producing code.

Encyclopedia article about Assignment (computer science) by The Free Dictionary.

assignment statement – assignment statement(ə′sīn·mənt ‚stāt·mənt) (computer science) A statement in a computer program that assigns a value to a variable. McGraw-Hill Dictionary of Scientific & Technical Terms, 6E, Copyright © 2003 by The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. assignment statementIn programming, a compiler directive that places a value into a variable. For example, counter=0 creates a variable named counter and fills it with zeros. The VARIABLE=VALUE syntax is common among programming languages. Copyright © 1981-2019 by The Computer Language Company Inc. All Rights reserved. THIS DEFINITION IS FOR PERSONAL USE ONLY. All other reproduction is strictly prohibited without permission from the publisher.

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Programming Assignments – Computer Science; Rutgers, The State University of New Jersey.

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The “+=” and the “-=” functions add or subtract integers together before assigning them to the variable. Therefore, exampleVariableTwo += 5; is actually the same as the statement exampleVariableTwo = exampleVariableTwo + 5;. exampleVariableTwo increases by a value of 3 as a result of the program because it adds 5 and subtracts 2 before printing.

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What is an assignment in computer science example?

An assignment is a statement in computer programming that is used to set a value to a variable name . The operator used to do assignment is denoted with an equal sign (=). This operand works by assigning the value on the right-hand side of the operand to the operand on the left-hand side.

What does assignment mean in programming?

In order to change the data value stored in a variable , you use an operation called assignment. This causes the value to be copied into a memory location, overwriting what was in there before. Different values may be assigned to a variable at different times during the execution of a program.

What is assignment in Python?

An assignment statement evaluates the expression list (remember that this can be a single expression or a comma-separated list, the latter yielding a tuple) and assigns the single resulting object to each of the target lists, from left to right.

What is an assignment statement explain with an example?

An assignment statement gives a value to a variable . For example, x = 5; ... the variable may be a simple name, or an indexed location in an array, or a field (instance variable) of an object, or a static field of a class; and. the expression must result in a value that is compatible with the type of the variable .

What is an assignment in Java?

Assignment in Java is the process of giving a value to a primitive-type variable or giving an object reference to an object-type variable . The equals sign acts as assignment operator in Java, followed by the value to assign.

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Introduction to Computer Applications and Concepts (Lumen)

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Covers the basics of computer hardware, software, and networking and helps students develop basic skills in using Windows and Microsoft Office, and creating web pages. Students also learn how to use computers safely, and to consider ethical issues related to computer usage.

• No image available 1: Introductions
• No image available 2: Computer Hardware
• No image available 3: System Software
• No image available 4: Windows
• No image available 5: Communications and Information Literacy
• No image available 6: Ethics and Software Development
• No image available 7: Networks and Security
• No image available 8: Microsoft Word
• No image available 9: Microsoft Word (Continued)
• No image available 10: HTML
• No image available 11: HTML (Continued)
• No image available 12: Microsoft Excel
• No image available 13: Microsoft Access
• No image available 14: Microsoft Access (Continued)
• No image available 15: Microsoft PowerPoint
• No image available 16: Additional Resources

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Computer Science > Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition

Title: scaling (down) clip: a comprehensive analysis of data, architecture, and training strategies.

Abstract: This paper investigates the performance of the Contrastive Language-Image Pre-training (CLIP) when scaled down to limited computation budgets. We explore CLIP along three dimensions: data, architecture, and training strategies. With regards to data, we demonstrate the significance of high-quality training data and show that a smaller dataset of high-quality data can outperform a larger dataset with lower quality. We also examine how model performance varies with different dataset sizes, suggesting that smaller ViT models are better suited for smaller datasets, while larger models perform better on larger datasets with fixed compute. Additionally, we provide guidance on when to choose a CNN-based architecture or a ViT-based architecture for CLIP training. We compare four CLIP training strategies - SLIP, FLIP, CLIP, and CLIP+Data Augmentation - and show that the choice of training strategy depends on the available compute resource. Our analysis reveals that CLIP+Data Augmentation can achieve comparable performance to CLIP using only half of the training data. This work provides practical insights into how to effectively train and deploy CLIP models, making them more accessible and affordable for practical use in various applications.

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Module 6: Microsoft Excel Basic Skills

Assignment: organize sales data.

For this assignment, you will manipulate an Excel worksheet to organize and display data about sales totals throughout a year.

Download this Excel workbook . It already contains the data you need.  Follow the directions, then submit your assignment. If you get stuck on a step, review this module and ask your classmates for help in the discussion forum.

• Open the workbook. Save it to the Rowan folder on your desktop as BA132_LastName_SalesData.xlsx , replacing “LastName” with your own last name. (Example: BA132_Hywater_SalesData) It is a good idea to save your work periodically.

• Save your work and submit the workbook in your course online.

Contribute!

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• Assignment: Organize Sales Data. Authored by : Shelli Carter. Provided by : Lumen Learning. License : CC BY: Attribution

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Intel reveals world's biggest 'brain-inspired' neuromorphic computer

A computer intended to mimic the way the brain processes and stores data could potentially improve the efficiency and capabilities of artificial intelligence models

By Matthew Sparkes

17 April 2024

The Hala Point neuromorphic computer is powered by Intel’s Loihi 2 chips

Intel Corporation

Intel has created the world’s largest neuromorphic computer, a device intended to mimic the operation of the human brain. The firm hopes that it will be able to run more sophisticated AI models than is possible on conventional computers, but experts say there are engineering hurdles to overcome before the device can compete with the state of the art, let alone exceed it.

Expectations for neuromorphic computers are high because they are inherently different to traditional machines. While a regular computer uses its processor to carry out operations and stores data in separate memory, a neuromorphic device uses artificial neurons to both store and compute, just as our brains do. This removes the need to shuttle data back and forth between components, which can be a bottleneck for current computers.

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This architecture could bring far greater energy efficiency, with Intel claiming its new Hala Point neuromorphic computer uses 100 times less energy than conventional machines when running optimisation problems, which involve finding the best solution to a problem given certain constraints. It could also unlock new ways to train and run AI models that use chains of neurons, as real brains process information, rather than mechanically passing an input through each and every layer of artificial neurons, as current models do.

Hala Point contains 1.15 billion artificial neurons across 1152 Loihi 2 Chips, and is capable of 380 trillion synaptic operations per second. Mike Davies at Intel says that despite this power it occupies just six racks in a standard server case – a space similar to that of a microwave oven. Larger machines will be possible, says Davies. “We built this scale of system because, honestly, a billion neurons was a nice round number,” he says. “I mean, there wasn’t any particular technical engineering challenge that made us stop at this level.”

No other existing machine comes close to the scale of Hala Point, although DeepSouth , a neuromorphic computer due to be completed later this year, will be capable of a claimed 228 trillion synaptic operations per second.

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The Loihi 2 chips are still prototypes made in small numbers by Intel, but Davies says the real bottleneck actually lies in the layers of software needed to take real-world problems, convert them into a format that can run on a neuromorphic computer and carry out processing. This process is, like neuromorphic computing in general, still in its infancy. “The software has been such a limiting factor,” says Davies, meaning there is little point building a larger machine yet.

Supercomputer that simulates entire human brain will switch on in 2024

Intel suggests that a machine like Hala Point could create AI models that learn continuously, rather than needing to be trained from scratch to learn each new task, as is the case with current models. But James Knight at the University of Sussex, UK, dismisses this as “hype”.

Knight points out that current models like ChatGPT are trained using graphics cards operating in parallel, meaning that many chips can be put to work on training the same model. But because neuromorphic computers work with a single input and cannot be trained in parallel, it is likely to take decades to even initially train something like ChatGPT on such hardware, let alone devise ways to make it continually learn once in operation, he says.

Davies says that while today’s neuromorphic hardware is not suited for training large AI models from scratch, he hopes that one day they could take pre-trained models and enable them to learn new tasks over time. “Although the methods are still in research, this is the kind of continual learning problem that we believe large-scale neuromorphic systems like Hala Point can, in the future, solve in a highly efficient manner,” he says.

Knight is optimistic that neuromorphic computers could provide a boost for many other computer science problems, while also increasing efficiency – once the tools needed for developers to write software for these problems to run on the unique hardware become more mature.

They could also offer a better path to approaching human-level intelligence, otherwise known as artificial general intelligence (AGI), which many AI experts think won’t be possible with the large language models that power the likes of ChatGPT. “I think that’s becoming an increasingly less controversial opinion,” says Knight. “The dream is that one day neuromorphic computing will enable us to make brain-like models.”

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