difference between research and proposal

• Key Differences

Know the Differences & Comparisons

Difference Between Research Proposal and Research Report

On the other hand, a research report is the culmination of the research endeavour. It is a great way to explain the research work and its outcome to a group of people. It is the outcome of the study conducted at the time of the research process.

This article will help you understand the difference between research proposal and research report.

Content: Research Proposal Vs Research Report

Comparison chart.

Definition of Research Proposal

Research Proposal can be defined as the document prepared by the researcher so as to give a description of the research program in detail. It is typically a request for research funding, for the subject under study. In other words, a research proposal is a summary of the research process, with which the reader can get quick information regarding the research project.

The research proposal seeks final approval, for which it is submitted to the relevant authority. After the research proposal is submitted, it is being evaluated, considering a number of factors like the cost involved, potential impact, soundness of the plan to undertake the project.

It aims at presenting and justifying the need and importance to carry out the study, as well as to present the practical ways, of conducting the research. And for this, persuasive evidence should be provided in the research proposal, to highlight the necessity of the research.

Further, it must discuss the main issues and questions, which the researcher will address in the study. Along with that, it must highlight the fundamental area of the research study.

A research proposal can be prepared in a number of formats, which differs on the basis of their length. It contains an introduction, problem hypothesis, objectives, assumptions, methodology, justification and implication of the research project.

Definition of Research Report

Research Report can be defined as the document in which the researched and analysed data is organized and presented by the researcher in a systematic manner. It is a publication, comprising of the purpose, scope, hypothesis, methodology, findings, limitations, recommendations and conclusion of the research project.

Simply put, a research report is the record of the research process. It is one of the most important segments of the research, as the research work is said to be incomplete if the report is not prepared.

A research report is a document containing collected and considered facts, taken to provide succinct and comprehensible information to people.

Once the research process is over, the entire work is produced in a written material, which is called a research report . It covers the description of the research activities, in an elaborated manner. It contains Introduction, Literature Review, Methodology, Data Collection, Data Analysis, Discussion of Results and Findings, Bibliography and Appendices.

A research report acts as a method to record the research work and its outcome, for future reference.

Key Differences Between Research Proposal and Research Report

The difference between research proposal and research report is discussed as under:

• A research proposal signifies a theoretical framework within which the research is carried out. In finer terms, a research proposal is a sketch for the collection, measurement and analysis of data. A research report implies a scientific write-up on the research findings, which is prepared in a specific format.
• While the preparation of a research proposal is considered as the first step to research work, preparation of a research report is the final step to the research work.
• A research proposal is prepared at the beginning of the project. In contrast, the research report is prepared after the completion of the project
• A research proposal is written in the future tense, whereas the tense used in the research report is past tense, as well as it is written in the third person
• The length of a research proposal is about 4-10 pages. On the contrary, the length of the research report is about 100 to 300 pages.
• The research proposal is concerned with the problem or topic to be investigated. Conversely, the research report focuses on the results of the completed research work.
• The research proposal determines what will be researched, the relevance of the research and the ways to conduct the researched. As against, the research report determines what is researched, sources of data collection, ways of data collection (i.e. survey, interview, or questionnaire), result and findings, recommendations for future research, etc.
• Research Proposal includes three chapters i.e. Introduction, Literature Review, Research Methodology. Contrastingly, Research Report covers the following chapters – Introduction, Literature Review, Research Methodology, Results, Interpretation and Analysis, Conclusion and Recommendation.

Basically, a research proposal defines the planning stage of the research work, which is prepared in written format, to know its worth. On the other hand, the research report signifies the concluding stage of the research work.

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What (Exactly) Is A Research Proposal?

A simple explainer with examples + free template.

By: Derek Jansen (MBA) | Reviewed By: Dr Eunice Rautenbach | June 2020 (Updated April 2023)

Whether you’re nearing the end of your degree and your dissertation is on the horizon, or you’re planning to apply for a PhD program, chances are you’ll need to craft a convincing research proposal . If you’re on this page, you’re probably unsure exactly what the research proposal is all about. Well, you’ve come to the right place.

Overview: Research Proposal Basics

• What a research proposal is
• What a research proposal needs to cover
• How to structure your research proposal
• Example /sample proposals
• Proposal writing FAQs
• Key takeaways & additional resources

What is a research proposal?

Simply put, a research proposal is a structured, formal document that explains what you plan to research (your research topic), why it’s worth researching (your justification), and how  you plan to investigate it (your methodology). 

The purpose of the research proposal (its job, so to speak) is to convince  your research supervisor, committee or university that your research is  suitable  (for the requirements of the degree program) and  manageable  (given the time and resource constraints you will face). 

The most important word here is “ convince ” – in other words, your research proposal needs to  sell  your research idea (to whoever is going to approve it). If it doesn’t convince them (of its suitability and manageability), you’ll need to revise and resubmit . This will cost you valuable time, which will either delay the start of your research or eat into its time allowance (which is bad news). 

What goes into a research proposal?

A good dissertation or thesis proposal needs to cover the “ what “, “ why ” and” how ” of the proposed study. Let’s look at each of these attributes in a little more detail:

Your proposal needs to clearly articulate your research topic . This needs to be specific and unambiguous . Your research topic should make it clear exactly what you plan to research and in what context. Here’s an example of a well-articulated research topic:

An investigation into the factors which impact female Generation Y consumer’s likelihood to promote a specific makeup brand to their peers: a British context

As you can see, this topic is extremely clear. From this one line we can see exactly:

• What’s being investigated – factors that make people promote or advocate for a brand of a specific makeup brand
• Who it involves – female Gen-Y consumers
• In what context – the United Kingdom

So, make sure that your research proposal provides a detailed explanation of your research topic . If possible, also briefly outline your research aims and objectives , and perhaps even your research questions (although in some cases you’ll only develop these at a later stage). Needless to say, don’t start writing your proposal until you have a clear topic in mind , or you’ll end up waffling and your research proposal will suffer as a result of this.

Need a helping hand?

As we touched on earlier, it’s not good enough to simply propose a research topic – you need to justify why your topic is original . In other words, what makes it  unique ? What gap in the current literature does it fill? If it’s simply a rehash of the existing research, it’s probably not going to get approval – it needs to be fresh.

But,  originality  alone is not enough. Once you’ve ticked that box, you also need to justify why your proposed topic is  important . In other words, what value will it add to the world if you achieve your research aims?

As an example, let’s look at the sample research topic we mentioned earlier (factors impacting brand advocacy). In this case, if the research could uncover relevant factors, these findings would be very useful to marketers in the cosmetics industry, and would, therefore, have commercial value . That is a clear justification for the research.

So, when you’re crafting your research proposal, remember that it’s not enough for a topic to simply be unique. It needs to be useful and value-creating – and you need to convey that value in your proposal. If you’re struggling to find a research topic that makes the cut, watch  our video covering how to find a research topic .

It’s all good and well to have a great topic that’s original and valuable, but you’re not going to convince anyone to approve it without discussing the practicalities – in other words:

• How will you actually undertake your research (i.e., your methodology)?
• Is your research methodology appropriate given your research aims?
• Is your approach manageable given your constraints (time, money, etc.)?

While it’s generally not expected that you’ll have a fully fleshed-out methodology at the proposal stage, you’ll likely still need to provide a high-level overview of your research methodology . Here are some important questions you’ll need to address in your research proposal:

• Will you take a qualitative , quantitative or mixed -method approach?
• What sampling strategy will you adopt?
• How will you collect your data (e.g., interviews, surveys, etc)?
• How will you analyse your data (e.g., descriptive and inferential statistics , content analysis, discourse analysis, etc, .)?
• What potential limitations will your methodology carry?

So, be sure to give some thought to the practicalities of your research and have at least a basic methodological plan before you start writing up your proposal. If this all sounds rather intimidating, the video below provides a good introduction to research methodology and the key choices you’ll need to make.

How To Structure A Research Proposal

Now that we’ve covered the key points that need to be addressed in a proposal, you may be wondering, “ But how is a research proposal structured? “.

While the exact structure and format required for a research proposal differs from university to university, there are four “essential ingredients” that commonly make up the structure of a research proposal:

• A rich introduction and background to the proposed research
• An initial literature review covering the existing research
• An overview of the proposed research methodology
• A discussion regarding the practicalities (project plans, timelines, etc.)

In the video below, we unpack each of these four sections, step by step.

Research Proposal Examples/Samples

In the video below, we provide a detailed walkthrough of two successful research proposals (Master’s and PhD-level), as well as our popular free proposal template.

Proposal Writing FAQs

How long should a research proposal be.

This varies tremendously, depending on the university, the field of study (e.g., social sciences vs natural sciences), and the level of the degree (e.g. undergraduate, Masters or PhD) – so it’s always best to check with your university what their specific requirements are before you start planning your proposal.

As a rough guide, a formal research proposal at Masters-level often ranges between 2000-3000 words, while a PhD-level proposal can be far more detailed, ranging from 5000-8000 words. In some cases, a rough outline of the topic is all that’s needed, while in other cases, universities expect a very detailed proposal that essentially forms the first three chapters of the dissertation or thesis.

The takeaway – be sure to check with your institution before you start writing.

How do I choose a topic for my research proposal?

Finding a good research topic is a process that involves multiple steps. We cover the topic ideation process in this video post.

How do I write a literature review for my proposal?

While you typically won’t need a comprehensive literature review at the proposal stage, you still need to demonstrate that you’re familiar with the key literature and are able to synthesise it. We explain the literature review process here.

How do I create a timeline and budget for my proposal?

We explain how to craft a project plan/timeline and budget in Research Proposal Bootcamp .

Which referencing format should I use in my research proposal?

The expectations and requirements regarding formatting and referencing vary from institution to institution. Therefore, you’ll need to check this information with your university.

What common proposal writing mistakes do I need to look out for?

We’ve create a video post about some of the most common mistakes students make when writing a proposal – you can access that here . If you’re short on time, here’s a quick summary:

• The research topic is too broad (or just poorly articulated).
• The research aims, objectives and questions don’t align.
• The research topic is not well justified.
• The study has a weak theoretical foundation.
• The research design is not well articulated well enough.
• Poor writing and sloppy presentation.
• Poor project planning and risk management.
• Not following the university’s specific criteria.

Key Takeaways & Additional Resources

As you write up your research proposal, remember the all-important core purpose:  to convince . Your research proposal needs to sell your study in terms of suitability and viability. So, focus on crafting a convincing narrative to ensure a strong proposal.

At the same time, pay close attention to your university’s requirements. While we’ve covered the essentials here, every institution has its own set of expectations and it’s essential that you follow these to maximise your chances of approval.

By the way, we’ve got plenty more resources to help you fast-track your research proposal. Here are some of our most popular resources to get you started:

• Proposal Writing 101 : A Introductory Webinar
• Research Proposal Bootcamp : The Ultimate Online Course
• Template : A basic template to help you craft your proposal

If you’re looking for 1-on-1 support with your research proposal, be sure to check out our private coaching service , where we hold your hand through the proposal development process (and the entire research journey), step by step.

Psst… there’s more!

This post is an extract from our bestselling short course, Research Proposal Bootcamp . If you want to work smart, you don't want to miss this .

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51 Comments

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You’re most welcome. We don’t have any research proposals that we can share (the students own the intellectual property), but you might find our research proposal template useful: https://gradcoach.com/research-proposal-template/

Cheruiyot Moses Kipyegon

Thanks alot. It was an eye opener that came timely enough before my imminent proposal defense. Thanks, again

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Research Proposal vs. Research Report

What's the difference.

A research proposal and a research report are both essential components of the research process, but they serve different purposes. A research proposal is a document that outlines the objectives, methodology, and significance of a research project. It is typically submitted to gain approval and funding for the research. On the other hand, a research report is a detailed account of the research findings, analysis, and conclusions. It presents the results of the research in a structured and organized manner, often including tables, graphs, and references. While a research proposal focuses on the planning and design of the study, a research report focuses on the actual execution and outcomes of the research.

Further Detail

Introduction.

Research is an essential component of academic and professional endeavors, providing a systematic approach to gather and analyze information. Two crucial elements of the research process are the research proposal and the research report. While both serve distinct purposes, they share common attributes that contribute to the overall success of a research project. This article aims to explore and compare the attributes of research proposals and research reports, highlighting their significance in the research process.

Research Proposal

A research proposal is a document that outlines the objectives, methodology, and potential outcomes of a research project. It serves as a blueprint for the research, providing a comprehensive plan that guides the researcher throughout the process. The key attributes of a research proposal include:

• Introduction: The research proposal begins with an introduction that provides background information on the topic, highlights the research problem, and establishes the significance of the study.
• Research Questions or Objectives: The proposal clearly states the research questions or objectives that the study aims to address. These questions or objectives guide the entire research process and help in formulating a focused approach.
• Literature Review: A research proposal includes a literature review that critically analyzes existing research and identifies gaps in knowledge. This review helps to establish the rationale for the proposed study and demonstrates the researcher's familiarity with the subject area.
• Methodology: The methodology section outlines the research design, data collection methods, and data analysis techniques that will be employed. It provides a detailed plan for how the research will be conducted, ensuring transparency and replicability.
• Timeline and Budget: A research proposal often includes a timeline that outlines the expected duration of the study and a budget that estimates the required resources. These elements help to assess the feasibility and practicality of the proposed research.

Research Report

A research report is a comprehensive document that presents the findings, analysis, and conclusions of a research study. It serves as a means of communicating the research outcomes to the intended audience, whether it be academic peers, industry professionals, or policymakers. The key attributes of a research report include:

• Abstract: The research report begins with an abstract that provides a concise summary of the study, including the research questions, methodology, key findings, and conclusions. It allows readers to quickly grasp the essence of the research.
• Introduction: Similar to the research proposal, the research report includes an introduction that provides background information and establishes the context for the study. It also outlines the research problem and objectives.
• Methodology: The methodology section in the research report describes in detail the research design, data collection methods, and data analysis techniques employed. It allows readers to assess the validity and reliability of the study.
• Results and Analysis: The research report presents the findings of the study, often accompanied by statistical analysis, graphs, and tables. It provides a detailed account of the data collected and the outcomes of the analysis.
• Discussion and Conclusion: The discussion section interprets the results in light of the research objectives and compares them with existing literature. It highlights the significance of the findings and their implications. The conclusion summarizes the key findings and offers recommendations for future research or practical applications.
• References: A research report includes a comprehensive list of references cited throughout the document. This allows readers to access the sources and verify the accuracy of the information presented.

Comparing Attributes

While research proposals and research reports have distinct purposes, they share several common attributes that contribute to the overall success of a research project. These attributes include:

• Clarity and Structure: Both research proposals and research reports require clear and logical organization. They should be well-structured, with headings and subheadings that guide the reader through the document.
• Research Objectives: Both documents clearly state the research objectives or questions that guide the study. This ensures that the research remains focused and addresses the intended goals.
• Methodology: Both research proposals and research reports describe the research methodology, including the research design, data collection methods, and data analysis techniques. This transparency allows others to assess the validity and reliability of the research.
• Relevance and Significance: Both documents establish the relevance and significance of the research. They provide a rationale for why the study is important and how it contributes to existing knowledge or addresses a research gap.
• Evidence-Based Approach: Both research proposals and research reports rely on evidence-based approaches. They draw upon existing literature, theories, and empirical data to support their arguments and findings.

In conclusion, research proposals and research reports are integral components of the research process, each serving distinct purposes. While the research proposal outlines the plan and objectives of the study, the research report presents the findings and conclusions. However, both documents share common attributes such as clarity, structure, research objectives, methodology, relevance, and evidence-based approaches. Understanding and effectively utilizing these attributes contribute to the success of a research project, ensuring that it is well-planned, executed, and communicated to the intended audience.

Comparisons may contain inaccurate information about people, places, or facts. Please report any issues.

• Research Process

Writing a Scientific Research Project Proposal

• 5 minute read
• 107.7K views

Table of Contents

The importance of a well-written research proposal cannot be underestimated. Your research really is only as good as your proposal. A poorly written, or poorly conceived research proposal will doom even an otherwise worthy project. On the other hand, a well-written, high-quality proposal will increase your chances for success.

In this article, we’ll outline the basics of writing an effective scientific research proposal, including the differences between research proposals, grants and cover letters. We’ll also touch on common mistakes made when submitting research proposals, as well as a simple example or template that you can follow.

What is a scientific research proposal?

The main purpose of a scientific research proposal is to convince your audience that your project is worthwhile, and that you have the expertise and wherewithal to complete it. The elements of an effective research proposal mirror those of the research process itself, which we’ll outline below. Essentially, the research proposal should include enough information for the reader to determine if your proposed study is worth pursuing.

It is not an uncommon misunderstanding to think that a research proposal and a cover letter are the same things. However, they are different. The main difference between a research proposal vs cover letter content is distinct. Whereas the research proposal summarizes the proposal for future research, the cover letter connects you to the research, and how you are the right person to complete the proposed research.

There is also sometimes confusion around a research proposal vs grant application. Whereas a research proposal is a statement of intent, related to answering a research question, a grant application is a specific request for funding to complete the research proposed. Of course, there are elements of overlap between the two documents; it’s the purpose of the document that defines one or the other.

Scientific Research Proposal Format

Although there is no one way to write a scientific research proposal, there are specific guidelines. A lot depends on which journal you’re submitting your research proposal to, so you may need to follow their scientific research proposal template.

In general, however, there are fairly universal sections to every scientific research proposal. These include:

• Title: Make sure the title of your proposal is descriptive and concise. Make it catch and informative at the same time, avoiding dry phrases like, “An investigation…” Your title should pique the interest of the reader.
• Abstract: This is a brief (300-500 words) summary that includes the research question, your rationale for the study, and any applicable hypothesis. You should also include a brief description of your methodology, including procedures, samples, instruments, etc.
• Introduction: The opening paragraph of your research proposal is, perhaps, the most important. Here you want to introduce the research problem in a creative way, and demonstrate your understanding of the need for the research. You want the reader to think that your proposed research is current, important and relevant.
• Background: Include a brief history of the topic and link it to a contemporary context to show its relevance for today. Identify key researchers and institutions also looking at the problem
• Literature Review: This is the section that may take the longest amount of time to assemble. Here you want to synthesize prior research, and place your proposed research into the larger picture of what’s been studied in the past. You want to show your reader that your work is original, and adds to the current knowledge.
• Research Design and Methodology: This section should be very clearly and logically written and organized. You are letting your reader know that you know what you are going to do, and how. The reader should feel confident that you have the skills and knowledge needed to get the project done.
• Preliminary Implications: Here you’ll be outlining how you anticipate your research will extend current knowledge in your field. You might also want to discuss how your findings will impact future research needs.
• Conclusion: This section reinforces the significance and importance of your proposed research, and summarizes the entire proposal.
• References/Citations: Of course, you need to include a full and accurate list of any and all sources you used to write your research proposal.

Common Mistakes in Writing a Scientific Research Project Proposal

Remember, the best research proposal can be rejected if it’s not well written or is ill-conceived. The most common mistakes made include:

• Not providing the proper context for your research question or the problem
• Failing to reference landmark/key studies
• Losing focus of the research question or problem
• Not accurately presenting contributions by other researchers and institutions
• Incompletely developing a persuasive argument for the research that is being proposed
• Misplaced attention on minor points and/or not enough detail on major issues
• Sloppy, low-quality writing without effective logic and flow
• Incorrect or lapses in references and citations, and/or references not in proper format
• The proposal is too long – or too short

Scientific Research Proposal Example

There are countless examples that you can find for successful research proposals. In addition, you can also find examples of unsuccessful research proposals. Search for successful research proposals in your field, and even for your target journal, to get a good idea on what specifically your audience may be looking for.

While there’s no one example that will show you everything you need to know, looking at a few will give you a good idea of what you need to include in your own research proposal. Talk, also, to colleagues in your field, especially if you are a student or a new researcher. We can often learn from the mistakes of others. The more prepared and knowledgeable you are prior to writing your research proposal, the more likely you are to succeed.

Language Editing Services

One of the top reasons scientific research proposals are rejected is due to poor logic and flow. Check out our Language Editing Services to ensure a great proposal , that’s clear and concise, and properly referenced. Check our video for more information, and get started today.

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Research Proposal vs. Research Report: What's the Difference?

Key Differences

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Home » Education » Difference Between Research Proposal and Research Report

Difference Between Research Proposal and Research Report

Main difference –  research proposal vs research report.

Research proposal and research report are two terms that often confuse many student researchers. A research proposal describes what the researcher intends to do in his research study and is written before the collection and analysis of data. A research report describes the whole research study and is submitted after the competition of the whole research project. Thus, the main difference between research proposal and research report is that a research proposal describes the proposed research and research design whereas a research report describes the completed research, including the findings, conclusion, and recommendations.

This article explains, 

1. What is a Research Proposal?      – Definition, Purpose, Content, and Characteristics

2. What is a Research Report?      – Definition, Purpose, Content, and Characteristics

What is a Research Proposal

A research proposal is a brief and coherent summary of the proposed research study, which is prepared at the beginning of a research project. The aim of a research proposal is to justify the need for a specific research proposal and present the practical methods and ways to conduct the proposed research. In other words, a research proposal presents the proposed design of the study and justifies the necessity of the specific research. Thus, a research proposal describes what you intend to do and why you intend to do it.

A research proposal generally contains the following segments:

• Introduction / Context/ Background
• Literature Review
• Research Methods and Methodology
• Research question
• Aims and Objectives
• List of Reference

Each of these segments is indispensable to a research proposal. For example, it’s impossible to write a research proposal without reading related work and writing a literature review. Similarly, it’s not possible to decide a methodology without determining specific research questions.

What is a Research Report

A research report is a document that is submitted at the end of a research project. This describes the completed research project. It describes the data collection, analysis, and the results as well. Thus, in addition to the sections mentioned above, this also includes sections such as,

• Conclusions
• Shortcomings
• Recommendations

A research report is also known as a thesis or dissertation. A research report is not research plan or a proposed design. It describes what was actually done during the research project and what was learned from it. Research reports are usually longer than research proposals since they contain step-by-step processes of the research.

Research Proposal: Research Proposal describes what the researcher intends to do and why he intends to do it.

Research Report: Research report describes what the researcher has done, why he has done it, and the results he has achieved.

Research Proposal: Research proposals are written at the beginning of a research proposal before the research project actually begins.

Research Report: Research reports are completed after the completion of the whole research project.

Research Proposal: Research proposals contain sections such as introduction/background, literature review, research questions, methodology, aims and objective.

Research Report: Research reports contain sections such as introduction/background, literature review, research questions, methodology, aims and objective, findings, analysis, results, conclusion, recommendations, citation.

Research Proposal: Research proposals are shorter in length.

Research Report: Research reports are longer than research proposals.

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What is the Difference Between Research Proposal and Research Report?

When it comes to academic or scientific, quantified research, there are several steps writers need to be aware about before diving head-first into the hypothesis. There is a rhyme and a reason for these steps, and they are mostly to make the student aware of the process and to gather and organize ideas, thoughts, and examples in an efficient manner. One common mistake students make when writing research projects is mixing up their research proposal and research report. Of course, both of them are closely related to the research itself.

What is a research proposal?

The proposal step of research precedes the actual research itself. This is the stage where a student should outline in detail what questions they will explore and analyze. As a preparation stage, the research proposal is presented at the beginning of the research project with the aim of justifying the need for a deeper analysis and probing into the question or hypothesis. The proposal outlines the methods that will be used to carry out the research and the design of the research to ensure that the results are reliable and efficient. 

What is a research report?

Similar to the proposal, the research report is a crucial role in the entirety of a research project. The research report is presented after the research has been conducted already. This can be seen as a post-report stage, as it analyses the information and results of the research and summarizes the student’s findings. The aim of a research report is to critically analyze the proposed hypothesis or questions as well as the results of said research. In some cases, this will be called a thesis or dissertation – a major assignment for college and university students trying to achieve their degree. 

So, how can I write them?

The aims of the research proposal and report are relatively different, so the content of each one will also vary to a certain degree. What’s most important is that the research is supported and recognized.

Inside of a Research Proposal

The proposal lays out many steps and ideas before conducting the research – so it is essential to have a structure or outline that matches with the results you will be looking for. Typically, a good research proposal is five to seven pages long, or 2,000 words or more.

The proposal outline will include:

• Title – a title should be straightforward and clear at first glance
• Background Information – this includes issues related to your proposed research, as well as the rationale behind the research. It should also include literary sources that will be used to reference from, or maybe where the proposed question or hypothesis derived from. If the topic is widely discussed, there can also be a summary of the topics discussed and the ongoing developments happening at the moment. 
• Research Questions – the main part of the research project, the question is what you will be doing research on. It serves as a starting point from where students can branch off into other problems and issues that may arise during the research step. This segment can change based on the information you gather pre-research. 
• Methodology – this outlines the process of the research and the resources students will need to conduct the research. It should include the theoretical framework – or how the research will be approached and if they are appropriate for the proposed questions. Theoretically, it should include possible limits of the research and the advantages of the predicted outcome. 
• Plan of work – This segment details the amount of time needed to conduct the research and a detailed outline of the schedule to complete the research. Its essential to understand the scope of the project and to set a date to have the research completed in order to analyze the information at the appropriate time. 
• Bibliography – just like any academic writing, a bibliography lists the references students will use for the research and a handful of resources at their disposal during the research process. 

Inside of a Research Report

The research report is the golden egg of the research – it provides the results and information students will be searching for. The report comes post-research and serves as the dissertation or thesis that is a deeper analysis of the information. 

The research report will include:

• A Cover Sheet – this provides the reader all the information about the writer and the proposed topic.
• An abstract – a basic summary of the report itself, the abstract includes the sample size of research, the treatment of the research, the design of the research, and the implications of the research. This is not meant to be longer than a page – just a briefing on the proposed research before diving into the deep analysis. 
• Introduction – this stretched beyond the information in the abstract and should include supportive statistics and the purpose and the significance of the research in the scope of a community or the globally. This prepares the reader with the information needed to follow the research steps and the reasons why these steps were taken. 
• Research questions – the hypothesis should be presented in this segment, outlining a broader idea and moving towards specific and detailed questions. There should be a large distinction between the quantitative-based questions, and the qualitative-based questions here, to make things more clear for the reader to follow. Students should have more than one hypothesis to be considered a well-conducted research project, as it widens the scope and the purpose of the research. 
• Review of literature – the resources used to conduct the research should be present here. This qualifies the research done and supports it with evidence from literature related to the topic itself. It should be able to refute evidence and support the main ideas. The sources should be linked together so as to provide synthesis.  
• Method and Results – The methods used during the research period should be detailed at this segment – mentioning the samples, the setting, the treatment, and the data analysis. The results should also be described in details, again differentiating between quantitative and qualitative results.
• Discussion – the final aspect of the research project includes an open discussion about the work done. It should restate the hypothesis and check to see if it was correct or incorrect and see why. It should also include the limitations of the study – and maybe reasons why it turned out to be correct or incorrect. The discussion should be wrapped up with a conclusion and a closing summary of the entire research project. 

If students are about to embark on the journey of a research project, it’s essential to know and understand the stages involved so that the process will move along much smoother. 

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Frequently asked questions

What’s the difference between a research plan and a research proposal.

The best way to remember the difference between a research plan and a research proposal is that they have fundamentally different audiences. A research plan helps you, the researcher, organize your thoughts. On the other hand, a dissertation proposal or research proposal aims to convince others (e.g., a supervisor, a funding body, or a dissertation committee) that your research topic is relevant and worthy of being conducted.

Frequently asked questions: Writing a research paper

A research project is an academic, scientific, or professional undertaking to answer a research question . Research projects can take many forms, such as qualitative or quantitative , descriptive , longitudinal , experimental , or correlational . What kind of research approach you choose will depend on your topic.

Formulating a main research question can be a difficult task. Overall, your question should contribute to solving the problem that you have defined in your problem statement .

However, it should also fulfill criteria in three main areas:

• Researchability
• Feasibility and specificity
• Relevance and originality

Research questions anchor your whole project, so it’s important to spend some time refining them.

In general, they should be:

• Focused and researchable
• Answerable using credible sources
• Complex and arguable
• Feasible and specific
• Relevant and original

All research questions should be:

• Focused on a single problem or issue
• Researchable using primary and/or secondary sources
• Feasible to answer within the timeframe and practical constraints
• Specific enough to answer thoroughly
• Complex enough to develop the answer over the space of a paper or thesis
• Relevant to your field of study and/or society more broadly

A research aim is a broad statement indicating the general purpose of your research project. It should appear in your introduction at the end of your problem statement , before your research objectives.

Research objectives are more specific than your research aim. They indicate the specific ways you’ll address the overarching aim.

Once you’ve decided on your research objectives , you need to explain them in your paper, at the end of your problem statement .

Keep your research objectives clear and concise, and use appropriate verbs to accurately convey the work that you will carry out for each one.

I will compare …

Your research objectives indicate how you’ll try to address your research problem and should be specific:

Research objectives describe what you intend your research project to accomplish.

They summarize the approach and purpose of the project and help to focus your research.

Your objectives should appear in the introduction of your research paper , at the end of your problem statement .

The main guidelines for formatting a paper in Chicago style are to:

• Use a standard font like 12 pt Times New Roman
• Use 1 inch margins or larger
• Apply double line spacing
• Indent every new paragraph ½ inch
• Include a title page
• Place page numbers in the top right or bottom center
• Cite your sources with author-date citations or Chicago footnotes
• Include a bibliography or reference list

To automatically generate accurate Chicago references, you can use Scribbr’s free Chicago reference generator .

The main guidelines for formatting a paper in MLA style are as follows:

• Use an easily readable font like 12 pt Times New Roman
• Set 1 inch page margins
• Include a four-line MLA heading on the first page
• Center the paper’s title
• Use title case capitalization for headings
• Cite your sources with MLA in-text citations
• List all sources cited on a Works Cited page at the end

To format a paper in APA Style , follow these guidelines:

• Use a standard font like 12 pt Times New Roman or 11 pt Arial
• If submitting for publication, insert a running head on every page
• Apply APA heading styles
• Cite your sources with APA in-text citations
• List all sources cited on a reference page at the end

No, it’s not appropriate to present new arguments or evidence in the conclusion . While you might be tempted to save a striking argument for last, research papers follow a more formal structure than this.

All your findings and arguments should be presented in the body of the text (more specifically in the results and discussion sections if you are following a scientific structure). The conclusion is meant to summarize and reflect on the evidence and arguments you have already presented, not introduce new ones.

The conclusion of a research paper has several key elements you should make sure to include:

• A restatement of the research problem
• A summary of your key arguments and/or findings
• A short discussion of the implications of your research

Don’t feel that you have to write the introduction first. The introduction is often one of the last parts of the research paper you’ll write, along with the conclusion.

This is because it can be easier to introduce your paper once you’ve already written the body ; you may not have the clearest idea of your arguments until you’ve written them, and things can change during the writing process .

The way you present your research problem in your introduction varies depending on the nature of your research paper . A research paper that presents a sustained argument will usually encapsulate this argument in a thesis statement .

A research paper designed to present the results of empirical research tends to present a research question that it seeks to answer. It may also include a hypothesis —a prediction that will be confirmed or disproved by your research.

The introduction of a research paper includes several key elements:

• A hook to catch the reader’s interest
• Relevant background on the topic
• Details of your research problem

and your problem statement

• A thesis statement or research question
• Sometimes an overview of the paper

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Understanding the Difference between a Research Proposal and a Research Paper in Research Proposal Help

In the realm of academia, particularly in the fields of science, social sciences, and humanities, research plays a pivotal role in advancing knowledge and addressing various societal issues. Two essential components of any research endeavor are the research proposal and the research paper. While they might seem similar at first glance, these two serve distinct purposes and have different structures, formats, and objectives. In this article, we’ll delve into the disparities between a research proposal and a research paper, particularly in the context of seeking research proposal help.

Introduction to Research Proposal Help

Before we delve into the differences, it’s crucial to understand the concept of research proposal help. Research proposal help refers to the assistance provided to researchers in formulating, refining, and presenting their research proposals. It involves guidance on structuring the proposal, formulating research questions, conducting literature reviews, and articulating the significance and feasibility of the proposed research. Seeking research proposal help is common among novice researchers, graduate students, and even experienced scholars who may require feedback and support in developing their research proposals.

Research Proposal: Foundation for the Study

A research proposal serves as the foundation upon which a research project is built. It outlines the researcher’s proposed study, detailing the research questions, objectives, methodology, and significance of the research. Typically, a research proposal includes the following components:

A concise and descriptive title that encapsulates the essence of the proposed research.

Introduction:

An overview of the research topic, its relevance, and the research questions or objectives.

Literature Review:

A comprehensive review of existing literature relevant to the research topic, highlighting gaps, debates, and areas for further exploration.

Methodology:

A detailed explanation of the research design, including the research approach, data collection methods, sampling techniques, and data analysis procedures.

Significance and Contribution:

An explanation of the significance of the proposed research and its potential contribution to the field.

Timeline and Budget:

An estimation of the time required to complete the research and the budgetary considerations, if applicable.

References:

A list of sources cited in the proposal.

The primary purpose of a research proposal is to convince the intended audience, such as funding agencies, academic supervisors, or review committees, of the merit and feasibility of the research proposal help assignment . It provides a roadmap for the research endeavor, demonstrating the researcher’s preparedness and capability to undertake the study.

Research Paper: Reporting the Findings

In contrast, a research paper is the culmination of the research project, where the findings, analysis, and conclusions are presented in a structured format. Unlike a research proposal, which outlines the intended research, a research paper reports on the actual conduct and outcomes of the research. The key components of a research paper typically include:

A brief summary of the research objectives, methodology, findings, and conclusions.

An overview of the research topic, its significance, and the research questions or hypotheses.

A concise review of relevant literature to provide context for the study.

A detailed description of the research design, including the sampling strategy, data collection methods, and data analysis techniques.

Presentation of the research findings, often accompanied by tables, figures, or graphs for clarity.

Discussion:

Interpretation of the results in relation to the research questions, comparison with existing literature, and exploration of implications.

Conclusion:

Summary of the key findings, implications for theory and practice, and suggestions for future research.

A list of sources cited in the paper, following a specific citation style (e.g., APA, MLA, Chicago).

The primary purpose of a research paper is to disseminate the findings of the research study to the academic community and contribute to the existing body of knowledge. It undergoes peer review and publication in academic journals, conference proceedings, or scholarly books, thereby allowing other researchers to evaluate, replicate, and build upon the research findings.

Key Differences

While both research proposals and research papers are essential components of the research process, they differ in several key aspects:

A research proposal outlines the intended research project and seeks approval and funding, while a research paper reports on the actual conduct and outcomes of the research.

A research proposal includes components such as an introduction, literature review, methodology, and significance, whereas a research paper includes sections such as an abstract, introduction, methodology, results, discussion, and conclusion.

The audience for a research proposal is typically funding agencies, academic supervisors, or review committees, whereas the audience for a research paper is the broader academic community.

Research proposals often follow specific guidelines provided by funding agencies or academic institutions, while research papers adhere to the formatting requirements of academic journals or publishers.

In conclusion, while research proposals and research papers are both integral to the research process, they serve distinct purposes and have different structures, formats, and audiences. Understanding the differences between these two components is essential for researchers seeking to embark on a successful research endeavor. Whether you’re formulating a research proposal or preparing a research paper, seeking research proposal help can provide valuable guidance and support in navigating the complexities of the research process.

By grasping the disparities between a research proposal and a research paper, researchers can effectively articulate their research objectives, design robust studies, and contribute meaningfully to their respective fields of inquiry. Whether you’re at the initial stage of formulating a research proposal or nearing the completion of a research paper, leveraging research proposal help can enhance the quality and impact of your research endeavors.

Frequently Asked Questions:

1.what is a research proposal.

A research proposal is a detailed plan that outlines the proposed research project. It includes the research question, objectives, methodology, literature review, and potential outcomes.

2. What is a research paper?

A research paper is a document that presents the findings of a completed research project. It includes an introduction, literature review, methodology, results, discussion, and conclusion sections.

3. How are they different in terms of purpose?

The purpose of a research proposal is to outline the planned research project and gain approval or funding. On the other hand, the purpose of a research paper is to present the findings and conclusions of the completed research.

4. What are the key components of a research proposal?

Key components of a research proposal include the research question, objectives, methodology, literature review, timeline, and potential significance of the research.

5. What are the key components of a research paper?

Key components of a research paper include the introduction (with background information and research question), literature review, methodology, results, discussion (interpretation of results), and conclusion.

6. How do they differ in terms of length and depth?

A research proposal is typically shorter and less detailed compared to a research paper. It provides an overview of the planned research project. A research paper, on the other hand, is longer and goes into greater detail about the research methodology, findings, and analysis.

7. Do they require different writing styles?

Yes, they do. A research proposal requires a clear and concise writing style, focusing on outlining the research plan. A research paper requires a more formal and structured writing style, presenting the research findings and analysis in a coherent manner.

8. When are they typically written in the research process?

A research proposal is written before the research project begins, to outline the plan and seek approval or funding. A research paper is written after the research project is completed, to present the findings and conclusions.

9. Can a research proposal evolve into a research paper?

Yes, a research proposal can evolve into a research paper. The research proposal provides the initial framework for the research project, which is then carried out and documented in the research paper.

10. Do they both require citations and references?

Yes, both a research proposal and a research paper require citations and references to acknowledge the sources of information and support the arguments or findings presented.

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Text to speech

Difference Between Research Proposal and Research Report

The Research Proposal is the way a researcher presents the research problem and communicates the need for research. It is a crucial part of the application process. It provides a brief overview of the research questions the researcher is trying to answer. It also outlines the research methodology that the researcher will use.

Definition of a Research Proposal

A Research Proposal is a document that the researcher creates to describe the research program in detail. This is usually a request for funding for the subject being studied. A research proposal, in other words, is a summary or description of the research process that provides quick information about the research project.

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It must also discuss the major issues and questions that the researcher will address during the research. It must also highlight the main area of the research study.

Definition of Research Report

A research report is a collection of facts that have been carefully considered and are intended to be succinct, understandable information for people.

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What is the difference between a "research plan" and a "research proposal"?

Online sources often use " research plan " and " research proposal " interchangeably.

Two months after getting accepted into a PhD program, I was asked to do a research plan. Is this the same as doing a research proposal?

• research-proposal

• What does your advisor say? –  Bill Barth Commented Mar 11, 2015 at 12:15
• I would say, a research proposal is what you would do applying for a PhD position or for funding to explain what you want to do, a research plan is what you would do to show you know where you a going with your research. –  skymningen Commented Mar 11, 2015 at 12:45
• 2 Ask older students in your program. If it's a general requirement, then they must have done one as well, so they can tell you what to do. –  Wolfgang Bangerth Commented Mar 11, 2015 at 13:06
• Even confined to only one term, each of them can be interpreted differently by different institutions. The best bet and ask for a style/format guide from the department, or consult previous students' submissions. –  Penguin_Knight Commented Mar 11, 2015 at 22:08

Neither a research plan nor a research proposal is a "super specific thing you need to know about".

A proposal, on any subject, generally includes things like objectives, background, potential challenges, and a vague schedule.

A plan often includes all of the above, in greater detail, as well as necessary resources, a specific schedule with milestones, and perhaps additional project specific elements (e.g. which programming languages you might use).

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Exploring the Difference Between Research Paper and Proposal

The purpose of this article is to explore the key differences between a research paper and proposal. Research papers are documents in which authors present their findings, opinions, or arguments based on an analysis of existing literature within a particular field or subject area. On the other hand, proposals are written for specific objectives such as securing funding from external sources or initiating projects that require approval by stakeholders before implementation can begin. Both types of documents demand rigorous writing techniques in order to be effective; however, there exist numerous distinctions between them when it comes to content structure and style considerations. Through examining these areas in detail this article will provide readers with enhanced understanding into how best approach each type of document.

I. Introduction

Ii. definition of a research paper, iii. definition of a proposal, iv. major components of a research paper, v. major components of a proposal, vi. comparison between research papers and proposals, vii conclusion.

The Start of Something Great Research papers and proposals both serve important roles in the academic realm. It is a good idea to understand their differences as you embark on either type of project. Research papers typically take an analytical approach, presenting research-based evidence on a topic or issue that has already been established through prior work. They often involve deeper exploration into existing theories, with the goal being to evaluate data gathered from outside sources and draw conclusions based upon it.

On the other hand, proposals seek solutions by presenting new ideas or methods that can be implemented in order to address problems. Proposals contain information about how these possible solutions would be put into action, including details such as cost estimates and required resources for implementation. A successful proposal will outline various ways in which potential issues could be addressed effectively while also convincing stakeholders why they should support your proposed solution over any alternatives available.

A research paper is a written document that requires rigorous investigation and analysis of various data sources in order to present an argument. The process involves critical thinking , planning, researching, writing, and revising one’s ideas or theories on the subject. It presents evidence gathered from primary or secondary sources to support its points, making it important for scholars and academics alike.

It should be noted that a research paper differs from a proposal . A research paper focuses on finding answers to questions by utilizing existing knowledge while proposals are aimed at convincing people to give their consent about something such as approving funds or passing legislation. Additionally, with research papers you look into what has already been done whereas proposals suggest new topics that need further study before any conclusions can be drawn. Thus:

• Research Paper – Focuses on facts & current knowledge
• Proposal – Suggesting new information needs more study

Proposal: A proposal is a written document that details and defines the objectives of a project, as well as how it will be accomplished. It outlines the goals, plans and strategies for achieving success in an endeavor, typically involving resources such as funding or personnel. Proposals often require detailed research to ensure that they contain accurate information and viable solutions for addressing identified issues.

• In summary: A research paper provides lengthy discussions about current knowledge on certain topics while proposal offer ideas intended towards solving identified issues with greater precision – ultimately utilizing economic factors when applicable.

A research paper is a comprehensive document that outlines the aim, background, methods and results of an experiment or study. It typically includes several distinct sections such as Introduction, Literature Review, Methods and Results, Discussion/Conclusions. The following are some of the major components which form part of any effective research paper.

The Abstract provides a concise summary (typically 150-250 words) about what was studied in the project and its main findings or conclusions. It should clearly define the problem under investigation while describing why it’s important to explore this topic further.

This section explains the context for conducting your project by discussing relevant literature on prior related studies before introducing your specific objectives for investigating this subject matter. In addition to establishing why you think examining this issue is beneficial and necessary to conduct at present time ,this segment also introduces readers with topics they can expect to learn more about throughout reading your proposal/paper in detail .

(Note: Research papers differ from proposals in that research papers analyze existing data whereas proposals attempt to gather new information.)

The composition of a research proposal is often the key to its success. There are several major components that must be included when creating a proposal for any project, regardless of whether it’s an academic paper or another type of venture.

Research Paper vs Proposal A research paper and a proposal may sound similar, but they have significant differences in their content and purpose. A research paper presents information based on the results from studying various sources while proposals aim to showcase ideas which require approval before they can become reality.

• A Research Paper consists mostly of facts taken from existing studies.
• Proposals are typically created with innovation in mind; something new being offered.

Some common elements required within every quality proposal include: An Executive Summary outlining the main points followed by detailed descriptions such as Background Information, Objectives/Goals & Outcomes desired along with Methods & Materials needed to complete it and finally Financial Requirements including Budget Information.

• Executive Summary – This section should provide a brief overview without going into too much detail

Research Papers vs Proposals: A Comparison

When it comes to academic writing, research papers and proposals are often confused for being one and the same. However, these two types of written works actually differ in terms of purpose as well as structure.

For starters, a research paper serves to provide an argument that is based on evidence from scholarly sources. Research papers aim to present information objectively, so their tone is usually formal. The structure includes sections such as introduction (with thesis statement), body paragraphs with subheadings if necessary; each paragraph containing background info about topic followed by supporting evidence derived from resources cited within the text or endnotes section at bottom of page-ending with conclusion summarizing the arguments made throughout paper. In contrast, a proposal is intended for both academic purposes or business needs–it sets out plan for project proposed giving details on how goals can be achieved given available resources plus timeline needed for successful completion of said tasks.

• • Introduction – brief summary stating aims & scope.
• • Body – components essential to achieving goal including those who will benefit & required funding.

> • Conclusion – Summarizes benefits associated with proposal. . Generally speaking its language may lean more towards informal nature when compared with research papers since it’s designed only to persuade readers into taking action—not necessarily summarize objective facts found within literature review though they must include some analysis too where relevant .

In this paper, we explored the distinctions between research papers and proposals. We discussed how each type of document has its own purpose and the key elements that make them distinct from one another.

• Research Paper: A research paper is an in-depth exploration into a given subject or topic, typically resulting in a written report for academic purposes. It can involve analyzing data sets as well as researching other sources to provide context on the issue being examined.
• Proposal: On the other hand, a proposal is less formal than a research paper; it’s more like outlining an idea with recommendations for implementation. Proposals are often used when seeking funding or attempting to convince stakeholders of potential solutions.

These two documents present very different methods of presenting ideas but they share some commonalities—each requires adequate preparation and thoughtfulness before beginning work on either document. With this understanding, anyone writing should have no trouble transitioning between these two forms of communication depending upon their needs at any given time.

English: In conclusion, this article has explored the distinct differences between research papers and proposals. Although they both involve rigorous investigation and writing processes, it is important to remember that each document follows its own unique set of guidelines in order to be successful. By understanding these conventions, students will be better equipped with the necessary tools for future endeavors involving either paper type.

Difference Between Research Proposal and Research Report

Edited by Diffzy | Updated on: September 15, 2023

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• Introduction

Research is a detailed study on a subject or topic the researcher is passionate about or needs to work on. It is a quest to find an answer to a question or a solution to a problem. Research is done by students to complete their course requirements, by Ph.D. scholars to earn their doctorate on a particular subject, by scientists to prove a theory, or by organizations for various purposes. Individuals who conduct research are commonly known as researchers.

Research proposals and research reports are very integral parts of a research study. A research proposal is a written plan of the research one wants to conduct. It shows the gist of the research problem and why it is necessary to conduct the research. It is on the main used to get the approval to conduct research. Only when a research proposal gets approved a researcher can start the research work.

The research report, on the other hand, is made after the research process is complete. It is a written document of the whole research work. It consists of all the facts and findings from the research work that may be useful in the future. Research cannot be complete without a research report.

• Research Proposal vs Research Report

Research proposals and research reports play very distinctive roles in the research work. While a research proposal is the first step toward research, a research report is prepared after all the research work is complete. The research proposal describes what the researcher intends to do with research and how. The research report is documentation of the whole research process and the result. Likewise, there are many other differences between the two.

• Difference Between Research Proposal and Research Report in Tabular Form

• What is Research Proposal?

A research proposal is a brief introduction to a proposed research study and the intentions behind it. It gives us a glimpse of what the actual research would be like. It also mentions where the researcher wants to conduct research and how the research problem is relevant to this area. It is prepared at the very beginning of the research work. This step is necessary, and one cannot start working on the research without going through this process.

A research proposal is required to help scholars and university students to start their thesis or dissertation. It may involve getting funding for the research, especially for research scholars. To get the approval to conduct research, one needs to convince the authority that research is necessary to be conducted.

A research proposal must clearly explain the motive of the research and what kind of impact it will make on society at large. Only through a well-written research proposal can one get approval and start the research work.

A research proposal is not lengthy but it needs to be carefully written. It needs to be clear and organized. Hence, even preparing a research proposal of 4-6 pages can take some days.

The format of a research proposal may differ in different fields or according to various universities when it comes to applying for a Ph.D. Nevertheless, most of the research proposals comprise the following components:

The introduction also contains many components. In this section, one needs to-

• Introduce the problem the researcher is targeting to study on
• Describe the intention of the study
• Describe the importance of the study in the required area
• Describe why the readers need to be concerned about the results of the study

The title of the research and its objectives may change a little, even after the proposal gets selected. The guidance of supervisors or mentors may bring more insight to the research, which could lead the change in some parts of the already planned research study. It would still have the same essence as the earlier topic/s.

Background Information

Background information can either be incorporated into the introduction or can be written separately according to the researcher's wish. It mainly includes the context of the study, the problem statement, its scope, the extent to which it was studied before, and how further the researcher will study it.

Literature Review

It is the review of past studies or published information about subjects relating to the topic the researcher wants to study. It also includes a critical evaluation of the articles if they are found to have some limitations or errors.

The objectives are goals that the researcher wants to achieve through the study. These are the major statements that give direction to forming the questions of the study.

Research Questions

These arestatements that are used toguide the research and get results.

Research Design and Methodology

Research design is like a plan on how to go about the research. It is a framework of the research study.

Research methodology is the complete strategy of the research. It contains the topic, objectives, area of research study, research population, sample, type of research, method of data collection, source of data, etc.

The research report must consist of references to articles or books providing relevant information for the research.

• What is Research Report?

The preparation of research report begins after the completion of a research study. It is the written documentation of every part of the research in an orderly manner, from the introduction to the conclusion and references. This report is the final product of the research work and is the heart and soul of the research. It contains all the valuable information gathered through the research.

It includes a record of interaction between the researcher and the respondents/cases. It contains facts and findings that can be useful to gather new knowledge.

When a research report is published, it reaches a wider audience who could use the information shared through the research report. A research report is necessary to let the readers know the procedure of the research conducted and find out the results of the research. It can be used for future references for people interested to study the same subject.

Since a research report has many components, it is much lengthier than a research proposal. It takes a lot of time and effort to gather all the information and place them in the required format in the research report. Hence, this is the reason a research report is a valuable asset to the researchers.

A research report is lengthier and consists of more components than a research proposal. It contains most of the contents that are part of the research proposal like introduction, background information, literature review, objectives, research questions, research design, and methodology. Additionally, it contains the following sections:

Interpretation and Analysis

This is the part where the information found after data collection is analyzed carefully and interpreted by the researcher. In a quantitative research study, it would be displayed through tables and figures. In a qualitative study, however, it would be described through case studies.

Major Findings

After the interpretation and analysis, the major findings are noted down. This includes forming major points from the facts gathered from the analysis and interpretation of the research.

Limitations

This part describes sampling errors, time constraints, lack of previous studies on the topic, inability to access data, and other limitations of the research.

Recommendations

In this part, the researcher notes down some suggestions as to what can one do to solve the problem that the researcher studied. Here the researcher lists out strategies and plans of action. These suggestions may be of use to have a good impact on the area covered by the researcher for his study. These recommendations may be directed toward the public, policymakers, or individuals in the research area.

Here the researcher concludes the research work by writing a gist of what he learned through the research. It would describe what the situation of the problem is and how things can get better.

This part contains the list of names of the books and the links to the sites from where the researcher gathered the information for the research study.

This section is for additional information. It may not be immediately necessary for the research but can be included to provide some raw data like pictures, questionnaires or interview schedules, maps, drawings, etc. This part does not contain the necessary information, and the research must be able to stand alone without an appendix.

• Main Differences Between Research Proposal and Research Report in Points
• A research proposal introduces the research problem and the strategies planned to conduct the research. A research report, however, contains all the information gathered during and after the research.
• Since a research proposal is a gist of the actual research, it is brief if we compare it to a research report. A research report, however, is lengthier as it contains all the parts of a research.
• A research proposal aims at getting approval to conduct the research, whereas a research report aims to show the result of the research. 
• A research proposal is prepared to describe why it is necessary. However, a research report is prepared to document all the parts of the research and keep it for future use.
• A research proposal is prepared before the research begins, whereas a research report is written after the research is conducted.
• A research proposal consists of fewer chapters as it is just a gist of what needs to be done. A research report, however, has more sections as it contains everything about the research from the start to the end.
• A research proposal describes the future actions that need to be taken to conduct the research, whereas research report documents all the past actions taken by the researcher to complete the research study.
• A research proposal is written in the future tense, whereas a research report is written in the past tense.

Research proposal and research work are both necessary documents in research. A research cannot be conducted without a research proposal, and the research is incomplete without a research report.

A research proposal is the plan of the research that shows why it is necessary to conduct the research study and how it will be conducted. It is used to convince the authority to approve the research study.

On the other hand, a research report is a documentation of the whole research process, including facts and findings gathered during the research process. To a researcher, it would be like a final product of all the efforts put into the research.

Both the research proposal and research report have a few similar components. Introduction, background information, literature review, objectives, research questions, research design, methodology, and references are components in both research proposal and report. But a research report contains additional information gathered during and after the research work. This is why a research proposal is shorter and a research report is comparatively lengthier. Nevertheless, preparing both a research proposal and a research report takes effort and a lot of studying.

It is undeniable that both the research proposal and research report are distinctive, and both are integral to the research work.

• https://research.com/research/how-to-write-a-research-proposal
• https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC5037942/

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What’s the difference between an MBA and a DBA?

A DBA (Doctor of Business Administration) is technically a higher level business qualification than an MBA – but what are the differences between these two programs?

To find out, we spoke to Dr. Marika Taishoff , MBA Program Director, and Dr. Mariateresa Torchia , DBA Program Director and Director of Research.

1. Student Profile

Entrepreneurs and managers of any organization who have acquired substantial managerial experience and want to deepen and broaden their academic and research skills to treat managerial problems.

Individuals with at least three years of work experience looking to:

• enhance their careers in management;
• acquire new skills, managerial toolkits, and perspectives;
• switch career paths;
• familiarize themselves with new trends and challenges facing businesses today and tomorrow;
• or start and grow their own business.

Average age 36.

2. Program Goals

It offers a platform of critical reflection for the cooperative treatment of problems of business and non-business organizations based on a rigorous academic methodology.

Equip participants with the quantitative and qualitative toolkits and critical and strategic thinking skills to be rapidly applied in the workplace.

The MBA Executive Coach prepares participants to develop their professional brand, master the interview process, and identify and hone the skillsets required for their desired corporate or entrepreneurial objectives.

Through the Mentorship Program , MBAs meet regularly with successful executives and entrepreneurs in their field of interest, thus gaining true insights and building their professional networks , an underlying goal of the MBA program.

3. Teaching Methods

Advisors support and advise students regarding their literature review and research questions, their research proposal, publications, and the planning of implementation actions concerning their specific research problem.

During each of the six Residential Weeks , scholarly academics having substantial managerial consulting experience lead several Research Seminars on complementary subjects to the formal courses concerning issues related to the state of the student’s project work or to hot topics in research.

In addition, special Business Insights sessions provide the opportunity to exchange with and learn from experienced practitioners who can be role models for the DBA students.

Highly applied and hands-on approach , characterized by case study debate and discussion, dynamic interactions with classmates and faculty, and the preparation of individual and group projects around real-world issues, frequently assigned to the MBAs by corporations, entrepreneurs, or NGOs.

The aim is to bridge theory and practice and to foster collaborative and action-based learning through extensive group work.

4. Faculty Teaching Options

DBA : Full-time, tenure-track positions at teaching institutions.

MBA : Typically, part-time or adjunct positions.

5. Courses and Research

The program includes a common core of taught courses that provide knowledge and skills generally needed for conducting doctoral research and implementing research results.

The core courses cover the following content:  

• The bases of the philosophy of science,
• The application of qualitative and quantitative methods in business research,
• The foundations of competitiveness of business organizations,
• The challenges that organizations currently face.

The program includes workshops on: 

• Developing Research Questions
• Developing a Research Proposal
• Academic Writing
• Teaching Skills
• Research Presentation Skills.

MBA courses are designed around four key themes, which together provide a transversal view of the firm, its functions and activities, and its environment.

These themes are:

• Business Environment
• Business Markets
• Finance & Operations

The Integrative Component, which is the MBA Capstone, and links all the themes, gives participants the choice of doing an Entrepreneurial Business Plan or the Corporate Consulting Project.

MBAs are also offered electives in Wealth Management and Luxury, linked to the theme of “Learning from Monaco”.

The research required for the MBA is essentially non-empirical.

DBA : Academia, executive leadership, or consulting.

MBA : Executives in corporations, NGOs, and start-ups across all sectors. Consultants. Entrepreneurs.

7. Residency

DBA : Students attend classes 2 times a year (residential week) with online classes and assignments between sessions.

MBA : Students typically attend full-time on campus, but part-time and online are also possible.

8. Time Commitment

DBA : 3 years, around 3-5 hours of work per week.

MBA : Full-time: 10 months, around 10-30 hours per week. Part-Time: 20 months, around 6-12 hours per week.

For more information, you can consult our website:  www.monaco.edu.   Feel free to also contact the Admissions Team directly at  [email protected]

Watch CBS News

Trump is proposing a 10% tariff. Economists say that amounts to a $1,700 tax on Americans.

By Aimee Picchi

Edited By Alain Sherter

Updated on: June 20, 2024 / 1:13 PM EDT / CBS News

Former President Donald Trump is pledging to supercharge one of his signature trade policies — tariffs — if he's re-elected this November, by imposing 10% across-the-board levies on all products imported into the U.S. from overseas. The idea, he has said , is to protect American jobs as well as raise more revenue to offset an extension of his 2017 tax cuts.

But that proposal would likely backfire, effectively acting as a tax on U.S. consumers, economists spanning the political spectrum say. If the tariffs are enacted — with Trump also proposing a levy of 60% or more on Chinese imports — a typical middle-class household in the U.S. would face an estimated $1,700 a year in additional costs,  according  to the non-partisan Peterson Institute for International Economics. 

Meanwhile, the left-leaning Center on American Progress has also crunched the numbers  and projects roughly $1,500 per year in extra costs for the typical household. The reason, according to experts: Companies in the U.S. that import goods from abroad typically pass the cost of tariffs onto American consumers; relatedly, domestic manufacturers then often raise their own prices. 

Who would pay the price?

The biggest impact of higher import tariffs would likely fall on low- and middle-income consumers because they spend a larger share of their income on goods and services than wealthier Americans, according to Kimberly Clausing and Mary Lovely of the Peterson Institute. 

"If you are an economist, you know right away that tariffs are taxes. If you put a tariff on imported goods, it means they become more expensive" and competitors can raise their prices, Clausing told CBS MoneyWatch. 

Trump is selling "snake oil," added Lovely. "It's really on steroids, and you have to speak a little louder and say, 'This is really going to affect you'." 

The bottom line, both Clausing and Lovely said, is that Trump's tariff proposals would likely boost consumer prices, a concern after two years of surging inflation. The typical American household would feel the biggest pinch through materials and goods bought by U.S. companies, such as lumber for construction, and which would be passed onto them through $610 in additional annual costs, the Center on American Progress analysis estimated. 

Middle-class households would also pay $220 more a year for cars and other vehicles, $120 more for gas and other oil products, and $90 a year in additional food costs, according to the policy analysis firm. 

Trump campaign spokesman Steven Cheung didn't respond to requests for comment.

Tariffs have long been used to advance U.S. trade policies by both the right and left, as well as to curry favor with labor unions. And Americans generally support tariffs because they believe they protect U.S. jobs from overseas manufacturers.

In practice, policymakers tend to apply targeted tariffs that serve to protect a specific industry or product. For instance, President Joe Biden last month instituted a  new tariff on Chinese electric vehicles, semiconductors, batteries, solar cells, steel and aluminum. The goal is to prevent China from  undercutting U.S. companies  and threatening domestic manufacturing jobs, according to the Biden administration. 

"The basic thing is that people view tariffs as job saving, and say, 'It'll cost me a little more and I want to do that because I want to help steelworkers'," Lovely said. But, she added, "We see a lot of misunderstanding about how trade works and what tariffs mean for people."

Do tariffs protect jobs?

Lovely and Clausing point to existing evidence about the impact of tariffs enacted by Trump during his presidency, when he put  levies on Chinese goods as well as Mexican products.  But rather than protect employment, offshoring of U.S. jobs continued during the Trump presidency, according to Reuters, citing Labor Department data. 

"People are being sold a bill of goods, but the data shows it's not helping them in their daily lives," Clausing said. "That's the hard thing about being an economist — everything lines up and people say, 'No, tariffs seem good'."

Noted MIT economist David Autor and his co-authors  said  in a January research paper that Trump's 2018-2019 trade war "has not to date provided economic help to the U.S. heartland," failing to raise employment in protected sectors. In fact, retaliatory tariffs from countries targeted by the Trump administration had the effect of "clear negative employment impacts, primarily in agriculture," Autor found. 

The one success of Trump's trade war, Autor concluded, was political. "Residents of regions more exposed to import tariffs became less likely to identify as Democrats, more likely to vote to reelect Donald Trump in 2020 and more likely to elect Republicans to Congress," the researchers wrote. 

It's likely that many Americans didn't notice the price increases during the Trump 2018-19 trade war because they were more targeted than a 10% across-the-board tariff would be, Lovely and Clausing said. 

"If you look at set of imports targeted by Trump in his presidency, it was maybe one-tenth of trade, and companies like Walmart might have spread out some of that pricing increase across goods, so it's really non-transparent," Clausing said. "My prediction is that if the worst happens and he puts a 10% tariff on everything, people will notice that."

• Donald Trump

Aimee Picchi is the associate managing editor for CBS MoneyWatch, where she covers business and personal finance. She previously worked at Bloomberg News and has written for national news outlets including USA Today and Consumer Reports.

More from CBS News

What we know so far about Biden-Trump debate prep and more

IRS apologizes to billionaire Ken Griffin for leaking his tax records

Newly released photos from FBI's Mar-a-Lago search show Trump boxes

Judges block Biden plan wiping out student loans. Here's what to know.

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Yes. Osteopathic medical students can form AANS Medical Student Chapters.

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A chapter proposal is a brief description (one or two paragraphs) of your organization. There are three questions listed in Section IV of the application that should be answered in the proposal. The Chapter Charter is the  Rules and Regulations .

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Existing high blood pressure drugs may prevent epilepsy, Stanford Medicine-led study finds

In an analysis of more than 2 million patient records, researchers discovered that people taking angiotensin receptor blockers for high blood pressure were less likely to develop epilepsy.

June 18, 2024 - By Sarah C.P. Williams

A class of blood pressure drugs appears to reduce the chance of developing epilepsy. Sophie -   stock.adobe.com

A class of drugs already on the market to lower blood pressure appears to reduce adults’ risk of developing epilepsy, Stanford Medicine researchers and their colleagues have discovered. The finding comes out of an analysis of the medical records of more than 2 million Americans taking blood pressure medications.

The  study , published June 17 in  JAMA Neurology , suggests that the drugs, called angiotensin receptor blockers, could prevent epilepsy in people at highest risk of the disease, including older adults who have had strokes. 

“This is incredibly exciting because we don’t currently have any medicines that prevent epilepsy,” said  Kimford Meador , MD, a professor of neurology and neurological sciences and the senior author of the paper. “I hope these initial findings lead to randomized clinical trials.”

Preventing seizures after stroke

While epilepsy is often diagnosed during childhood, more than 1% of people over age 65 are diagnosed with the recurring seizures that characterize the disorder. These seizures can temporarily disrupt the brain’s function and cause a range of symptoms. 

In older adults, the most common risk factor for developing epilepsy is stroke; about 10% of stroke survivors experience seizures within five years. Vascular disease and chronic high blood pressure, even in the absence of stroke, also boost epilepsy risk. 

“This can be a very debilitating disorder, and it’s much more common in older adults than people realize,” said Meador, a member of the Wu Tsai Neurosciences Institute .

Although anti-seizure medications can be used to control epilepsy after diagnosis, no drugs are approved to prevent epilepsy in people at high risk of developing the disorder. 

During the past decade, however, studies have suggested that one type of blood pressure medication might help quell seizures because of their ability to tamp down inflammation. This aspect would be particularly apt for preventing seizures that follow stroke or traumatic brain injuries, as both cause brain inflammation that can trigger epilepsy. 

In 2022, a study of more than 160,000 people in Germany found that people taking angiotensin receptor blockers — one of multiple classes of drugs prescribed to treat high blood pressure — had a diminished risk of developing epilepsy. The drugs block certain hormone receptors, leading to lower blood pressure and decreased inflammation in blood vessels and other organs — including the brain. 

Kimford Meador

“Those results out of Germany echoed what had been found in animal studies and seemed very promising, but I felt that it was important to reproduce that analysis using data on people in the U.S.,” Meador said. 

A bigger, broader data set

For the new study, Meador and colleagues at the University of Rhode Island turned to a national database that includes information on health care claims from more than 20 million Americans enrolled in either commercial health insurance plans or Medicare — a group more racially diverse than that in the German study. They focused their analysis on 2.2 million adults who had been diagnosed with high blood pressure, were prescribed at least one high blood pressure medication and did not already have epilepsy. 

Overall, people taking angiotensin receptor blockers had a 20% to 30% lower risk of developing epilepsy between 2010 and 2017 compared with people taking other blood pressure drugs. This difference held true even when patients with strokes were removed from the analysis, suggesting that the lower rates of epilepsy were not a result solely of a decreased risk of stroke. 

“What we’ve done is replicate what was found in Germany but in a larger and completely different population,” Meador said. “That really increases the strength of the signal and tells us that there’s something real going on here.”

The data also indicated that one particular angiotensin receptor blocker — losartan — had the most powerful effect on lowering epilepsy risk, but the researchers said more work is needed to confirm that. 

Toward clinical trials

All blood pressure medications likely have an impact on decreasing epilepsy risk because high blood pressure is a contributing factor to epilepsy. Keeping blood pressure under control through any combination of antihypertensive drugs and lifestyle factors can therefore lower a person’s chance of developing epilepsy, Meador said. 

However, the new research suggests that angiotensin receptor blockers might be more beneficial than other antihypertensives for patients to reduce the risk of epilepsy. In the new study, about 14% of people taking a blood pressure drug took angiotensin receptor blockers, while most took other classes of drugs to control their blood pressure, including beta blockers, calcium channel blockers and angiotensin-converting enzyme inhibitors. 

“This could be a new chapter in the story of preventive medicine,” Meador said. “There are so many people with stroke or high blood pressure; knowing that this class of drug not only lowers blood pressure but also helps lower their epilepsy risk could change how we treat them.”

However, Meador added, randomized clinical trials are needed to prove the association between angiotensin receptor blockers and reduce epilepsy risk before treatment guidelines change. 

Researchers from Brown University were also involved in the research. 

The researchers have no outside funding sources or conflicts of interest to disclose.

• Sarah C.P. Williams Sarah C.P. Williams is a freelance science writer.

About Stanford Medicine

Stanford Medicine is an integrated academic health system comprising the Stanford School of Medicine and adult and pediatric health care delivery systems. Together, they harness the full potential of biomedicine through collaborative research, education and clinical care for patients. For more information, please visit med.stanford.edu .

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Men and Women Don’t Just Feel Pain Differently—They Produce It Differently, Study Finds

DaryaDanik / Getty Images

Key Takeaways

• A new study found that pain in the body is produced differently in men compared to women.
• Special pain signal-producing cells seem to respond differently in animals and humans depending on biological sex.
• Chronic pain conditions are more prevalent in female bodies, so research could lead to better pain treatments that address sex-specific pain differences.

There are many fascinating differences between male and female bodies—from outer anatomy to inner workings. A new study has found that pain production might also differ between the sexes, which could help us rethink—or even improve—how we treat pain.

Researchers from the University of Arizona Health Sciences Center found specific sex differences in nociceptors, the nerve cells that produce pain signals in response to damage or injury. The study included looking at tissue samples from animals and humans, which showed that pain-producing cells responded differently based on sex.

Pain is a common human experience, but data suggests that people in female bodies experience pain conditions at a higher rate.  But their pain isn’t necessarily being diagnosed and treated adequately, leading to chronic, life-changing illness.

“It is absolutely true that the majority of the world’s pain patients are women—and we don’t really understand why,” Frank Porreca, PhD , research director of the Comprehensive Center for Pain & Addiction at the University of Arizona Health Sciences Center and senior author of the study, told Verywell. “Our research could have significance in this.”

Building on the new research could lead to better treatments that address sex-specific pain differences. Here’s more about what the researchers learned about these differences.

A Note on Gender and Sex Terminology

Verywell Health acknowledges that  sex and gender  are related concepts, but they are not the same. To reflect our sources accurately, this article uses terms like “female,” “male,” “woman,” and “man” as the sources use them.

How to Body Produces Pain

We have many types of sensory nerves—some detect light, others detect sound, and some detect touch. These sensory nerves activate in response to generally harmless stimuli. But we also have nociceptors , which are specialized sensory cells. When activated by injury or damage , they send a signal to the brain via the spinal cord.

“Nociceptors are the first step in the chain that leads to pain perception,” said Porreca. “You can think of it as sort of an alarm sensor. The nociceptor is there to tell us when there’s something that is capable of producing damage to our bodies.”

Nociceptors “only respond to these high-intensity stimuli that can produce your perception of pain,” said Porreca, adding that this is important “because you obviously don’t want the alarm to be going off all the time. You only want it to be going off at the moment you need to do something.”

However, under some circumstances, the nociceptor activation threshold can be lowered. If that happens, then something that wouldn’t normally produce pain will.

“Think about going out for a hike and getting a sunburn , a mild inflammation,” said Porreca. “Now, what you realize is the T-shirt rubbing on the back of your neck is producing pain.” The fabric of the shirt would not normally produce discomfort, but the damage to your skin from the sunburn has lowered the threshold for nociceptor activation.

Specific substances in the body, such as prostaglandins (a group of lipid compounds with hormone-like effects), can also lower nociceptive thresholds. In response to an injury, prostaglandins produce an inflammatory response to generate healing by the immune system.

“If we block the actions of prostaglandins with drugs like ibuprofen, that produces pain relief in many circumstances,” said Porreca.

But popular pain treatments aren’t always helpful for everyone. And researchers think one reason may have to do with the sex differences in how pain is produced.

How Women and Men Produce Pain Differently

For the study, Porreca’s team used tissue samples from male and female mice, nonhuman primates, and humans to measure the excitability of nociceptors. The level of excitability usually correlates to the perception of pain, according to Porreca.

The researchers found that different mechanisms lower the threshold for activation of nociceptors in females and males. To experiment with changing the threshold of nociceptor excitability, they used two substances. One was prolactin, a hormone produced by the pituitary gland . The second was orexin B, a neuropeptide made in the brain that helps control wakefulness.

In the current study, the researchers found that prolactin lowered the threshold for nociceptor activation in female cells but did not lower it in male cells. They also found that orexin B lowered the activation threshold in male cells but not in female cells.

The researchers also experimented with blocking prolactin and orexin signaling. They found that blocking prolactin reduced nociceptor activation in female tissue samples but had no effect on male tissue samples. Likewise, blocking orexin B reduced the nociceptor activation in male tissue samples but did not affect female tissue samples.

“What that really means is that if the mechanism that is driving the activity or the ability of nociceptors to be activated is different in men and women—or males and females—then we can target those mechanisms to specifically treat pain only in men or only in women,” said Porreca.

Jagdish Khubchandani, PhD , a professor of public health at New Mexico State University, told Verywell that the new study “helps build the biological evidence base for inclusion of various groups in clinical research on chronic and disabling problems like pain disorders.” Khubchandani, who was not involved in the research, added that “the evidence is strong as it was replicated from animals to humans.”

Could the Research Improve Treatment for Women’s Pain?

About half of chronic pain conditions , such as rheumatoid arthritis (RA) , fibromyalgia , and migraine , are more prevalent in females. However, most pain medications and treatments do not account for sex differences. While the recent study did not address the differences in pain prevalence, the concepts may lead to better pain treatments for specific conditions where biological sex might be a factor.

“Perhaps the mechanisms that drive and produce migraine in women may be different from the mechanisms that produce migraine in men. Therefore, the therapies could be different for men and women,” said Porreca.

Most research on pain in humans has not analyzed or reported sex differences, according to the International Association for the Study of Pain. A recent review of research from 2012 to 2021 found that less than 20% of the studies on humans analyzed or separated sex-specific differences.

In light of the gap, the new study “provides further evidence on why there should be a tailored approach to research, conducting trials, and therapeutic developments,” said Khubchandani. “Specifically, pain disorders are a leading cause of disability, widely prevalent, and clearly affect a person based on their [sex].”

Porreca added that the knowledge of differences in pain production could help inform clinical trials for treatments of pain mechanisms. However, researchers first must determine if the mechanism they are trying to address is relevant to just males or females or both.

“There are plenty of examples that we can go back and think about and say, ‘Well, we concluded that that potential new therapy was inactive, but maybe the proportion of men and women in the trial were different,’” said Porreca.

The research team also recently released findings on a prolactin antibody, as prolactin may be involved in many pain disorders in females.

“If we sequester prolactin with an antibody, perhaps the antibody could be very useful in normalizing the thresholds for activation of nociceptors in women. That’s what we’d like to do,” said Porreca. At the same time, the team is looking at the orexin receptor to try to devise a way it could be targeted for the treatment of pain in men.

Additionally, Porreca said that many other substances might be involved in the production of pain that are sex-specific—and the team wants to discover and research them. However, studying these topics will take time.

“While this study hints at how [sex] might play a role in the way pain is treated, it also underscores the fact that we are only seeing one potential part of a larger puzzle,” Leia Rispoli, MD , a double-board-certified interventional pain management specialist and physiatrist at DISC Sports & Spine Center, told Verywell.

Rispoli, who was not involved in the study, added that “we do not yet have a full grasp of how or why people may experience more pain than others, or maybe why certain patients with no obvious reasons for pain may still be experiencing pain at a high level. Hopefully, more studies like this will help give us that full picture.”

What This Means For You

A new study adds to our knowledge about pain and may help us come up with better treatments, but there’s still a lot left to learn about how sex differences may play a role in the production and perception of pain.

Stratton H, Lee G, Dolatyari M, et al. Nociceptors are functionally male or female: from mouse to monkey to man .  Brain . Published online June 3, 2024. doi:10.1093/brain/awae179

Osborne NR, Davis KD. Sex and gender differences in pain .  Int Rev Neurobiol . 2022;164:277-307. doi:10.1016/bs.irn.2022.06.013

Koop LK, Tadi P. Neuroanatomy, sensory nerves . In: StatPearls. StatPearls Publishing; 2024.

Di Maio G, Villano I, Ilardi CR, et al. Mechanisms of transmission and processing of pain: a narrative review .  Int J Environ Res Public Health . 2023;20(4):3064. doi:10.3390/ijerph20043064

Jang Y, Kim M, Hwang SW. Molecular mechanisms underlying the actions of arachidonic acid-derived prostaglandins on peripheral nociception . J Neuroinflammation . 2020;17(1):30. doi:10.1186/s12974-020-1703-1

Gazerani P, Aloisi AM, Ueda H. Editorial: differences in pain biology, perception, and coping strategies: towards sex and gender specific treatments .  Front Neurosci . 2021;15:697285. doi:10.3389/fnins.2021.697285

International Association for the Study of Pain. Sex/gender biases in pain research and clinical practice .

Plumb AN, Lesnak JB, Berardi G, et al. Standing on the shoulders of bias: lack of transparency and reporting of critical rigor characteristics in pain research .  Pain . 2023;164(8):1775-1782. doi:10.1097/j.pain.0000000000002874

Maciuba S, Bowden GD, Stratton HJ, et al. Discovery and characterization of prolactin neutralizing monoclonal antibodies for the treatment of female-prevalent pain disorders . MAbs . 15(1):2254676. doi:10.1080/19420862.2023.2254676

By Jennifer Chesak Chesak has nearly two decades of experience as a medical journalist, editor, and fact-checker. She is the author of "The Psilocybin Handbook for Women."

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Bibliometrics & citations, view options, graphical abstract, recommendations, educational data sciences: framing emergent practices for analytics of learning, organizations, and systems.

In this paper, we develop a conceptual framework for organizing emerging analytic activities involving educational data that can fall under broad and often loosely defined categories, including Academic/Institutional Analytics, Learning Analytics/...

Learning analytics and educational data mining: towards communication and collaboration

Growing interest in data and analytics in education, teaching, and learning raises the priority for increased, high-quality research into the models, methods, technologies, and impact of analytics. Two research communities -- Educational Data Mining (...

Educational data mining and learning analytics for 21st century higher education: A review and synthesis

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The potential influence of data mining analytics on the students’ learning processes and outcomes has been realized in higher education. Hence, a comprehensive review of educational data mining (EDM) and learning analytics (LA) in ...

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