literature review on fish farming in nigeria

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Urban fish farming in jos, nigeria: contributions towards employment opportunities, income generation, and poverty alleviation for improved livelihoods.

1. Introduction

2. literature review, fish production: employment levels, food security, and incomes, 3. study area and methodology, 4. results and discussion, 4.1. spatial distribution of fish farms, 4.2. socio-economic characteristics of fish farmers.

“If I had better knowledge of this fish farming business two years ago, I would not have lost my first stock of 4000 fingerlings”.

4.3. Fish Farming Practices and Associated Characteristics

4.4. employment opportunities generated through fish farming, 4.5. farmers perceptions on the socio-economic contributions of urban fish farming.

“Fish farming has really helped me and my family to survive the five months without salary. Although the income is not much, I was able to solve my family’s financial needs from the profit I obtained”.

“I have been working on this farm for the past two years and for four months I had no problems with my employer. I used the money I earned here to address my family needs. My employer even provided me with a dwelling unit, as you can see; and at least I am surviving most of my challenges here”.

4.6. Perceptions of the Most Important Problems That Constrain Fish Farming

“Animal fish feeds alone take 40% to 60% of the total cost of production. I realized (that) from the last stock I sold”.

4.7. Farmers Perceptions of the Environmental Impacts of Fish Production

5. conclusions and recommendations, author contributions, acknowledgments, conflicts of interest.

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Wuyep, S.Z.; Rampedi, I.T. Urban Fish Farming in Jos, Nigeria: Contributions towards Employment Opportunities, Income Generation, and Poverty Alleviation for Improved Livelihoods. Agriculture 2018 , 8 , 110. https://doi.org/10.3390/agriculture8070110

Wuyep SZ, Rampedi IT. Urban Fish Farming in Jos, Nigeria: Contributions towards Employment Opportunities, Income Generation, and Poverty Alleviation for Improved Livelihoods. Agriculture . 2018; 8(7):110. https://doi.org/10.3390/agriculture8070110

Wuyep, Solomon Zitta, and Isaac Tebogo Rampedi. 2018. "Urban Fish Farming in Jos, Nigeria: Contributions towards Employment Opportunities, Income Generation, and Poverty Alleviation for Improved Livelihoods" Agriculture 8, no. 7: 110. https://doi.org/10.3390/agriculture8070110

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Agriculture in the Face of Climate-Mediated Flooding in Tropical Africa: Technical Innovations of Fish Farmers in Southwestern Nigeria

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• First Online: 13 August 2019
• pp 2575–2593
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• Oyediran O. Oyebola 2 ,
• Jackson Efitre 3 ,
• Augustine E. Falaye 2 ,
• Taiwo M. Dada 2 &
• Funmilayo C. Idowu 4  

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Agriculture is highly vulnerable to climate change in tropical Africa. Climate change-mediated floods (CCMF) impact negatively on fish farming, with consequences on food security. The need for technical innovations for sustainable fish farming despite CCMF necessitated this study. Three most famous but flood-prone fish farming states (Lagos, Ogun, Oyo) in Southwestern Nigeria were sampled for fish farmers with on-farm experience of CCMF but still farming. Respondents were sampled for practiced technical adaptive initiatives for sustenance of fish farming despite CCMF, using interview, group discussion, and field visits. All encountered respondents operated pond fish farming system. The respondents reported that CCMF was unpredictable and have increased from 2012 to 2016. Fourteen encountered adaptive technical innovations based on single/combined diverse techniques of pond fencing, pond embankment modifications, netting and caging, pond slope manipulations, and riverbank modification. Innovations were 35.7% state-shared and 64.3% state-specific.

Climate change-mediated flood threatens fish farming but can be technically mitigated using the identified innovations or their modifications in flood-prone fish farming communities in tropical African countries.

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Authors acknowledge the CIRCLE program of the Association of Commonwealth Universities and DFID, UK, for funding support.

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Oyebola, O.O., Efitre, J., Falaye, A.E., Dada, T.M., Idowu, F.C. (2020). Agriculture in the Face of Climate-Mediated Flooding in Tropical Africa: Technical Innovations of Fish Farmers in Southwestern Nigeria. In: Leal Filho, W. (eds) Handbook of Climate Change Resilience. Springer, Cham. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-93336-8_163

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Marine Fisheries in Nigeria: A Review

• O. J. Olaoye , W. G. Ojebiyi
• Published in Marine Ecology 1 August 2018
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Developing marine and coastal resources in nigeria: prospects and challenges.

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Economic analysis of fish farming in osun state, south-western nigeria, the role of fisheries resources in national development: a review, the global program on fisheries : strategic vision for fisheries and aquaculture, fisheries centre the university of british columbia working paper series working paper # 2015-68 an overview of the nigerian marine fisheries and a re-evaluation of its catch data for the years 1950 to 2010, impacts and management of oil spill pollution along the nigerian coastal areas, related papers.

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• Shimang, G.N., 2005. Fisheries development in Nigeria, problems and prospects. The Federal Director of Fisheries, The Federal Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Development, Abuja.
• Ita, E.O., 1984. Reservior, lake, an fisheries management and investment opportunities. Annual Report, Kainji Lake Reserach Institute, New Bussa, Nigeria.
• Ndu, N.R., 2006. Fish farm layout, pond construction, management and maintenance hatchery techniques. Proceedings of the National Workshop on the Principles and Techniques of Fish Farming Organized, by Nigerian Agricultural, Cooperative and Rural Development Bank, Kaduna, with Collaboration of Life Riches Consulting, (PTFFO'06), Life Riches Publishers, pp: 95-97.

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Please note you do not have access to teaching notes, traditional fish processing in nigeria: a critical review.

Nutrition & Food Science

ISSN : 0034-6659

Article publication date: 9 May 2016

This paper aims to take a critical review of traditional fish processing in Nigeria.

Design/methodology/approach

A critical review of traditional fish processing in Nigeria was undertaken.

Fish is one of the protein foods that need careful handling. Due to poor handling, about 30 - 50 per cent of fish harvested are wasted in Nigeria. This study was therefore carried out to review fish processing technologies and evaluate the effectiveness, energy sources and efficiency of fish processing equipment used, quality and safety of processed fish products and possible improvement. Studies revealed that the fish when brought aboard is usually more or less alive, stored simply on the bottom of the canoe and lying there in a pool of warm, dirty water. The fish is never gutted and freely exposed to the sun, and better handling practices would help in developing a fresh fish export trade toward the larger towns in the north and south. Several studies revealed that fish smoking still remains the main method of fish preservation in Nigeria as over 70 per cent of the catch is smoked. The quality of smoked fish from Nigeria has been found to be within acceptable quality limits specific by various regulatory agencies. However, findings have revealed microbial contamination and the presence of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons in some of the smoked fish which values exceed the EU recommended maximum permissible level of 5.0 μg/kg for benzo[α]pyrene.

Research limitations/implications

Few available literatures on the subject matter were critically reviewed.

Practical implications

The paper helps in creating opportunities for more in-depth research in fish processing in Nigeria.

Originality/value

This research is of value to the researchers in Nigeria and other tropical countries.

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Adeyeye, S.A.O. (2016), "Traditional fish processing in Nigeria: a critical review", Nutrition & Food Science , Vol. 46 No. 3, pp. 321-335. https://doi.org/10.1108/NFS-11-2015-0148

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Global Sustainable Aquaculture Advancement Partnership (GSAAP)

In nigeria, small-scale farmers boost their food security by growing rice and fish together.

This agroecological practice is a sustainable way to diversify rural livelihoods, in line with the FAO Guidelines for Sustainable Aquaculture

14 June, Rome – Traditional rice growers in Nigeria have found that by introducing fish into their fields they can boost their yields and cut costs, which means more money in their pockets to buy food for themselves and their families.

They did so by working with an FAO project to diversify rural livelihoods, which ran from 2021 to 2023 in two areas where most of the population are small-scale rice farmers: Kebbi State in the northwest and Ebonyi State in the southeast.

The project was coordinated by FAO in partnership with the University of Ibadan in Nigeria and the University of Georgia with funding from Mississippi State University, both in the United States of America.

Integrating aquaculture with agriculture is in line with the new FAO Guidelines for Sustainable Aquaculture (GSA), which specifically encourage States to promote this practice in small-scale farming systems as a catalyst especially for poor communities to improve food security and nutrition, increase farm biodiversity and build resilience to climate change.

The challenge

Nigeria’s Federal Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Development (FMARD) had highlighted that small-scale farmers were having trouble producing enough to cover their basic needs, leading to a high prevalence of food insecurity, undernourishment, and undernutrition.

“A large proportion of the population reported worrying about running out of food, compromising on quality and variety of food, reducing quantities, skipping meals and/or experiencing hunger,” said FAO Senior Fishery Officer Matthias Halwart.

Rice monocropping has limited productivity, and Nigerian farmers often turn to imported agrochemicals to boost yields. This is expensive for them due to disruptions in global fertiliser supply chains and local currency fluctuations, and it also has negative impacts on human and ecosystem health.

Integrated rice-fish farming on the other hand can make fields more productive because the two species enter a symbiotic relationship: by swimming among the rice plants, the fish act as natural pest control agents while their excrement becomes organic fertilizer.

The solution

The project team worked closely with farmers, extension workers, and graduate students from the University of Ibadan to co-create a process for integrating fish farming into existing rice fields at six pilot sites in the two states. The goal was to deliver lasting, culturally acceptable results with a focus on sustainability. 

“We adopted a participatory approach, so the entire initiative became farmer-driven,” recounts FAO Project Coordinator Oluwafemi Ajayi. “They were at the forefront of the process, and this was a big factor in its successful uptake.”

After two production cycles lasting 4-5 months each, rice yields rose by 5 percent and farmer incomes increased by up to 48 percent compared to when they practiced rice monocropping, according to research at the pilot sites.

Not only that, but news of the on-farm trainings and demonstrations had spread through word-of-mouth.

“More and more people kept showing up,” Ajayi said. “The project was initially slated to reach 200 beneficiaries and we ended up with 700, plus many more that we were not able to register officially.”

By the end of the project, farmers at all the pilot sites reported notable improvements in their food security, nutrition, and livelihoods: their diets became more diverse because they integrated fish into their daily meals, and thanks to boosted crop yields they also had more income to buy a variety of foods.

“The farmers expressed a strong willingness to continue practicing these methods and volunteered to share their knowledge with peers in their respective communities,” according to FAO Fishery Officer Austin Stankus.

Farmers are practical: they need to see to believe, because it can take their land, crops and/or livestock years to recover from a production mistake. In Nigeria, farmers became enthusiastic about agroecological rice-fish farming because it was demonstrated to them on plots, where it became readily apparent that this technique was more profitable than traditional monocropping.

“I began rice-fish farming because my farm is my business. Now I eat better at home and make money by selling my crops, which assists my livelihood,” project beneficiary Hajia Fatima Aliu told the Feed the Future Innovation Lab for Fish (FIL ), which is managed by Mississippi State University and funded by the United States Agency for International Development (USAID).

The outlook

Based on the huge amount of interest from neighbouring farmers at the pilot sites, FAO has continued to work with the University of Ibadan through the Global Sustainable Aquaculture Advancement Partnership (GSAAP) and other funds to consolidate and expand these activities.

Local authorities have also welcomed the initiative: in Kebbi, the state government is developing a so-called Empowerment Package based on agroecological rice-fish farming and is seeking co-funding opportunities to expand the practice to many more areas, according to Ajayi.

“We were able to demonstrate that this practice can alleviate poverty and provide food security and dietary diversity with minimal impact on the environment, because once you introduce fish into your rice fields you won’t need chemical fertilizers,” he explained.

Evidence of the success has been provided to government stakeholders to encourage consideration of rice-fish farming as a policymaking strategy to deliver national development targets. As well, a knowledge-transfer request was made by Mali to scale up the initiative there, demonstrating the potential for the project to have a global impact.

About the GSA

The GSA were drafted by FAO and its Members through a consultative process that spanned eight years. Their underlying vision is of an aquaculture sector that contributes significantly to a world free from hunger and to the equitable improvement of the living standards of all actors in its value chains, including the poorest.

The GSA are global, voluntary, adaptable, and complementary to existing laws and regulations. They rest on the principles of sustainability, environmental stewardship, non-discrimination, the rule of law, equity and equality, participation, transparency and accountability, and the use of the EAA.