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Roderick M. Kramer

The William R. Kimball Professor of Organizational Behavior, Emeritus

Research statement, research interests.

• Decision making
• Social identity
• Cooperation
• Organizational Paranoia
• Conspiracy Theories

Teaching Statement

Roderick Kramer is an experimental social psychologist. He received his Ph.D. in social psychology from the University of California at Los Angeles in 1985. He has been a faculty at the Graduate School of Business since his graduation. He has also visited and taught at major academic institutions around the world, including Oxford, Cambridge, London Business School, Harvard Business School, Harvard Kennedy School and Northwestern University. He has been a visiting scholar at Bellagio, Stanford’s Hoover Institution, Harvard Business School, Harvard Kennedy School, and the Russell Sage Foundation.

Academic Degrees

• PhD in Social Psychology, University of California, Los Angeles, 1985
• MA in Experimental Social Psychology, California State University Los Angeles, 1981
• BA in Experimental Psychology and Philosophy, California State University Los Angeles, 1977

Academic Appointments

• William R. Kimball Professor of Organizational Behavior, Stanford GSB, 2000–2022
• Professor of Organizational Behavior, Stanford GSB, 1996–2000
• Visiting Scholar, Harvard Business School, Spring 2010
• Visiting Professor of Public Policy and Management, Center for Public Leadership Harvard Kennedy School, 2009–2010
• Center Advisor, Center for Public Leadership Harvard Kennedy School, 2009–2010
• Visiting Scholar, Center for Public Leadership Harvard Kennedy School, January 2008
• Visiting Scholar, London Business School, Summer 2007
• Visiting Senior Scholar, Hoover Institution Stanford University, 2005–2006
• Visiting Professor, John F. Kennedy School of Government Harvard University, Spring 2004
• Visiting Professor, John F. Kennedy School of Government Harvard University, Winter 2003
• Visiting Professor of Public Policy and Management, John F. Kennedy School of Government Harvard University, Fall and Winter 2001
• Visiting Scholar, Oxford University, Summer 2000
• Visiting Professor, London Business School, Spring 2000
• Visiting Scholar, Distrust Study Group Bellagio Conference Center, 1997
• Visiting Scholar, Trust Working Group Russell Sage Foundation, Fall 1996
• Associate Professor of Organizational Behavior, Stanford GSB, 1991–1996
• Visiting Associate Professor, Kellogg Graduate School of Management Northwestern University, 1991
• Assistant Professor of Organizational Behavior, Stanford GSB, 1985–1991
• Professional Experience
• Roderick Kramer has worked at a variety of corporations and held several governmental appointments, as well as consulted extensively both with the government and private sector.

Awards and Honors

• Shanahan Family Faculty Fellow for 2015–16
• Academic Advisor, Bill and Melinda Gates Foundation, Project: Modelling Optimal Collaborations, 2014
• Bill and Melinda Gates Foundation Grantee and Partner Community, invited member, 2013
• Bill and Melinda Gates Foundation, invited participant, convening on Meeting of the Minds on Diversity and Inclusion, Carey Conference Center, Rensselaerville, 2013
• “Dinner on the Deans” Award for Teaching Excellence, Harvard Kennedy School, 2010
• “Dinner on the Deans” Award for Teaching Excellence, Harvard Kennedy School, 2008
• Best Publication in Organizational Behavior Award, Academy of Management, 2003
• Best Publication in Academy of Management Journal, Academy of Management, 2003

Book Chapters

Academic publications, degree courses, executive education & other non-degree programs, other teaching, programs and non-degree courses, stanford case studies, stanford gsb affiliations.

• Member Undergraduate Teaching Committee 2011

Stanford University Affiliations

• Faculty Affiliate Michelle R. Clayman Institute for Gender Research, Stanford University 2008–present
• Faculty Affiliate Stanford Center for Longevity 2008–present
• Advisory Board Member Stanford Research Center for Prevention of Financial Fraud 2011

Service to the Profession

• Center Advisor, Center for Public Leadership, Harvard Kennedy School, 2009-2010 International Board of Advisors, Institute of Creative Management and Innovation, Kinki University, 2010–present
• Internal Grant Reviewer, Research and Artistry Program, Northern Illinois University Selected Participant, Bill and Melinda Gates Foundation, Meeting of the Minds on Diversity and Inclusion, 2013
• Invited Member, Bill and Melinda Gates Foundation Grantee and Partner Community, 2013
• Invited Coordinator for Nominating Committee, American Psychological Association Committee on Scientific Awards, American Psychological Federation Gold Medal Award, 2012
• Selection Committee, “Top American Leaders 2011,” Washington Post and Harvard Kennedy School Center for Public Leadership, 2011
• Selection Committee, Dubin Fellows, Center for Public Leadership, Harvard Kennedy School, 2010
• Advisory Board, Leadership Research Network, Harvard Business School, 2008–2010
• Faculty Chair, Gleitsman Social Change Film Forum, Harvard University, 2009–2010
• Faculty Co-Director, Global Leadership and Public Policy for the 21st Century, World Economic Forum and Harvard Kennedy School, 2001–2010
• External Review Committee, Center for Public Leadership, Harvard Kennedy School, 2009
• Core Research Group, “Challenges to Trust-building in Nuclear Worlds,” RCUK’s ‘Global Uncertainties: Security in a Changing World” Programme, 2009
• Consulting Principal Investigator, Research Grant: “What Drives Creative Thinking in Product Design? A Neuroscientific and Psychometric Assessment,” Hasso Plattner Design Institute, Thinking Research Program, Stanford University, 2008
• Selection Committee, U.S. New & World Report, “America’s Best Leaders” Project, Center for Public Leadership, John F. Kennedy School of Government, Harvard University, 2005, 2006, 2007, 2008, and 2009

Editorial Positions

• International Journal of Public Management, Consulting Editor, 2007-2010
• Journal of Trust Research, Executive Committee, 2009
• International Journal of Public Management, Editorial Board, 2005-2007
• Research in Organizational Behavior, Co-Editor (with Barry M. Staw), 2001-2004
• Administrative Science Quarterly, Associate Editor, 1998-2000
• Organizational Behavior & Human Decision Processes, Editorial Board, 1996-1998
• Organization Science, Editorial Board, 1995-1998
• Administrative Science Quarterly, Editorial Board, 1994-1995

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New Study Bolsters Idea of Athletic Differences Between Men and Trans Women

Research financed by the International Olympic Committee introduced new data to the unsettled and fractious debate about bans on transgender athletes.

By Jeré Longman

A new study financed by the International Olympic Committee found that transgender female athletes showed greater handgrip strength — an indicator of overall muscle strength — but lower jumping ability, lung function and relative cardiovascular fitness compared with women whose gender was assigned female at birth.

That data, which also compared trans women with men, contradicted a broad claim often made by proponents of rules that bar transgender women from competing in women’s sports. It also led the study’s authors to caution against a rush to expand such policies, which already bar transgender athletes from a handful of Olympic sports.

The study’s most important finding, according to one of its authors, Yannis Pitsiladis, a member of the I.O.C.’s medical and scientific commission, was that, given physiological differences, “Trans women are not biological men.”

Alternately praised and criticized, the study added an intriguing data set to an unsettled and often politicized debate that may only grow louder with the Paris Olympics and a U.S. presidential election approaching.

The authors cautioned against the presumption of immutable and disproportionate advantages for transgender female athletes who compete in women’s sports, and they advised against “precautionary bans and sport eligibility exclusions” that were not based on sport-specific research.

Outright bans, though, continue to proliferate. Twenty-five U.S. states now have laws or regulations barring transgender athletes from competing in girls and women’s sports, according to the Movement Advancement Project , a nonprofit that focuses on gay, lesbian, bisexual and transgender parity. And the National Association of Intercollegiate Athletics , the governing body for smaller colleges, this month barred transgender athletes from competing in women’s sports unless their sex was assigned female at birth and they had not undergone hormone therapy.

Two of the most visible sports at this summer’s Paris Games — swimming and track and field — along with cycling have effectively barred transgender female athletes who went through puberty as males. Rugby has instituted a total ban on trans female athletes, citing safety concerns, and those permitted to participate in other sports often face stricter requirements in suppressing their levels of testosterone.

The International Olympic Committee has left eligibility rules for transgender female athletes up to the global federations that govern individual sports. And while the Olympic committee provided financing for the study — as it does on a variety of topics through a research fund — Olympic officials had no input or influence on the results, Dr. Pitsiladis said.

In general, the argument for the bans has been that profound advantages gained from testosterone-fueled male puberty — broader shoulders, bigger hands, longer torsos, and greater muscle mass, strength, bone density and heart and lung capacity — give transgender female athletes an inequitable and largely irreversible competitive edge.

The new laboratory-based, peer-reviewed and I.O.C.-funded study at the University of Brighton, published this month in the British Journal of Sports Medicine , tested 19 cisgender men (those whose gender identity matches the sex they were assigned at birth) and 12 trans men, along with 23 trans women and 21 cisgender women.

All of the participants played competitive sports or underwent physical training at least three times a week. And all of the trans female athletes had undergone at least a year of treatment suppressing their testosterone levels and taking estrogen supplementation, the researchers said. None of the participants were athletes competing at the national or international level.

The study found that transgender female participants showed greater handgrip strength than cisgender female participants but lower lung function and relative VO2 max, the amount of oxygen used when exercising. Transgender female athletes also scored below cisgender women and men on a jumping test that measured lower-body power.

The study acknowledged some limitations, including its small sample size and the fact that the athletes were not followed over the long term as they transitioned. And, as previous research has indicated, it found that transgender female athletes did retain at least one advantage over cisgender female athletes — a measurement of handgrip strength .

But it is a combination of factors, not a single parameter, that determines athletic performance, said Dr. Pitsiladis, a professor of sport and exercise science.

Athletes who grow taller and heavier after going through puberty as males must “carry this big skeleton with a smaller engine” after transitioning, he said. He cited volleyball as an example, saying that, for transgender female athletes, “the jumping and blocking will not be to the same height as they were doing before. And they may find that, overall, their performance is less good.”

But Michael J. Joyner, a doctor at the Mayo Clinic who studies the physiology of male and female athletes, said that, based on his research and the research of others, science supports the bans in elite sports, where events can be decided by the smallest of margins.

“We know testosterone is performance enhancing,” Dr. Joyner said. “And we know testosterone has residual effects.” Additionally, he added, declines in performance by trans women after taking drugs to suppress their testosterone levels do not fully reduce the typical differences in athletic performance between men and women.

Supporters of transgender athletes, and some scientists who disagree with bans, have accused governing bodies and lawmakers of enacting solutions for a problem that doesn’t exist. There are few elite trans female athletes, they have noted. And there has been limited scientific study of presumed unalterable advantages in strength, power and aerobic capacity gained by experiencing puberty as a male.

For those who have competed in the Olympics, results have varied widely. At the 2021 Tokyo Games, Quinn , a soccer player who is trans nonbinary and was assigned female at birth, helped Canada’s team win a gold medal. But Laurel Hubbard , a transgender weight lifter from New Zealand, failed to complete a lift in her event.

“The idea that trans women are going to take over women’s sports is ludicrous,” said Joanna Harper, a leading researcher of trans athletes and a postdoctoral scholar at Oregon Health & Science University.

Dr. Harper, who is transgender, said it was important for sports to consider physiological differences between transgender women and cisgender women and that she supported certain restrictions, such as requiring the suppression of testosterone levels. But she called blanket bans “unnecessary and unjustified” and said she welcomed the I.O.C.-funded study.

“This fear that trans women aren’t really women, that they’re men who are invading women’s sports, and that trans women will carry all of their male athleticism, their athletic capabilities, into women’s sports — neither of those things are true,” Dr. Harper said.

Sebastian Coe, the president of World Athletics, which governs global track and field, acknowledged that the science remains unresolved. But the organization decided to bar transgender female athletes from international track and field, he said, because “I’m not going to take a risk on this.”

“We think this is in the best interest of preserving the female category,” Mr. Coe said.

In at least two prominent cases, the fight over transgender bans has moved to the courts. The former University of Pennsylvania swimmer Lia Thomas is challenging a ban imposed by World Aquatics, swimming’s global governing body, after she won the 500-yard freestyle race at the 2022 N.C.A.A. championships. That victory made Thomas, who had been among the best men’s swimmers in the Ivy League, the first known trans athlete to win a women’s championship event in college sports’ top division.

Thomas did not dominate all of her races, though, finishing tied for fifth in a second race and eighth in a third. Her winning time in the 500 was more than nine seconds slower than the N.C.A.A. record. Her case, filed at the Swiss-based Court of Arbitration for Sport, is not expected to be resolved before the Paris Olympics begin in July.

Meanwhile, more than a dozen current and former U.S. college athletes, including at least one who competed against Thomas, sued the N.C.A.A. last month . They claimed that, by letting Thomas participate in the national championships, the organization had violated their rights under Title IX, the law that prohibits sex discrimination at institutions that receive federal funding. (Title IX has also been relied upon to argue in favor of transgender female athletes.)

Outsports , a website that reports on L.G.B.T.Q. issues, hailed the I.O.C.-funded study as a “landmark” that concluded that “blanket sports bans are a mistake.” But some scientists and athletes called the study deeply flawed in an article in The Telegraph , which labeled the suggestion that transgender women are at a disadvantage in sports a “new low” for the I.O.C.

So heated is the debate that Dr. Pitsiladis said he and his research team have received threats. That, he warned, could lead other scientists to shy away from pursuing research on the topic.

“Why would any scientist do this if you’re going to get totally slammed and character-assassinated?” he said. “This is no longer a science matter. Unfortunately, it’s become a political matter.”

Jeré Longman covers international sports, focusing on competitive, social, cultural and political issues around the world. More about Jeré Longman

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One yale student’s love languages: mandarin, greek, and particle physics.

Zemenu presented his research at the American Physical Society division of nuclear physics meeting in New Orleans in 2022. (Credit: Shelly Lesher)

The imperceptible forces that push, pull, and pass through the universe have clearly tugged at Barkotel Zemenu a time or two. Or 10.

Four years ago, Zemenu entered the vortex of Yale undergraduate life with a passion to study history. Perhaps he might teach it someday, he thought. Instead, he emerges this spring as a promising particle physicist who has already contributed to cutting-edge research and interned at an international physics project in Germany and at a premiere astrophysics institute in Israel.

Zemenu has gone from crabbing about the undergraduate foreign language requirement to enthusiastically developing a knowledge of Hebrew, Arabic, Mandarin, and Greek, in addition to English and Amharic, his native language; he’s traveled across the United States to academic conferences, giving high-level physics presentations on neutrinoless beta double decay; he’s even found the time to co-teach a class for middle schoolers on the meaning of life.

Not bad for a guy who spent his first year as a Yalie doing middle-of-the-night Zoom classes from a hotel lobby — where the wifi was stronger than at his parents’ house — in Addis Ababa, Ethiopia.

“ So many of these things were unexpected, but I’m grateful for all the pivots,” he said, basking in the afternoon sun from a bench outside Pauli Murray College, a frequent stopping place between his physics home base at Wright Lab and his dorm room at Hopper College. “I had not expected college to be a place where I pivoted so much.”

Zemenu picked Yale after participating in Yale Young Global Scholars, a summer program that brings American and international high school students together and introduces them to the Yale campus. But then came Zemenu’s first pivot.

He spent his first year of college living in Ethiopia with his parents, after the COVID-19 pandemic led Yale to make all classes remote as a public safety measure. In those early days, Zemenu would set an alarm for the middle of the night, take a cab to a nearby hotel with a strong wifi connection, and dial into his online classes from the hotel lobby. He became such a frequent visitor that the hotel’s employees would recognize him and leave him alone to work undisturbed.

“ It was just business as usual,” he said. “Now, any time I find myself complaining about the walk up Science Hill, I remind myself what a luxury it is to be here, in person.”

Once Zemenu got to New Haven, the pivots began to pile up. He leaned into physics, particularly the unseen world of dark matter and neutrinoless double beta decay — a theoretical nuclear process that, if proven, could shake up the Standard Model of Physics.

He also delved into the writings of revered 20 th century physicist Richard Feynman, and a biography of 19 th century Scottish physicist James Clerk Maxwell. Zemenu came to the notion that it would be valuable to have one area of deep expertise that is informed by a broad range of studies. He chose physics as his deep dive.

“ We’ve been lucky to have Barkotel as a member of our research group over the past three years, where he’s been studying detector technologies aimed at figuring out why there is matter, rather than antimatter, in the universe,” said David Moore, an associate professor of physics in Yale’s Faculty of Arts and Sciences. “In addition to his packed academic schedule and leadership activities in the department, Barkotel has been a key contributor to our research.

“ While we are sad to see him go, we are looking forward to seeing his many accomplishments in the future.”

Zemenu spent part of a summer at the Weizmann Institute of Science, near Tel Aviv, where he wrote a 20-page white paper on his research developing a novel program to automate the identification of variable stars from a telescope image. He spent part of another summer in Germany, at the Munich Center for Quantum Science and Technology, where he studied quantum gravity. He’s also attended science conferences in New Orleans, Honolulu, Washington, D.C., and Minneapolis.

Meanwhile, his list of honors grew along with his frequent flier miles: the Jocelyn Bell Outstanding Leadership Scholarship, the Sigma Pi Sigma Leadership Scholarship, a Rosenfeld Science Scholar award, an American Physical Society Top Presenter award.

“ I remain extremely interested in this idea of dark matter and dark energy,” he said. “We don’t know what the majority of the matter in the universe is actually made of. We’ve quantified it, but we don’t know what it is. That’s a question I’d like to see answered in our lifetime.”

While open to pivoting yet again, Zemenu intends to pursue that question after leaving Yale and entering graduate school at Stanford. He’ll also pursue a more recent passion: accessing the deeper, more meaningful interactions that emerge when you communicate with people in their native language.

Much to his surprise, he discovered at Yale that he has a great facility for reading, writing, and speaking other languages. He’s written poetry in Hebrew, for instance, and shared a laugh with a family member of a friend by explaining, in Chinese, that his preferred level of spice is “scared of not-spicy food.”

“ Speaking to someone in their own language opens a different door to aspects of themselves that you won’t learn about otherwise,” Zemenu said. “That was the part about languages I hadn’t realized. It isn’t purely academic. It’s about relationships.”

That may be his biggest pivot of all, he said.

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