blood brothers essay conclusion

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‘Blood Brothers’ by John Wickham Analysis

A Reading of the Short Story

This story is about two brothers Paul and Benjy. Both brothers can be considered to be ‘Blood Brothers’ because they are thirteen year old twins. Despite the fact that Paul and Benjy are twins; they both display different personality traits. Paul is an introvert who loves nature and he loves to contemplate about life. Whereas, Benjy is Paul’s polar opposite. This further reinforces that although both boys are genetically related that is where the commonality ends.  Benjy is an extrovert who is very carefree and fun loving. However, Paul thinks his brother believes he is superior and as a result he grows to hate him. Paul is conflicted about his feelings because deep down he wants Benjy to be his friend and confidant. The story ends with Paul attacking Benjy. Benjy is surprised and confused because he did not know or understand why Paul reacted in this way.

• Paul is an introvert.
• He is artistic and he paints pictures
• He loves nature.
• He is also very reflective. He contemplates nature as well as his feeling towards his brother.
• He dislikes Benjy’s ability to accomplish simple tasks quickly.
• He resents Benjy because he reminds him of his own short comings.
• He envies Benjy and his envy turns to hate.
• He thought Benjy feels he is superior to him.
• He is an extrovert and carefree
• He is confident.
• He is a typical boy, very active, adventurous and always exploring.
• He is ignorant to his brother’s disdain for him.
• He felt he is superior to Paul.
• He mocks Paul.
• He is an old shoe maker in the village. Both boys go to visit him.

Narrative Point of View:

• Third Person Narrative

Setting:  The story takes place in an unnamed village. 

Conflict:   Paul envies Benjy carefree personality as a result of this he grew to hate Benjy.  This hate resulted n him attacking his brother.

• Love and family relationships
• Childhood Experiences
• Appearance vs Reality

28 thoughts on “‘Blood Brothers’ by John Wickham Analysis”

this help me a lot

It really did

Same cause I have been doing this topic in class from last week

This helped me a lot

Thank you for your feedback.

Thanks for your feedback Gisseli!!!!

this is not helpful at all . where is the summary the techniques background information and the mood .these would be helpful too u knw

this is not helpful. where is the story? where is the Summary?

Hi William,

You can find the story in the World of Prose. We do not include these stories on our sit for copyright reasons.

Watch the video and you’ll know all of the story by listening to the person who is reading it and the summary is the overview of the story. I hope that this was helpful to you,(William).

What is the rising action and climax

I want a whole summary about what actually happen in the story

give the full summary of blood brothers with paul and benjy

Y’all should do a skit and the script ….it will help others a lot

What is d conflict of this story?

The conflict is paul attacked benjy because his envy grew until it turned to hatred towards benjy, but then when paul realized that benjy felt fear just like him. He decided not to make a finishing blow. So in the end, Paul did not kill benjy but he almost did.

This really helpful thanks a lot

you guys could state what is benjy fear

In the end of the short story, Paul attacked Bengy in the Shoemaker’s Shop with an awl, a screwdriver like tool. After Bengy begged Paul to play outside with him while Paul sat inside the shop. Bengy came closer to Paul and touched his shoulder. This almost triggered Paul and he turned around with the awl and held it above Bengy but soon noticed that Bengy was scared. This left Paul content as he walked home because he realized “happy in the discovery that his brother also knew fear.”

Thanks alot for the help may god bless u

The name that you’re using states the truth.

This website was really helpful because it made me understand the story ‘Blood Brothers’ by John Wickham better. So thank you for creating this website.

How did either brother deal with the conflict ?

rising action

Can you describe the setting a bit more?

What are the literary devices

The fact that Paul envied benjy carefree personality as a result Paul grew to hate benjy

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GCSE: Blood Brothers

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"And do we blame superstition for what came to pass? Or could it be what we, the English, have came to know as class?" Which do you think is more responsible for the deaths of Mickey and Edward in Willy Russell's Blood Brothers.

Sam Plackett "And do we blame superstition for what came to pass? Or could it be what we, the English, have came to know as class?" Which do you think is more responsible for the deaths of Mickey and Edward? Blood Brothers is a play set in Liverpool, Willy Russell wrote it in 1983. Willy Russell has wrote plays based in Liverpool because this is where he was brought up as a kid in a working class family, Blood Brothers relates to this and aspects of class that he would have experienced when he lived there. Willy Russell grew up just outside Liverpool, he left school when he was only 15 to become a hairdresser, it was in his early twenties when he decided to go back to school and take his O levels. His plays were about everyday circumstances and his portrayal of life then. In this essay I intend to find out the reason for Mickey and Edward's deaths, whether it was superstition or class, I will evaluate both of the possible causes and how they are used within the play, then I will have to make a conclusion to which side of the argument proves to be the correct one. The main sources of superstition revolve around Mrs Johnstone because she is the character who believes that when certain things happen consequences will unfold due to this. Willy Russell points these superstitious events out to the audience, by using one of the characters to mention this or a song will be used

• Word count: 2330
• Level: GCSE
• Subject: English

"Blood Brothers" is set in Liverpool in the early eighties.

"Blood Brothers" is set in Liverpool in the early eighties. The play follows the life of two main characters: Eddie Lyons and Mickey Johnstone. The play has proved extremely popular with audiences of all ages. In this essay I aim to consider all the dramatic qualities of the play and how Willy Russell uses them to promote the dramatic effectiveness of the play. In "Blood Brothers" the characters fall into two stereotypical groups: the working class Johnstones and their associates, and the middle class Lyons. It seems ironic that although the Johnstone family live on the breadline they start off cheerfully, compared to the Lyons who never seem content. This makes the audience what is wrong in the lives of both families and created dramatic tension. The main characters, Eddie and Mickey are people that we can relate to: we feel pathos with them as they face the trials and tribulations of life. Russell uses pathos to involve the audience so they feel pity when Mickey loses his job, fear at the end of the play when the shooting scene takes place, and experience childhood joy when Eddie and Mickey share jokes. Humour, in its various forms, plays a large part in æBlood BrothersÆ. It keeps the audience interested and balances out the conflict and sadness in the play. Throughout the play we experience different types of humour such as the use of a pun when Mickey and Eddie are

• Word count: 892

"Blood Brothers", a play by Willy Russell, was set in the late sixties/early seventies and was written in 1981

DRAFT COPY OF BLOOD BROTHERS ESSAY "Blood Brothers", a play by Willy Russell, was set in the late sixties/early seventies and was written in 1981. It is a Liverpudlian West Side Story about twin brothers being separated at birth because their mother cannot afford to keep them. She gives one of them away to a wealthy woman who longs for a child. The two children grow up as friends in very different environments, not bothered about the old tale about a curse that states that if twins are separated at birth, they will die if brought back together during their lives. But a quarrel between the two boys soon brings trouble. Russell uses the play, including the scene that I am going to be focusing on, to put across views about 20th century society and to show the importance of class and life in Liverpool in the late sixties and early seventies. He also highlights the importance of environment and the way society, at the time, regarded single mothers. Single mothers were thought of as lower class characters that have many children born of different fathers. At the time that "Blood Brothers" was set, politics would've been really bad. The government probably wouldn't have cared or been bothered about the poor living conditions that some of the weaker families were living in. This would've had a large effect on those weaker families, such as the Johnstones, because of lack of money

• Word count: 1713

> "Well how come you got everything...and I got nothing". This quote by Mickey highlights the relationship between class and opportunity which is what this essay is going to be focusing on. Willy Russell is a modern playwright but throughout history these themes have appeared in literature, for example world war one often revels the fact that men of a more lower class were sent to the front line whereas men from a wealthy class made all the decisions. The playwright uses a number of techniques to make the message accessible to the audience. Some of these include dramatic devices, language and the overall content of the play. The relationship between class and opportunity is that the opportunities you receive is based upon the class you are represented by. > Blood Brothers is a powerful illustration of how divisions in social class can affect the opportunity an individual has in life. It is a tragic musical written by the fantastic writer Willy Russell. Mrs Johnstone, a lonely woman whose husband has abandoned her and a houseful of mouths to feed, learns she is expecting AGAIN, however what she doesn't learn till later on is that she is having twins which adds to the life problems that her life comes to struggle with. She works for Mrs Lyons who is desperate for kid s but isn't able to have any her self, when she finds out about Mrs Johnstone's pregnancy she uses it to her

• Word count: 815

Blood Brothers interview with Willy Russell

Mr. Russell, welcome to our program, Writers' Question Time. Could you briefly tell us what your play is about? Thank you for inviting me to the show. "Blood Brothers" is about the story of twin brothers separated at birth. The twins' working-class mother - Mrs. Johnston - is too poor to keep both twins, so gives one to her very rich employer Mrs. Lyons, who cannot have children of her own. Mrs. Johnston is extremely superstitious, and Mrs. Lyons discovers this early on when Mrs. Johnston finds shoes on the table. Mrs. Lyons takes advantage of this, and tells Mrs. Johnston 'that if either twin learns he was one of a pair they shall both die immediately!' Until the twins are about eight years of age, Mrs. Lyons and Mrs. Johnston have no problem keeping their secret shut away. They then find that the twins have met, and have become very good friends without realising they are related to each other. Mrs. Lyons persuades her husband to move the family away from the city to the countryside. Later in the play, Mrs. Johnston and her children get moved from the slums, closer to the house of Mrs Lyons. As the twins discover each other once again, Mrs. Lyons' mental health begins to deteriorate, and paranoia starts to kick in. With Mrs. Johnston, anxious as ever that her secret will slip out, the general mood of the play becomes more sinister, and the ending is tragic. Mr. Russell,

• Word count: 2740

Who is to blame for the tragic deaths of the twins in Willy Russell's 'Blood Brothers'?

Who is to blame for the tragic deaths of the twins in Willy Russell's 'Blood Brothers'? Blood Brothers, a story of twins separated at birth, growing up in completely different environments, but with the same genetic composition, "never knowing that they shared one name, 'till the day they died, when a mother cried, my own dear sons lie slain", is a compelling story of which we will discuss in detail, of who is to blame for their tragic deaths. There are many character in 'Blood Brothers', which can be blamed for the tragic deaths; Mrs.Lyons, the rich, devious woman, Mrs.Johnstone, the under-privileged mother of eight, Sammy, Mickey's brother and his influence, and even superstition and fate. First of all, we will discuss the case of Mrs.Lyons, a vindictive, manipulative woman who has a caring side to her, for the desperation of the love for a child. Indeed she did start all of this deception, by offering to take one of Mrs. Johnstone's baby's and lying to Mrs.Johnstone that she could see her child everyday. She also lied to her husband that the child was theirs and not an adopted baby (as Mr.Lyons hated the fact of adopting children). Mrs.Lyons decided to take it upon herself to have the child as her own, "He need never guess" was her response to Mrs.Johnstone, about the deceit...could this be the story of the twins' deaths; being cruelly separated at birth by Mrs.Lyons, not

• Word count: 2139

The Function of the Narrator in Blood Brothers

The Function of the Narrator in Blood Brothers The narrator's role in 'Blood Brothers' is quite unusual. The convention of the narrator in most plays is such that they are usually brought on to introduce the next part of the play and then move offstage and the play continues. However, in Blood Brothers the narrator is a physical character and is on stage all of the time. At the beginning of the play the narrator says, "So did y' hear the story of the Johnstone twins?" This indicates that he is the storyteller. His presence at every scene thereafter shows that he is telling us about that part of the story. The narrator is on stage all the time, watching the characters and often lurking in the background, and this makes him seem a sinister and threatening character, which contrasts with other plays where the narrator is usually neutral. Also, as the narrator already knows the end of the story and is telling it back to the audience he can also suggest what is going to happen in the future which has a disquieting effect. Although the narrator knows what is eventually going to happen he doesn't try and prevent it in any way and even seems to be pushing the characters into performing their actions. The narrator speaks in rhyming couplets, which is akin to the supernatural characters used by Shakespeare; this would link with his prophetic knowledge and his cold presence around

• Word count: 1225

Blood Brothers - The Narrator

To what extent do you think the Narrator is presented as a moral guardian or a figure of doom in the play? Give reasons for your opinions. Throughout the play of Blood Brothers I think that the Narrator is presented as a moral guardian. It could be argued that he is a figure of doom because of his actions, but I disagree with this statement because I see him in a different light and I feel that Willy Russell wants his audience to look beyond his actions and see the positive reasons why he delivers bad news. I believe that the Narrator makes his actions obvious and that Willy Russell has made sure that his audience see him as evil straight away because of he says and does. But I think that Willy Russell is hoping that his audience look deeper and don't judge him based on his outward thoughts and sayings. I feel that there is something hidden underneath all the bad forebodings which he gives. There is something else to him and I think this is why I can see him as a moral guardian. From the opening of Act one he sets the scene. 'He steps forward and starts to recite the prologue to his audience. In this soliloquy he tells 'the story of the Johnstone twins...how one was kept and one was given away...never knowing that they shared one name, till the day they died.' This soliloquy is very effective in the fact that it allows the Narrator to prepare the audience for the

• Word count: 2281

What is the importance of the narrator in blood brothers?

What is the importance of the narrator in Blood Brothers? One of the most compulsory characters in Willy Russell's 1983 play Blood Brothers is the narrator. He is the main dramatic device and is critical for the audience. He makes the plot constantly flow and explains loose ends throughout the story. As well as being the narrator he plays various minor roles. He sings many songs, which show characters' emotions, and introduce and develop important themes. The narrator's main focus is to explain the story and what's happening. After long sections of speech he will briefly explain what's just happened, in case the actions don't make it clear. He also makes sure you fully understand the story. One example is just after Mickey shoots someone. The gun goes off and straight after the narrator says, "There's a man lies bleeding on a garage floor." This explains someone has just been shot and because you don't see it, you might not have known it had happened without him. He appears to be very omniscient by dropping hints about things that are going to happen in the future. This is one of the many devices he uses, to reveal the plot. The narrator plays many small roles in Blood Brothers as well as being the main character. Some examples are the milkman, Mrs Johnstone's ex husband, the policeman, the gynaecologist and the judge. All of these roles seem to bring negativity and bad

• Word count: 938

The German Job

The German Job By Tom Prendergast I could tell he was aiming bottom left. I just knew by the way he was standing nervously, waiting for the whistle. Putting the shiny white ball on the perfectly marked spot, stepping slowly back, lining up the crucial shot. Everyone silent. Ten other players hoping their schoolboy dreams would come true. Seventy six thousand fans from around the world packed into the Olympiastadion Berlin waiting anxiously for one single kick. Tens of millions watching carefully from houses, pubs and streets and then there was us, ten rows up, right behind the goal with a perfect view of the fear in the taker's eyes, ready to jump up in joy or drop in despair and after coming all this way we needed something special. All that long, hard labour, all of those brainless, dangerous risks and the bits of luck we had along the way, but to get so close to our dream only to be crushed and by the worst possible team, but........... wait, I better tell you how we got here first. My name is Jonathan Francis, also know as John, Jono, Frankie, Francy, Franny, King Kong - don't ask, but most people call me Johnny. I've always had this dream, since I was little enough to kick a ball, to go to a World Cup Final and see England win against the Germans in the final - for obvious reasons, but I always knew that it wasn't going to be very likely with it always being

• Word count: 2727
• Fewer than 1000 73
• 1000-1999 112
• 2000-2999 39

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Blood Brothers

Revision booklet on Blood Brothers

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Revision and revision questions

'Blood Brothers' Exam Questions- plan them, and write them, using appropriate timings.

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This small booklet examines some key quotations for 'Blood Brothers'. Add these to your notes, or add more ideas to these quotes.

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Below is the audio of a lecture on some complex ideas related to 'Blood Brothers'. Use the presentation next to the audio to keep track of the ideas and quotations that are discussed. Be aware that most of the ideas discussed here are Level 8/9 concepts.

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Example grade 4/5 response to a Blood Brother's question.

Blood Brothers

By willy russell, blood brothers summary and analysis of part 2: "easy terms".

The next section begins with the debt collectors leaving Mrs. Johnstone 's home. She goes to comfort her crying babies and begins to sing, "Easy Terms." The song describes her financial hardships and fear about having to make good on her agreement with Mrs. Lyons . She concludes with the lyrics: "Never sure / Who's at the door / Or what price I'll have to pay."

Mrs. Lyons appears at the house. She is surprised to see that the twins were born and that she was not notified. Mrs. Johnstone tries to explain that she wanted to keep them together, just for a few more days. Mrs. Lyons is wholly unsympathetic and says she is taking one of them now. She asks Mrs. Johnstone to pick which one she will take, but Mrs. Johnstone tells her to choose, as she cannot bear to be responsible for that decision. Mrs. Lyons takes one of the boys and leaves. She tells Mrs. Johnstone to take the rest of the week off.

The other children ask what has happened to one of the twins. Mrs. Johnstone lies and says he died. The following week, Mrs. Johnstone converses with Mr. Lyons . Mr. Lyons says he is very happy about having a son and proud of Mrs. Lyons for her handling of the "pregnancy." Mrs. Johnstone holds the crying baby which upsets Mrs. Lyons. Mrs. Johnstone leaves the room to continue cleaning. Mrs. Lyons asks Mr. Lyons for some money.

After Mr. Lyons leaves the house, Mrs. Lyons fires Mrs. Johnstone. Mrs. Johnstone becomes emotional and says that if she is leaving, she is taking her son with her. Mrs. Lyons says she cannot do this as they have a binding agreement. Mrs. Lyons says if she attempts to do this, she will tell everyone what she has done and that she will be jailed for giving her child. Mrs. Lyons adds that the boys have to be kept apart for their entire lives. She reminds Mrs. Johnstone that English superstition says that if twins learn that they were separated, they both immediately die. Defeated and desperate, Mrs. Johnstone leaves the house and takes the money, agreeing to never return.

The narrator sings "Shoes Upon the Table," accompanied by a lively rock rhythm section and horn chorus. He sings about how Mrs. Johnstone feels doggedly pursued by the devil, who knows she gave up her baby to Mrs. Lyons. The song ends and the musical leaps forward several years. Mrs. Johnstone's son, Mickey , is seven years old and he comes to the door, complaining about how his brother Sammy took his toy gun. Mrs. Johnstone says this only happened because he is the youngest sibling. He continues to complain but she dismisses him.

Feeling glum, Mickey goes outside to play again. He recites a short lyric about how Sammy is always getting the things that he wants and how he has had no such luck. Mickey then encounters a young boy named Eddie . They talk and Eddie tells him he is Mrs. Lyons' son. Mickey asks Eddie for a sweet and is shocked when Eddie just gives him one. They talk about their families. Mickey says his brother Sammy has a plate in his head as a result of an injury he sustained after falling out a window as a child. They take a liking to one another.

Through subsequent conversation, they discover that they share a birthday. Mickey asks Eddie if he'd like to be his "blood brother," since they have a birthday in common. They cut their hands and clasp them together, swearing an oath of brotherhood. Suddenly Sammy pops up and points his toy gun at them, demanding a candy. Sammy mocks both Mickey and Eddie, saying Eddie's accent clearly marks him as a "poshy." They return to Mickey's house and Mrs. Johnstone is shocked to see Eddie, as she quickly realizes that he is Mickey's secret twin.

This part of the musical uses its scoring to convey Mrs. Johnstone's mounting anxiety. The song "Easy Terms" shows a distressed Mrs. Johnstone wrestling with her growing financial problems and her greater, child-shaped debt to Mrs. Lyons. The song's slow pace, and soft orchestral string and guitar accompaniment, emphasize her yearning to hold onto her son for just a little longer. In a different manner, the frenetic energy of "Shoes Upon the Table" shows the sinister enthusiasm of the devil that Mrs. Johnstone imagines pursuing her. The songs’ varying tempos reflect the characters' emotional turbulence.

Fate also plays a significant role in this second part of the musical. The boys meet despite overwhelming odds and seem to share a deep connection. They take an immediate liking to one other and use a bloody handshake to cement their shared "blood" brotherhood. Their coming together suggests that they possess a powerful bond, one that will not be severed by their class divide or the interference of their respective mothers. They are seemingly destined to be in each other's lives.

Class is another important theme in this section of the musical. After meeting, Eddie and Mickey immediately become aware of their differing circumstances. Mickey is tormented by his older brother and is never allowed to have nice things unless he is willing to battle neighborhood kids for them. In contrast, Eddie is given most of the things he wants, including toys and candy. He is an only child and receives his parents' undivided attention and affection. Interestingly, the boys still find common ground and enjoy laughing and playing with one another. The musical highlights the sharp divide between their financial situations while also showing how it does not impede their friendship, as children.

Violence is a significant theme in Sammy's storyline. Sammy is shown immediately being involved in violent acts. He bullies Mickey and enjoys threatening other children with his toy gun. He uses force to get what he wants from Mickey, continually intimidating and harassing him. While Mrs. Johnstone does little to stand in his way, this behavior clearly does not bode well for his future. Sammy's menacing presence at a young age foreshadows his eventual involvement in terrible crimes. The musical shows how Sammy's reliance on violence at an early point in his life causes him increasingly large problems.

The musical's use of rock instruments, like electric guitar, adds to the dramatic pace of the story and captures elements of the economic divide between the two boys. By blending orchestral strings with pop instruments, Russell is able to bring together two musical textures that reflect the "posh" and working-class backgrounds of Eddie and Mickey, respectively. This approach creates friction between the two types of instruments that mirrors the eventual clash between Eddie and Mickey.

Blood Brothers Questions and Answers

The Question and Answer section for Blood Brothers is a great resource to ask questions, find answers, and discuss the novel.

Study Guide for Blood Brothers

Blood Brothers study guide contains a biography of Willy Russell, literature essays, quiz questions, major themes, characters, and a full summary and analysis.

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His own dark history prompted him to write about and investigate the roots of violence, notably in his best-selling novel “The Alienist.”

By Penelope Green

Caleb Carr, a military historian and author whose experience of childhood abuse drove him to explore the roots of violence — most famously in his 1994 best seller, “The Alienist,” a period thriller about the hunt for a serial killer in 19th-century Manhattan — died on Thursday at his home in Cherry Plain, N.Y. He was 68.

The cause was cancer, his brother Ethan Carr said.

Mr. Carr was 39 when he published “The Alienist,” an atmospheric detective story about a child psychiatrist — or an alienist, as those who studied the mind were called in the 1890s — who investigates the murders of young male prostitutes by using forensic psychiatry, which was an unorthodox method at the time.

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Up to that point, Mr. Carr had been writing, with modest success, on military matters. He had contributed articles to The Quarterly Journal of Military History, and he had written, with James Chace, a book about national security and, on his own, a well-received biography of an American soldier of fortune who became a Chinese military hero in the mid-19th century.

Mr. Carr had also been a regular contributor to the letters page of The New York Times; he notably once chastised Henry Kissinger for what Mr. Carr characterized as his outdated theories of international diplomacy. He was 19 at the time.

“The Alienist” was an immediate hit and earned glowing reviews. Even before it was published, the movie rights were snapped up by the producer Scott Rudin for half a million dollars. (The paperback rights sold for more than a million.)

“You can practically hear the clip-clop of horses’ hooves echoing down old Broadway,” Christopher Lehmann-Haupt wrote in his review in The Times . “You can taste the good food at Delmonico’s. You can smell the fear in the air.”

Magazine writers were captivated by Mr. Carr’s downtown cool — he lived on the Lower East Side of Manhattan, had been in a local punk band, wore black high-top sneakers and had shoulder-length hair — and by his literary provenance. His father was Lucien Carr, a journalist who was muse to and best friends with Beat royalty: the writers Jack Kerouac, William S. Burroughs and Allen Ginsberg. Beautiful and charismatic as a young man, “Lou was the glue,” Ginsberg once said, that held the group together.

The elder Mr. Carr was also an alcoholic, and Caleb grew up in bohemian chaos. The Carr household was the scene of drunken revelries, and much worse. Mr. Carr raged at his wife and three sons. But he directed his most terrifying outbursts at Caleb, his middle child, whom he singled out for physical abuse.

Caleb’s parents divorced when he was 8. But the beatings continued for years.

“There’s no question that I have a lifelong fascination with violence,” Caleb Carr told Stephen Dubner of New York magazine in 1994 , just before “The Alienist” was published, explaining not just the engine for the book but why he was drawn to military history. “Part of it was a desire to find violence that was, in the first place, directed toward some purposeful end, and second, governed by a definable ethical code. And I think it’s fairly obvious why I would want to do that.”

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The killing was a cause célèbre, and became a kind of origin story for the history of the Beats . Kerouac and Burroughs rendered it in purple prose in a novel they archly titled “And the Hippos Were Boiled in Their Tanks,” which was rejected by publishers and then mired in legalities before finally being published in 2008, when all the principals were dead. (It was panned by Michiko Kakutani in The Times.) In 2013, it was the subject of a film, “Kill Your Darlings,” starring Daniel Radcliffe as Allen Ginsberg.

Caleb Carr and his family found “Kill Your Darlings” more than flawed, taking issue with the film’s thesis that Lucien was a conflicted gay man in a repressive society — and that Kammerer was the victim and their relationship was consensual.

“My father fit perfectly ‘the cycle of abuse,’” Mr. Carr told an interviewer at the time . “Of all the terrible things that Kammerer did, perhaps the worst was to teach him this, to teach him that the most fundamental way to form bonds was through abuse.”

He added: “When I confronted him many years later about his extreme violence toward me, after I had entered therapy, he at length asked (after denying that such violence had occurred for as long as he could, then conceding it), ‘Doesn’t that mean that there’s a special bond between us?’ And I remember that my blood had never run quite that cold.”

Caleb Carr was born on Aug. 2, 1955, in Manhattan. His father, after being released from the reformatory, worked as a reporter and editor for United Press International, where he met Francesca von Hartz, a reporter. They married in 1952 and had three sons, Simon, Caleb and Ethan. After they divorced a decade later, Ms. von Hartz married John Speicher, an editor and novelist with three daughters. The couple and their six children moved to a loft on East 14th Street, a dangerous area in the late 1960s and ’70s. It was another chaotic household overseen by alcoholics, and the children often referred to themselves as “the dark Brady Bunch.”

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In 1997, Mr. Carr published “The Angel of Darkness,” a sequel to “The Alienist.” It featured many of the same characters, who reunite to investigate the case of a missing child. It, too, was a best seller, “as winning a historical thriller” as its predecessor, The Times’s Mr. Lehmann-Haupt wrote .

Mr. Carr was the author of 11 books, including “The Italian Secretary” (2005), a Sherlock Holmes mystery commissioned by the estate of Arthur Conan Doyle; “Surrender, New York” (2016), a well-reviewed contemporary crime procedural that nonetheless sold poorly; and “Lessons of Terror: A History of Warfare Against Civilians” (2002), which he wrote in the wake of the Sept. 11 attacks.

Even in those pre-Twitter days, “Lessons of Terror” caused an internet ruckus. It was at once vociferously praised and bashed — and became a best seller, to boot — and Mr. Carr derided his critics on Amazon. Many challenged his contention that some “conventional” warfare — like General Sherman’s barbarism during the Civil War and Israel’s behavior toward the Palestinians — was equivalent to terrorism, a thesis that annoyed military historians , as well as The Times’s Ms. Kakutani .

What propelled Mr. Carr in all his work was the origins of violence, the mysteries of nature and nurture. In his own life, he was determined to end the cycle of his family’s dark legacy by not having children. That choice restricted his romantic life, and as he got older, he grew more solitary. When he bought 1,400 acres in Rensselaer County, N.Y., in 2000, and built himself a house near a ridge called Misery Mountain, he became even more so.

“I have a grim outlook on the world, and in particular on humanity,” he told Joyce Wadler of The Times in 2005 . “I spent years denying it, but I am very misanthropic. And I live alone on a mountain for a reason.”

His last book, published in April, was “My Beloved Monster: Masha, the Half-Wild Rescue Cat Who Rescued Me.” It’s both a memoir of his time there and a love story to the creature who was his most constant and sustaining companion during the last decades of his life.

“But how could you live for such a long time,” he said friends asked him, “alone on a mountain with just a cat?” He took umbrage at the phrase “just a cat.”

“It needs to be understood that, for Masha, I was always enough,” he wrote. “How I lived, what I chose to do, my very nature — all were good enough for her.”

Masha, like her human roommate, had suffered physical abuse at some point, and as Mr. Carr and his companion aged, their early horrors had devastating physical repercussions. Mr. Carr’s beatings had created scar tissue in his organs that led to other serious ailments. They were each diagnosed with cancer, but Masha died first.

In addition to his brother Ethan, Mr. Carr is survived by another brother, Simon; his stepsisters, Hilda, Jennifer and Christine Speicher; and his mother, now known as Francesca Cote. Lucien Carr died in 2005.

Despite the early hoopla, “The Alienist” never made it to the big screen. Producers wanted to turn it into a love story or otherwise alter Mr. Carr’s creation. But after decades of fits and starts, i t found a home on television , and in 2018 it was seen as a 10-episode mini-series on TNT. James Poniewozik of The Times called it “lush, moody, a bit stiff.” But it was mostly a success, reaching 50 million viewers and earning six Emmy Award nominations. (It won one, for special visual effects.)

“If I had known that nothing would have come out of this book other than the advance,” Mr. Carr said in 1994 as “The Alienist” was poised for publication, “I still would have written it exactly the same. But if you were to ask me to trade this book, this whole career and have my childhood be different, I probably would.”

An earlier version of this obituary misstated part of the name of the hamlet in New York State where Mr. Carr lived. It is Cherry Plain, not Cherry Plains.

How we handle corrections

Penelope Green is a Times reporter on the Obituaries desk. More about Penelope Green

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AQA GRADE 9 ESSAY ON THE PRESENTATION OF MRS LYONS/MOTHERS IN BLOOD BROTHERS

Subject: English

Age range: 14-16

Resource type: Assessment and revision

Last updated

13 May 2022

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Essay plan and model grade 9 paragraphs to form a whole essay to answer AQA GCSE BLOOD BROTHERS QUESTION ON THE PRESENTATION OF MRS LYONS/CLASS/MOTHERS IN THE PLAY

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