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The presence of modernized information systems (IS) in the healthcare arena is alleged by scholars to be a congested domain that seldom fosters stakeholders’ multifaceted and disputed relationships [ 48 ]. On the other hand, it is believed that a significant amount of newly acquired knowledge in the field of healthcare is required for the improvement of health care [ 49 ]. Ascertaining and establishing the role of IS and knowledge management is an important step in the development of HIS for healthcare. Flora, Margaret [ 5 ] posited that efficient IS and data usage are crucial for an effective healthcare system. Bernardi [ 50 ] alleged that the underpinning inkling of a “robust and efficient” HIS enables healthcare stakeholders such as managers and providers to leverage health information to commendably plan and regulate healthcare, which could result in enhanced survival rates. As a result, it is imperative to ground these ideas within the context of the healthcare industry to provide a foundation for developing a robust and sustainable HIS for use in the context of health care applications.
The assimilation and dissimilation of health information and data within the healthcare system is an important task that influences healthcare outcome. Within the healthcare setting, IS plays a significant role in the assimilation and dissimilation of health information needed by healthcare stakeholders. Many continents endorse the deployment of IS mainly to consolidate mutable information from different sources within the systems. The primary objective for these systems’ deployment has been centered on bringing together unique and different components such as institutions, people, processes, and technology in the system under one umbrella [ 5 , 51 ]. An overview of the extant literature reveals that this has rarely been easy, as integration within this system has always been difficult in many contexts. In the context of HIS, many reported the integration phenomena to be problematic, attributing this to the global transformation within the healthcare arena [ 52 , 53 ]. This revolution, coupled with the advancement of the healthcare arena, has resulted in the need for robust allied health IS systems that incorporates different IS and information technology [ 5 , 22 ]. These allied health information systems are necessary to consolidate independent information systems within their healthcare arena use to enhance healthcare applications [ 54 , 55 ]. Organizations in the healthcare arena expect these systems to be sustainable and resilient; however, in order to satisfy these requirements, an integrated information system is needed to unify all independent, agile, and flexible health IS to mitigate challenges for HIS [ 56 ].
An aligned HIS that is allied is essential, as it supports health information networks (HIN) that subsequently enhance and improve healthcare applications [ 44 , 57 ]. Thus, many organizations within the healthcare settings are fine-tuning their HIS to be resilient and sustainable. However, the realization of a robust information system within the healthcare arena is challenging and depends on the flow of information as a crucial constituent for suave and efficient functioning [ 58 , 59 ].
The process of constructing value and generating a maintainable edge for an industry with capitalization on building, communicating, and knowledge applications procedures to realize set aspirations is denoted as knowledge management [ 60 ]. The literature reveals knowledge management as an important contributor to organizational performance through its knowledge-sharing capabilities [ 61 ]. In the healthcare industry, there is a high demand for knowledge to enhance healthcare applications [ 49 , 62 ]. Several studies reported that the deployment of knowledge management in the healthcare arena is set to enhance healthcare treatment effectiveness [ 49 , 58 , 61 ]. Many stakeholders such as governments, World Health Organization (WHO), and healthcare workers rely on the management of healthcare knowledge to complement healthcare applications. According to Kim, Newby-Bennett [ 61 ], the focus of knowledge management is to efficaciously expedite knowledge sharing. However, integrating knowledge from different sources is challenging and requires an enabler [ 61 ].
The HIS is an indispensable enabler of health knowledge generated from amalgamated health information within the healthcare arena [ 63 , 64 , 65 ]. Dixon, McGowan [ 66 ] asserted that efficacious modifications in the healthcare arena are made possible by knowledge codification and collaboration from information technologies. Similarly, some authors have pinpointed information and communication technologies within the healthcare arena to be a major determinant in the attainment of a sustainable health system development [ 58 ]. The knowledge management relationship with HIS is considered complementary and balanced, as it enables the availability of knowledge that can be shared. The importance of knowledge management is relevant for the realization of an enhanced healthcare application via HIS. Soltysik-Piorunkiewicz and Morawiec [ 58 ] claimed that the information society effectively uses HIS as an information system for management, patient knowledge, health knowledge, healthcare unit knowledge, and drug knowledge. The authors herein demonstrated how HIS facilitates knowledge management in the healthcare sector to improve healthcare applications.
The role of HIS as an integrated IS and key enabler of healthcare knowledge management highlights its potential within the healthcare arena. From the conception of HIS and the records of its evolution, significant achievements have been attained that are demonstrated at different levels of its structural deployment. HIS deployment in several settings of healthcare have positively influenced clinical processes and patients’ outcomes [ 17 ]. Globally, the need for HIS within the healthcare system is critical in the enhancement of healthcare. Many healthcare actions are dependent on the use of HIS [ 67 , 68 , 69 ]. This demand is substantiated by the offerings of HIS in tackling the transformation and digitalization confronting the healthcare system. However, despite the need for HIS and its potential within healthcare, several barriers limit its optimization. Some authors posited the role and involvement of healthcare professionals such as physicians to be important measure that is paramount to decreasing the technical and personal barriers sabotaging HIS deployment [ 20 ]. Nonetheless, the design of HIS is accentuated on augmenting health and is considered to be lagging behind in attaining quality healthcare [ 70 ].
Although there are equal blessings as well as challenges with HIS deployment, this study appraisal of HIS highlights its capabilities and attributes that enhance healthcare in many ways. From its conception, HIS has evolved significantly to enable the digitalization of many healthcare processes. Its deployment structurally has facilitated many healthcare applications at all levels within the health system where it has been implemented. Many benefits such as ease of access to medical records, cost reduction, data and information management, precision medicine, and autonomous and intelligent decisions have been enabled by HIS deployment. Primarily, HIS is the core enabler of the healthcare information system and knowledge management within the healthcare arena. Ascertaining the attributes and development of HIS is a paramount to driving its implementation and realizing its potential. Many deployments of HIS can be anchored on this study as a reference for planning and executing HIS implementation. The extant literature points out the need for the role of technology such HIS to be ascertained, as little is known in this regard, which as a result has adversely influenced healthcare coordination [ 19 ]. Additionally, among the barriers of HIS, the presence of inadequate planning that fails to cater to the needs of those adopting it hinders the optimization of these systems within the healthcare arena [ 71 ]. Cawthon, Mion [ 72 ] associated the lack of health literacy incorporation in deployed HIS to increased cost and poorer health outcomes. Hence, the insight from this study can be incorporated and associated with HIS initiatives to mitigate these issues. Thus, the findings of this study can be employed to strategize HIS deployment and plans as well as augment its potential to enhance healthcare. Furthermore, the competency of healthcare stakeholders such as patients can be enhanced with the findings of this study that accentuate the holistic representation of HIS in the dissimilation and assimilation of health data and information.
In the healthcare information and knowledge arena, assimilation and dissemination is a facet that influences healthcare delivery. The conception and evolution of HIS has positioned this system within the healthcare arena to arbitrate information interchange for its stakeholders. HIS deployment within healthcare has not only enabled information and knowledge management, but it has also enabled and driven many healthcare agendas and continues to maintain a solidified presence within the healthcare space. However, its deployment and enactment globally has been marred and plagued with several challenges that hinder its optimization and defeat its purpose. Phenomena such as the occurrences of pandemics such as COVID-19, which are uncertain, and the advancement of technology that cannot be controlled have caused disputed gradients regarding the positioning of HIS. These phenomena have not only influenced the adoption of HIS but have also limited its ability to be fully utilized. Although much research on HIS has been conducted, the presence of these phenomena and many other inherent challenges such as fragmentation and cost still maintain a constant, prominent presence, which has led to the need for this study.
Consequently, the starting point for this study was to provide insight and expertise regarding the discourse of HIS for healthcare applications. This paper presents current and pertinent insights regarding the deployment of the HIS that, when adopted, can positively aid its employment. This paper investigated the existing HIS literature to accomplish the objective set forth in the introduction. This study’s synthesis derived key insights relevant to the holistic view of HIS through a thorough systematic review of the various extant literature on HIS and healthcare. According to the study’s findings, HIS are critical and foundational in the drive of information and knowledge management for healthcare. The contribution of HIS to healthcare has been and continues to be groundbreaking since its conception and through its consequent evolution. Nevertheless, despite the presence of some limitations that are external and inherent, it is claimed to have transformed and changed healthcare from the start. Similarly, the evaluation of the current HIS is expected to impact its adoption and strengthen its implementation within the global healthcare space, which is greatly desired. These findings are of great importance to the healthcare stakeholders that directly and indirect interact with HIS. Additionally, scholars and healthcare researchers can benefit from this study by incorporating the findings in future works that plan HIS for healthcare.
This research received no external funding.
Conceptualization, A.E.; methodology, A.E.; software, A.E.; validation, A.E.; formal analysis, A.E.; investigation, A.E.; resources, A.E.; data curation, A.E.; writing—original draft preparation, A.E.; writing—review and editing, A.E.; visualization, A.E.; supervision, S.P.M. and I.E.A.; project administration, A.E., S.P.M. and I.E.A.; funding acquisition, A.E., S.P.M. and I.E.A. All authors have read and agreed to the published version of the manuscript.
Informed consent statement, data availability statement, conflicts of interest.
The authors declare there are no conflict of interest.
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