research topics in international trade

257 Trade Essay Topics for Students & Trade Project Topics

🏆 best essay topics on trade, 🔎 easy trade research paper topics, 👍 good trade research topics & essay examples, 🌶️ hot trade ideas to write about, 🎓 most interesting trade research titles, 💡 simple trade essay ideas, ❓ trade research questions.

• The Effects of Globalization to Employment and International Trade
• Apple Inc.’s Globalization Strategy and International Trade
• Globalization Impacts on Trade and Employment
• Transatlantic Slave Trade and Its Effects
• Governmental Role in Influencing International Trade
• World Trade Organization’s History, Achievements, and Challenges
• Example of Successful Trading Company: Walmart, INC.
• Christopher Columbus: Voyage to Asia’s Discover Trade Routes Christopher Columbus wants to attempt to find new trade routes to Asia by sailing westward. This desire is motivated by dangerous waters in the East, and high cost of shipping.
• International Trade Payment Forms To succeed in international markets and gain sales against international competitors, exporters need to give clients attractive terms of payment supported by viable forms.
• Free Trade as a New Phenomenon in International Trade The free trade concept was introduced in “Theory of Comparative Advantage” by David Ricardo, and is one of the new phenomena in the international trade organization.
• Main Reasons for Trade Between Nations The developed shipping industry and the availability of resources, including land, labor, and capital, in different countries, promote international trade.
• The Importance of International Trade Thanks to international trade, the country’s domestic economy can achieve a more efficient allocation of resources and a high level of well-being of the population.
• Conscious Capitalism and Fair Trade The paper discusses the concept of conscious capitalism. It supports fair trade and is relevant to many types of businesses.
• Switzerland and the United Arab Emirates Trade Comparison The purpose of this paper is to explore the nature of the free trade agreement between the United Arab Emirates and Switzerland.
• Sugar and Cotton History and Present Trade In this paper, we will compare sugar with another commodity – cotton, which had a similar early history to the emergence of sugar.
• Sony Corporation International Trade Strategy Analysis Sony’s current objective and strategy are focused on getting closer to people, which means that the company is shifting its vector of development on creating social value
• Globalization Impact on Trade and Employment One of the notable effects of globalization is heightened trade liberalization and opening up of global labor markets.
• Future Fabrication, International Trade, Transportation Nowadays, the development of air, rail, and road transport contributed to the development of the worldwide delivery of the products.
• China’s Trade Policy for the Global Economy The paper seeks to prove that China presents an outstanding example of rapid economic growth and has affected the development of the global economy significantly.
• Sony Corporation and the New Trade Theory The New Trade theory is referred to as an economic theory developed by several economists in the 1970s. This theory has clearly been elucidated by the Sony corporation.
• International Trade and Trade Policies Trade policies were initially done away with but the globalization has now begun to haunt all world governments.
• Cultural Differences in Business & Trade This paper reports on cultural differences among people and determine their impact on trade. Some of the differences are pretty obvious, for example, a language.
• Comparative Advantage and Free Trade Despite its attractive formulation, comparative advantage theory has several pitfalls and is rarely manifested in real-life situations due to trade restriction policies.
• Impact of International Trade on Emerging Economies Discussing the impact on international trade of emerging economies like those of Eastern Europe, India, and China, what can we expect from them in the next 20–50 years.
• European Trade Goods for Native Americans The use of European trade goods changed Native Americans’ lives while providing them with more opportunities to succeed in supporting and protecting their families.
• Fair Trade: Japan – Taxes on Alcoholic Beverages The WTO indicted Japan for what it described as a violation of the internal taxation and regulations as stipulated in the General Agreement on Tariff and Trade 1994.
• Climate Change and International Trade The relationship between climate change and international trade has been on a great verge of developing a new critical issue. This was so evident at the Conference of Parties Climate Conference.
• The United Arab Emirates and International Trade The United Arab Emirates has become one of globalization’s most prominent economic success stories thanks to its diversified economy.
• International Trade Simulation and Report Comparative advantage is done so as to have to have the trades and specialization determined. These theories are for international trade concepts.
• Employee Relations and Trade Unions Businesses now focus on a wider range of factors and place a greater emphasis on other factors such as employee appraisal and motivation.
• Electric Cars and Trade Paradigm The paper discusses environmental sustainability. Using Tesla company electric vehicles is the best decision for tackling the climate change problem.
• The Global Marketing and Trade Environments Economic and trade environments are critical in understanding product performance. A significant marketing concern is reaching the right target audience.
• Triangular Trade, Its Legs and Mechanism Triangular trade consisted of three parties, namely Africa, England, and the New World. This essay will discuss the development of transatlantic trade.
• Statistical Pairs Trading and Analyst Recommendation This paper focuses on the correlation between statistical pairs trading and analyst recommendations by employing the approach used by Gatev and colleagues.
• Costs Involved in Warehousing, Impacts and Their Trade-offs in the Aviation Costs incurred in the warehousing of aviation and aerospace materials and parts include handling and storage charges, and operational and general administrative expenses
• Insider Trading – The Legal and Illegal The insider trading is illegal activity when non-public information is used to gain an advantage over other traders.
• Trade and Usage Control: Drug Enforcement Administration The paper looks into the history of the drug enforcement agency, the factors that led to its formation, its goals, and its comparison with the federal bureau of narcotics.
• Importance of the Maritime Trade The Maritime system has both economic and social importance to the U.S. and North America, this is because ships form the primary mode of transport used for international trade.
• Sugar Cane Plantation and Slave Trade in South America By 1652, the price of slaves had doubled, marked by increased demand for slave labor and increased price of sugar in the new world. The price of slaves was determined by health, age.
• World Trade Organization and North American Free Trade Agreements The world trade organization and North America free trade agreements are both international trade agreements with several similarities and differences.
• Labour Rights in International Trade In international trade, there is the interaction of different countries whose labor rights might differ from generally accepted by international human labor rights bodies.
• International Business and Free Trade Globalization is at the center stage but it is affected by international trade, and free trade. This paper looks into globalization, international trade, and free trade.
• International Trade Law: Cif Contract CIF contracts are one of the most popular trade agreements between a buyer and a seller in the sphere of international trade when sea carriage is used.
• Consumer Law: Trade Practises Act The report outlines section 52 of the Trade Practises Act, which provides for the measures companies should consider before introducing new products to the market.
• Human Rights and International Trade Human rights in international trade precipitated the formation of the World Trade Organization (WTO) which caters to the welfare of the workers and other interest groups.
• Issues in Cryptocurrency Trading Ever since the success of Bitcoin, cryptocurrencies have been steadily growing in number as well as the volume of transactions that occur through them.
• ASEAN Free Trade Area and Economic Development ASEAN Free Trade Agreement (AFTA) opened new opportunities for Eats Asian countries to stabilize their economies and improve financial performance of the region.
• Ethical Trade in the UK Garment Industry This research is relevant to understand in business ethics in the garment industry is genuine or a mere response to the pressure groups and the stakeholders.
• International Trade Theory: Hill’s Book Summary This work summarizes Hill’s book about international theories and the benefits of international trade through the examination of the garment industry in Bangladesh.
• Virtual Water Savings and Trade in Agriculture The idea of virtual water was initially created as a method for assessing how water-rare nations could offer food, clothing, and other water-intensive products to their residents.
• American Cuban Conundrum: Trade Relations The United States of America and Cuba need to come up with strategic plans and actions are handled appropriately to resuming their trade relations.
• Fair Trade: Ethics in the UK Garment Industry This paper will aim at understanding the code of conduct that is voluntarily disclosed by the UK apparel companies.
• New France’s and the North American’ Fur Trade This paper seeks to explore the drivers of the fur trade and the role of New France in the whole picture. Notably, European exploration of North America jump-started the fur trade.
• International Monetary Fund, World Bank, and World Trade Organization This paper studies three international financial organizations: the International Monetary Fund, the World Bank, and the World Trade Organization.
• A Trade Policy for Game Consoles in the US and Brazil Even though trade relations between Brazil and the United States are regulated and are among the most profitable for both countries, trade policy has specific nuances.
• Exploring the Global Economy: International Trade and Finance Global trade and finance is a framework based on efficiency and effectiveness through interconnectedness and specialization, which carries greater risks for all involved parties.
• Business Law: Trade Union This work assesses the chances of organizing a community of workers and shows how the state is trying to regulate it. Unionization is a vital part of the working process.
• Discussion of International Trade The article says that international trade is one of the essential things in the world today because without its help slowed down the development of a person as such.
• Trade Routes and Colonization of North America During the period, also known as the Age of Discovery or the Age of Exploration, many countries became involved in the process of searching for new trade routes.
• The History of the Slave Trade in America This paper aims at exploring the rise of the slave trade in America and its influence on American economic life.
• The Federal Trade Commission This paper presents that the funeral services industry is essential since it allows grieving people to bury their dead ones in style.
• The Effects of Trade Unions on Alienation at Work The workers, by being aware of their trade union’s support, experience alienating feelings of stress, dissatisfaction, and meaninglessness at work.
• UK Interests in EU-India Free Trade Agreement To dispel dogmas created by the critics, the United Kingdom decided to state its interest in the ongoing FTA negotiations.
• World Trade Organization Definition and Tasks The main WTO functions are control of tariffs and implementation of quotas among countries so that to establish fair conditions for trade.
• Trade in Singapore: Economic and Political Aspects Singapore is the ideal place for trade because of its geographic location, business environment and less burden imposed by the government.
• Global Mind Commodities Trading Company’s Strategic Marketing The report analyzes the Asian sugar industry and performs a company analysis of Global Mind Commodities Trading Pte Ltd.
• The Impact of Globalization on Labor Market and Trade Globalization is the process that refers to the coming together of the international markets. This report examines the impacts of globalization on trade and employment.
• Nestlé’s Nescafe Partners’ Blend and Fair Trade Nestle UK is a leading manufacturer and an established value-adding company that provides a market opportunity for coffee farmers.
• International Business and Free Trade Agreement The paper seeks to examine both the advantages and shortcomings of the North American Free Trade Agreement and thereafter draw an individual conclusion.
• Free Trade Agreements Between Canada and Other Countries The connection between Canada and other countries has been ignored over the years, free trade agreements are necessary and should be pursued for various reasons.
• Market Revolution: Agriculture and Global Trade In the era of traders, the vast land area and rich natural resources created many economic opportunities. Most people lived in rural areas and were engaged in agriculture.
• The 1807 Bill and the Abolition of the Slave Trade The study of the problem of discrimination from a historical perspective allowed me to better understand its origin as it proposes to consider the debate regarding human rights.
• Negotiating Globally: The U.S.-China Trade War Donald Trump added to the controversy of his term in the U.S. President’s office by starting a full-scale trade war against China.
• World Trade Agreements and Anti-Dumping Measures This paper considered the issue of the increasing influence of dumping practices. It is one of the ways of price discrimination.
• Trade and Supply Chain Improvement Initiatives The ability to operate supply chain (SC) and trade processes efficiently is inextricably connected to modern states’ economic success and status in the international market.
• African Kingdoms, Atlantic Slave Trade, and New World Slavery The connections between African kingdoms, the Atlantic slave trade, and the new world slavery are shown in this paper.
• Trade Policies in International Business The ideas of antidumping policies are seen in the article posted in The Economic Times about duties imposed by India on ursodiol.
• Boeing and Airbus: Trade Barriers and Government’s Role The case of Boeing and Airbus demonstrates the governmental impact that created confusion and depicts the effect of trade barriers.
• How Multinational Businesses Can Improve Their Trade Compliance Globalization is a wave informing and shaping the practices of many companies operating in different parts of the world.
• Aspects of the Trading Conditions of Online Brokers The paper aims to explore three collaborative offers from major online brokerage platforms from the perspective of the average investor.
• Trade Advantages within the Global Economy Kenya is an Eastern African country that is bordered by Ethiopia, South Sudan, Uganda, Somalia, Tanzania, and the Indian Ocean.
• Free Trade and Prosperity Based on the Ricardian Trade model, it is worth having free trade even if some people are losing. Free trade promotes access to lower-priced goods with higher quality. Although some people in the home country will experience losses, imports from countries like Mexico and China are cheap, and this helps…
• The North America Free Trade Agreement in News The North America Free Trade Agreement was a landmark trade deal between Canada, Mexico, and the United States that took effect in 1994.
• Supply Chain Management and Trading System This essay is largely devoted to the discussion of supply chain management and the contemporary trading system.
• International Trade Philosophy Multinational companies which have a presence in foreign markets need to rely on a clear philosophy which can serve as the foundation and guidance for their operations abroad.
• Experiments in High-Frequency Trading High-frequency trading (HFT) is becoming increasingly popular with private businesses and traders. HFT allows traders to make transactions within fractions of seconds.
• Fair Trade and Its Benefits for Local Farmers Fair trade was introduced to support the work of local farmers, whose incomes depend not only on themselves but also on various factors such as drought, crop diseases, and others.
• The World Trade Organization’s Impact on Public Health The World Trade Organization is an integration organization established on 1 January 1995 to liberalize international trade and regulate its member states’ business.
• The Russian invasion of Ukraine and Its Impact on International Trade The Russian invasion of Ukraine has caused enormous human misery, but it has also harmed international trade, which will disproportionately affect low-income nations.
• The US-China Trade War: Microeconomics Principles This paper uses the microeconomics principles to substantiate the impact of trade between China and the US, and the trade war on businesses and consumers of both countries.
• Japan-US International Trade Relationship Through the example of the Japan-US trade relationship, this paper will analyze the importance of a proper assessment of a nation’s and its partner’s economy.
• Why International Trading Is Beneficial The paper states that international trading is vital in overcoming the problems of limited natural resource production opportunities.
• Export and Import in World Economy and International Trade The paper aims to study two mechanisms, export and import, which function together and must be examined to learn more about the world economy and all international trade.
• Trade Between Europe and Other Countries The trade relationship between Europe and other countries is improving, however, there are cultural, political, governmental, and economic challenges.
• Globalization and Poverty: Trade Openness and Poverty Reduction in Nigeria Globalization can be defined as the process of interdependence on the global culture, economy, and population. It is brought about by cross-border trade.
• Fair Trade Joe: Business Opportunities Fair Trade Joe has multiple opportunities, such as using its customer-oriented strategy to develop relationships with its clients, grow retention, and build brand awareness.
• Trade Agreement Between Mexico and Brazil Using the example of an agreement concluded between Brazil and Mexico, it is worth considering the advantages and disadvantages of such actions.
• Brazil’s Aspirations to Join the World Trade Organization Brazil’s aspirations to join the World Trade Organization faced a certain resistance on behalf of the country’s left-wing politicians who feared it.
• Facilitating Trade and Securing Import & Export One of the European Government’s concerns is to facilitate trade while also securing import and export procedures.
• The US Trade Deficit as a Current News Issue The US trade deficit resulted from a rise in imports, probably caused by businesses’ replenishment of inventories depleted during the COVID-10 pandemic.
• Thailand: Culture, Tourism, International Trade This paper aims to research the country of Thailand: its population and society, the culture of Thailand, the country’s economy and international trade, and tourism in Thailand.
• Federal Trade Commission (FTC) The current paper presents two points why advertising should be controlled by the Federal Trade Commission (FTC).
• India’s International Trade Policy India partners with great countries that help promote trade. Trade between India and the EU has dramatically increased by 12.5%.
• The Impact of the COVID-19 Pandemic on the International Trading The coronavirus pandemic has created new tough barriers to globalization and trade: the shutdown of production and the borders of leading countries and economic groups.
• Fair Enough? Big Business Embraces Fair Trade In fair trade, product manufacturers and consumers are responsible for growers in the creation of their possibility to sell products for a reasonable price.
• Fair Trade Organized Social Movements Fair trade is an organized social movement that advocates fair standards of international labor, environmental, and social regulation.
• Stockbroker E*TRADE: A Pioneer in Online Trading E*TRADE is among the most competitive and notable discount brokers. And this claim is based on its innovative trading resources and platforms.
• Aspects of International Trade The focus of the paper is to compare and contrast the factor-proportions theories and country-specific theories that address the partners.
• Trade Peculiarities in Food and Agriculture Food trading is a peculiar area, as food is the basis for surviving the population. The one who controls food production and trading routes, also controls all populations.
• Pollution Rights Trading Will Effectively Control Environmental Problems The further use of the cap-and-trade system and its constant perfection can contribute to controlling the environmental issues related to harmful emissions.
• Negative Sentiments Against Trade and Globalization Although the authors’ views are robust and applicable to developed economies, rising negative sentiments against trade and globalization remain relevant in developing countries.
• Trans-Pacific Regional Trade Agreement (CPTPP) This paper will present a discussion of the Comprehensive and Progressive Trans-Pacific Partnership (CPTPP) Agreement.
• Federal Trade Commission and Consumer Financial Protection Bureau The report investigates the role of the Federal Trade Commission and the Consumer Financial Protection Bureau in the economy of the country, their legal grounds, and leverages.
• Greece’s Trading Interaction Analysis Greece’s trading interaction analysis showed that Greece exports and imports goods and services, such as various equipment and specialized machines.
• The Spread of Islam With Trade and Geography Due to the research on Islam, scientists managed to preserve the scientific heritage of previous civilizations and develop new directions in science, culture, and art.
• European Slave Trade in Historical Documents The European Slave Trade was one of the three stages involved in the triangular transaction, otherwise known as the Trans-Atlantic trade.
• The UK Global Competitiveness in Trade After Brexit The long-term goal for UK in international trade is to be globally competitive. One major problem is the negative trend in trade deficit during the last decade with EU members.
• The Current Trading Environment of Airbus This paper provides a brief company history, current situation overview, internal and external analysis, evaluates challenges, and identifies future directions.
• Electric Cars and Trade Paradigm Global businesses and working environments are complex and require an in-depth assessment of issues for proper management.
• Effects of Latin America’s Trade with Developed Nations The essay examines the performance of Latin America in the world’s economy and investigates the decreasing terms of exchange despite the world’s growing economy.
• Researching of the Challenges of Free Trade In the world of serious business, along with opportunities for real economic growth, companies face the potential threat of financial and reputational collapse and decline
• Federal Trade Commission and Consumer Financial Protection Bureau The paper analyzes the two bodies established to promote consumer protection and eliminate inappropriate business practices.
• Multinational Business Finance and Currency Trade At the time of the recession, investments became more substantial and soon large amounts of money were put into the financial system.
• Free and Fair Trade: Vietnam-EU Partnership Free trade includes policies that help to reduce barriers that may serve as an impediment to international commerce.
• Choosing a Currency Trading Strategy: When Investments Start to Grow While trading currency does involve a specific element of unpredictability, it still follows common economic laws, and its processes can be traced easily.
• The European Trade Policy: Objectives and Benefits The European Trade Policy is the most powerful tool through which the European Union establishes fair trade practices.
• The Trade War Between the USA and China The most important geopolitical issue is the trade war between the USA and China. Its development affects every other country due to the two economies in the world.
• Sino-American Trade War and Its Impact The trade war between the US and China has negatively influenced the economic systems of both countries. There could be increased costs for customers in the US.
• Fire Cases of World Trade Center and Dupont Fires Fires are among the fatal tragedies that have befallen America since time immemorial. Fire tragedies continue to haunt people despite efforts made to fight fires.
• History of the Indian Ocean Trade The Indian Ocean Trade took place between 1200 to 1500ce, and it made a great impact in the world due to the activities involved.
• Trade Issues and Patterns of Mexico The trade situation in Mexico can be evaluated ambiguously, as it has both positive and negative characteristics.
• Gender, Race, and Trade Unions It can be noted that there are particular strategies, which can be applied when gender or racial discrimination happens.
• The U.S. Trade Balance and China Trade War Challenges This paper describes the US trade balance in terms of its impact on the country’s economy, as well as in the context of the ongoing phenomenon of a trade war with China.
• Trade War Between the US and China The trade war between the US and China makes a negative impact on the economies of both countries, leading to a trade deficit and higher prices.
• International and Traditional Trading Theories A trade war is a situation in which countries seek to harm each other’s economies, retaliate against each other by imposing import restrictions and other methods.
• Productivity Trade-Offs in Organizations Productivity is calculated by combining the time used for creating something as well as materials to divide them later equally.
• Coronavirus-Related Free and Fair Trade Issue in News The paper discusses the article by Finbarr Bermingham and Wendy Wu on the delayed release of the intellectual property action plan.
• The China-United States Trade War The paper provides information on trade barriers between USA and China and their promotes free trade on the international scene.
• Petroleum Trading and Risk Management Petroleum and gas producers’ choice to hedge utilizing varieties of hedging activities needs to be executed based on individual cases.
• “Do Investors Trade Too Much?” by Odean The author assumes that this may have certain relation to the overall excessive trading volume which can often be observed on the world market.
• Multinational Corporations and Trade Unions Multinational corporations are the main subject of globalization in the modern world. Trade unions were concerned about the uncontrolled actions of such corporations.
• The Effects of Globalization on Trade Globalization entails incorporating national wealth through the trade of goods, investment, capital distribution, labor exchange, and technology use.
• Commodity Trading Advisor: Skills and Practice Analysis This paper has covered the legal matters that a Commodity Trading Advisor needs to deal with before practicing so as to avoid serious implications.
• The World Trade Organization: Purpose and Functions The World Trade Organization (WTO) is one the most vital parts of modern trade. It is an intergovernmental organization, regulating sales across the world.
• Long-Term Impacts of the Chinese-American Trade War The trade war between the United States and China is one of the main factors of instability in the global economy.
• Transatlantic Slave Trade: A Legacy That Lives On The Transatlantic slave trade that took place between the 16th and the 19th centuries removed Africans from their homelands and brought them to Americas against their will.
• Dying and Killing for Ivory: Africa, Asia, & the Global Ivory Trade Given the worldwide increase in crimes against wild flora and fauna, there is a need for closer cooperation between law enforcement agencies through the exchange of information.
• International Trade During COVID-19 This document provides an analysis of Canada’s politics in response to the outbreak of COVID-19. A review of this country as a fully-democratic state will be provided to introduce it.
• Investing in the Current Market of Trading Cards The current market of trading cards is experiencing a significant rise as the annual revenues of those collecting them increase.
• Present Day Resistance Historical Roots to the Trade Globalization The selfish character of economic integration is the primary historical basis for the resistance to globalization.
• What Is the North American Free Trade Agreement (NAFTA)? North American Free Trade Agreement (NAFTA) is a trade bloc formed in 1994 to enhance free trade between the United States, Canada, and Mexico.
• Long-Term Impacts of the Chinese-American Trade War and Globalization of the World Economy The globalization of the economy has become a consequence of the increasing embeddedness of national economies into the world economy.
• Trade Liberalization: Environmental Effects Trade liberalization presents major opportunities, especially to developing nations. New policies allow global trade to create and sustain global economic growth.
• Free Trade as a Fundamental Principle of Modern Globalization Free trade has become critical in the globalized world by expanding diversity of not just goods, but technology and workforce.
• Trade Agreements and the Healthcare Industry With the current globalization of trade, the provision of healthcare services is becoming a significant issue that requires the special attention of the professionals.
• Fair Trade Concept Overview
• International Trade: Identifying Market Structure
• The World of Trade in 1897 by Jules Ferry
• Atlantic Slave Trade and Its Effect on Africa and the Americas
• Applying International Trade Concepts Simulation and Economics
• International Trade: Term Definition
• Trade in Environmental Goods and Economic Growth
• Trade Policy Dilemmas in Australia
• Rodamia: International Trade Simulation
• United States Trade Deficit Trends
• Developing States-World Trade Organization Conflict
• The Trans-Atlantic Slave Trade and Slavery Abolishment
• Trade Effect on Environmentalism and Poverty
• Investment Policies, Trade and Debt on India
• Protectionism or Free Trade as a Ways of Reversing Trade Deficit
• Trade Unions in France and Spain
• Employment Contract, Termination and Restraint to Trade
• Economic Development: International Trade Debate
• Fighters for the Abolition of the Slave Trade: Olaudah Equiano’s Characteristic
• World Trade Organisation in the Modern Global Economy
• International Trade Debate: Discussion of Nuances
• South Korea as a Country for US Investment and Trade
• Garment Trading Company: Motivational Climate and Its Improvement
• Globalization, the Sex Trade and HIV-AIDS
• Information Systems in Aurora International Trading
• A Damned Piece of Rascality: The Business of Slave Trading in Southern Appalachia
• Encourage Fair Trade in Scotland
• International Trade and Investment
• Ancient Greek Colonization and Trade
• North American Free Trade Agreement and Employment
• Multi-Fibres Agreement and Free Trade in Textile Sector
• Have the Trade Policies of President Donald Trump Increased the Competitiveness of the USA?
• Bhutan’s Trade and Exchange Rate Policies
• Medical Devices Trade Agreements for Healthcare
• Trade Wars: Who Can Stand the Pain the Longest – China or the USA?
• International Business: Sino-American Trade War
• The Impact of the U.S.-Mexican Trade War

✍️ Trade Essay Topics for College

• North American Free Trade Agreement
• HIV Transmission and Syringe Trade-In System
• Trading Instructions: Primary Source Analysis
• Global Trade Slowdown and Protectionism
• International Trade Benefits for the US Economy
• Slave Trade and Workforce in American History
• The Demographic Changes of American Trade Unions
• Global Political Economy: World Trade Organization, World Bank, and European Union
• The World Trade Organization’s Controversies
• Nicaragua’s Overreliance on International Trade
• Modes of International Trade Payment
• China Trade Barriers and Their Economic Effects
• The Political Economy of International Trade
• Canada’s International Trade Policy
• North American Free Trade Agreement’s Pros & Cons
• Water Savings and Virtual Trade in Agriculture
• Virtual Water Trade and Savings in Agriculture
• Using Free and Secure Trade to Smuggle Drugs
• Virtual Water Trade of Agricultural Products
• Trade Openness and Economic Growth’s Relationship
• The United Kingdom’s Fair Trade Initiatives
• World Trade Center Disaster and Anti-Terrorism
• Foreign Investment and Trade Policy in the US
• Insider Trading Situation in 2017
• The Fair Trade Concept
• Economics: Carbon Tax vs. Cap-and-Trade System
• Carbon Tax and Cap-and-Trade System
• Gulf States, International Trade and Security
• Economic Interdependence Theory and Future of Trade
• China-Africa Trade and Political Relations
• United Kingdom Trade Union Congress Mobilization
• Trade Mark Protection in the United States Law
• Tradable Permit Schemes: Cap and Trade
• Transatlantic Slave Trade: Development and Effects
• The Theme of Trade in the Art
• Denmark’s Savings and Trade Balance
• World Trade Organization and Doha Declaration
• Gardena Flowers and Plants Trading Company Analysis
• Defending Slavery: Termination of Slavery and Slave Trade in South America
• US International Trade and Economic Nationalism
• What Are the Differences Between American and European Trade Unions?
• What Is the Importance of a Surplus Trade Balance?
• Does the World Trade Organization Hinder Economic Growth in Developing Countries?
• Does Trade With Low-Wage Countries Cause a Trade Deficit in the High-Wage Country?
• What Are the Differences Between Free Trade and Protectionism?
• Are Trade Unions Necessary in the Present Context?
• What Are International Trade Law Limitations and Benefits?
• What Are the Gains From Trade and the Implications for Trade Negotiations?
• Why the Theory of Comparative Advantage Is the Basis for International Trade?
• Does Trade With Low-Wage Countries Hurt American Workers?
• What Are the Objectives of Trade Union?
• Why Does Canada Have Inter-Provincial Trade Issues?
• Why Is the Usa So Rich if Its Trade Balance Is Negative?
• Why Was France Warning the UK for Bitter Trade Negotiations?
• Why Does the UK Have Such Restrictive Trade Union Laws?
• Why Doesn’t the Us or UK Devalue Its Currency to Solve Its Trade Balance Problems?
• What Is the Difference Between Trade Associations and Labor Unions?
• What Is the Significance of GATT in International Trade Law?
• What Countries Have Lax Insider Trade Law Enforcement?
• Do International Trade Laws Apply in France?
• Why Does the Trade Union Movement, Overall, in Australia, Support the Labor Party?
• Why Many LEDCs Struggle to Increase Their Balance of Trade?
• Was Michel Barnier the Wrong Man to Handle the EU’s Trade Negotiations With the UK?
• Why Does the Democratic Party Wish for Trump to Fail in Trade Issues?
• What Are the Trade Issues of China in the USA Market?

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StudyCorgi. (2021, September 9). 257 Trade Essay Topics for Students & Trade Project Topics. https://studycorgi.com/ideas/trade-essay-topics/

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StudyCorgi . "257 Trade Essay Topics for Students & Trade Project Topics." September 9, 2021. https://studycorgi.com/ideas/trade-essay-topics/.

StudyCorgi . 2021. "257 Trade Essay Topics for Students & Trade Project Topics." September 9, 2021. https://studycorgi.com/ideas/trade-essay-topics/.

These essay examples and topics on Trade were carefully selected by the StudyCorgi editorial team. They meet our highest standards in terms of grammar, punctuation, style, and fact accuracy. Please ensure you properly reference the materials if you’re using them to write your assignment.

This essay topic collection was updated on January 9, 2024 .

Articles on International trade

Displaying 1 - 20 of 96 articles.

Why the world is turning away from the US dollar

Alexandros Mandilaras , University of Surrey

Overcoming the climate crisis with trade-based strategies

Emilia Lamonaca , Università di Foggia ; Fabio Gaetano Santeramo , Università di Foggia , and Martina Bozzola , Queen's University Belfast

The US broke global trade rules to try to fix climate change – to finish the job, it has to fix the trade system

Noah Kaufman , Columbia University ; Chris Bataille , Columbia University ; Gautam Jain , Columbia University , and Sagatom Saha , Columbia University

Here’s how China is responding to US sanctions – with blocking laws and other countermeasures

Bashar Malkawi , University of Arizona

Shark fishing is a global problem that demands local solutions

Hollie Booth , University of Oxford

Why the UK needs to stop exporting plastic waste

Steve Fletcher , University of Portsmouth

Somalia: Puntland state port is getting a revamp - this is key to its future

Jutta Bakonyi , Durham University and May Darwich , University of Birmingham

Uganda’s fuel smugglers: are the Opec Boys (anti-)heroes of the marginalised?

Kristof Titeca , University of Antwerp

What if carbon border taxes applied to all carbon – fossil fuels, too?

Joonha Kim , Rice University and Mark Finley , Rice University

Energy crisis: why the UK will be at the mercy of international gas prices for years to come

Michael Bradshaw , Warwick Business School, University of Warwick

South African citrus: new EU rules are unjust and punitive

Simon Roberts , University of Johannesburg ; Antonio Andreoni , University of Johannesburg , and Shingie Chisoro , University of Johannesburg

Yes, wash your shoes at the airport – but we can do more to stop foot-and -mouth disease ravaging Australia

Susan M Hester , University of New England and Aaron Dodd , The University of Melbourne

Workers’ rights: how a landmark UN decision on safety and health will actually affect employees

Huw Thomas , University of Bristol

Ukraine war: what history tells us about the effectiveness of sanctions

Siobhan Talbott , Keele University

To reach net zero, we must decarbonise shipping. But two big problems are getting in the way

Peter van Duyn , Deakin University

The UK wants to join a Pacific trade deal – why that might not be a risk worth taking

Louise Curran , TBS Education and Jappe Eckhardt , University of York

The UK–Australia trade deal is not really about economic gain – it’s about demonstrating post-Brexit sovereignty

Tony Heron , University of York and Gabriel Siles-Brügge , University of Warwick

COVID-19 has shone a light on how globalization can tackle inequality

Sylvanus Kwaku Afesorgbor , University of Guelph ; Binyam Afewerk Demena , International Institute of Social Studies , and Peter A.G. van Bergeijk , International Institute of Social Studies

Why India is banking on health diplomacy to grow African footprint

Dan Banik , University of Oslo and Renu Modi , University of Mumbai

Vital Signs: we need to make things in Australia, but not like in the past

Richard Holden , UNSW Sydney

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Lecturer of international trade law, Monash Business School, Monash University

Lecturer in Economics, Aston University

Professor Emeritus of Economics, SOAS, University of London

Distinguished Professor, Arthur J. Gosnell Professor of Economics, & Interim Head, Department of Sustainability, Rochester Institute of Technology

Professor of Global Business Strategy, Simon Fraser University

Senior Lecturer in Economics, Aston University

Associate Professor of Political Science, Brock University

Lecturer in Management, Cork University Business School, University College Cork

Director of the Wine & Spirits Academy, Kedge Business School

Professor of Economics, Lancaster University

Professor of Economics, UNSW Sydney

Associate Fellow, UK Centre for Ecology & Hydrology

Senior Lecturer in International Relations, University of Bath

Professor of Global Energy, Warwick Business School, University of Warwick

Professor of European Politics, Queen's University Belfast

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International Economics Research Paper Topics

This page explores a diverse array of international economics research paper topics , providing students with a comprehensive list of ideas for their research projects. From trade policies to exchange rates, economic development to international financial systems, this page covers a wide range of key topics in international economics. Additionally, expert advice is offered to guide students in selecting the most suitable research topic, and essential tips are provided to assist in the process of writing an international economics research paper. To further support students, iResearchNet offers custom writing services, allowing them to order a tailored economics research paper with the assurance of top quality, expert writers, and timely delivery. Embrace the opportunity to enhance your understanding of global economic dynamics through engaging and well-crafted international economics research papers.

100 International Economics Research Paper Topics

To assist students in their quest to find compelling research paper topics in the field of international economics, we have curated a comprehensive list of diverse and engaging topics. These topics cover various aspects of international economics, providing students with a wide range of options to explore and delve into. The following categories present a collection of research topics that are both relevant and thought-provoking:

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International Trade and Policies Research Paper Topics

• The Impact of Tariffs and Trade Barriers on International Trade
• Regional Trade Agreements and their Economic Effects
• Trade Liberalization and Economic Growth: A Comparative Analysis
• The Role of International Organizations in Shaping Global Trade Policies
• Trade Imbalances: Causes, Consequences, and Potential Solutions
• Global Value Chains: Trends and Implications for International Trade
• Bilateral vs. Multilateral Trade Agreements: Comparative Analysis
• Intellectual Property Rights and International Trade
• Trade in Services: Opportunities and Challenges for Global Economies
• Trade Disputes and Resolving International Trade Conflicts

Exchange Rates and Currency Markets Research Paper Topics

• Determinants of Exchange Rates: A Comparative Analysis
• Exchange Rate Regimes: Pros and Cons
• Exchange Rate Volatility and its Impact on International Trade
• Currency Manipulation: Implications for Global Financial Stability
• Optimal Currency Areas: Theory and Practice
• The Role of Central Banks in Managing Exchange Rates
• Exchange Rate Pass-Through: Effects on Domestic Prices and Inflation
• Currency Crises and Financial Contagion
• Foreign Exchange Market Efficiency: An Empirical Study
• Exchange Rate Forecasting Models: Evaluation and Comparison

Global Financial Systems Research Paper Topics

• Financial Globalization: Opportunities and Risks
• Cross-Border Capital Flows: Implications for Emerging Economies
• International Banking and Financial Intermediation
• Financial Regulations and their Impact on Global Markets
• Sovereign Debt Crisis: Causes, Contagion, and Resolution
• Financial Innovations and their Effects on Global Financial Systems
• Financial Stability and Systemic Risk in a Globalized Economy
• International Capital Markets: Trends and Challenges
• Foreign Direct Investment and its Economic Implications
• Financial Inclusion and Economic Development in Emerging Markets

Economic Development and Globalization Research Paper Topics

• Foreign Aid and its Role in Economic Development
• Sustainable Development Goals and Global Economic Progress
• The Role of Multinational Corporations in Economic Development
• Human Capital Development and Economic Growth
• Globalization and Income Inequality: Patterns and Policy Implications
• Technology Transfer and Economic Development
• The Role of Institutions in Promoting Economic Development
• Infrastructure Investment and Economic Development
• Gender Equality and Economic Empowerment in Developing Countries
• Migration and its Impact on Economic Development

International Financial Crises Research Paper Topics

• Causes and Consequences of the Global Financial Crisis
• Financial Contagion: Spillover Effects of Financial Crises
• International Financial Institutions and Crisis Management
• The Role of Government Policies in Preventing and Managing Financial Crises
• Currency Crises: Lessons from Historical Events
• Banking Sector Stability and Crisis Resilience
• Financial Risk Management in a Globalized Economy
• Systemic Risk and Macroprudential Policies
• Early Warning Systems for Financial Crises
• Crisis Recovery and Post-Crisis Reforms: Comparative Analysis

Global Economic Governance Research Paper Topics

• The Role of G7, G20, and International Monetary Fund in Global Economic Governance
• International Economic Law and its Implications for Global Trade
• Global Economic Governance and Sustainable Development
• Regional Economic Integration and its Impact on Global Governance
• International Taxation: Challenges and Policy Implications
• Intellectual Property Rights Protection in Global Trade
• Climate Change and Global Economic Governance
• Labor Standards and Social Responsibility in International Trade
• Digital Economy and its Implications for Global Governance
• Cross-Border Data Flows: Privacy and Security Concerns

Economic Policies and Macroeconomic Management Research Paper Topics

• Fiscal Policy and its Impact on Economic Growth
• Monetary Policy Strategies in a Globalized Economy
• Exchange Rate Policy and Macroeconomic Stability
• Inflation Targeting: Theory and Practice
• Public Debt Management in the Face of Global Economic Challenges
• Financial Regulation and Macroeconomic Stability
• Unemployment Policies: Comparative Analysis and Best Practices
• Economic Integration and Policy Coordination among Nations
• Structural Reforms for Sustainable Economic Development
• Income Distribution Policies in a Global Economy

Trade and Environment Research Paper Topics

• Environmental Policies and International Trade: Conflict or Compatibility?
• Carbon Pricing and its Economic Implications for Global Trade
• Sustainable Development and International Trade
• Trade and Deforestation: Challenges and Solutions
• Green Technologies and their Role in Global Trade
• Trade-Related Intellectual Property Rights and Environmental Conservation
• Climate Change Adaptation Strategies and International Trade
• Eco-labeling and Consumer Preferences in Global Markets
• Circular Economy and its Effects on International Trade
• Trade and Water Scarcity: Nexus and Policy Responses

International Labor Markets and Migration Research Paper Topics

• Labor Mobility and Economic Integration: Implications for Global Labor Markets
• International Trade and Labor Market Outcomes
• Migration Policies and their Economic Impact
• Remittances and Economic Development in Sending Countries
• Brain Drain and Brain Gain: The Economic Effects of High-Skilled Migration
• Labor Market Flexibility and Global Competitiveness
• Gender Wage Gap in International Labor Markets
• Skilled vs. Unskilled Immigration: Economic Consequences
• Labor Market Regulations and Employment Dynamics in Global Economies
• Migration and Social Integration: Challenges and Policy Approaches

Global Economic Challenges and Future Trends Research Paper Topics

• Technological Innovations and their Effects on Global Economies
• Global Economic Inequality: Causes, Consequences, and Policy Solutions
• Aging Populations and the Economic Implications for Nations
• Digital Disruption and the Transformation of Industries
• Blockchain Technology and its Potential Applications in Global Business
• Trade Wars and their Impact on International Trade
• Economic Resilience and Crisis Preparedness in a Globalized World
• Impact of Artificial Intelligence on Labor Markets and Productivity
• Economic Implications of Pandemics and Health Crises
• Economic Forecasting and Predictive Analytics in a Global Context

This list provides an extensive array of research topics in international economics. Students are encouraged to explore these categories and select a topic that aligns with their interests, research capabilities, and the availability of relevant data and resources.

International Economics Research Paper Writing Guide

Economics is a fascinating field that encompasses a wide range of topics, and one of the key areas within economics is international economics. As countries become increasingly interconnected, the study of international economics becomes vital in understanding the complexities of global markets, trade relations, and economic policies. For students pursuing a degree in economics, writing a research paper on international economics offers an opportunity to delve deeper into these intricacies and contribute to the field’s knowledge base.

This page serves as a valuable resource for students who are tasked with writing an international economics research paper. It provides a wealth of information, including a comprehensive list of international economics research paper topics, expert advice on selecting a suitable topic, and guidance on the research and writing process. Furthermore, students can take advantage of the custom writing services offered by iResearchNet to order a tailored economics research paper that meets their unique requirements.

Whether you are interested in exploring international trade, exchange rates, economic policies, or global financial systems, this page will assist you in finding an engaging and relevant research topic. Through careful examination and analysis of these topics, students can contribute to the understanding of international economics and its implications on global economic development.

Prepare to embark on a rewarding journey of research and exploration as we delve into the realm of international economics research paper topics. Discover the intriguing dynamics of the global economy and equip yourself with the knowledge and skills to make a significant contribution in this ever-evolving field.

Choosing International Economics Research Paper Topics

Choosing a compelling and relevant research paper topic in the field of international economics is a crucial step towards producing a high-quality and impactful paper. With the multitude of available topics, it can be challenging to narrow down your focus and select a topic that is both engaging and manageable. To help you navigate this process, we offer the following expert advice on choosing international economics research paper topics:

• Identify your Interests : Start by reflecting on your personal interests within the field of international economics. Consider topics that resonate with you and align with your career goals. Engaging with a topic you are passionate about will not only make the research process more enjoyable but also enhance the quality of your work.
• Stay Updated with Current Events : Keep abreast of current global economic issues and trends. Read reputable news sources, academic journals, and policy reports to identify emerging topics or areas of debate in international economics. Analyzing and addressing these contemporary issues will add relevance and significance to your research.
• Explore Controversial Topics : Consider researching topics that have varying viewpoints or controversial aspects. These topics often spark interesting discussions and allow you to critically analyze different perspectives. However, ensure that you approach controversial topics with objectivity and rigor, presenting a balanced view in your research.
• Consult with Professors or Experts : Seek guidance from your professors or experts in the field of international economics. They can provide valuable insights, suggest research areas, or share their expertise on specific topics. Their input can help you refine your research question and provide direction for your study.
• Review Existing Literature : Conduct a thorough review of existing literature in international economics. Identify gaps or areas where further research is needed. Building upon existing knowledge or exploring new dimensions of a topic can contribute to the advancement of the field and make your research more impactful.
• Consider Data Availability : Assess the availability of relevant data for your chosen topic. Data plays a crucial role in empirical research, and access to reliable and comprehensive data sets will strengthen the empirical analysis in your paper. Ensure that you have access to suitable data sources before finalizing your research topic.
• Balance Breadth and Depth : Strive to strike a balance between the breadth and depth of your research topic. While a broad topic can provide a comprehensive overview, a narrow focus allows for a more in-depth analysis. Consider the scope of your research project, the available resources, and the time constraints when selecting the level of breadth or depth for your topic.
• Collaborate and Discuss : Engage in discussions with your peers, classmates, or fellow researchers. Brainstorming and exchanging ideas can stimulate new perspectives and inspire unique research topics. Collaborative efforts can also lead to joint research projects, enabling you to explore complex topics or conduct cross-country studies.
• Consider Policy Relevance : Evaluate the policy relevance of your chosen topic. International economics research often addresses real-world economic issues and informs policy decisions. Selecting a topic with policy implications can make your research more impactful and applicable in the context of economic development and global governance.
• Seek Feedback : Once you have narrowed down your research topic, seek feedback from your professors, peers, or research advisors. Their insights can help you refine your research question, provide additional suggestions, or highlight potential challenges in your chosen topic.

By following these expert tips, you can select a compelling and relevant research topic in international economics that aligns with your interests, contributes to the field, and enables you to produce a high-quality research paper. Remember to approach your chosen topic with curiosity, rigor, and a commitment to advancing knowledge in the field of international economics.

How to Write an International Economics Research Paper

Writing a research paper in the field of international economics requires careful planning, rigorous analysis, and effective communication of your findings. To help you navigate the process, we provide a step-by-step guide on how to write an international economics research paper:

• Understand the Assignment : Familiarize yourself with the assignment guidelines provided by your instructor. Clarify the research question, required format, citation style, and any specific requirements or expectations for your paper.
• Conduct Preliminary Research : Begin by conducting preliminary research on your chosen topic. Review relevant academic literature, empirical studies, and policy reports to gain a comprehensive understanding of the topic and identify key research gaps or areas for further investigation.
• Develop a Clear Research Question : Formulate a clear and concise research question that defines the scope of your study. Ensure that your research question is specific, measurable, and aligned with the objectives of your research.
• Create an Outline : Develop an outline that organizes your paper and outlines the structure of your research. A typical research paper structure includes an introduction, literature review, research methodology, data analysis, findings, discussion, and conclusion.
• Conduct In-Depth Literature Review : Conduct a comprehensive literature review to identify the existing knowledge and research on your topic. Analyze and synthesize the findings from previous studies, highlighting the key theories, models, and empirical evidence that are relevant to your research question.
• Choose a Suitable Research Methodology : Select an appropriate research methodology that aligns with your research question and data availability. Common research methodologies in international economics include quantitative analysis, econometric modeling, case studies, or qualitative approaches. Justify your chosen methodology and explain how it will address your research question.
• Gather and Analyze Data : Collect relevant data to support your research findings. Ensure that your data collection methods are appropriate and reliable. Conduct rigorous data analysis using appropriate statistical techniques or qualitative methods, depending on the nature of your research.
• Interpret and Present Findings : Interpret your research findings and present them in a clear and organized manner. Use tables, charts, or graphs to visually represent your data. Provide a detailed analysis and explanation of your findings, relating them back to your research question and existing literature.
• Engage in Critical Discussion : Engage in a critical discussion of your findings by analyzing their implications, limitations, and significance. Discuss any discrepancies or unexpected results and provide possible explanations. Compare your findings with previous research and highlight their contributions to the field of international economics.
• Write a Coherent Conclusion : Summarize your research findings and main arguments in a concise and coherent conclusion. Restate your research question and objectives, and discuss the implications of your findings. Suggest avenues for future research and areas where further investigation is needed.
• Revise and Edit : Proofread your research paper carefully to ensure clarity, coherence, and proper grammar. Check for consistency in formatting, citations, and references. Revise and edit your paper multiple times to improve its overall quality and coherence.
• Seek Feedback : Share your research paper with peers, professors, or research advisors to gather feedback and suggestions for improvement. Incorporate constructive feedback into your paper to strengthen your arguments and enhance its overall quality.

By following these steps, you can effectively plan, conduct, and present your research in the field of international economics. Remember to maintain a rigorous and objective approach throughout your research process and communicate your findings in a clear and concise manner. Good luck with your international economics research paper!

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• 01 Sep 2022
• What Do You Think?

Is It Time to Consider Lifting Tariffs on Chinese Imports?

Many of the tariffs levied by the Trump administration on Chinese goods remain in place. James Heskett weighs whether the US should prioritize renegotiating trade agreements with China, and what it would take to move on from the trade war. Open for comment; 0 Comments.

• 05 Jul 2022

Have We Seen the Peak of Just-in-Time Inventory Management?

Toyota and other companies have harnessed just-in-time inventory management to cut logistics costs and boost service. That is, until COVID-19 roiled global supply chains. Will we ever get back to the days of tighter inventory control? asks James Heskett. Open for comment; 0 Comments.

• 05 May 2020
• Research & Ideas

China Tariffs and Coronavirus a Double Hit to American Retailers

American retailers have yet to pass along higher prices caused by Chinese tariffs, but shrinking product demand caused by the coronavirus could change that, warns Alberto Cavallo. Open for comment; 0 Comments.

• 16 Apr 2020

Has COVID-19 Broken the Global Value Chain?

4Questions Companies and consumers depend on the global value chain to create and distribute products around the world. What happens when the chain breaks? Insights from Laura Alfaro and Ester Faia. Open for comment; 0 Comments.

• 17 Mar 2020
• Cold Call Podcast

Is There a Winner in Huawei’s Digital Cold War with the US?

Bill Kirby discusses his case study of China-based Huawei’s growth and ultimate confrontation with the United States government, and China's response to the coronavirus. Open for comment; 0 Comments.

• 17 Feb 2020
• Working Paper Summaries

The Impact of Technology and Trade on Migration: Evidence from the US

Labor mobility can re-equilibrate local labor markets after an economic shock. Both robot adoption and Chinese import competition between 1990 and 2015 caused large declines in manufacturing employment across US local labor markets (commuting zones, CZs). However, only robots were associated with a decline in CZ population, which resulted from reduced in-migration rather than by increased out-migration.

• 12 Nov 2019

Tariff Passthrough at the Border and at the Store: Evidence from US Trade Policy

Collecting and analyzing microdata on prices and the reaction of importers, retailers, and exporters to US trade policy since 2018, this study finds most of the tariffs’ incidence rests with the US firms.

• 26 Jun 2019

Why the US-China Tariff Standoff Hurts American Companies More

US exporters have been slashing the prices of goods they sell to China to offset higher trade costs, but Chinese exporters are passing those costs to American companies, research by Alberto F. Cavallo says. Open for comment; 0 Comments.

• 11 Dec 2018

Free Trade Needs Nurturing—and Other Lessons from History

Global free trade is not the natural order of things, so it needs to be carefully tended to and maintained. Sophus Reinert and Dante Roscini discuss trade over time and what history teaches. Open for comment; 0 Comments.

• 01 Aug 2018

Are Free Trade and Free Markets Quaint Ideas From the Past?

SUMMING UP: Free trade and free markets are great concepts but are often corrupted by politics, globalization, and the relative power of consumers and workers, our readers suggest. Open for comment; 0 Comments.

• 30 May 2018

Should Intellectual Property be Protected in International Trade?

SUMMING UP To do business in China, American firms often lose some of their intellectual property. James Heskett's readers think that price is too high. Open for comment; 0 Comments.

• 12 Apr 2018

Op-Ed: The Trouble with Tariffs

The world's economies are interconnected by globalization, which makes threats of tariff wars doubly dangerous, says Willy Shih. Open for comment; 0 Comments.

• 02 Mar 2018

Op-Ed: Trump’s Tariffs Could Harm Allies as Much as Opponents

President Trump's duties on steel and aluminum could produce immediate political gain but long-term economic pain for some American industries and global allies, says Dante Roscini. Open for comment; 0 Comments.

• 23 Feb 2018

Trade Creditors' Information Advantage

Trade credit represents about a quarter of the liabilities of US firms. There are several theories explaining this fact. This study reexamines whether suppliers hold private information about their trade partners, by analyzing their behavior in bankruptcy.

• 02 Mar 2017

Is China About to Overtake the US for World Trade Leadership?

SUMMING UP. It's better for the United States if China is an economic ally rather than a competitor for world trade leadership, James Heskett's readers conclude. Open for comment; 0 Comments.

• 24 Jun 2016

Why Brexit is a Big Deal

The consequences of Britain's vote to leave the European Union will be far-reaching. John Quelch shares his thoughts on the ramifications of Brexit. Open for comment; 0 Comments.

• 22 Feb 2016

The ‘Mother of Fair Trade’ was an Unabashed Price Protectionist

Historian Laura Phillips Sawyer unearths the story of little-known drug store owner Edna Gleason who, in a man’s world, helped fire a progressive movement to protect small-business owners from price-slashing chains. Open for comment; 0 Comments.

• 27 Oct 2014

The Coffee Economy That Bloomed Out of Nowhere

How did a world-class coffee region arise out of a land once decimated by smallpox and measles? Casey Lurtz discusses the rise of a coffee economy in a desolate region of Mexico. Open for comment; 0 Comments.

• 16 Dec 2009

The End of Chimerica

Economic historians Niall Ferguson and Moritz Schularick of Freie Universität Berlin consider the problem of global imbalances and try to set events in a longer-term perspective. First published in 2009. Closed for comment; 0 Comments.

• Research & Outlook

About the Trade and International Integration Research Program

The research program on trade and international integration is an integral part of the World Bank’s work on development. The goal is to promote more informed national policies, international cooperation and development assistance. Research is helping us to better understand the role of international trade in development, poverty reduction, and shared prosperity. We are also contributing to the development of databases, techniques, and policy tools to facilitate independent analysis of the impact of trade policy reforms. We help provide technical assistance and policy advice to governments seeking to reform their policy regimes, sometimes in conjunction with policy-based loans to support reforms.

Successful international integration, supported by sound national policy and effective international cooperation, has underpinned most experiences of rapid growth, shared prosperity, and reduced poverty. However, global trade growth has slowed down, a backlash against globalization is sweeping through the countries that were once its strongest advocates, and some of the most ambitious initiatives for international cooperation, from the Doha Agenda to the Trans Pacific Partnership, have run into difficulty. The objective of our research is to generate new knowledge on how international integration can be harnessed to promote development in these challenging circumstances, particularly in regions that are further away from reaping its full benefits.

Our activities include data collection, research, and dissemination on three inter-related issues:

• How does economic integration affect productivity and poverty in a diverse set of countries?
• How can national policies related to international integration be reformed to enhance growth and shared prosperity, and to reduce poverty?
• How can international cooperation help in achieving these objectives?

Despite significant advances in country-level analysis of trade patterns in final goods and conventional trade policies, we still need to improve our understanding of key issues relating to:

• Macroeconomic aspects of the slowdown in global trade growth and how this process might affect development prospects;
• Microeconomic aspects of international integration, involving firms, workers, and households, as well as the implications of technological change and global production fragmentation;
• New policy challenges, especially the growing use of non-tariff measures such as technical regulations in developing countries and their trade partners, and devising cost-effective strategies for trade facilitation and export promotion;
• International trade cooperation, especially the changing political economy of international trade cooperation, stalled multilateral and mega-regional negotiations, and the stuttering efforts to accomplish deeper regional integration among developing countries.

The focus is on concrete, applied research, supported by data and empirical tools. The aim is to assist World Bank operations and to help inform and shape policy. In many cases, the specific policy research questions we address are defined by demand from Bank operations, client countries, and our development partners. The answers are based on rigorous analysis of new data, in collaboration with researchers from developing countries, partner organizations, and prominent academic institutions. The databases and findings of research are widely and publicly disseminated and translated into actionable policy recommendations. The research projects described below are examples of the research that we are carrying out and intend to carry out rather than a comprehensive list of projects.

The current research program has four main pillars.

• The Causes and Consequences of the Trade Slowdown This component is focusing on the patterns of growth in trade and investment, globally and in specific regions and countries. Three broad questions are being addressed: How has the relationship between growth in trade and growth in incomes changed, especially in the years after the financial crisis? Why has trade growth slowed down and failed to keep up with the growth in GDP, after growing nearly twice as fast in the long 1990s? And, most important, does the slowdown matter for development?
• The Micro-Foundations of Trade, Productivity and Poverty This component is focusing on the impact of international trade on the firm, the worker and the household and hence on productivity and poverty. Three broad questions are being addressed: What are the key determinants of export participation, expansion, and survival of firms in developing countries? What are the opportunities and challenges for developing countries created by the global fragmentation of production and the emergence of global supply chains in goods and services? How does globalization interact with technological change to affect workers, and hence poverty and shared prosperity?
• Trade Policy Reform for Inclusive Growth This component reflects recent changes in policy focus, with emphasis not only on conventional trade restrictions like tariffs and quotas but also on non-tariff barriers in goods and services that are gaining prominence across a wide range of countries. In parallel, we are undertaking and developing techniques for the rigorous impact evaluation of policy interventions designed to reduce trade costs and promote exports which now command a large share of international assistance and national resources in the realm of trade.
• International Trade Cooperation for Development This component is seeking to understand the altered state of international trade cooperation, and examine how it can be revived in a way that contributes to international development. While the more ambitious projects, from the Doha Agenda to the Trans-Pacific Partnership (TPP) and the Transatlantic Trade and Investment Partnership (TTIP) have run into difficulty, some of the regions where poverty is concentrated and that are among the least integrated regions of the world are making new efforts to promote regional integration. Four questions are being addressed: How has the political economy of trade cooperation changed? How have international trade agreements evolved in terms of scope and depth? What are the implications of the progressively deeper agreements for participating and for excluding countries? What can be done to promote desirable integration and to protect the interests of those who are left out?
• Trade and International Integration Research Program
• Development Research Group

Daria Taglioni

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ECON 580 students will want to consider what type of data may be available for topics. The Find Data tab takes you to another guide that includes links to possible data sources.

Some Places to Browse for Topic Ideas

• CBO Reports on International Trade and Finance Topcs Congressional Budget Office reports on trade topics.
• Encyclopedia of Business in Today's World Overviews of International Trade topics by business professors.
• IMF Publications by Subject Lists publications by the International Monetary Fund. Some are free online and some are not free.
• The New Palgrave Dictionary of Economics Signed articles provide concise explanations of terms and theories. Bibliographies at the end of entries provide recommended reading on the topic.
• Peterson Institute for International Economics Browse working papers on economic policy.
• World Bank Trade Research "The World Bank research on trade and international integration aims to better understand the role of global economic integration in development and poverty reduction."
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• Last Updated: Feb 1, 2024 4:27 PM
• URL: https://guides.emich.edu/econ508

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RESEARCH AND ANALYSIS:  WORKING PAPERS

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The papers listed below are working papers, and hence they usually represent research in progress. Such research may be conducted in the preparation of Secretariat reports, studies or informational material for WTO members. These papers are circulated for discussion and comment because critical review of professional research is important to the WTO.

• Economic research and analysis
• Trade and tariffs data
• Trade Dialogues Lecture Series
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• WTO working papers

Disclaimer : The opinions expressed in these papers are those of the authors. They are not intended to represent the positions or opinions of the WTO or its members and are without prejudice to members' rights and obligations under the WTO. Any errors are attributable to the authors.

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UCL Department of Economics

Topics in International Economics

PhD Skills Development Module, Term 2

This module offers an overview of several active areas of research in international trade. It introduces frontier topics, insights, and tools, with the goal of preparing PhD students to conduct independent cutting-edge research in the field, as well as in adjacent fields where ideas and techniques from international trade may be useful, such as urban and spatial economics, labor, development, IO, finance, and macro. 

The module will consist of 10 two-hour lectures. The preliminary set of topics includes:

• Trade, FDI and financial frictions (Kalina Manova)
• Global value chains and production networks (Kalina Manova)
• Trade and labor markets (Gabriel Ulyssea)
• Trade within countries and development (Gabriel Ulyssea)
• Cities and development (Gabriel Ulyssea)
• Spatial and general equilibrium spillovers (Kirill Borusyak)
• The effects of trade on welfare and inequality (Kirill Borusyak)

Students from University of London universities other than UCL are welcome to register.

Instructors

• Kirill Borusyak ( [email protected] , Drayton House 307)
• Kalina Manova ( [email protected] , Drayton House 301)
• Gabriel Ulyssea ( [email protected] , Office TBA)

Lectures : TBA Office hours : TBA

Prerequistes

We strongly recommend that students take or audit EC532 “International Economics for Research Students” during Term 1 at the LSE. This module covers baseline models in international trade that provide useful foundations for the topics course at UCL. UCL students can easily register for EC532, and Daniella Harper can assist with the logistics.

No formal assessment is required for this skills development PhD module. In order to fully benefit from the module, students are strongly encouraged to complete all assigned reading and participate actively in class. Interested students are welcome to develop a 5-page project proposal that they could pursue as part of their dissertation and receive constructive feedback from the lecturers.  

Reading List

• Foley, F. and K. Manova (2015). “International Trade, Multinational Activity, and Corporate Finance.” Annual Review of Economics 7: 119-46.
• Manova, K. (2013). “Credit Constraints, Heterogeneous Firms and International Trade.” Review of Economic Studies 80: 711-44.
• Antràs, P., Desai, M. and F. Foley (2009). “Multinational Firms, FDI Flows and Imperfect Capital Markets.” Quarterly Journal of Economics 124: 1171-219.
• Manova, K., Wei, S.-J. and Z. Zhang (2015). “Firm Exports and Multinational Activity under Credit Constraints.” Review of Economics and Statistics 97, p.574-88.
• Bilir, K., Chor, D., and K. Manova (2019). “Host Country Financial Development and Multinational Activity.” European Economic Review 115: 192-220.
• Berthou, A., Chung, J.H., Manova, K. and C. Sandoz (2018). “Trade, Productivity and (Mis)allocation." CEPR Working Paper.
• Antràs, P. and D. Chor (2021). “Global Value Chains.” NBER Working Paper 28549.
• Bernard, A. and A. Moxnes (2018). “Networks and Trade.” Annual Review of Economics 10: 65-85.
• Bernard, A., Dhyne, E., Magerman, G., Manova, K. and A. Moxnes (2020). “The Origins of Firm Heterogeneity: A Production Network Approach." Journal of Political Economy (forthcoming).
• Huang, H., Manova, K. and F. Pisch (2021). “Firm Heterogeneity and Imperfect Competition in Global Production Networks.” Mimeo.
• Autor, D. H., Dorn, D. and Hanson, G. H. (2013). “The China Syndrome: Local Labor Market Impacts of Import Competition in the United States.” American Economic Review 103(6), 2121-2168.
• Autor, D., Dorn, D. and Hanson, G. (2016) “The China Shock: Learning about Labor Market Adjustment to Large Changes in Trade.” Annual Review of Economics 8, 205-240.    
• Dix-Carneiro, Rafael, and Brian K. Kovak (2017). "Trade Liberalization and Regional Dynamics." American Economic Review 107: 2908-46.
• Ponczek, Vladimir, and Gabriel Ulyssea (2021). "Enforcement of Labor Regulation and the Labor Market Effects of Trade: Evidence from Brazil." Conditionally accepted at Economic Journal.
• Dix-Carneiro, Rafael, Pinelopi K. Goldberg, Costas Meghir, and Gabriel Ulyssea (2021). “Trade and Informality in the Presence of Labor Market Frictions and Regulations.” NBER Working Paper 28391.
• Donaldson, Dave (2018). "Railroads of the Raj: Estimating the Impact of Transportation Infrastructure." American Economic Review 108: 899-934.
• Atkin, David, and Dave Donaldson (2015). “Who's Getting Globalized? The Size and Implications of Intra-national Trade Costs.” NBER Working Paper 21439.
• Donaldson, D. and Hornbeck, R. (2016). “Railroads and American Economic Growth: A “Market Access” Approach.” Quarterly Journal of Economics 131(2), 799–858. 
• Ahlfeldt GM, Redding SJ, Sturm DM, Wolf N. (2015). “The Economics of Density: Evidence from the Berlin Wall.” Econometrica 83: 2127-89.
• Gharad Bryan, Edward Glaeser, Nick Tsivanidis (2020). “Cities in the Developing World.” Annual Review of Economics 12: 273-297.
• Tsivanidis, Nick (2019). "Evaluating the Impact of Urban Transit Infrastructure: Evidence from Bogota’s Transmilenio." Mimeo.
• Adão, R., Arkolakis, C. and Esposito, F. (2020). “General Equilibrium Indirect Effects in Space: Theory and Measurement.” Mimeo.
• Adão, R., Kolesár, M. and Morales, E. (2019). “Shift-Share Designs: Theory and Inference.” Quarterly Journal of Economics 134(4), 1949–2010.
• Borusyak, K., and Hull, P. (2021). “Non-Random Exposure to Exogenous Shocks: Theory and Applications.” Mimeo.
• Borusyak, K., Hull, P. and Jaravel, X. (2020). “Quasi-Experimental Shift-Share Research Designs.” Review of Economic Studies (forthcoming).
• Adão, R., Carrillo, P., Costinot, A., Donaldson, D. and Pomeranz, D. (2020). “Exports, Imports, and Earnings Inequality: Micro-Data and Macro-Lessons from Ecuador.” Mimeo .
• Adão, R., Costinot, A. and Donaldson, D. (2017). “Nonparametric Counterfactual Predictions in Neoclassical Models of International Trade.” American Economic Review 107: 633–689. 
• Arkolakis, C., Costinot, A. and Rodríguez-Clare, A. (2012). “New Trade Models, Same Old Gains?” American Economic Review 102: 94-130. 
• Baqaee, D. R. and Farhi, E. (2021). “Networks, Barriers, and Trade.” Mimeo.
• Borusyak, K. and Jaravel, X. (2021). “The Distributional Effects of Trade: Theory and Evidence from the United States.” Mimeo .

Read our research on: Abortion | Podcasts | Election 2024

Regions & Countries

Global economy & trade, u.s.-germany relationship remains solid, but underlying policy differences begin to show.

85% of Americans and 77% of Germans see the relationship between their countries as good. A majority of Americans see Germany as a partner on key issues, including dealing with China and the war in Ukraine. But Germans are less confident about partnering with the United States on China policy.

Comparing Views of the U.S. and China in 24 Countries

We examine how the U.S. and China stack up to one another on more than 10 measures of international public opinion, spanning from confidence in their leaders to views of their universities and technological achievements.

Americans name China as the country posing the greatest threat to the U.S.

In an open-ended question allowing Americans to name which country they see as the greatest threat to the U.S., 50% name China.

Americans see U.S. aid to developing countries as more beneficial than Chinese assistance

More than a third of Americans (37%) say foreign aid from the United States and China both benefits and harms developing countries.

China’s Approach to Foreign Policy Gets Largely Negative Reviews in 24-Country Survey

A median of 76% of adults in the 24 countries surveyed say China does not take into account the interests of other countries in its foreign policy. Majorities in most countries also say China does not contribute to global peace and stability.

Economic ratings are poor – and getting worse – in most countries surveyed

Majorities of adults in 18 of 24 countries surveyed this spring rate their nation’s economic situation poorly.

Americans Are Critical of China’s Global Role – as Well as Its Relationship With Russia

Most Americans see little ability for the U.S. and China to cooperate on climate change policy or combating the spread of infectious disease. A majority of Americans continue to view the China-Russia partnership as a very serious problem for the U.S.

How Global Public Opinion of China Has Shifted in the Xi Era

The Chinese Communist Party is preparing for its 20th National Congress, an event likely to result in an unprecedented third term for President Xi Jinping. Since Xi took office in 2013, opinion of China in the U.S. and other advanced economies has turned more negative. How did it get to be this way?

Negative Views of China Tied to Critical Views of Its Policies on Human Rights

Large majorities in most of the 19 countries surveyed have negative views of China, but relatively few say bilateral relations are bad.

Americans see different global threats facing the country now than in March 2020

Many U.S. adults describe cyberattacks from other countries (71%) and the spread of misinformation online (70%) as major threats to the U.S.

Refine Your Results

About Pew Research Center Pew Research Center is a nonpartisan fact tank that informs the public about the issues, attitudes and trends shaping the world. It conducts public opinion polling, demographic research, media content analysis and other empirical social science research. Pew Research Center does not take policy positions. It is a subsidiary of The Pew Charitable Trusts .

Library electronic resources outage May 29th and 30th

Between 9:00 PM EST on Saturday, May 29th and 9:00 PM EST on Sunday, May 30th users will not be able to access resources through the Law Library’s Catalog, the Law Library’s Database List, the Law Library’s Frequently Used Databases List, or the Law Library’s Research Guides. Users can still access databases that require an individual user account (ex. Westlaw, LexisNexis, and Bloomberg Law), or databases listed on the Main Library’s A-Z Database List.

• Georgetown Law Library
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International Trade Law Research Guide

Introduction.

• Secondary Sources: Treatises & Books
• Secondary Sources: Journal Articles
• Subscription Databases
• U.S. Government Agency Resources
• Internatioinal and Inter-Governmental Organization Resources
• Non-Governmental Organization Resources
• From GATT to the WTO: An Overview
• Quick Reference Table with Citations
• Texts and Status of the Agreements
• Negotiating Histories
• Commentaries
• Citations to WTO & GATT Agreements
• WTO Schedules & Tariff Information
• WTO Membership & Accession
• WTO Organization & Decision Making
• WTO & GATT Official Documents
• Dispute Settlement Practice & Procedure
• Dispute Status and Dispute-Related Documents
• Panel & Appellate Body Reports; Arbitration Decisions & Awards
• Citations to Dispute Resolution Materials
• Mega-Regional Trade Agreements: CPTPP & T-TIP
• NAFTA and the USMCA (NAFTA 2.0)
• U.S.-Canada Free Trade Agreement (Superseded by NAFTA)
• Dominican Republic-Central America Free Trade Agreement (CAFTA-DR)
• Other Research Guides & Update History

Key to Icons

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The growth of international trade has generated a complex and ever-expanding body of primary law , including treaties and international agreements , national legislation , and trade dispute settlement case law .  This research guide focuses primarily on the multilateral trading system administered by the World Trade Organization .  It also includes information about regional and bilateral trade agreements , particularly those to which the U.S. is a party.  

Key Resources for International Trade Research

See the Subscription Databases page of this research guide for more detailed information about the resources that are briefly described below:

• Boderlex - trade-related news, with a particular focus on trade policy in Europe.  
• International Trade Practice Center - U.S. primary law governing international trade, secondary sources, practitioner tools, and news.  
• TradeLawGuide - tools for interpreting WTO agreements & case law.  
• U.S. International Trade Library - U.S. primary law & compiled legislative histories, congressional hearings, and secondary sources.  
• World Trade Online - trade-related news and current awareness.  
• WorldTradeLaw.net - WTO case law summaries & commentary.  
• WTO Analytical Index - interpretation & application of WTO agreements.  

Research Assistance and Help with Related Topics 

If you need assistance with international trade law research, visit the Research Help page of the Georgetown University Law Library's website. Or contact the Law Library's International and Foreign Law Department by phone (202-662-4195) or by email ( [email protected] ).  Georgetown Law Center students may schedule a one-on-one research consultation with a librarian.

For questions about U.S. customs law and tariffs, consult the Law Library's Customs Law (U.S.) research guide.  For questions about non-U.S. customs law and tariffs, consult the Law Library's Customs Law research guide.

For research involving disputes between foreign investors and host states, consult the Law Library's guide to International Investment Law .  For research involving transnational commercial disputes between private parties, consult the Law Library's guide to  International Commercial Arbitration .  

International Trade

Questions? Need Help? Contact the International & Foreign Law Dept.

International & foreign legal research (202) 662-4195 request a research consultation  .

• Next: Secondary Sources: Treatises & Books >>
• © Georgetown University Law Library. These guides may be used for educational purposes, as long as proper credit is given. These guides may not be sold. Any comments, suggestions, or requests to republish or adapt a guide should be submitted using the Research Guides Comments form . Proper credit includes the statement: Written by, or adapted from, Georgetown Law Library (current as of .....).
• Last Updated: Jan 19, 2024 3:46 PM
• URL: https://guides.ll.georgetown.edu/InternationalTradeLaw

International Trade Law : Research Guide

Introduction, introductory resources on international trade.

• Introduction to GATT and WTO
• Founding Documents
• GATT Resources
• Uruguay Round Resources
• WTO Resources
• GATT/WTO Electronic Resources
• Introductory Resources
• Legal Texts
• Dispute Resolution Decisions
• United States-Mexico-Canada Agreement
• North American Free Trade Agreement
• Mercado Común del Cono Sur
• Common Market for Eastern & Southern Africa
• Association of Southeast Asian Nations
• Asia-Pacific Economic Cooperation
• United Nations Commission on International Trade Law
• United Nations Conference on Trade and Development
• Research Guides

Authorship History

Written by Karin Johnsrud. Updated by Dana Neacșu.

International trade is a complicated area of law to research because there are numerous levels of trade organizations and interactions. There are bilateral trade agreements, regional trade agreements and multinational trade agreements. Each of these agreements has its own history, policies and dispute settlement procedures. Trade organizations established under the agreements have separate resources that can be searched. Furthermore, individual countries have their own policies and laws relating to international trade. As an example, the United States Congress must pass legislation enacting international trade agreements before the United States can officially become a party. The national policies have to be researched individually and frequently separately from the resources relating to the international organizations.

The purpose of this guide is to provide an introduction to a variety of the resources available on campus, as well as from the Internet. General introductory resources will be discussed first. Then the guide will proceed through a discussion of the major multilateral trade agreements, regional trade agreements and United Nations trade bodies.

For additional assistance in finding International Trade Law materials at Columbia's Diamond Law Library, please do not hesitate to contact the reference librarians at [email protected] . Consult the the Guide to Columbia Library Services and Policies Research Guide for general information and reference hours.

To see more background and reference works available at Diamond Law Library, including older editions, please try these searches on Pegasus: 

• Subject: international trade law
• Subject: international trade law AND Any Field: handbook
• Subject: international trade law AND Any Field: manual
• Subject: international trade 
• Subject: international trade AND Any Field: handbook
• Subject: international trade AND Any Field: manual

You can find a selected list of publications below.

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• Last Updated: Sep 9, 2022 5:08 PM
• URL: https://guides.law.columbia.edu/tradelaw

When it comes to global economic governance, less can be more if you want increased cooperation, stability, and equitable growth

HKS Professor Dani Rodrik says his new paper shows that a “light model” of international trade governance can reduce U.S.-China tensions and lead to more equitable prosperity worldwide.

In an era of great power rivalry and escalating tensions between the United States and China, how should global economic policymakers approach governance to foster greater cooperation, reduce conflict, and promote equity and shared prosperity? Tread lightly, says Harvard Kennedy School Professor Dani Rodrik . In a new paper in the Journal of Government and Economics titled " How to smooth U.S.-China economic relations for the benefit of the global economy: A light model of global economic governance ," Rodrik argues for a less-is-more approach that emphasizes transparency and restricts trade rules to those that are truly necessary. Recent history, he writes, has shown that heavy-handed, one-size-fits-all global economic governance has disadvantaged developing countries and empowered nativist, populist politicians in regions that suffered job losses due to globalization. Rodrik is the Ford Foundation Professor of International Political Economy and co-director of the Reimagining the Economy project at HKS 

Q: In your paper, you argue for a “light” model of global economic governance to smooth U.S.-China economic relations and benefit the global economy. What measures does a light economic governance model include and what does it exclude? 

The basic distinction is between addressing the most egregious policy barriers at the border—especially beggar-thy-neighbor policies—versus a more ambitious agenda of trying to remove all obstacles to the flow of trade and finance even if these encompass domestic regulations. My colleague Robert Lawrence has called this the difference between “shallow integration” and “deep integration.” So countries might negotiate over import tariffs or export restrictions, but industrial policies or financial regulations, for example, would remain largely outside the remit of global rules or trade agreements.

Q: What evidence is there that more intensive global governance and trade rules—a “heavy” or “deep integration” model—have been unnecessary or counter-productive? 

The deep integration model had two undesirable side effects. First, it made it harder for developing countries to engage in industrial policies or other structural policies to diversify and upgrade their economies and to shelter themselves from the destabilizing effects of short-term capital flows, because of real (or self-imposed) constraints on their policy autonomy. It was countries such as China who disregarded such constraints and made full use of industrial policies and capital controls that performed the best. Others who followed the deep integration model and relied on trade agreements and openness to foreign capital as their sole growth strategy, such as Mexico, did quite poorly. 

Second, it prevented policy makers in advanced economies from taking seriously and addressing the adverse labor market effects of growing imports from China and elsewhere. During the 1970s and 1980s, before globalization got supercharged, it was common for countries to put up informal trade barriers—typically “voluntary” export restrictions administered by exporting countries—which limited the shock. These were safety valves for the trade system, and even though economists complained about “protectionism,” such measures did the job of regime maintenance (in the words of our late colleague John Ruggie). After the 1990s, policymakers’ response to these dislocations was to shrug their shoulders and tell the losers this is how globalization worked and there was nothing to be done. This was one of the key failings of mainstream politicians, which in turn empowered the populists. We have plenty of evidence now that regions that lost jobs to imports from China or Mexico became the breeding grounds for the nativist populists.

“The future of the global economic order depends first and foremost on how the bilateral relationship between the U.S. and China will evolve.”

Dani rodrik.

Q: One of the main building blocks of the light governance model is what you call a “transparency-enhancing process for policymaking.” What is that process and why is increased transparency important? 

In an interdependent global economy, it is inevitable that many policies that target national economic well-being as well as domestic social and environmental priorities will have some undesirable side effects on other nations. This is the case, for example, when nations engage in policies to fix important market failures or address national security concerns. Often such policies are needed and legitimate, and trade partners have to be permissive and understanding. Such policies have to be distinguished from those that are explicitly beggar-thy-neighbor—that is, policies that generate benefits at home because of the harms they produce for other nations.  

If we are going to live in a world where national policymakers have greater autonomy to address domestic priorities, as I think we have to, it will be important for them to communicate their motivations both to their domestic audiences and to other governments. This is to build trust and mutual understanding. For example, when the United States imposes export controls on “sensitive technologies” or imposes restrictions on Chinese investments on U.S. soil on the basis of national security, we need much better explanation on (a) what the national security objective really is, and (b) how the export or investment in question undermines the objective. Otherwise, national security can turn into a blanket justification for all kinds of policies that either do not really address national security or (as in the case of the U.S.) take too expansive view of it.

Q: How would a light governance model smooth U.S.-China relations? And how would it work in the context of the current slowdown in what had been China’s robust growth over the last three decades? 

It would be a good first step if each side were to give up on hypocrisy and recognize the similarity of their approaches. The United States continues to criticize China for allegedly pursuing mercantilist and protectionist policies and violating the norms of a “liberal” international order. For their part, Chinese policymakers accuse the United States of turning its back on globalization and waging economic warfare on China. Neither side seems to be aware of the irony that the United States has taken a page from the Chinese playbook, while U.S. departures from the “liberal order” are readily recognizable to Chinese policy makers from their own practices.   

Q: How would a light economic governance model achieve an overall global economic benefit? 

The future of the global economic order depends first and foremost on how the bilateral relationship between the United States and China will evolve. So anything that smooths this critical relationship would be very good news for the world economy. Second, as these two powers build a certain degree of trust and understanding, this would also contribute to an environment where they play a positive role in providing critical global public goods (such as decarbonizing the world economy and global public health).    

Photograph by STR/AFP/Getty Images

More from HKS

The great creep backward: policy responses to china’s slowing economy, harvard kennedy school faculty discuss the future of china: global relations, marx and confucius, and the role of universities, u.s. ambassador to china nicholas burns to deliver 2024 harvard kennedy school graduation address.

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