is a level geography essay based

How to master A Level Geography 20-mark essay questions

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What should I do before attempting an A Level Geography 20-mark essay question?

Should i plan an a level geography 20-mark essay, how should i structure an a level geography 20-mark essay.

As we run up to exam season, many of you will now be completing your NEAs (non-examined assessment) and exam content, and starting to focus on exam technique. You may be thinking about how you will tackle the dreaded 20-mark essay questions . Essay questions are very much like marmite for students. Some love them as they get the chance to explore key geographic theories and showcase their knowledge and understanding, which may not be possible in lower-stakes questions. However, others may struggle to formulate their geographic ideas or structure them in a way that makes a convincing argument.

In my experience, all A Level geography students must be systematic and structured in the way they write their long-form answers. This approach ensures that students cover all the necessary content while also demonstrating the geographic skills that examiners are assessing.

Examiners use both AO1 and AO2 to evaluate students in essay questions. AO1 requires students to demonstrate knowledge and understanding of places, environments, concepts, processes, interactions and change at various scales. AO2 deals with the application of knowledge and understanding in different contexts to interpret, analyse, and evaluate geographical information and issues. The strongest students can produce answers that balance the two aspects in their responses. If you weigh your answers too far toward knowledge recall and simply state facts, figures, and case study knowledge without doing anything with the knowledge (this is where command words are essential), you will not be able to achieve the highest levels described in the level descriptors.

Before you attempt essay questions, I suggest you take a look at the mark schemes for some past paper questions. It is important to focus on the level descriptors as these are what the examiners will use to assess your answers. Pay attention to the language they use to describe what they are looking for, and when you start your attempts, consider whether your language and writing style match the descriptors. The exam board mark schemes are available on the PMT A Level Geography past papers webpage .

Another place to look before attempting essay questions is the assessed sample answers produced by the exam boards (e.g. AQA Paper 1 Hazards Example Responses ). These are available on the exam board websites and show a range of pupil responses to exam questions. They come with a helpful commentary that explains how the pupils gained marks, highlights the importance of a well-structured response, and provides insight into what examiners are looking for when assessing your answers.

Where to start – command words

As mentioned above, it is very important for students to be systematic in their approach to answering 20 markers. The first thing students need to understand is the command word . Without knowledge of what the command word means and what it is asking you to do, you will not be able to fully engage with the question. To find out the meaning of different command words , you should visit your exam board’s website and look in the specification.

Essay questions tend to use the command words “to what extent” or “assess” . According to AQA, if the question includes the “to what extent” command word, you should “Consider several options, ideas or arguments and come to a conclusion about their importance/success/worth”. On the other hand, if it is an “assess” question, you should “use evidence to weigh up the options to determine the relative significance of something. Give balanced consideration to all factors and identify which are the most important.”

BUG the question

Command words can help guide you in how to structure your answers and the skills you need to exhibit. During KS3 and KS4, you may have been told to BUG the question, where B stands for box the command work , U for underline key terms , and G for glance back at the question .

I would encourage all A Level students to continue to use this strategy, even for longer essay questions. It will help ensure that you are answering the question you are being asked, rather than the question you wish you were being asked.

Failure to prepare is preparing to fail.

It is crucial for all students to plan their essay writing before they start answering a question. An essay question requires you to write for a sustained period, and if you don’t have a clear plan for what you’re going to write, you may lose focus on your points and arguments and not fully answer the question.

I suggest that all A Level students write a brief plan before attempting the question . This plan should outline the introduction, including key terms to define and any case studies to introduce, the main argument in each of your paragraphs, and finally, the contents of your conclusion. Spending just five minutes on this will save you time in the long run and help keep you on track to answering the question fully.

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A good structure is key to success in essay writing. A clear structure enables you to answer the question coherently and reduces the chance that you will lose the key focus of your points. All of the exam boards recommend following the structure outlined below:

Introduction

• Main body of the answer (three to four key arguments)

In academia, this is sometimes known as the hourglass essay . An hourglass essay starts with a big idea, narrows down to a specific question, and then widens back out to explain why that specific question is important in the grand scheme of things.

The introduction of your essay should account for approximately 10% of the total essay length , and it’s an excellent opportunity for you to impress the examiner. Your essay introduction should give a broad view of the essay themes and provide a definition of the key terms that you have underlined in your question. It is also the place to introduce a case study location . A strong start to your essay is crucial as it demonstrates to the examiner that you have a clear understanding of the geographic content you’ve been studying.

Once you have written your introduction, you can then get on to answering the questions. While the introduction mainly covers AO1 (knowledge and understanding of geography), the main body of your answer should cover both AO1 and AO2 (analysis and evaluation in the application of knowledge and understanding).

As before, the way you structure the main body of your answer is very important, and you must form your points clearly and coherently. During my teaching and tutoring, I have seen many ways of forming these arguments/points, but the two most effective methods I have seen are using PEEL or PEACE paragraphs .

• E xplanation
• A pplication

Everyone is different, and everyone has their unique writing style. My advice to all A Level students is to try both methods when beginning to tackle essay questions and determine which one works best for you. I would also recommend completing PEEL/PEACE paragraphs and asking for feedback from your teacher or tutor.

The main body of the essay should consist of three to four arguments that cover the views for the specific question. Those who can link back to the question but also between their paragraphs will have the best chance of performing well in their essay questions.

After completing the main body, you now need to finish your essay with a conclusion. Just like the introduction, this should be roughly 10% of the total essay length . The main aim of the conclusion is to bring your essay to a close and essentially answer the question you have been asked. In the conclusion, you should summarise your argument and avoid introducing any new information . It is simply a chance to express your own thoughts and opinions while bringing your essay to a close.

The quality of a conclusion is often a key indicator of the overall quality of an essay. Although it is a short section of the whole piece of writing, it provides a platform to showcase several important geographic skills such as analysis, summarising, and creating synoptic links .

Overall, it is very important that you give yourself enough time to complete your essay questions during your examinations and that you follow the structures discussed above. If you follow these guidelines, you will see an improvement in the quality of your essay responses.

If you’re in Year 13 and in need of additional help, PMT Education runs Geography A Level Easter Crash Courses for AQA and Edexcel . Whether you need support with exam technique or want to revise key sections of the syllabus with the help of an experienced tutor, these courses will equip you with the knowledge, skills, and confidence to excel in your summer exams.

Dave is a qualified teacher with 10 years of experience teaching GCSE and A Level Geography. He has worked as an assistant faculty leader for Humanities and a professional mentor for new and trainee teachers. He has also been involved with the supervision and guidance of NEAs. Dave currently works in higher education and trains geography teachers across the North West of England. He is also a tutor at PMT Education , with experience running highly successful geography courses.

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How to Write a Geography Essay that Transcends Borders

Have you ever found yourself floating effortlessly in the Dead Sea, that magical stretch of water between Israel and Jordan? It's the saltiest lake globally, turning you into a buoyant bobber without much effort. Now, just as geography unveils such fascinating quirks about our planet, writing an essay on this subject can be an equally intriguing venture.

Let's take a stroll through the world of geography essays together. We'll start by figuring out what exactly makes up a geography essay definition and then dive into the secrets of writing a great one. Along the way, we'll share some helpful tips, break down the important parts, and talk about why geography matters in today's world. Whether you're a student trying to do well in your geography class or just curious about why geography is important, this article is here for you. Let's get started!

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Essential Factors When Writing a Geography Essay

A great essay comes from a good understanding of the topic. Let's share some tips to help you create an impressive essay.

• Stick to What You Know : Pick geography topics that you're familiar with.
• Think Global : Show how your chosen topic connects to bigger issues like climate change or cultural diversity.
• Grab Attention : Choose a topic that interests you and your readers.
• Show with Examples : Use real examples to explain geography concepts in your essay.
• Stay on Track : Make sure everything in your essay relates to the main message.
• Use Sources : Share your thoughts based on what reliable sources say.
• Make it Real : Describe landscapes in a way that brings them to life for your readers.

In the next parts, our skilled writers, who you can buy essay from, will share a simple guide to help you write essays successfully!

Exploring What Is a Geography Essay

In simple terms, a geography essay is a well-organized explanation of geographic topics and ideas. It's more than just listing facts—it's a chance for you to showcase what you understand about geographical principles, processes, and their real-world impacts.

• Keep it Focused : Your essay should revolve around a specific topic or question in geography. This focus helps you stay on track and make your writing clear and relevant.
• Grasp the Concepts : Geography essays should include important geographical ideas like spatial relationships, scale, location, and interactions. These concepts give you the tools to understand and explain the world.
• Use Data : Geography relies on data and evidence. Bring in facts, maps, visuals, and statistics to support your points and show geographical patterns.
• Think Critically : A good essay doesn't just share information; it digs into the details. Explore the nuances, root causes, and broader impacts to give a deeper insight. ‍
• Connect to Reality: These essays often link theory with real-world issues. Whether you're talking about global warming, urbanization, cultural landscapes, or geopolitical shifts, these essays show why geography matters in our interconnected world.

How to Start a Geography Essay

Starting your essay in the right way not only grabs your readers' attention but also sets the stage for a well-organized and interesting exploration of your selected geography research paper topics .

• Establish the Geography : Kick-off by placing your topic in a geographic context. Explain where and why this topic matters, considering both local and global perspectives.
• Spark Interest : Draw your readers in by asking a thought-provoking question or sharing a surprising statistic related to your geography essay topics.
• Give Background Info : Provide a quick overview of the subject to make sure your readers have the basic knowledge needed to follow your arguments.
• Include a Quote : Think about using a fitting quote from a well-known geographer, researcher, or historical figure to add depth and credibility to your introduction.
• Set the Tone : Decide on the tone of your essay—whether it's informative, analytical, or persuasive—and let that tone shine through in your introductory language and style.

Select a Subject You're Comfortable Discussing

Picking the right research paper topic in geography is a big deal—it can really shape how the whole writing journey goes. One smart move to kick off your research paper well is to go for a subject you genuinely feel comfortable talking about. Here's why it matters:

• Expertise Shines : When your research paper topic matches what you already know and enjoy, your expertise shines through. You can use what you know to analyze and explain the subject better.
• Stay Motivated : Choosing a topic that genuinely interests you, like doing a geography essay about earthquakes, can be a great source of motivation. This inner drive helps you stay engaged during the whole research and writing process, leading to a better end result.
• Research Efficiency : Knowing your topic makes the research process smoother. You know where to find good sources, what keywords to use, and how to tell if information is reliable.
• Confident Analysis : Understanding your topic well, say, when dealing with a geography essay about global warming, gives you confidence. This confidence comes through in your analysis, making it more convincing.
• Boosted Creativity : Being comfortable with your topic can boost your creativity. You're more likely to come up with new ideas and unique perspectives when you're discussing something you're familiar with.

Let's explore a range of research topics that provide plenty of chances for thorough investigation and analysis. Feel free to choose the one that aligns with your interests and fits the particular focus of your research.

• Microclimates in Urban Spaces: Analyzing Local Community Impacts
• Geopolitics of Water Scarcity: Transboundary Water Conflict Case Study
• Ecotourism in Unexplored Territories: Balancing Conservation and Development
• Digital Cartography's Influence on Public Perception of Geographic Information
• Role of Indigenous Knowledge in Sustainable Resource Management
• Urban Heat Islands: Assessing Heat-Related Risks in Growing Cities
• Climate Change Impact on Traditional Agricultural Practices in Vulnerable Regions
• Geography of Infectious Diseases: Spatial Analysis of Disease Spread
• Patterns of Renewable Energy Adoption: A Global Comparative Study
• Cultural Landscapes in Transition: Globalization's Impact on Local Identities

Geography Essay Example

For a closer look at how to structure and compose an effective geography essay, we've put together a compelling example for your review. As you go through it, you'll discover the essential elements that contribute to making an essay both informative and engaging.

Exploring the Impact of River Dams on Ecosystems

Introduction:

Rivers are the lifeblood of many ecosystems, shaping landscapes and sustaining diverse forms of life. This essay delves into the intricate relationship between river dams and ecosystems, aiming to unravel the multifaceted consequences that altering natural watercourses can bring. By examining case studies and ecological principles, we seek to shed light on the complex web of interactions that define the impact of river dams on the environment.

River dams significantly modify the natural flow of water, creating reservoirs and altering the hydrological patterns downstream. This transformation often leads to changes in habitat availability for aquatic species. Case studies from various dam projects will be explored to illustrate the tangible effects on biodiversity and ecosystem structure.

Furthermore, many fish species rely on river systems for migration and spawning. Dams can present barriers to these natural processes, affecting fish populations and, consequently, the predators and prey in the broader food web. This section will examine how dams disrupt fish migration and explore potential mitigation strategies to minimize ecological consequences.

What's more, the alteration of river flow caused by dams influences water quality and sediment transport downstream. Sediment accumulation in reservoirs can have cascading effects on aquatic ecosystems. This part of the essay will delve into scientific studies highlighting changes in water quality and sedimentation patterns due to dam construction.

Beyond the ecological realm, the construction of river dams often has social and economic repercussions. Local communities dependent on rivers for their livelihoods may face challenges due to altered water regimes. Investigating case studies, we will explore the human dimension of the impact of river dams on communities and economies.

Conclusion:

In summary, the complex interplay between river dams and ecosystems demands thoughtful reflection. This essay has offered a glimpse into the diverse outcomes that come with changing natural watercourses, underscoring the importance of a comprehensive grasp of the ecological, social, and economic aspects at play. By delving into the intricate realm of river dam impacts, we acquire valuable insights into the nuanced equilibrium between human progress and environmental sustainability.

How to Write a Geography Essay: Insights and Pointers

When it comes to writing geography essays, it's not just about throwing out facts and figures. It's about digging deeper into geographical ideas, understanding how things relate, and sharing your findings in a way that makes sense. Our paper writing service experts are here to give you some handy tips:

• Dig Deep with Research: Start by really getting into your topic. Collect data, look at maps, and read up on what others have to say about it.
• Sort Your Thoughts: Organize your essay so it's easy to follow. That usually means having an intro, some main parts, and a wrap-up at the end. Keep it logical.
• Think and Talk Analysis: Get into the nitty-gritty of your analysis. Use geography ideas to explain your data and give your own take on things.
• Show Your Proof: Back up what you're saying with proof. Throw in maps, charts, or stories to make your points and show patterns.
• Question Everything: Think hard about different opinions and what your findings might mean in the big picture. Don't be afraid to question things and see where it takes you.

Breaking Down the Geography Essay Structure

A well-formatted geography essay structure is like a well-organized map – it guides readers through your analysis with clarity and purpose. To effectively break down the structure, consider the following key insights:

• Geographical Essence: Always consider the geographical context when framing your essay format . How does the landscape influence the subject, and in turn, how does it fit into the broader global narrative?
• Tailored Tone for Audience: Reflect on your audience. Are you speaking to geography enthusiasts, educators, policymakers, or the general public? Adjust your language and explanations to match their level of familiarity and interest.
• Conciseness and Wordplay: Maintain clarity by adhering to word limits and embracing conciseness. Focus on delivering pertinent information with a touch of engaging wordplay to captivate your readers.
• Innovative Perspectives: Aim for innovation in your analysis. While leveraging existing research, offer a fresh viewpoint or a unique twist on the topic to keep your essay from blending into the background.
• Ethical Dimensions: If your research involves human subjects, sensitive data, or fieldwork, be conscientious of ethical considerations. Seek necessary approvals, ensuring that your research adheres to ethical standards.
• Geographic Fluency: Demonstrate a keen grasp of geographic fluency in your essay. Showcase not just knowledge of concepts but an understanding of the interconnectedness of regions, adding depth to your exploration.
• Visual Appeal: Consider incorporating visual elements such as maps, charts, or images to enhance your essay's visual appeal. A well-chosen visual can often communicate complex geographical information more effectively.
• Future Implications: Extend your analysis to contemplate the future implications of the geographical factors you're discussing. How might current trends shape future landscapes, and what role does your topic play in this evolving narrative?

Geography Essay Introduction

The introductory paragraph is the starting point of your essay, where you contextualize, captivate your audience, and introduce your central thesis statement.

For instance, if your essay explores the effects of rising sea levels on coastal communities, your introduction could commence with a striking observation: ' In the coastal realms, where communities have thrived for generations, the encroaching rise of sea levels is transforming the very landscapes that have long shaped human existence. This unsettling shift is a direct consequence of global warming, a phenomenon casting profound implications across the globe .'

The core section of your essay, the main body, encompasses several paragraphs that house your analysis, arguments, evidence, and illustrations.

Within a segment examining the consequences of industrial pollution on river ecosystems, you might assert: ' Industrial effluents discharged into rivers represent a significant contributor to pollution. As evidenced by studies [cite], the toxic chemicals and pollutants released into water bodies pose severe threats to aquatic life, disrupting ecosystems and endangering the delicate balance of river environments. '

Geography Essay Summing Up

When wondering how to write a conclusion for an essay , remember that it acts as the final chapter, summarizing crucial findings, reiterating your thesis, and offering concluding insights or implications.

In a conclusion addressing the impact of desertification on agricultural communities, you might recapitulate: ' Surveying the intricate interplay between environmental degradation and agricultural sustainability in regions affected by desertification reveals a nuanced narrative. Despite the adversities posed, there exists an imperative for innovative solutions and adaptive strategies to ensure the resilience of agricultural communities in the face of advancing desertification. '

More Tips for Writing a Geography Essay

Here are some special tips on writing a geography essay that can enhance the depth and sophistication of your entire piece, showcasing a thorough grasp of geographic concepts and methods.

• Embrace diverse viewpoints – consider cultural, economic, and environmental angles for a richer analysis.
• Use geospatial tools like maps and satellite imagery to visually enhance your essay and emphasize spatial relationships.
• Bolster your arguments with real case studies to illustrate the practical application of your geographical analysis.
• Integrate recent global events into your essay to showcase relevance and stay aligned with the dynamic nature of geography.
• Explore intersections with other disciplines, providing a more comprehensive understanding of your topic.
• Highlight how local phenomena contribute to broader global narratives, emphasizing interconnectedness.
• If you're writing a cause and effect essay , compare urbanization trends in different cities to show the reasons and outcomes.

Why Geography Matters as a Subject of Study

Geography goes way beyond just maps and names of places; it's a lively and important field that helps us make sense of the world. Here's why geography matters:

• Knowing Spaces: It helps us understand how places, regions, and landscapes connect. This understanding is crucial for making smart choices about things like where to put resources, plan cities, and handle emergencies.
• Being a Global Citizen: It encourages us to appreciate different cultures and how we're all connected. It helps us see how big events, like climate change or pandemics, affect countries locally and globally.
• Taking Care of Nature: This subject gives us insights into environmental problems and solutions. It teaches us about issues like cutting down forests, losing habitats, and climate change so we can make choices that help our planet.
• Thinking Smart: Geography makes us think critically. It involves looking at complex information, considering different opinions, and drawing smart conclusions. These skills are handy in lots of jobs.
• Fixing Real Problems: What we learn in geography helps us solve actual problems – from designing better roads to managing water wisely and dealing with natural disasters.
• Making Rules and Plans: It has a say in making rules and plans. It guides decisions about how to use land, build things, and take care of resources.
• Loving Different Cultures: Geography helps us appreciate all kinds of cultures and how they relate to the environment. It lets us understand why places are important and how their histories have shaped them.

Ready to Explore the World without Leaving Your Desk?

Let our expert writers be your guides on this geographical voyage and map out your academic success together!

To sum it up, geography gives you the knowledge and skills to navigate our complex and connected world. Writing a geography essay helps you make smart choices, promote sustainability, and face global challenges. Whether you're exploring local landscapes or looking at global issues, geography lays the groundwork for understanding our planet and its diverse inhabitants through the art of essay writing.

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• Revision notes >

A-Level Geography Revision Notes

By offering clear explanations and illustrative diagrams, these A-Level Geography revision notes will empower you to focus on essential content, which will enhance your understanding and aid retention. They provide a structured framework for revision, ensuring comprehensive coverage of the syllabus, making sure you don’t miss a topic.

Explain how each of the altitude and oceanic circulation influence climate (10 Marks)

How are earthquakes caused at destructive plate boundaries, what are positive and negative feedback loops, what is the best way to structure answers to evaluation questions (24 marks), how can i revise for the a-level geography exams when there is so much to learn.

Start by organizing your revision materials into separate folders or notebooks for each subtopic, such as climate change, urbanization, or plate tectonics. Create concise summary notes for each subtopic, highlighting key concepts, case studies, and relevant data. Use mind maps to visualize connections and relationships between geographical concepts. Practice past paper questions to hone your application of knowledge and improve your exam technique.

How can I enhance my critical analysis and evaluation skills for the essay-based questions in A-Level Geography exams?

To improve critical analysis, practice constructing well-structured essays. Begin with a clear introduction that outlines your main argument or thesis statement. In each paragraph, employ the SEEC structure (Statement, Evidence, Explanation, Critique) to present your points, providing evidence and reasoning. Consider contrasting viewpoints and different geographical theories to demonstrate critical thinking. Incorporate relevant case studies and empirical evidence to strengthen your arguments.

How can I remember geographical data and statistics for A-Level Geography exams, given the vast amount of information to cover?

Utilize memory aids like flashcards or mnemonic devices to remember specific data points, such as population figures, climate data, or economic indicators. Create summary tables or charts to condense large datasets into manageable formats. Practice data interpretation by analyzing maps, graphs, and statistical trends. Incorporate geographical data into your revision notes and essays to reinforce your understanding and retention. Engage in regular data-based exercises to improve your data-handling skills and prepare for data-focused exam questions.

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A Level of Geography

Essay writing – 1

Advice to students.

A-level Geography students are required to write evaluative essays which, under timed conditions, for the examination boards AQA and Edexcel must be completed in around 25 to 30 minutes. For OCR, the time allocated is about 45 minutes.

In general, this represents around 2/3 pages of average-sized handwriting i.e. somewhere between 400 and 600 words, and 750 words for OCR. Evaluative essays should incorporate both an introduction and a formal conclusion, with several paragraphs of argument in between.

The command words now widely used are:

•      Evaluate (appraising/judging usefulness e.g. suitability and validity) •      Assess (weigh up options, conclude re. effectiveness, success or otherwise) •      To what extent ....... •      How far do you agree ...

In writing their essays, the key feature that students need to understand is the difference between descriptive or explanatory writing and evaluative writing.

Descriptive/explanatory writing

This usually consists of factual points which:

•      outline the main features of a place, object, issue, idea, theory, strategy •      recall why these features have arisen because of particular factors, processes, actions or management objectives  •      identify spatial/temporal variations •      make use of case study material to support the answer.

Evaluative writing

This consists of material which may additionally:

•      critically reflect on the limitations of a particular explanation or on viewpoints/ perspectives/conflicts regarding an issue •      discuss the impacts of spatial/temporal variations in the operation of factors and processes •      examine relative success/failure •      use important geographic concepts, such as place, or establish connections and relationships between different ideas.

[Some examples of the differences between descriptive/explanatory and evaluative writing will appear in subsequent Substacks]

In a 400–600-word essay (20 marks), the introduction should probably not exceed 75 words, and is more likely to be around 50 words, in length. Three or four sentences can be sufficient to provide a concise definition of any key terms and to establish a focus and/or an argument, and maybe hint at a conclusion .

A series of roughly equal-sized paragraphs should then guide the reader through enough themes or examples for a credible conclusion or final judgement to be made. A sensible approach might be to write three to five 75/100-word paragraphs.

Note, there is a limit to how much AO1 credit can be gained from the inclusion of excessive amounts of information and data. The examination board AQA allocates an equal proportion of marks to knowledge (AO1) and the application of that knowledge (AO2), whereas both Edexcel and OCR have an imbalance where most of the credit is allocated to AO2.

It is therefore best to avoid:

•      too much background •      irrelevant information •      too much detail. It is better to use some factual information or data (say 2/3 pieces per paragraph) together with some technical terminology.

NB. The use of any knowledge used must be both ‘convincing’ and relevant.

Deconstructing a question

It is important to recognise the demands of a question.

‘The economic impacts of earthquakes are always greater than the social impacts’ To what extent do you agree?’ Recognise the contention in this question – are they ‘always greater’?

‘Assess the importance of governance in the successful management of tectonic hazards’ . Spot the hidden agenda . What other factors could be important?

‘To what extent do you agree that seismic events will always generate more widespread and severe impacts than volcanic events?’ Recognise the contention , and the scale and the range of impacts.

‘Evaluate the importance of rebranding in the success of regeneration’ . Note two hidden agendas here: importance and success. What criteria can be used for both?

‘TNCs are the most significant factor in creating unequal flows of people and money within global systems. How far do you agree with this statement?’ Here we have complicated demands : most significant factor?; people and money; inequality.

The conclusion

The first thing to say is that a clear conclusion must be evident, even if it consists of just one sentence. It should address the question directly and make a final judgement about the ideas/issues which the essay has focused on.  However, it is advisable to produce a substantial conclusion - and not merely a perfunctory sentence.

This is because the mark scheme for the evaluative essays puts a high premium on the ability of candidates to:

      (i)            think and/or reflect critically     (ii)            and/or make connections between different geographic ideas and issues to develop a topic overview.   (iii)            or both.

When it comes to ‘to what extent’ or ‘how far do you agree’ questions:

•      never ‘sit on the fence’ •      equally, it is best to avoid extreme agreement or disagreement •      An 'agree because, but…...' or a 'disagree because, but…...' judgement is often the best position to take.

A good conclusion acknowledges explicitly that any conclusion reached is likely to be partial because there are so many ways of thinking about the issue, and/or so many perspectives to consider. It should refer to the most significant facts which have featured in the main body of the essay (in support of an evidence-based final judgement). It may make reference to specialist geographical theories , terms or ideas in order to add 'weight' to the final judgement. Finally, it may establish connections between different ideas and themes that are featured in the essay.

Signposting language

Signposting language refers to ways in which an essay can be constructed in good English. Here are some examples:

Introducing ideas:

To evaluate the role of….. this essay aims to provide a discussion of….

This essay seeks to investigate/evaluate/assess the impact of …. in relation to….

One aspect which illustrates…. can be identified as…

The current debate about ….. has recently been challenged by …..

Expanding ideas:

Building on from the idea that ….. this section illustrates that …

To further evaluate the role of ….. this section explores the idea that ….

Another line of argument on …. demonstrates that ….

Contrasting ideas:

However, another angle on this debate suggests that ….

In contrast to evidence which suggests …. an alternative view is that ….

Not all research shows that ….. Some evidence states that ….

Summation of a paragraph:

This evidence highlights that ….

There is therefore general agreement that….

The strength of such an approach is that….

Concluding:

Having considered all of the evidence, the extent to which there can be agreement with the statement is …

The majority of the evidence presented in this essay shows that ….

To conclude, this essay has addressed a number of significant factors, which tend to point towards….

Linking words.

A good essay will make use of several linking words, which help to connect paragraphs, ideas and themes. The most common ones used are shown below

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How to pass A-Level Geography

Geography A-Level works best if you have a strong interest in the subject. This is because as an A-Level, it's a demanding area of study and to pass it, you need to show you are adept at writing essays, analysing data and explaining a range of ideas from erosion to globalisation and ecology. Here's what will help you pass.

Revise a wide background of information

As in revise, all the glossary definitions in physical and human geography also have a good stable of case studies with important facts and figures under your belt. This kind of revision is essential for essays and will help you score maximum marks in your exam. Without this knowledge, examiners won't feel you truly understand the subject, so don't miss out on the basics.

Go beyond your reading list

What really helps you pass Geography A-Level is to expand your knowledge of geography by going beyond your reading list. Further knowledge of all the themes you are studying, from ecology to geopolitics, social justice to migration, benefits your reasoning and your essay writing skills. This is because examiners don't want you to focus on the topic in a question but link it to the wider concepts in geography at the same time.

To help yourself to this, read current books on the topic areas, listen to podcasts by thought leaders in the field and read the latest opinion pieces and articles on interest areas.

For podcasts, try A Very Spatial Podcast and Geographical Imaginations ; both are excellent podcasts that will expand your understanding.

For blogs, try Spatial Machinations by Sam Kinsley and Geography Realm , an information site about all things around physical and human geography, as well as guides for learning about geography.

Also, look at New York Times Geography , a space on NYTimes where readers can exchange informed commentary around geography.

Practice your essay writing skills

Knowing how to write a strong, clear geography essay is essential if you're aiming for a high mark in this subject. What will help here is to first practice writing detailed essay plans. Look at past papers and from these create a series of detailed essay plans with an introduction and conclusion and a balanced argument complete with case studies.

Practice doing this as much as you can and when you are ready try writing some full essays in time conditions. The aim here is to do this enough that eventually you can turn any plan into a perfectly timed, well thought out essay.

Use past papers and the examiners' report

While there haven't been actual exams for the last two years, it's still vital to look at past papers. Not only do they show you how questions are phrased but also how marks are awarded. This alongside the examiners' report, which has a detailed commentary on the whole exam paper, followed by an analysis of the paper question by question. It also has valuable insight into the common elements of success and which approaches served candidates best.

Work with a geography tutor

The benefit of a geography tutor is not just to guide you in the right direction but to also help you formulate opinions and show you how to implement these within essays. They can also help with analysing data and core geographical skills such as the reading of maps and diagrams and analysis of photographs.

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Become a member and discover where geography can take you.

• Choose geograp...

Geography: it’s the must-have A-level. The Guardian

Geography is highly valued by universities as an A Level choice, and combines well with both arts and science subjects. It can be a facilitating subject - that is a subject most likely to be required or preferred for entry to degree courses. Choosing facilitating subjects will keep more options at the university-level; geography opens doors to other degrees such as business and administrative studies, law, engineering and technology, and the other social physical sciences.

Geography was also found to be the most relevant A Level subject in teaching students about climate change (YouGov/RGS 2020).

A Level geography

A Level geography offers a selection of new, interesting topics not covered at GCSE level, and allows you to go into greater depth in some key elements previously studied. It covers both the physical and human environments and the complex interaction of processes that shape our world. It will also, importantly, show the applied side of the subject - how human intervention affects the environment and how people adapt and mitigate the effects of processes on their environment.

There is plenty of room for discussion and extended research, which will help you become an independent thinker and learner. By the time you get to your exams, you will be able to show your understanding of a range of opinions and be able to illustrate your answers with case studies from local, national and international examples.

You will learn in a wide variety of ways, using maps, GIS skills, data analysis, photos, videos, and podcasts, as well as attending lectures and study days. You will be encouraged to frame your own questions using higher level thinking skills and show your grasp of complex issues through report and essay writing. Fieldwork will be an essential part of your A Level course.

The four key geographical themes outlined below are compulsory which, when combined with fieldwork, accounts for 60% of the course. The additional 40% is flexible and varies depending on the exam board chosen by teaching staff.

Core themes

Water and carbon cycles.

You will study the physical processes which control the water and carbon cycles between land, oceans and the atmosphere, all of which are critical mechanisms in supporting life on Earth.

Listen: Forests and the carbon cycle

Landscape systems

Focusing on either dry arid, coastal or glacial environments, you will study what earth surface processes have produced their characteristic landforms.

Listen: How do glacial surfaces evolve over time?

Global systems and global governance

In a globalising world, people, places and environments are increasingly connected leading to the rapid global movement of goods, people, technology and ideas. A Level studies focus on the consequences of a highly interconnected world and the efforts to regulate it - labelled ‘global governance’.

Listen: How is globalisation changing the countryside?

Changing places

The connections and relationships between people, the economy, society and the environment help to explain why places are constantly changing. Through the study of local locations it will become apparent how flows of people, resources, money, ideas and government polices can change the nature of places.

Watch: Geographical lates: climate talks

Geographical fieldwork

Fieldwork will be an essential part of your A Level course - you will be required to complete an independent non-examined assessment (NEA). This provides an excellent opportunity to conduct a fieldwork study in relation to physical and human processes.

A minimum of four days of fieldwork is required at A Level. You may even get to go on a residential trip to experience a very different environment to the one where you live. You may visit an area that is known for its coastal, river or glaciated scenery, or carry out enquiries relating to issues in your local environment. You will have the flexibility to identify your own topic for your NEA. The write up of your study will provide an excellent insight into producing a concise university-style dissertation.

Gaining relevant skills

Studying A Level geography provides you with a variety of valuable skills and knowledge that can be transferred and used across other subject areas and in everyday life.

Building arguments requires a high level of English skills at this level. In addition maths skills are also obtained to an advanced standard with a clear focus on statistical testing. Use of Geographic Information Systems (GIS) develops confidence in ICT. Researching, presenting, referencing, critical thinking, map-reading and scientific reasoning skills will all be honed along with the ability to work both independently and collaboratively.

Visual communication skills

Geography gives you the opportunity to gather, analyse and present data in a variety of ways so you will also develop your visual communication skills using maps, graphs, diagrams and images to problem solve.

Data and geospatial skills

You will develop your qualitative and quantitative geographical skills at A Level while working with images, factual text and discursive/creative material, digital data, numerical and spatial data and innovative forms of data, including crowd-sourced and 'big data'. You will also develop your maths, especially statistical testing.

Fieldwork experience

A Level study requires students to complete an independent non-examined assessment. This provides you with an excellent opportunity to conduct a fieldwork study in relation to physical and human processes. Fieldwork provides you with useful skills in collecting, understanding and later communicating data to different audiences. It can also lead you to opportunities to travel further afield to fascinating destinations.

Research skills

You will develop skills to select research questions, apply relevant techniques and skills, and find appropriate ways to analyse and communicate your findings.

Working in teams during fieldwork and in the classroom will help develop your communication and collaboration skills.

Communication skills

You will develop English skills, helping you to produce convincing arguments and to communicate ideas effectively, both in writing and in oral communcation. These skills are highly valued by all employers.

Next steps for students who studied A Level geography

Geography is a broad based subject which provides lots of opportunities for future progression. For example, geography is an obvious choice for careers in sustainability and green issues , urban regeneration , energy supply , retail location , managing the effects of hazards and climate change .

For careers in the world of business , an understanding of global economics forms an important part of geography. If you are thinking of a career in law , human rights , international relations or welfare , then geography gives you the opportunity to consider relevant issues such as: How do we measure development?   What are the consequences of migration on societies?  

If you are working towards a future course in medicine or veterinary medicine then geography is a good choice to give your A Level options the breadth that universities seek, as you will gain a clear understanding of how the environment affects health and survival of people, animals and ecosystems as well as enhancing your skills of writing essays and extended reports.

Of course many A Level students do not yet have a clear idea of what kind of career they might want to pursue. If you are in this position, remember that geography as an A Level gives you the chance to keep your options open , as it covers both arts and science components. It is quite likely that when you choose geography your classmates will all be doing different combinations of A Level subjects – this adds to the interest when it comes to discussions on issues as everyone will have very different ways of thinking and expressing their opinions.

To get a top grade you will need to read around the subject in newspapers and through magazine and internet articles; TV and radio documentaries are a rich source of current issues too. The Society's  Student Members and School Members have access to the full range of our award-winning resources. 

Next step: Choose geography at university

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How to Write a Geography Essay Step by Step

Table of Contents

Introduction to Geography Essays

Importance of essay writing in geography.

Essay writing in geography is crucial as it allows students and researchers to explore complex environmental, physical, and societal issues. It enables the synthesis of empirical data and theoretical frameworks, fostering critical thinking and communication skills.

Brief Overview of Common Types of Geography Essays

Geography essays come in various forms, each serving a different purpose:

• Research Papers: These involve in-depth analysis of geographic phenomena using primary and secondary data.
• Comparative Essays: They examine the similarities and differences between two or more geographic entities.
• Argumentative Essays: These essays present a stance on a geographic issue, supported by evidence and logical reasoning.

Understanding the Essay Question

How to interpret essay prompts.

To correctly interpret essay prompts, one must read the question carefully, noting any specific instructions or scope defined. Break down the prompt to understand what the examiner is asking for.

Identifying Key Terms and Directives

Key terms are the concepts central to the question, while directives are action words like “discuss,” “compare,” or “analyze” that dictate the approach to be taken. Identifying these helps in aligning your essay with the expectations of the question.

Research and Sources

Finding reputable sources for geographic data and theories.

Utilize academic databases, government publications, and verified online resources to gather reliable geographic data and theoretical perspectives. Libraries and academic journals are also invaluable sources.

Evaluating and Citing Sources Properly

Assess the credibility of sources by checking the author’s credentials, publication date, and the publisher’s reputation. Cite sources using the appropriate academic style guide to avoid plagiarism.

Balancing Quantitative Data with Qualitative Insights

Incorporate statistical data to support claims while also providing qualitative observations for a well-rounded argument. This balance ensures a comprehensive exploration of geographic issues.

Planning the Essay

Creating an outline to structure thoughts and research.

An outline serves as a roadmap for your essay. Start with the introduction, then detail each body paragraph’s main idea, and conclude with a summary of your argument and findings.

The Significance of a Thesis Statement

A thesis statement is the centerpiece of your essay. It should clearly express the main argument or claim of your essay and guide the development of your supporting points. It is usually placed at the end of the introduction.

Writing the Essay

Crafting an engaging introduction.

Begin with a hook that captures the reader’s interest. Provide context for your topic, and establish the relevance of the essay. End the introduction with a clear thesis statement that outlines your argument or perspective.

Body Paragraphs

Each paragraph should begin with a topic sentence that introduces the main idea. Build your argument by integrating evidence, data, and geographic models or theories. Ensure each piece of evidence is analyzed and connected back to your thesis.

Concluding Effectively

The conclusion should restate your thesis, summarize the main points of your body paragraphs, and highlight the broader implications of your findings. Avoid introducing new information; instead, close the essay by reflecting on its significance.

Referencing and Bibliography

Overview of citation styles common in geography.

Geography papers commonly use APA or Chicago citation styles. Familiarize yourself with the one required for your essay, as each has specific rules for formatting in-text citations and bibliography entries.

Importance of Avoiding Plagiarism

Always credit the original authors of your sources. Use quotations for direct citations and paraphrase information with proper attribution. Plagiarism undermines your credibility and can have serious academic consequences.

Editing and Proofreading

Strategies for effective editing.

Review your essay multiple times, focusing on different aspects: content, structure, and clarity. Check for coherence in your arguments and the seamless integration of evidence.

Tips for Grammar, Punctuation, and Stylistic Consistency

Use tools like grammar checkers, but also manually review your essay. Pay attention to sentence structure, punctuation, and ensure stylistic consistency throughout the document.

Presentation and Submission

Adhering to format guidelines.

Follow the specified guidelines for font size, margins, spacing, and headers. Consistent formatting contributes to the professionalism and readability of your essay.

Importance of Visual Elements in Geography Essays

Visual elements like maps and graphs are crucial. They should be clear, well-labeled, and referenced in the text. Ensure they are relevant and enhance the reader’s understanding of your argument.

Examples and Resources

Examples of strong thesis statements and well-structured paragraphs.

• Thesis Statement: “The impact of climate change on coastal cities is multifaceted, leading to not only physical changes but also socio-economic challenges.”
• Paragraph Structure: Start with a clear topic sentence, followed by evidence and analysis, and conclude with a sentence that ties back to the essay’s thesis.

List of Resources for Further Support

• Writing Centers: Many educational institutions offer writing support services.
• Online Tools: Grammarly for proofreading, Zotero for managing citations, and Purdue OWL for style guidelines.
• Academic Journals: Access through your institution’s library for examples of scholarly work.

Remember, writing a geography essay is as much about showcasing your knowledge as it is about effective communication. Ensure that each part of your essay works towards clearly presenting your findings and analysis.

A Level Geography Model Answers: see A* essays in practice

See how a top-level answer is written.

Model Answers are a powerful resource to help see a top level answer in action. Model Essays from Study Geography have been marked at an A* before, so you can see how to structure an answer and the different elements that go into it.

Why should I use A Level Geography Model Answers?

Wide range available.

We’ve made available a wide range of Model Answers that demonstrate how to answer questions for a range of topics.

Essay Structure

A Level Geography Model Answers give you an idea about how to structure an essay, and what to include.

Put technique to practice

Paired with our Exam Guidance resources, Model Answers show you how to apply what you’ve learned previously.

Try out our A Level Geography Model Answers

Register interest today.

With A Level Geography Model Answers and many more features included, register interest in Study Geography today. You’ll hear about our launch and other updates as soon as we have them!

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The Evaluation Spider : a Way to Develop High Quality ‘Evaluation’ in A level Geography Essays

20th March 2016

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One of the most challenging aspects in writing good-quality extended answers is for A level students to understand how to ‘evaluate’. It is often a requirement of the highest mark bands in essay questions that require a student to critically reflect on policies, strategies and management plans and assess their degree of success, or otherwise. This evaluative quality frequently features in human geography questions, but may be equally applicable to physical/human interactions, such as evaluating a response to a natural hazard.

Andy recently finished being a classroom geographer after 35 years at two schools in East Yorkshire as head of geography, head of the humanities faculty and director of the humanities specialism. He has written extensively about teaching and geography - with articles in the TES, Geography GCSE Wideworld and Teaching Geography.

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Geography Revision

GCSE, AS and A Level Geography Revision

Edexcel A Level Geography – Revision Notes & Study Resources

Well done, you’re almost there – you’re about to take your Edexcel A-Level Geography exams! You might well be thinking; how did time fly so fast? I’m not ready! But there’s no need to get anxious – you’ll feel better the moment you get started with revision. First and foremost you should write up a well-structured revision plan. A thought-out revision strategy will guide you up until exam day and give you confidence that you’ve covered all your bases. It will also make it easier to break down the large amount of content that you have to learn for you’re A-Level Geography exams. Here is all you need to know to prepare and how we can help you get the very best results.

If you’ve looked at a few different examination board websites, you will have noticed that A-Levels are fairly standardised in that their core content is usually similar if not identical. However, examination boards do differ in how they assess students and in what they place emphasis on. Each examination board devises its own assessment scheme based on the principles of education they most focus on. In this case, the Edexcel exam board emphasises multiple-choice questions as a means of examinations. Knowing this will help you prepare for your A-Level Geography exams. In this case, it would be smart to use test quizzes to prepare for multiple-choice exam papers.

About the Board

Edexcel comes from the combination of education and excellence and was created with an agreement between Edexcel Foundation and Pearson Plc in 2003. Since then it has been the only examination board in the UK which is privately owned. Edexcel A-Level Geography is assessed as a linear course which means that you will take all of your exams at the end of the year as opposed to throughout it.

How long will the course take to complete?

If you are taking just Edexcel AS Geography, then it will take you 1 year to complete the course. However, if you are taking the full Edexcel A-Level Geography, then it will take you a total of 2 academic years to complete the course. It is up to you which you will choose and whether you do the AS, or the A-Level will largely depend on your interest in geography as a subject. When making the decision you also want to bear in mind your academic future. Most universities ask you to have at least three full A-Levels to admit you onto their courses. Geography can (but doesn’t have to be) one of those.

Is any prior knowledge required?

You’re not required to have taken any specific courses prior to taking Edexcel A-Level Geography. But for ease of learning and understanding, it is recommended that you complete GCSE Geography (or equivalent) prior to tackling the A-Level.

What will I study?

What you study will depend on whether you have taken AS or the A-Level Geography. If you took AS Level Geography then you will cover tectonic processes and hazards, and landscape systems, processes, and change for the physical geography component of your course. Meanwhile, for the human geography component, you will study globalisation and shaping places.

If you have opted to take the full A-Level Geography course then you will study the above topics as well as the water cycle & water insecurity, and the carbon cycle and energy insecurity for physical geography. As for human geography, you will also study superpowers in global governance and global development and connections.

What is the examination process like?

The exams themselves also depend on whether you are taking AS or A-Level Geography. If you chose to take only AS Level Geography, then you will take just two written exams. Each will last 1 hour and 45 minutes and be worth 50% of your final grade. For AS Level Geography you are also required to complete a minimum of two full days of fieldwork.

If you opted to take A-Level Geography for two years, then you will be assessed based on three timed written assessments and one non-examined (coursework) assessment. The first two papers (one covering the physical and the other covering the human geography topics) will last 2 hours and 15 minutes each and be worth 30% each. The third written paper (Synoptic Investigation of a Contemporary Geographical Issue) will also last 2 hours and 15 minutes but be worth 20% of your final grade. Finally, the fourth component will involve a 3-4,000-word essay based on an independent geographical investigation during you’re A-Level. It will be worth 20% of your final grade.

In order to be prepared on exam day, you should be revising A-Level Geography a few hours a day, preferably three to four. This is the perfect balance as you need a few hours to really get into the topics properly and retain information, but you also need to know when to stop in order to avoid burnout. Studying for hours on end each day at some point loses its point as your brain will not be able to focus for 12 hours in a row each day for weeks.

One of the ways to ensure that you are as focused as possible is to maintain a healthy lifestyle during exam season. Eat your greens and get some exercise! This will help you manage your stress and wake up fresh and motivated each morning during your weeks of revision. Finally, don’t forget to engage with your content and not just read out of your textbooks. Writing flashcards, taking notes, creating mind maps and studying in groups will help you engage with your content actively and increase the chances of information retention. As you progress start taking timed practice papers by using past exam papers. These will help you learn how to manage your time and you’ll know what to expect come exam day. At A-Level Geography we are committed to helping you get the very best grades this exam season and in order to do so, we have quite a lot of engaging material waiting for you. Let’s begin!

A-Level Geography: 5 things successful students do

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Studying A-Level Geography is truly fascinating. However, it's a very content-heavy subject with a lot of case study material to remember , which can overwhelm some students.  

I interviewed David Rendle, a former Geography teacher with 25 years of experience and an A-Level examiner, to get some insight into how A-Level Geography students can set themselves up for success. 

Read on to find out what David says are the 5 things successful A-Level Geography students do – and how you can do them too. 

You can also listen to the full conversation using the podcast player above or listen on The School Success Formula podcast on Apple podcasts or wherever you get your podcasts.

1. They manage their time well in A-Level Geography exams

Students who do well in exams use their time wisely . Here's how you can manage your time in Geography exams:

• Practise exam questions throughout the year under timed conditions . 

This helps to develop a concise and accurate writing style. It also develops writing stamina that you need to successfully complete your exam paper. 

• Work out the number of marks per minute that the exam paper offers, then allocate the appropriate amount of time for each question. 

Working out how much time you should spend on each question beforehand can be key to managing your time in the exam. And, if you don’t manage to finish a question in the allotted time, don't be tempted to carry on writing. Leave space and come back to it once you’ve finished the rest of the paper. 

• Don't spend too much time on the low tariff questions.  

Examiners' comments have highlighted that successful A-Level Geography students don’t waste time on low tariff questions. Don’t use any more time than you allocate the question based on how many marks it’s worth.

If you know your stuff, you can quite often whizz through the low tariff questions quickly. You might even be able to spend less time on them than the number of marks per minute suggests. This will mean you have more time to spend on the higher tariff questions. 

Of course, this advice works for managing time in exams for other subjects as well, not just  A-Level Geography. 

2. They write excellent A-Level Geography  essays

Writing excellent essays means that you’re able to demonstrate to the examiner that you have good subject knowledge and you’re able to apply it critically to your case studies. 

Here are three  ways you can improve your essays in an A-Level Geography exam:

Be really clear about what the question is asking of you

You need to understand what the examiner means when they use commands like: 

• To what extent do you agree?
• Assess the relative importance of…

David recommends making quick essay plans as part of your A-Level Geography revision. For example, you might write the title and create a two-column table, then jot down the points for one side of the argument in one column and the points for the other side of the argument in the other column. 

By doing this over and over for a number of essay titles, you’ll get an understanding of what each command is asking of you. 

David will be talking about this revision method in more detail in the How to Revise A-Level Geography masterclass, which you can sign up for here: How to Revise A-Level Geography Masterclass

Cherry-pick relevant parts of the case study to support your argument

Successful Geography students understand that they don’t need to write everything they’ve learned about a particular case study. Instead, they carefully select the bits of the case study that support their argument. 

Understand what the examiner is looking for

Examiners want to give you the marks. What you’ve got to do is make their life easy and show them exactly what they want to see.

A great way of doing this is to look at examiners' commentaries on candidates' answers and learn from what they’ve liked and what they’ve disliked about other students’ responses.

You can also practice planning and writing essays using the mark schemes from A-Level Geography past papers and get feedback from your teachers. This is an invaluable revision technique that’s covered in the Power Hour, which you can find out more about in this Power Hour blog post . There are also more in-depth resources about the Power Hour in The Extraordinaries Club .

David will be going into more depth about this in the masterclass . He’ll show you how you can really get into the mindset of the examiner and where marks are earned and lost.

3. They focus on what's important in the case studies

I remember learning case studies when I was at school studying Geography. I tried to learn every stat, every fact and every figure, and I spent way too much time on that. In the end, I was quite disappointed when I finished the exam because I hadn't been able to use all the information. 

Many A-Level Geography students have the exact same issue and find it very frustrating. 

How can you distil the vast amount of case study information into something more manageable?

The amount of case study material in the standard textbook is often quite a daunting, with lots of statistics and information to assimilate. Instead of memorising the whole thing, condense it into the information you need to write a top-grade answer. David’s advice is to get the key points of the case study onto one side of A4 paper – no more than one side and not using really small writing. 

Again, David will be going into this more in the masterclass . He’ll be offering some examples of templates that you can use to get down the key points you really need to know from the case studies.

Making case studies relevant to you

Another problem that students sometimes find is that the case studies are about places they’ve never been to before. It can be quite hard to visualise what the environment is like if you've never seen it for yourself.

You don’t need to book a flight and visit the area in person to make it meaningful though. Using Google Maps and Google Earth , you can figuratively fly to the exact location of the case study. Have a look at it from above, then use Street View to look around at ground level as well. This virtual field trip can help you become a bit more familiar with the location of the case study – and therefore make the details easier to remember as well. 

One of David’s previous tutees even created her own case study material from her own experience in her local area and her travels. These were much more relevant and interesting to her than the textbook case studies because she’d seen these places for herself. 

However, if you do create your own case studies, make sure they’re factual and not made up. The examiners are professional Geographers and will be interested enough to look something up if they’re not sure about it. 

4. They use A-Level Geography exam resources wisely

As David puts it, the examiner isn’t interested in wasting ink. Everything they put on the paper is meant to be useful to the student taking the exam.

When you see a command like ‘study figure four’ in an exam question,  don't just glance at figure four – interrogate it. 

Try and get every last bit of information from any resource you’re given. If it's a map, look for the north arrow, the scale and the key. Interpret every single item on that key.

It’s amazing how many marks you can earn just from extracting information from the resource in front of you. 

You can use the resources to spark ideas too. Sometimes just spending a moment to really interrogate the resource can get you thinking. It can enable you to make connections that will help you answer the current question. It might even give you clues that will help you answer other questions in the exam paper. 

It’s also important that you don't panic when faced with a resource in an exam, even if it’s nothing like anything you’ve seen before. The A-Level Geography curriculum teaches higher-order thinking skills ; using the resources in exams is about applying the knowledge you’ve learned in the classroom to real-life matters. 

Spend some time really looking at the resource carefully and pulling out every single detail. By doing that, you’ll be able to make connections with the theory that you learned in class. 

5. They're real-world Geographers

Being a real-world Geographer means being aware of all the links and connections between different aspects of Geography in the real-world.

In examiners speak, it's called synopticity and it’s embedded in the assessment objectives across all the A-Level exam boards for Geography. 

Everything is related and interconnected. One set of factors cause another set of processes, and then those processes trigger something else, and so on. You can see a great example of this in the YouTube video, How Wolves Change Rivers . 

Whether you’ve travelled a lot or not, you can find connections between what you're learning in class and places that are real to you. You can make geographical connections with current events as well too; almost every news story has some element of Geography to it. Making these synoptic connections can help solidify your understanding and really bring your subject knowledge to life. 

Do you want more help with A-Level Geography revision? 

If you’d like to find out more about how you can become a successful A-Level Geography student, sign up for the How to Revise A-Level Geography Masterclass that David is running on Thursday 18th November 2021 at 7.00 pm.

In the masterclass, you’ll discover:

• A useful revision prioritisation technique so that you focus on the areas which will earn you the most marks
• How to cut down the volume of case study detail making it easier to remember
• Quick essay planning techniques
• Examples of excellent geography writing to emulate
• Common mistakes examiners see and how to avoid them
• Exam skills so that you answer the questions in front of you in the time you have available
• And lots more…

Click here to find out more about the masterclass and sign up. 

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• How to Choose the Right A-levels: a Guide for GCSE Students

However, the decisions you make now will set you on a course that can be difficult to change, so it’s important to make the right subject choices at this early stage. The aim of this guide is to help you see things more clearly and get a good impression of the possible options, whether you have your heart set on a particular career path or not. We’ll consider the best A-levels to take for a variety of popular university subjects, and then give some more general advice if you’re not sure what it is you want to study.

How many A-levels should I take?

The minimum requirement even for the best universities is that you take three A-levels (excluding General Studies); these will be the basis of your offer. Some students choose to take on additional AS or full A-level subjects, giving them a total of four or five A-levels with which to apply to university. With the possible exception of the occasional Oxbridge college, you won’t be at a disadvantage for only taking three; indeed, it’s better to take three and get brilliant results in all three than it is to take on more than you can handle and get worse results because of it. Only take on what you think you can realistically manage, and talk to your teachers about the workload you can expect from the subjects you think you might want to study.

As a minimum, students will usually choose four AS-level subjects, one of which will be dropped at A2. General Studies is a compulsory fifth AS or even A2 subject at many schools, but will not usually count towards university admissions. It doesn’t require much extra study, however. One general piece of advice is: don’t take courses that are too similar. For instance, Biology is very similar to Human Biology. While it’s good to be fairly focused, it’s better to demonstrate a wider breadth of knowledge and skills by picking complementary but different fields, such as Biology and Chemistry. It’s also worth remembering that exam boards differ. For instance, OCR is reputed to be harder for Maths than AQA or Edexcel. While you probably won’t have any choice in which exam board you use unless you’re self-studying the subject in question, it’s worth looking up which exam board your school uses so you can be sure the kind of assessment you’ll receive will suit you.

The best A-levels for specific degree subjects

Let’s start by looking in detail at recommended A-level subjects for those who know what subject they want to take a degree in. We’ve covered the most common degree courses below. Universities typically differentiate between subjects that are essential for studying a particular course and subjects that are merely useful. Therefore in the subject lists that follow, those in bold are generally deemed essential for studying the subject, while those in italics are often seen as useful but not necessarily required. The rest are subjects that complement the course with transferrable skills or useful background knowledge, and are suggestions based on ideas offered by a selection of university admissions pages.

A-levels in Latin and Classical Greek are highly desirable if you want to study classics. We’ve marked them as essential below, as they are a requirement for many Classics courses. However, not all schools offer these subjects at A-level, and many universities also offer ab initio courses for those who haven’t studied the classical languages before. If you choose this option, you’ll may be required to attend a summer school or get your Latin and Greek up to a minimum standard in some other way during the summer preceding the start of your university course. – Latin – Classical Greek – Foreign Language, e.g. French or Italian – Classical Civilisations – Classics courses usually contain some element of studying the history and archaeology of the time, so a grounding in the basics will prove helpful if this option is open to you. – History – History of Art

Politics degree courses don’t usually carry any specific entrance requirements, and a mix of humanities and sciences will provide a solid foundation and good general knowledge. – History – Government and Politics – Geography – Sociology – Psychology – Economics – English Literature – Foreign Language – Law – Mathematics

Many music degrees have performance, theory, history and composition components. A-level Music, along with a high standard on at least one musical instrument (with practical and theory exam grades to prove it), will be essential or highly desirable. In addition to your main instrument, Grade 5 piano is often considered desirable. If your school doesn’t offer A-level music, some universities will accept ABRSM Grade 8 Music Theory instead (note that A-level Music Technology is unlikely to be considered a suitable alternative to A-level Music). Other than music, it’s up to you what else you study; essay-based subjects are useful, and it’s often said that musicians make good mathematicians (and vice versa)! – Music – English Literature – History – Mathematics

While there are usually no set requirements for studying Philosophy at university, a mix of arts and science subjects will prove useful – an arts-based subject will give you essay-writing skills, while science subjects help develop your logic and reason. If your school offers Philosophy it would be worth taking it; though it won’t be an advantage in applying (since not many schools offer it, it would put you at an unfair advantage), it will at least give you a feel for the subject and whether it’s something you’d like to pursue. – Philosophy – English Literature – English Language and Literature – History – Mathematics – Physics

Most universities have no specific entrance requirements for Geography – not even A-level Geography! – instead favouring a mix of humanities and sciences subjects. Geography is quite a wide-ranging subject and can focus on aspects to do with people (populations, demographics and so on) or on Earth processes. Note that even though Geography A-level isn’t usually a requirement, in practice most applicants will have it, and if nothing else, studying it at A-level will at least help you make sure it’s what you want to study at university. – Geography – Geology – Economics – Sociology – Environmental Science – Biology – Chemistry – Mathematics – Physics – Foreign Language

Engineering

The study of engineering at university typically requires A-levels in Mathematics and at least one other science, usually Physics. Further Mathematics is not usually given as an entrance requirement, but it is definitely highly desirable to at least AS level, as you’re likely to struggle without if you take engineering to degree level. Technology subjects are also seen as desirable by many universities. – Mathematics – Physics – Further Mathematics – Chemistry – Biology – Environmental Science – Geology – Geography – Computer Science – Design and Technology – Economics – Statistics

Oxford Royale offers summer courses in engineering for those that are looking to learn about the profession, develop skills and improve their chances to a successful application in the future.

Economists deal with a lot of numbers, so you’ll need Mathematics and ideally Further Mathematics to be able to study Economics at university. Economics at A-level is useful preparation, but don’t worry if your school doesn’t offer it; Business Studies is also seen as a good relevant A-level. – Mathematics – Further Mathematics – Economics – Business Studies – Government and Politics – Statistics

Oxford Royale offers summer courses in business for those that are looking to learn about the profession, develop skills and improve their chances to a successful application in the future.

With Chemistry and Mathematics generally seen as essential for the study of Chemistry at undergraduate level, it’s advisable to have at least one other science and Further Mathematics. We’ve included the most traditional and respected ones here; some universities will also accept subjects such as Computing, Design and Technology and Psychology as additional science subjects. – Chemistry – Mathematics – Physics – Biology – Human Biology – Further Mathematics

Further Mathematics, while not usually part of offers, is in reality something that most students will struggle without when it comes to studying physics as an undergraduate. It’s advisable to have at least two science subjects. As above, we’ve included the most well-respected subjects here. – Physics – Mathematics – Further Mathematics – Chemistry – Biology – Human Biology

As with the other sciences, at least two science subjects at A-level are recommended for studying a Biology degree. If you want to focus on Human Biology in your degree but your school doesn’t offer Human Biology A-level, you shouldn’t be at any disadvantage. Again, only the most well-respected subjects are included here. – Biology/Human Biology – Mathematics – Chemistry – Physics – Further Mathematics

Chemistry is normally considered essential for medicine, with at least one other science subject (normally Biology or Physics). In practice, the vast majority of applicants will have three or more science subjects, which will put them at an advantage over someone with only two sciences. – Chemistry – Biology/Human Biology – Physics – Mathematics – Psychology (note that this is unlikely to be considered for your second science subject; it might make a good AS subject or fourth A-level)

Oxford Royale offers summer courses in medicine for those that are looking to learn about the profession, develop skills and improve their chances to a successful application in the future.

Mathematics

Mathematics is essential. Further Mathematics is also essential at some universities, though most will offer catch-up classes if your school doesn’t offer it. If you can take Further Mathematics, you certainly should; a third science subject will strengthen your skills in related areas. This is the one exception to the rule that you should not take courses that are too similar. – Maths – Further Maths – Physics – Chemistry – Biology/Human Biology – Statistics – Computing

While no specific subjects are required, you’ll usually need a science A-level to study Psychology at university, ideally Biology and/or Mathematics. Social sciences and humanities subjects can provide useful background as well, and if Psychology is offered at your school then it’s worth taking it so that you know whether it’s something you’ll find interesting enough to take to degree level. – Psychology – Biology/Human Biology – Mathematics – Chemistry – Sociology

Computer Science

You don’t normally need to know any programming in order to take a Computer Science degree, but Mathematics is essential and Further Mathematics desirable. Taking at least one other science subject would also be useful. Many students think that ICT would be advantageous; in fact, it’s probably better avoided. – Mathematics – Further Mathematics – Physics – Chemistry – Computer Science – Electronics – Geology

Architecture

Architecture doesn’t necessarily require specific A-levels; what it does require is that you present a portfolio of your work, which is mostly easily achieved by taking an A-level that requires you produce that sort of coursework, such as Art or Art and Design. A minority of Architecture courses also require Maths. Some Architecture courses are more Art-orientated and others are more Maths or Physics-orientated, so bear this in mind when choosing your A-levels if you prefer a particular course or a particular university. – Mathematics – Art – Design and Technology – Further Mathematics – Physics – Chemistry – History of Art – Geology

Oxford Royale offers summer courses in architecture for those that are looking to learn about the profession, develop skills and improve their chances to a successful application in the future.

Keeping your options open

Many people have absolutely no idea what they want to do at university or for their career. That’s not a problem at all – it just means you need to keep your options open when it comes to your A-level choices. So what’s the best thing to do if you really have no idea? Choose subjects you enjoy – you’ll do better in your studies if you have an interest in the subject! Choose subjects in which you are predicted to get good GCSE grades – chances are you’ll do well in these subjects at A-level, too, earning you better grades and therefore more university options. Choose a range of subjects – both humanities and science subjects. This will give you the greatest choice when it comes to applying for university. It’s also worth thinking about the transferrable skills demonstrated by different subject choices. For example: – Essay-based subjects such as English Literature or History demonstrate analytical skills and critical thinking. – Science subjects such as Physics or Mathematics demonstrate logic and familiarity with scientific principles. – Practical subjects such as Art or Music demonstrate self-discipline and creative thinking. If you pick a range of subjects across these fields, you’ll have more than enough to show your capabilities in different areas.

Subjects best avoided for top universities

Taking more traditional A-level subjects such as English, History or the sciences will generally open up more doors for you than some of the newer subjects. The entrance requirements don’t always say it, but there are some subjects that aren’t looked on with much respect by many universities, particularly top ones. This is because some subjects don’t necessarily develop or demonstrate the academic and scholarly skills needed to succeed at undergraduate level. If you’re thinking of applying for a respected university, non-traditional subjects such as those below are best avoided unless they’re a fourth or fifth AS or A-level sitting alongside three solid traditional choices: General studies – this is compulsory at a lot of schools and colleges. Just bear in mind that it’s very unlikely to count towards your minimum three A-levels required for university admissions. Critical Thinking Media Studies – unless you’re applying for a degree in media or film studies, of course! Dance Home Economics

‘Facilitating’ subjects

Another source you might want to take into account when choosing your A-levels is the Russell Group’s list of so-called ‘facilitating subjects’ – particularly if you’re thinking of applying to a Russell Group university. The subjects are: – Mathematics and Further Mathematics – English Literature – Physics – Biology – Chemistry – Geography – History – Languages (Classical and Modern) These are the subjects that are most often required by top universities. It’s worth being clear it’s not an exhaustive list of ‘hard’ subjects, but instead it’s the case that picking options from this list will keep your options open. For example, taking Business Studies, Economics and Law will leave you well set for an Economics degree at most universities, but taking Mathematics, Geography and a language will be equally good preparation for an Economics degree while leaving a slew of other possibilities open to you, as well as being more respected by top universities. If you’re aiming for Oxford or Cambridge , choosing subjects from this list is even more important; Clare College in Cambridge says that “most of our successful applicants over the last couple of years have offered facilitating subjects for most or all of their A-levels.” So what do you do if most or all of your first choices of subject aren’t on this list? First of all, it depends on which degree you’re aiming for. If you’ve got your heart set on something like Music, Drama or Art, those subjects are more likely to form part of your A-level choices, even at top universities. Additionally, universities lower down the league tables will place less importance on your subject choices so long as they remain relevant to your course choice. But if you’re aiming for an academic subject at a Russell Group university – or a non-Russell Group university with a similar position in the league tables – you’ll need to take at least two subjects from the list above to give yourself a good chance of getting in.

Making the final choice

To help make your final decision, talk to your teachers and read the syllabus for each of the courses you’re potentially interested in. You could even pop to the library and take a look at some of the texts and course books you’d be expected to study. This will help you get a feel for what each subject is like, and should aid your decision-making process. Finally, good luck – you have an exciting time ahead of you and we hope this guide has helped you!

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Is A-Level Geography worth taking?

Choosing your A-Levels can be a stressful time. The fear of limiting yourself to a small career pool or picking something you won’t end up liking is very daunting for some pupils. This blog will give you the rundown of what A-Level Geography covers, what the exams are like and what you can do with an A-Level in Geography in the future.

* The information in this blog post concerning the exam format is applicable to the CCEA specification, however, there are lots of similarities across all of the exam boards across the UK.*

What is A-Level Geography all about?

Taking A-level geography in the UK is a great way to gain a deeper understanding of the world around us. Not only will it help to develop skills such as critical thinking and problem-solving, but it can also open up the possibility of pursuing a degree in Geography and many other subjects at university.

A-level Geography is an engaging and interesting subject that explores the physical, human and environmental Geography of the UK and beyond. It provides students with an understanding of how the world works and how human activities affect the environment. It also allows you to gain a greater appreciation of the diversity and complexity of the world around us.

Physical and Human Geography at A-Level

Similarly to GCSE, the A-Level course is split into Human and Physical Geography sections.

Physical Geography

Physical geography looks at the formation of our world as we know it and involves studying the natural processes which create landforms.

Here are a few of the topics your school may choose to look at in the Physical Geography section of the course:

• Fluvial Environments (rivers)
• Tropical Ecosystems
• Oceans and Coastal Landforms
• Plate Tectonics

Human Geography

Human Geography is the study of how people interact with their physical environment, including the impact of human settlement patterns, the use of resources, and the implications of population growth and movement. It also examines the cultural and political dynamics of societies, including the effects of globalization, cultural diversity, and identity. Topics that are studied at A-Level include:

• Settlement (or Planning for Sustainable Settlement)
• Development
• Cultural Geography
• Ethnic Diversity

It is important to note that your school or exam board may offer different topics. Usually, it is the decision of your school to decide which topics are undertaken. At AS, the exam board typically sets out the topics which should be taught whereas at A-Level here is a choice in which part of the specification your school should cover for the exam.

How is A-Level Geography taught?

A-Level Geography requires students to make connections between theory and real-life scenarios. Case studies are a key element of the subject and throughout the course, you will study up to 20 different ones. The precise statistics in the case studies allow students to build arguments in their answers and provide evidence to theories that they have learnt.

They are particularly important in Human Geography and this website provides lots of background information that will be helpful to the case studies that your school chooses.

How is A-Level Geography assessed?

Exam boards across the UK examine Geography through a series of exams. I have outlined the assessment carried out by CCEA below – a popular exam board for Northern Irish schools.

At AS-Level, three exams are taken. One assesses Physical Geography, one examines Human Geography and the third is a shorter exam which covers questions on fieldwork which would have been carried out on a school trip.

The exams are weighted to calculate your overall grade.

AS 1: Physical Geography – External exam 1 hour 15 mins, 40% of AS, 16% of A level AS 2: Human Geography – External exam 1 hour 15 mins, 40% of AS, 16% of A level AS 3: Fieldwork Skills and Techniques – External exam 1 hour, 20% of AS, 8% of A level

A2-Level is assessed again by 3 exams. The exams are longer but are divided into similar categories. Questions at this level require longer responses and are more open, allowing candidates to provide as much information as they think is applicable.

While 1.5 hours seems like a long time, in the grand scheme of things it is not. The amount of information that will be studied prior to these exams means that students will always have more than enough to write and the majority actually struggle to finish on time.

A2 1: Physical Processes, Landforms and Management – External exam 1 hour 30 mins, 24% of A level A2 2: Processes and Issues in Human Geography – External exam 1 hour 30 mins, 24% of A level A2 3: Decision-Making in Geography – External exam 1 hour 30 mins, 12% of A level

The third assessment is an examination of your decision-making skills. Within a short amount of time, you are challenged to read a series of articles, graphics and reports on a proposed project and write an answer detailing your opinion. You are tasked to back up your decision with evidence that has been provided and must write from the perspective of a given figure.

See these links for the assessment outline of the exam boards AQA and WJEC .

https://www.aqa.org.uk/subjects/geography/as-and-a-level/geography-7037/scheme-of-assessment

https://www.wjec.co.uk/media/wijlspii/wjec-gce-geography-spec-from-2016-e.pdf

Why should I study A-Level Geography?

Studying A-Level Geography will provide you with key skills searched for by employers. Students gain an awareness of global issues and are tasked with being able to discuss ideas. The exams test skills on being able to write succinctly but in detail. Essay-based questions give an opportunity for students to display all that they have learnt from case studies.

Students will develop scientific skills by studying Geography. The importance of data recording and accuracy is studied and is applicable to many fields beyond high school. The interpretation of data through graphs and charts is equally important in the subject.

Geography A-Level can lead to many different degree options and careers. Taking a Geography degree at university does the exact same. A degree in the subject opens many different paths and is not as limiting as other degrees such as medicine or accounting.

Geography provides a broad starting point from which you can specialise. You do not have to take a Geography degree solely because you chose it for A-Level. For example, those that really enjoy the physical element of Geography could narrow down to Environmental Science at university. Students that really enjoyed studying settlement in the human aspect may opt for a Planning degree.

You might also decide that you don’t want to go to university at all and that is completely fine too! There are multiple apprenticeship programmes that you could apply for and utilise the skills that you are taught in A-Level Geography.

If you’re thinking about your long-term goals from studying Geography at A-Level, you might find this post interesting:

Is Geography a good degree?

It discusses the advantages of taking a Geography degree and why it is also a broad and diverse qualification.

While having GCSE knowledge of Geography will help considerably in the A-Level course, it isn’t a requirement for many schools. It’s best to check with the department head though and you should be aware that you may be behind in comparison to your fellow classmates.

Geography is definitely not the hardest subject at A-Level but it all depends on your learning style. An article by Oxford Summer Courses ranks it as being the 10th easiest A-Level. If you have a good memory, are willing to put in the time to learn the content and can write good-quality answers under pressure, then you’ll have no problems passing.

According to Think Student, 98.7% of all students who enter into A-Level Geography exams pass. While this is an incredibly high figure it’s important to remember that at A-Level an E is a pass and the distribution of grades varies for exam boards.

Trips are a key aspect of studying Geography and it is highly likely that you’ll be taken on a few throughout the course. This depends on your school though and it’s important you don’t just take Geography to get a day out of school!

As A-Level Geography encompasses both the natural and manmade world, the subject fits nicely with many others. Some students opt to choose other science subjects such as Biology and Chemistry which have some overlap in content. Others decide to pursue the humanities route and take Geography alongside Politics or History.

To sum up…

Taking Geography A-Level would be very beneficial to you and fits nicely with other science A-Level subjects. It is a very broad choice and will not limit your degree and career options. The skills you learn throughout the course can be applied to lots of different roles. The qualification is not particularly strenuous so long as you put in the work and effort required to obtain the marks. And remember…if you do choose to take A-Level Geography, The Geo Room is here to support you every step of the way!

Charlotte is the founder of The Geo Room. She is a Geography University Student with a passion for travel and combines her love for Geography and travelling right here on The Geo Room. As an expert in both fields, Charlotte shares tips and tricks to do with both Geography and travel to help readers understand more about the world we live in, and how to make the most of travelling around it.

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A Level Geography essay writing technique cheat sheet

Subject: Geography

Age range: 16+

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