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English for Writing Research Papers

2011, Springer

English for Writing Research Papers By Adrian Wallwork Publishing your research in an international journal is key to your success in academia. This guide is based on a study of referees' reports and letters from journal editors on reasons why papers written by non-native researchers are rejected due to problems with English usage. It draws on English-related errors from around 5000 papers written by non-native authors, 500 abstracts by PhD students, and over 1000 hours of teaching researchers how to write and present research papers. With easy-to-follow rules and tips, and with examples taken from published and unpublished papers, you will learn how to: prepare and structure a manuscript q increase readability and reduce the number of mistakes you make in English by q writing concisely, with no redundancy and no ambiguity plan and organize your paper, and structure each paragraph and each sentence q so that the reader can easily follow the logical build-up towards various conclusions write a title and an abstract that will attract attention and be read q decide what to include in the various parts of the paper (Introduction, q Methodology, Discussion etc) select from over 700 useful phrases q highlight your claims and contribution q avoid plagiarism and make it 100% clear whether you are referring to your own q work or someone else's choose the correct tenses and style (active or passive) q The book also includes around 700 useful phrases for use in any kind for research paper.

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Nataly Natal

طلال العمري

A primary task of a researcher is the communication of technical results to the broader scientific community. Whether in written or oral form, scientific communication is a critical step in the scientific method and is the key driver of movement within a scientific field. Therefore, the construction of a written scientific manuscript must not be taken lightly. As part of our service to the broader scientific community, we thought it may be beneficial to identify some of the common aspects of a well constructed scientific manuscript. These points are briefly discussed below. It should be noted that manuscripts that are successfully submitted to a journal for publication have three main components: (1) the overall idea, (2) the execution of the work, and (3) the presentation of the work. While each of these is critical, the guidelines presented below primarily speak to the third component, namely the presentation of the scientific work. Thus a poor idea or a poorly designed investigation can not be saved by an excellent presentation of the work, and equally an excellent idea that is well investigated can still be doomed by a poor presentation. Hopefully the concepts described below will help to minimize the latter situation.

ekaterina vnukova

Mansoor Ahmed Khan

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Research paper

Research paper is a written report which contains the results of original scientific research (primary research article) or the review of published scientific papers on one or several science topics (review article). In primary research articles, the authors give vital information about the research that allows other members of the scientific community to evaluate it, reproduce science experiments, and also to assess the reasoning and conclusions drawn from them. Review articles are designed to analyze, evaluate, summarize or synthesize research already conducted in primary academic sources. Quite often, a science article combines these two types of scientific text, including the overview and original parts.

Currently, the number of scientific articles in open access is growing fast, but all of them are spread on numerous science websites on the Internet, and therefore it is hard for a researcher to find the necessary information for new science discoveries or download PDF due to the unreliability of websites.

CyberLeninka is intended to solve this problem. We provide platform, which aggregates a lot of free articles from various open access peer-reviewed journals . And our global goal is to build new research infrastructure for academia.

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English for Writing Research Papers

• © 2023
• Latest edition
• Adrian Wallwork 0

Pisa, Italy

You can also search for this author in PubMed   Google Scholar

• How to: structure sections (abstract, methods) and keep editors/ referees happy
• Sentence/paragraph structure; avoiding redundancy, ambiguity and plagiarism; using AI to correct and paraphrase
• Unique insights into writing skills based on editing around 5000 research papers authored by non-natives

Part of the book series: English for Academic Research (EAR)

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About this book

Publishing your research in an international journal is key to your success in academia. This guide is based on a study of over 1000 manuscripts and reviewers' reports revealing why papers written by non-native researchers are often rejected due to problems with English usage and poor structure and content. 

With easy-to-follow rules and tips, and examples taken from published and unpublished papers, you will learn how to:

• prepare and structure a manuscript
• increase readability and reduce the number of mistakes you make in English by writing concisely, with no redundancy and no  ambiguity
• write a title and an abstract that will attract attention and be read
• decide what to include in the various parts of the paper (Introduction, Methodology, Discussion etc)
• highlight your claims and contribution
• avoid plagiarism
• discuss the limitations of your research
• choose the correct tenses and style
• satisfy the requirements of editors and reviewers

This edition has two completely new chapters covering machine translation and using AI tools (e.g. chatbots, paraphrasers, editing tools) to improve and correct the English of a text.

Other titles in this series:

Grammar, Usage and Style

Grammar, Vocabulary, and Writing Exercises (three volumes)

100 Tips to Avoid Mistakes in Academic Writing and Presenting

English for Presentations at International Conferences

English for Academic Correspondence

English for Interacting on Campus

English for Academic CVs, Resumes, and Online Profiles

English for Academic Research: A Guide for Teachers

Adrian Wallwork  is the author of more than 40 English Language Teaching (ELT) and English for Academic Purposes (EAP) textbooks. He has trained several thousand PhDstudents and researchers from 50 countries to write papers. He edits research manuscripts through his own proofreading and editing agency.

• Research papers
• preparing and structuring a manuscript
• readability
• avoiding mistakes
• redundancy and ambiguity
• introductions
• review of the literature
• highlighting results

Table of contents (20 chapters)

Front matter, writing skills, planning and preparation.

Adrian Wallwork

Word order and sentence length

Structuring paragraphs, being concise and removing redundancy, avoiding ambiguity, repetition, and vague language, clarifying and highlighting, discussing your limitations, readability, automatic translation, sections of a paper, abstracts: standard types, abstracts: particular types, introduction, writing a review of the literature, authors and affiliations, about the author, bibliographic information.

Book Title : English for Writing Research Papers

Authors : Adrian Wallwork

Series Title : English for Academic Research

DOI : https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-031-31072-0

Publisher : Springer Cham

eBook Packages : Education , Education (R0)

Copyright Information : The Editor(s) (if applicable) and The Author(s), under exclusive license to Springer Nature Switzerland AG 2023

Softcover ISBN : 978-3-031-31071-3 Published: 21 September 2023

eBook ISBN : 978-3-031-31072-0 Published: 20 September 2023

Series ISSN : 2625-3445

Series E-ISSN : 2625-3453

Edition Number : 3

Number of Pages : XVI, 338

Number of Illustrations : 1 b/w illustrations, 2 illustrations in colour

Topics : Language Education , Linguistics, general , Linguistics, general

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What’s Included: Research Paper Template

If you’re preparing to write an academic research paper, our free research paper template is the perfect starting point. In the template, we cover every section step by step, with clear, straightforward explanations and examples .

The template’s structure is based on the tried and trusted best-practice format for formal academic research papers. The template structure reflects the overall research process, ensuring your paper will have a smooth, logical flow from chapter to chapter.

The research paper template covers the following core sections:

• The title page/cover page
• Abstract (sometimes also called the executive summary)
• Section 1: Introduction 
• Section 2: Literature review 
• Section 3: Methodology
• Section 4: Findings /results
• Section 5: Discussion
• Section 6: Conclusion
• Reference list

Each section is explained in plain, straightforward language , followed by an overview of the key elements that you need to cover within each section. We’ve also included links to free resources to help you understand how to write each section.

The cleanly formatted Google Doc can be downloaded as a fully editable MS Word Document (DOCX format), so you can use it as-is or convert it to LaTeX.

FAQs: Research Paper Template

What format is the template (doc, pdf, ppt, etc.).

The research paper template is provided as a Google Doc. You can download it in MS Word format or make a copy to your Google Drive. You’re also welcome to convert it to whatever format works best for you, such as LaTeX or PDF.

What types of research papers can this template be used for?

The template follows the standard best-practice structure for formal academic research papers, so it is suitable for the vast majority of degrees, particularly those within the sciences.

Some universities may have some additional requirements, but these are typically minor, with the core structure remaining the same. Therefore, it’s always a good idea to double-check your university’s requirements before you finalise your structure.

Is this template for an undergrad, Masters or PhD-level research paper?

This template can be used for a research paper at any level of study. It may be slight overkill for an undergraduate-level study, but it certainly won’t be missing anything.

How long should my research paper be?

This depends entirely on your university’s specific requirements, so it’s best to check with them. We include generic word count ranges for each section within the template, but these are purely indicative. 

What about the research proposal?

If you’re still working on your research proposal, we’ve got a template for that here .

We’ve also got loads of proposal-related guides and videos over on the Grad Coach blog .

How do I write a literature review?

We have a wealth of free resources on the Grad Coach Blog that unpack how to write a literature review from scratch. You can check out the literature review section of the blog here.

How do I create a research methodology?

We have a wealth of free resources on the Grad Coach Blog that unpack research methodology, both qualitative and quantitative. You can check out the methodology section of the blog here.

Can I share this research paper template with my friends/colleagues?

Yes, you’re welcome to share this template. If you want to post about it on your blog or social media, all we ask is that you reference this page as your source.

Can Grad Coach help me with my research paper?

Within the template, you’ll find plain-language explanations of each section, which should give you a fair amount of guidance. However, you’re also welcome to consider our private coaching services .

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Federalist Papers: Primary Documents in American History

Full text of the federalist papers.

• Introduction
• Federalist Nos. 1-10
• Federalist Nos. 11-20
• Federalist Nos. 21-30
• Federalist Nos. 31-40
• Federalist Nos. 41-50
• Federalist Nos. 51-60
• Federalist Nos. 61-70
• Federalist Nos. 71-80
• Federalist Nos. 81-85
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The Federalist , commonly referred to as the Federalist Papers, is a series of 85 essays written by Alexander Hamilton, John Jay, and James Madison between October 1787 and May 1788. The essays were published anonymously, under the pen name "Publius," in various New York state newspapers of the time.

The Federalist Papers were written and published to urge New Yorkers to ratify the proposed United States Constitution, which was drafted in Philadelphia in the summer of 1787. In lobbying for adoption of the Constitution over the existing Articles of Confederation, the essays explain particular provisions of the Constitution in detail. For this reason, and because Hamilton and Madison were each members of the Constitutional Convention, the Federalist Papers are often used today to help interpret the intentions of those drafting the Constitution.

The Federalist Papers were published primarily in two New York state newspapers: The New York Packet and The Independent Journal . They were reprinted in other newspapers in New York state and in several cities in other states. A bound edition, with revisions and corrections by Hamilton, was published in 1788 by printers J. and A. McLean. An edition published by printer Jacob Gideon in 1818, with revisions and corrections by Madison, was the first to identify each essay by its author's name. Because of its publishing history, the assignment of authorship, numbering, and exact wording may vary with different editions of The Federalist .

The electronic text of The Federalist used here was compiled for Project Gutenberg by scholars who drew on many available versions of the papers.

One printed edition of the text is The Federalist , edited by Jacob E. Cooke (Middletown, Conn., Wesleyan University Press, 1961). Cooke's introduction provides background information on the printing history of The Federalist; the information provided above comes in part from his work.

This web-friendly presentation of the original text of the Federalist Papers (also known as The Federalist) was obtained from the e-text archives of Project Gutenberg. Any irregularities with regard to grammar, syntax, spelling, or punctuation are as they exist in the original e-text archives.

Table of Contents

• << Previous: Introduction
• Next: Federalist Nos. 1-10 >>
• Last Updated: Apr 25, 2024 10:16 AM
• URL: https://guides.loc.gov/federalist-papers

Directorate for Education and Skills

The Education and Skills Directorate is one of twelve substantive departments of the OECD and provides policy analysis and advice on education to help individuals and nations to identify and develop the knowledge and skills that drive better jobs and better lives, generate prosperity and promote social inclusion.

Select a language

The OECD Directorate for Education and Skills seeks to help individuals and nations to identify and develop the knowledge, skills and values that drive better jobs and better lives, generate prosperity and promote social inclusion. It assists OECD countries and partner economies in designing and managing their education and skills systems, and in implementing reforms, so that citizens can develop the knowledge, skills, attitudes, and values they need throughout their lives.

Andreas Schleicher

Director Directorate for Education and Skills

Yuri Belfali

Head Early Childhood and Schools Division

Paulo Santiago

Head Policy Advice and Implementation Division

Tia Loukkola

Head Innovation and Measuring Progress Division

How we work

The work of the Directorate for Education and Skills is overseen by four bodies, each with its own mandate, membership, and programme of work and budget, to help deliver work under the overall governance of the OECD Council:

• The Education Policy Committee, which also provides strategic oversight of our work
• The Centre for Educational Research and Innovation Governing Board (CERI) 
• The Programme for International Student Assessment Governing Board (PISA)
• The Programme for Teaching and Learning International Survey Governing Board (TALIS)
• The Board of Participating Countries for the Programme for the International Assessment of Adult Competencies (PIAAC) is overseen by both the Education Policy Committee and the Employment, Labour and Social Affairs Committee.

What we are working on

The best way for education systems to improve is to learn what works from each other. We deploy large scale surveys and reviews, designing common methodological and analytical frameworks for utmost comparability of empirical evidence from different education systems. We collect data about nearly all aspects of countries’ education systems from key policies, teacher practises, adult proficiency, and early childhood learning and well-being to how 15-year-olds perform in mathematics and what their attitudes are about global issues like climate change.

• The International Early Learning and Child Well-Being Study
• OECD Survey on Social and Emotional Skills
• Survey of Adult Skills
• The OECD Teaching and Learning International Survey
•    Education at a Glance
•   The Education Policy Outlook
•   PISA Global Crisis Module
•   Global Teaching Insights
• Explore by country
• Explore by topic
• Review policies    
•   PISA for schools

Assisting countries with policy development and implementation

We help countries answer important questions facing education policy makers and practitioners alike: how to identify and develop the right skills and turn them into better jobs and better lives; how best to allocate resources in education to support social and economic development; and how to offer everyone the chance to make the most of their abilities at every age and stage of life OECD and partner countries look to our expertise to review their education and skills systems, and assist them in developing and implementing policies to improve them. We conduct reviews ranging from those on individual national education policy to comparative educational policy and thematic peer-analysis. We review and support the development of higher education systems with analysis on resource use and labour market relevance. All of these provide in-depth analyses and advice that draw on OECD data resources, national policy documents and research, and field-based interviewing by OECD review teams. Comparative thematics, covering areas such as ECEC in a digital world, diversity, equity and inclusion in education, teacher policy and transitions in upper secondary education, are based on a common conceptual framework and methodology developed with advice from a group of national experts.

Through tailored implementation support the directorate offers countries assistance in implementing policy, from curriculum reform to helping schools become effective learning organisations. It also brings countries and stakeholders together in a variety of fora to exchange ideas, an important step in the policymaking process.  

Pivoting to tomorrow

What knowledge, skills, attitudes and values will students need in a swiftly evolving world? We develop long-term “leading-edge” thinking that looks beyond the current state of education to what it can become. These multiple-scenario analyses nourish our ground-breaking Education 2030 work on curriculum. They inform international debate and inspire policy processes to shape the future of education. The one certainty about the future of education is that it will be a digital one though we cannot know to what degree. In staying ahead of the EdTech curve, the directorate advises countries on the fast-changing potential of digital tools like robotics, blockchain and artificial intelligence, and how they can be integrated and used to equitably boost teaching, learning and administrative performance. The digitalisation of education is just one of the many strategic foresight areas the OECD’s Centre for Educational Research and Innovation (CERI) focuses on. Its exploration of best practices flagged by international comparisons helps countries move towards the frontiers of education.

Programmes of work

• Education and Skills Policy Programme The OECD’s programme on education and skills policy support policymakers in their efforts to achieve high-quality lifelong learning, which in turn contributes to personal development, sustainable economic growth, and social cohesion. Learn more
• CERI The Centre for Educational Research and Innovation (CERI) provides and promotes international comparative research, innovation and key indicators, explores forward-looking and innovative approaches to education and learning, and facilitates bridges between educational research, innovation and policy development. Learn more
• INES The OECD Indicators of Education Systems (INES) programme seeks to gauge the performance of national education systems through internationally comparable data. Learn more
• PISA PISA is the OECD's Programme for International Student Assessment. PISA measures 15-year-olds’ ability to use their reading, mathematics and science knowledge and skills to meet real-life challenges. Learn more
• PIAAC The Survey of Adult Skills, a product of the PIAAC, measures adults’ proficiency in literacy, numeracy and the ability to solve problems in technology-rich environments. Learn more
• TALIS TALIS - the Teaching and Learning International Survey - is the world's largest international survey about teachers and school leaders. Learn more
• Survey on Social and Emotional Skills (SSES) The OECD Survey on Social and Emotional Skills is an international survey that identifies and assesses the conditions and practices that foster or hinder the development of social and emotional skills for 10- and 15-year-old students. Learn more
• Early Childhood Education and Care The Early Childhood Education and Care (ECEC) programme conducts analysis and develops new data to support countries in reviewing and improving their early childhood services and systems. Learn more
• Higher Education Policy The Higher Education Policy Programme carries out analysis on a wide range of higher education systems and policies Learn more

Directorate outputs

Policy and working papers

More facts, key findings and policy recommendations

Create customised data profiles and compare countries

Related policy issues

• Education access, participation, and progression
• Education economic and social outcomes
• Education equity
• Education evaluation and quality assurance
• Education financing
• Education leadership
• Education organisation and governance
• Future of education and skills
• Learning environment
• Teachers and educators
• Student performance (PISA)

Get in touch

Contact us: edu.contact@oecd.org

• CBSE Class 10

CBSE Class 10 Syllabus 2024-25: Download Latest and Revised FREE PDFs

Cbse class 10 syllabus: the central board of secondary education (cbse) curriculum is out for the academic year 2024–25 on the official website, cbseacademic.nic.in. students and teachers can download the direct pdf of the latest and revised cbse class 10 syllabus 2025 here for maths, science, social science, hindi, english, and other elective subjects..

CBSE Syllabus 2025 for Class 10: The Central Board of Secondary Education (CBSE) 2024 board exams for Class 10 are over, and the new academic session has begun.  This new syllabus or curriculum will be followed for the academic session 2024–25. In the CBSE-released syllabus, you will find the PDFs of the compulsory and optional subjects in free downloadable format. 

The new syllabus for CBSE 10th is a new initiative to improve the classroom and school environment by encouraging the holistic development of students. According to CBSE, “the secondary education curriculum is a major step in giving shape to the nation’s vision of education. It aims to provide education that addresses local, national, and global needs.”

Here, the CBSE Class 10 syllabus 2024–25 is provided for Maths, Science, Social Science, Hindi, English, and other elective subjects in PDF format. You can scroll down and download the PDFs from the link provided below. 

CBSE Class 10 Curriculum Areas

CBSE Class 10 Syllabus 2024-25

Here, you will get the subject-wise 2024 CBSE Class 10 syllabus. These syllabi are the latest and include all the revisions that CBSE would have thought of for the new academic year. Download these files and keep them for future reference. 

CBSE Secondary School Curriculum Salient Features

• i. provide ample scope for holistic i.e., physical, intellectual and social development of students;
• ii. emphasize constructivist rather than rote learning by highlighting the importance of hands-on experience;
• iii. enlist general and specific teaching and assessment objectives to make learning competency-based and attain mastery over laid down competencies;
• iv. encourage the application of knowledge and skills in real-life problem-solving scenarios;
• v. uphold the ‘Constitutional Values’ by encouraging values-based learning activities;
• vi. promote 21st Century Skills, Life Skills, Financial Literacy, Digital Literacy, Health and Wellness, Road Safety, Citizenship Education, Disaster Management and multilingualism;
• vii. integrate innovations in pedagogy such as experiential, activity-centered, joyful learning, Sport & Art-Integrated Learning, toy-based pedagogy, storytelling, gamification etc. with technological innovations (ICT integration) to keep pace with the global trends in various disciplines;
• viii. promote inclusive practices as an overriding consideration in all educational activities;
• ix. enhance and support learning by different types of assessments; and
• x. strengthen knowledge and attitude related to livelihood skills;
• xi. foster multilingual and multicultural learning and national understanding in an interdependent society;
• xii. integrate environmental education in various disciplines from classes I- XII.

How to Download CBSE Class 10 Syllabus 2025?

The CBSE 2024–25 curriculum is out! Students and teachers can download the syllabus PDF for all the subjects by following the steps mentioned below:

Step 1: Visit the official website of the Central Board of Secondary Education (CBSE) at cbseacademic.nic.in. 

Step 2: Click on the section labelled “Curriculum.”

Step 3: Click on the link or tab mentioning "Curriculum 2024-25."

Features of CBSE Class 10 Syllabus 2024-25

• The CBSE Class 10 syllabus is designed in such a that it help students know the latest question paper pattern. 
• The typology of questions and their weightage is also provided through the syllabus.
• The syllabus involves all the topics and units with proper marking scheme.
• Simple language makes it easy to understand and comprehend. 
• CBSE Class 10 Mock Test Videos For Quick Revision
• CBSE Class 10 Science Lab Manual PDF

Having the latest syllabus is mandatory and is the first resource you need to crack your board exams. Thus, students should always keep a copy of the syllabus with them. 

• Easy Tips to Remember First 30 Elements of Periodic Table
• Atomic Mass And Molecular Mass of Elements
• Atomic Number and Mass Number
• Chemical Formula and Molecular Structure of Benzene
• CBSE Class 10 Syllabus 2023-24
• PCM, PCB or PCMB: Know Which Stream You Should Take in Class 11
• NCERT Books for Class 10 All Subjects PDF (2024-25)

Get here latest School , CBSE and Govt Jobs notification in English and Hindi for Sarkari Naukari and Sarkari Result . Download the Jagran Josh Sarkari Naukri App .

• Is CBSE Class 10 syllabus 2025 out? + Yes, the Central Board of Secondary Education (CBSE) has updated its curriculum section for the academic year 2024-25. Students can download the syllabus PDFs from CBSE's official website.
• Is there any change in CBSE Class 10 syllabus 2024-25? + The CBSE Board has not updated any information regarding the change in the Class 10 syllabus. It is advised for students to follow the 2025 syllabus for their 2024–25 academic session. After comparing the 2024 and 2025 syllabi, the detailed information will be updated on the official website of Jagran Josh. 
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TN TRB Hall Ticket 2024 Out at trb.tn.gov.in: Check Teacher Admit Card Download Link

YVU Result 2024 OUT at yvu.edu.in; Download Yogi Vemana University UG and PG Marksheet

NEET PG Exam Date 2024 LIVE Updates: NBEMS Expected to Release NEET PG New Exam Date at natboard.edu.in, Exams to be held August-Mid

TNPSC Group 2 Eligibility 2024: Check Age Limit, Educational Qualifications and More

XAT 2025 Books: Check the Best Books for the XAT Exam Preparation

SSC Selection Post Phase 12 Answer Key 2024 OUT at ssc.gov.in, Download Response Sheet Here

SSC MTS Salary 2024: Per Month, In Hand Salary, Job Profile, Allowances

SSC MTS 2024 Notification Out at ssc.gov.in: Apply Online for 8326 MTS & Havaldar Posts, Check Exam Date

Synonyms and Antonyms: 100+ Synonyms and Antonyms List with Examples and Meaning

SSC CHSL Exam Analysis 2024: Paper Review, Shift Wise, Difficulty Level, Good Attempts

SSC CGL 2024 Notification: Check Vacancies, Exam Date and Online Form Last Date

West Bengal WBCHSE Class 11 Syllabus 2024-25: Download FREE PDFs for All Subjects

WB PGET Admit Card 2024 Out, Download at pget.examflix.in

SSC MTS Previous Year Question Paper: PDF Download

4th July 2024: Top US Cities to Celebrate Independence Day with Friends and Family

IBPS Clerk Recruitment 2024 : Notification Out for 6128 + CRP XIV Posts, Check Eligibility, Selection Process and others

Green Card to Foreign Graduates from US Colleges Says Trump In Latest Podcast

इंडियन नेवी अग्निवीर एडमिट कार्ड OUT: इस Direct Link से डाउनलोड करें MR, SSR हॉल टिकट

New Criminal Laws: अब 45 दिनों के भीतर फैसला! रिमांड, FIR और 'हिट एंड रन' से जुड़े नियम देखें

India Post GDS Recruitment 2024: ग्रामीण डाक सेवा के 30 हजार से अधिक पदों के 15 जुलाई से शुरू हो सकते हैं आवेदन, यहाँ चेक करें डिटेल्स