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Portland cement is currently the most common type of cement used in concrete manufacture, but it is a significant source of atmospheric carbon dioxide (CO 2 ) due to the production process. To counter this, White and her group are developing sustainable cements that are alternatives to conventional Portland cement. These cements can reduce CO 2 emissions but with limited in-field evidence of proven long-term performance. By understanding the pore structures of these alternative cements, linking pore structure to permeability, and investigating the mechanism of effective additives, the researchers aim to create a predictive phenomenological model that can be used to identify the most suitable alternative cement for a specific environmental application. Reducing concrete emissions in the construction industry would have a large impact on CO 2 emissions, which aligns with bp’s ambition of helping the world get to net-zero.
Hard-to-decarbonize industries such as cement face the daunting task of lowering their CO 2 emissions while maintaining product quality and performance. This is particularly challenging for cement and steel, where any change to the chemistry of the material can have long-term, significant ramifications on performance and safety. After water, concrete is the second most consumed resource in the world and is essential to modern infrastructure. However, one key ingredient of concrete, Portland cement powder, currently accounts for approximately 8% of global anthropogenic CO 2 emissions. Alternative cements can offer more sustainable options for producing concrete, thus avoiding a significant portion of CO 2 emissions in the industry. However, our ability to predict the long-term performance of these more sustainable materials is severely hampered by the time it takes to obtain pore structure data of the binder material that controls ingress of harmful chemicals such as CO 2 , sulfate (SO 4 2- ), and chlorine (Cl- ) ions.
Recently, White and her group have been focused on reducing CO 2 emissions associated with alkali-activated metakaolin (AAMK) cements. They are exploring the possibility of lowering the concentration of the activator – the most carbon intensive component of AAMK – without adversely impacting long-term performance. This involves using a small amount of a cation additive such as calcium hydroxide or reactive magnesium oxide to help offset reduced performance at lower activator concentrations. Permeability quantification measures using beam-bending tests and pore neck size distributions obtained by mercury intrusion porosimetry show that both calcium hydroxide and magnesium oxide can improve the durability of AAMK with low activator concentrations (Figure 10.1). On a per-mole-of-cation basis, calcium hydroxide appears to be more effective than magnesium oxide. However, more magnesium oxide can be added without causing a significant premature decline of mixability, making magnesium oxide a promising additive to ultra-sustainable AAMK systems.
White and her group are also studying the characteristics of the ink-bottle pore shape, specifically the inner pore size and the neck pore size. This research uses novel techniques such as neutron grating interferometry and focused ion beam scanning electron microscopy. The hope is that a more comprehensive assessment of cation additives’ effects can be carried out in future studies.
White’s research is also focused on dissecting how cation additives reduce pore sizes and permeability. The researchers used in situ Fourier-transformed infrared spectroscopy (FTIR) and isothermal conduction calorimetry (ICC) to observe alkali activation reactions in real-time (Figure 10.2). Using the FTIR data, the researchers can track changes in the vibration mode associated with the dissolution of metakaolin and the precipitation of gel phases. From ICC, the researchers can measure cumulative heat of each reaction. Preliminary results indicate that both calcium hydroxide and magnesium oxide promote the early dissolution of metakaolin, presumably by increasing the pH of the solvent, thereby resulting in more paste forming. Cation additives also appear to create transient gel phases that may affect the mature paste structure. Additionally, magnesium oxide seems to have some delayed effects on the paste when compared to calcium hydroxide. This difference may explain the two additives’ varied influence on the early-age flow property.
White and her group are hopeful about achieving the optimization and customization of sustainable cements. They believe that this can be achieved by understanding the ways in which cation additives enhance AAMK systems and establishing a robust structure-property-mechanism relationship for AAMK.
Zhang, A. and C.E. White. Effects of calcium hydroxide and magnesium oxide on the pore structure and permeability of alkali-activated metakaolin. In preparation.
Zhang, A, and C.E. White. Mechanistic insights on the role of calcium hydroxide and magnesium oxide in alkali-activation of metakaolin. In preparation.
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A research report is one big argument how and why you came up with your conclusions. To make it a convincing argument, a typical guiding structure has developed. In the different chapters, distinct issues need to be addressed to explain to the reader why your conclusions are valid. The governing principle for writing the report is full disclosure: to explain everything and ensure replicability by another researcher.
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Hunziker, S., Blankenagel, M. (2021). Writing up a Research Report. In: Research Design in Business and Management. Springer Gabler, Wiesbaden. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-658-34357-6_4
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This innovative method utilizes static graphs to represent communication topologies among agents, quantified by a sparsity ratio. In experiments, the focus is on configurations with six agents, examining various degrees of sparsity. The agents, instantiated with models like GPT-3.5 and Mistral 7B, engage in multiple rounds of debate, incorporating responses from their connected peers to refine their answers. For reasoning tasks, datasets such as MATH and GSM8K are used, while alignment labeling tasks employ the Anthropic-HH dataset. The experimental setup includes performance metrics like accuracy and cost savings, and variance reduction techniques are applied to ensure robust results.
The approach using sparse communication topology in MAD achieved notable improvements in both performance and computational efficiency. On the MATH dataset, a neighbor-connected topology improved accuracy by 2% over fully connected MAD while reducing the average input token cost by over 40%. For alignment labeling tasks using the Anthropic-HH dataset, sparse MAD configurations showed improvements in helpfulness and harmlessness metrics by 0.5% and 1.0%, respectively, while halving the computational costs. These results demonstrate that sparse communication topologies can deliver comparable or superior performance to fully connected topologies with significantly reduced computational overhead.
In conclusion, this research presents a significant advancement in the field of AI by introducing sparse communication topology in multi-agent debates. This approach effectively addresses the computational inefficiencies of existing methods, offering a scalable and resource-efficient solution. The experimental results highlight the potential impact of this innovation on AI research, showcasing its ability to enhance performance while reducing costs, thereby advancing the practical applicability of multi-agent systems.
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The structure of a research paper typically follows a standard format, consisting of several sections that convey specific information about the research study. The following is a detailed explanation of the structure of a research paper: Title page.
Reports of research studies usually follow the IMRAD format. IMRAD (Introduction, Methods, Results, [and] Discussion) is a mnemonic for the major components of a scientific paper. These elements are included in the overall structure outlined below.
The Structure of an Academic Paper www.communicate.gse.harvard.edu Academic papers are like hourglasses. The paper opens at its widest point; the introduction makes broad connections to the reader's interests, hoping they will be persuaded to follow along, then gradually narrows to a tight, focused, thesis statement.
A complete research paper in APA style that is reporting on experimental research will typically contain a Title page, Abstract, Introduction, Methods, Results, Discussion, and References sections. 1 Many will also contain Figures and Tables and some will have an Appendix or Appendices. These sections are detailed as follows (for a more in ...
Use the section headings (outlined above) to assist with your rough plan. Write a thesis statement that clarifies the overall purpose of your report. Jot down anything you already know about the topic in the relevant sections. 3 Do the Research. Steps 1 and 2 will guide your research for this report.
An outline of the research questions and hypotheses; the assumptions or propositions that your research will test. Literature Review. Not all research reports have a separate literature review section. In shorter research reports, the review is usually part of the Introduction. A literature review is a critical survey of recent relevant ...
Research Report is a written document that presents the results of a research project or study, including the research question, methodology, results, and conclusions, in a clear and objective manner. ... It should follow a clear and logical structure, and the information should be presented in a way that is easy to understand and follow ...
Create a research paper outline. Write a first draft of the research paper. Write the introduction. Write a compelling body of text. Write the conclusion. The second draft. The revision process. Research paper checklist. Free lecture slides.
The paper will ask the question, then answer it. The key to successful scientific writing is getting the structure of the paper right. The basic structure of a typical research paper is the sequence of Introduction, Methods, Results, and Discussion (sometimes abbreviated as IMRAD). Each section addresses a different objective.
A research report is one big argument about how and why you came up with your conclusions. To make it a convincing argument, a typical guiding structure has developed. ... A commonly used structure for research reports has emerged to ensure readers find the information about the conclusion and its validity and facilitate the writing process ...
In any form of written communication, content structure plays a vital role in facilitating understanding. A well-structured research paper provides a framework that guides readers through the content, ensuring they grasp the main points efficiently. Without a clear structure, readers may become lost or confused, leading to a loss of interest ...
A research paper outline is a useful tool to aid in the writing process, providing a structure to follow with all information to be included in the paper clearly organized. A quality outline can make writing your research paper more efficient by helping to: Organize your thoughts; Understand the flow of information and how ideas are related
The research report contains four main areas: Introduction- What is the issue? What is known? What is not known? What are you trying to find out? This sections ends with the purpose and specific aims of the study. Methods- The recipe for the study. If someone wanted to perform the same study, what information would they need?
Formal Research Structure. These are the primary purposes for formal research: enter the discourse, or conversation, of other writers and scholars in your field. learn how others in your field use primary and secondary resources. find and understand raw data and information. For the formal academic research assignment, consider an ...
Guide to Writing a Research Report. A lot of detail goes into writing a research report, and getting familiar with the different requirements would help you create the ideal research report. A research report is usually broken down into multiple sections, which allows for a concise presentation of information. Structure and Example of a ...
Research reports generally require a research design phase, where the report author(s) determine the most important elements the report must contain. Just as there are various kinds of research, there are many types of reports. ... One of the most time-tested report outlines is the IMRaD structure: Introduction. Methods.
The basic structure of a typical research paper includes Introduction, Methods, Results, and Discussion. Each section addresses a different objective. what they think the results mean in Discussion. A substantial study will sometimes include a literature review section which discusses previous works on the topic.
The basic structure of a general research paper goes in the sequence of the title page, abstract, introduction, materials and methods, results, and discussion of the same which is followed by the conclusion. References and acknowledgments are provided marking the end of the paper.
A research report has a different structure and layout in comparison to a project report. A research report is for reference and is often quite a long document. It has to be clearly structured for the readers to quickly find the information wanted. It needs to be planned carefully to make sure that the information given in the report is put ...
Research structure is basically an outline of your paper. In your dissertation you are expected to provide the research structure towards the end of introduction chapter. The components of research structure are illustrated in table below: Components of each chapter in research structure. The following is a sample of a research structure:
A research report is an end product of research. As earlier said that report writing provides useful information in arriving at rational decisions that may reform the business and society. The findings, conclusions, suggestions and recommendations are useful to academicians, scholars and policymakers.
Report Writing Definition. Report writing is the process of organizing and presenting information in a clear, concise, and objective manner for a specific audience. It involves gathering data, analyzing it, and presenting it in a format that is easy to understand and relevant to the topic at hand. - The University of Wisconsin Writing Center.
Research Highlight. Hard-to-decarbonize industries such as cement face the daunting task of lowering their CO 2 emissions while maintaining product quality and performance. This is particularly challenging for cement and steel, where any change to the chemistry of the material can have long-term, significant ramifications on performance and safety.
Provide details only in the body of your report. So, this is the foundation on which you build the logical next step to reach a conclusion that answers your research question. Try to keep the structure of the introduction simple. An effective way is to start with a rather general statement about the topic.
Animals have exquisite control of their bodies, allowing them to perform a diverse range of behaviors. How such control is implemented by the brain, however, remains unclear. Advancing our ...
A stacked dual-band antenna system based on frequency selective surface (FSS) is proposed in this paper. The system consists of lower band (LB) and higher band (HB) antenna elements with a frequency ratio of 2.5. FSS is introduced between LB and HB elements, which can fully reflect LB wave and transmit HB wave without reflection.
The combination of deep learning and ab initio materials calculations is emerging as a trending frontier of materials science research, with deep-learning density functional theory (DFT) electronic structure being particularly promising. In this work, we introduce a neural-network method for modeling the DFT density matrix, a fundamental yet previously unexplored quantity in deep-learning ...
A significant challenge in the realm of large language models (LLMs) is the high computational cost associated with multi-agent debates (MAD). These debates, where multiple agents communicate to enhance reasoning and factual accuracy, often involve a fully connected communication topology. This means each agent references the solutions generated by all other agents, leading to expanded input ...
2024 Featured Reports. Explore our wide range of market outlook reports spanning the natural resources and energy industries. Wallmaps. Pinpoint opportunities on a map. In-depth industry and market-data wallmaps.
This paper reports experimental results on the characteristics of a simple metasurface structure using ferrite in a finite array, aiming to achieve a non-reciprocal metasurface with high redundancy. The experiment verified non-reciprocity with an isolation amount exceeding 20 dB at the design frequency of 6.4 GHz with a 2 × 2 finite array.