essay on development in nepali

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Development and Change in Nepalese Society

The multi-cultural and diverse society is the gift for Nepal because one can hardly find a country like Nepal - a widely diverse society and bio-diversity in such a small country. So, the governance system should be efficient and effective to every community for their development and rights. On the other hand, the diverse community can contribute for the development by their unique way because they have their unique values, cultures and ideas. The six agents of cultural change heavily effects on social change, development and vice versa. So the important thing is that how we can maximize the good effect and minimize the bad effect of these agents for development. Finally, all the communities/societies of Nepal are like different beautiful flowers of a garden. So, if the gardener/government takes care of all the beautiful flowers without any bias the garden will be more elegant otherwise some flowers may die/lost which results the garden ugly and the gardener bad performer. Hence equity, equality, fairness, ethnic identity, harmony and equal opportunities are the relevant matters of Nepalese society for better development.

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Journal of Population and Development

Tulasa Dulal

This article tries to highlight the condition of human development in the contest of Nepal. The topic is framed as part of the general issue of gender, caste/ethnicity, regional rural and urban disparities. This study is based on descriptive as well as analytical in nature. Sources of information in this study are secondary nature like published and unpublished research papers, human development annual reports and national and international journal articles. Data are presented in to tabular form and they are analyzed in to descriptive form. The first Human Development Report was launched in 1990 by the Pakistani economist Mahbub ul Haq and Indian Nobel laureate Amartya Sen. Since then reports have been released most years, and have explored different themes through the human development approach, which places people at the center of the development process. Since 1990, the United Nations Development Programme (UNDP) has published a series of annual Human Development Reports (HDRs) i...

Dr Bishnu Raj Upreti

Himalaya the Journal of the Association For Nepal and Himalayan Studies

Mukta S. Lama

Bishwa Tiwari

Susan Hangen

Pauline Limbu

Binodraj Timilsina

Culture is the social behavior and norms found in human societies. On the other hand, rural development basically concerns about improving the quality of life, access to necessary infrastructures and the overall transformation. Nepal is an underdeveloped multicultural country. Despite the great diversity in culture, Nepalese celebrate it with brotherhood, cooperation and tolerance. The culture contributing to rural development in Nepalese context include traditional occupation like making garments, Dhaka topi, xurrpi, maadal, mud items (ghainto) etc which has created job opportunities, the management of home stay for promoting tourism, utilization of medicinal plants, local indigenous governance system like Posong among Syangtans, Beja among Magars, Mirchang among Marphalies etc for ease of the management of resources in local level, the system of arma-parma and paincho for increasing social cohesion. The cultures that have negatively impacted to rural development in Nepalese context are dowry system, gambling in Dashain and other occasion, dauki pratha, Jhuma Pratha, Child marriage, Polygamy, untouchability, Caste and gender discrimination, etc. The rural development can only be assured through the eradication of such malpractices. On the other hand, the good cultural practices should be promoted and supported. By bringing the good and useful cultural practices in the economic mainstream we can achieve the development. Care should be taken that we don’t lose our innate cultural value while making development our major agenda. For writing the paper the materials used for the acquisition of the information were only through the secondary sources. The books and journal; electronic and non-electronic were used as the references. Key words: Culture, cultural democratic institutions, social cohesion, development, cultural malpractices

Avash Bhandari

Bikash Sharma

Nirdesh Silwal

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Brain Drain in Nepal: Causes, Consequences, and Solutions

Discover the causes, consequences, and solutions to brain drain in nepal. explore the impact of limited opportunities, economic factors, and political instability, and learn about the measures to mitigate this phenomenon..

The term "brain drain" describes the emigration or movement of highly educated and competent people from one nation or region to another, frequently in quest of better job opportunities, higher salaries, or better living conditions. Talented people who leave their nation to work or settle in another country, including scientists, physicians, engineers, and other professions, are what define it.

In today's era of social media, it has become evident that an increasing number of individuals from Nepal are expressing their desire to migrate to countries like the USA, Canada, Australia, and various others. Concurrently, there has been a significant rise in the number of Nepali students being granted permission to study abroad including Canada and this trend continues to grow with each passing day. This prompts us to question the underlying reasons behind the departure of students from Nepal and the potential consequences faced by the young generation as a result. Furthermore, it raises concerns regarding what steps both the general public and the government can take to address and curb this prevailing trend. This article aims to delve into these aspects and shed light on possible solutions.

If we were to visit any school and inquire about the plans of students after completing their 12th grade, more than 70% of them would likely express their aspiration to go abroad. The statistics from the year 2022 reveal that the government issued No Objection Certificates (NOCs) to a staggering 82,409 students in just six months. This means that within that relatively short period, 82,409 students decided to pursue their education overseas. Comparatively, the previous year witnessed a count of 44,843 students, which is double the number mentioned above, and this data reflects a mere six-month period.

Here we are going to discuss the several causes contributing to brain drain in Nepal:

Limited opportunities:

Brain drain in Nepal is primarily due to limited job opportunities and career prospects, leading to skilled professionals finding unemployed or underemployed. The country's economy is impacted by political instability, government changes, and reliance on remittances. Limited research and development opportunities, quality education and healthcare systems abroad, and the allure of higher wages and living conditions also contribute to the issue. Countries with stronger economies and higher living standards offer more attractive remuneration packages and career advancement opportunities.

Economic factors:

Nepal's sluggish economy and low wages have led to a brain drain phenomenon, with skilled professionals seeking better financial prospects abroad. The income disparity between Nepal and developed countries, coupled with limited job opportunities and limited career growth prospects, encourages skilled individuals to seek opportunities in countries with thriving industries and better quality of life. The lack of investment in research, development, innovation, and technological advancements also contributes to the brain drain. The limited job market and lack of diverse industries further exacerbate the issue.

Political instability:

Frequent political changes and instability in Nepal contribute to brain drain, a persistent issue that discourages skilled professionals from staying in the country and pursuing their long-term career goals. This uncertainty creates barriers for businesses and investors, making it difficult to plan and execute long-term strategies. Political instability also leads to social unrest and protests, affecting the security and safety of individuals and their families. The brain drain problem has severe implications for Nepal's economy and development, as skilled professionals may seek better opportunities abroad. Stable political systems and supportive policies attract professionals, promoting professional growth and innovation.

Nepotism, a practice favoring relatives and close connections in professional and political appointments, contributes to the brain drain in Nepal. It undermines meritocracy, hampers opportunities for skilled professionals, and drives them to seek better prospects elsewhere. Nepotism erodes trust in the fairness of the system and undermines merit-based selection and equal opportunities. It also stifles innovation and professional growth, leading skilled professionals to seek opportunities abroad where their skills and achievements are recognized and rewarded. Nepotism also hinders innovation and creativity within institutions, limiting the potential for growth and competitiveness. The perception of nepotism erodes trust in institutions and leads to a loss of confidence in the fairness and integrity of the system.

Education system:

Nepal's education system faces challenges such as an outdated curriculum, limited quality education, and limited research opportunities. These issues hinder student's competitiveness in the international job market and hinder their ability to develop critical thinking, creativity, and practical skills. Inadequate infrastructure, resource constraints, and a shortage of qualified teachers contribute to substandard learning experiences, especially in rural and marginalized communities. Limited research opportunities and academic and career prospects also contribute to brain drain, as talented individuals seek opportunities in countries with better infrastructure, technology, and research facilities. This brain drain hinders Nepal's economic growth and impedes progress in critical sectors.

Globalization and connectivity:

The rise of global travel and connectivity has led to the phenomenon of brain drain, where highly educated individuals emigrate from their home countries to more developed ones. This phenomenon is fueled by increased accessibility, improved communication technology, and improved transportation systems. However, brain drain can also pose challenges for developing nations, as they lose their best talent to developed countries, affecting their economic growth, healthcare systems, education sector, and innovation capacity.

Social and cultural factors:

Brain drain in Nepal is influenced by societal factors such as global travel, cultural pressure, lack of recognition, and lack of social support systems. These factors discourage skilled professionals from pursuing careers in Nepal, leading to a lack of growth opportunities and investment in critical sectors. Political and economic instability also contribute to the phenomenon.

Lack of research and development:

Nepal faces challenges in R&D, leading to limited funding, inadequate research facilities, and limited collaboration opportunities. This hinders the development of innovative solutions to societal challenges, such as healthcare, agriculture, and renewable energy. Inadequate infrastructure, lack of international collaboration, and a supportive ecosystem for innovation and entrepreneurship further exacerbate the brain drain. Talented individuals may migrate to countries with better startup ecosystems.

Consequences of brain drain in Nepal:

Loss of skilled manpower:.

Brain drain in Nepal negatively impacts the country's development and well-being. It leads to the loss of skilled professionals in various fields, affecting the country's economy, productivity, and innovation. This lack of skilled human capital hinders Nepal's ability to compete globally and attract investments, hindering job creation and economic expansion. The absence of skilled professionals in critical service sectors like healthcare and education also hinders the country's ability to foster technological advancements. Brain waste also results in the underutilization of skills and qualifications, leading to frustration and dissatisfaction.

Additionally, brain drain can reduce investment in education, affecting the quality of the education sector and limiting the production of skilled professionals. Addressing brain drain requires comprehensive efforts to create an environment that promotes professional growth, provides opportunities, and recognizes the value of skilled individuals.

Weakened service sector:

Brain drain negatively impacts critical service sectors, particularly Nepal's healthcare and education. The emigration of skilled professionals leads to a shortage of qualified personnel, affecting the quality and accessibility of essential services. This affects rural areas and remote regions, disproportionately affected by the brain drain phenomenon. The education sector also suffers from the departure of qualified teachers, affecting the quality of instruction and educational leadership. To address this issue, Nepal must prioritize policies and investments that retain and attract skilled professionals, improve working conditions, provide competitive salaries, and offer professional development opportunities.

Economic Implications:

Brain drain is a significant hindrance to Nepal's economic development, as it deprives the country of skilled professionals and intellectuals needed for business growth, innovation, and employment opportunities. This scarcity of skilled workers hinders the country's ability to adapt to technological advancements and attract foreign investment. Additionally, it perpetuates a cycle of underdevelopment in critical sectors like healthcare, education, infrastructure, and technology. To address this issue, Nepal must adopt comprehensive strategies that encourage skilled professionals to remain in the country or return after gaining experience abroad. This includes creating a conducive business environment, investing in education and research, and implementing effective policies that encourage the retention of skilled professionals.

Brain waste:

Nepal faces a significant challenge in brain waste, where skilled individuals struggle to find suitable employment opportunities, leading to the underutilization of their skills and qualifications. This results in frustration, dissatisfaction, and a loss of human potential for the country. Underutilization hampers economic growth, stifles innovation, and limits development. It also exacerbates societal challenges, such as healthcare and education, resulting in suboptimal services and deficiencies in vital services.

Social impact:

Brain drain has economic, professional, and social consequences for Nepal, including family separation, disconnection, and a loss of cultural and intellectual diversity. It also hinders long-term initiatives, stable businesses, and innovation, affecting Nepal's cultural heritage, creative industries, and intellectual discourse. The transient nature of brain circulation can hinder sustained investment and innovation, limiting the vibrancy of artistic expressions and societal intellectual growth.

Measures to Reduce Brain Drain

To effectively address the brain drain in Nepal, a multi-faceted approach involving various stakeholders is required. Here are some strategies that can be implemented to mitigate brain drain:

Improvement in the education system:

Comprehensive reforms in the education sector are crucial for addressing the brain drain and retaining skilled individuals in Nepal. By enhancing education quality, modernizing curricula, and providing research and development opportunities, Nepal can create an environment that attracts and retains talented students and professionals. This includes investing in qualified teachers, improving infrastructure, and implementing effective teaching methodologies. Additionally, strengthening vocational training programs can bridge the gap between education and employment, increasing employment opportunities and enhancing the nation's economy. Collaboration between educational institutions, industry stakeholders, and the government is essential for successful implementation.

Enhance job opportunities:

To combat brain drain and retain skilled individuals in Nepal, the government must prioritize job creation, attract foreign investment, and develop diverse industries. Promoting entrepreneurship, attracting foreign investment, and diversifying economic sectors can create a supportive environment for job creation and economic growth. Incentives for skilled professionals to stay include competitive wages, career advancement opportunities, and recognition of expertise. Collaborating with educational institutions and industry stakeholders can ensure that Nepali professionals possess the necessary skills and knowledge to contribute to the country's growth and competitiveness.

Strengthen Institutions and Governance:

Addressing political instability, and corruption, and improving governance are crucial for controlling the brain drain and retaining skilled professionals in Nepal. Prioritizing consensus-building, good governance, and the smooth functioning of democratic institutions can inspire confidence and security in professional's careers. Combating corruption through strict anti-corruption laws, establishing independent bodies, and promoting transparency and accountability in public administration can also help retain skilled professionals. Establishing stable policies and engaging professionals in decision-making can also foster confidence and a sense of ownership in the nation.

Improve Living Conditions and Social Support:

The government must improve living conditions, education, housing, and social support systems to control the brain drain and encourage skilled professionals to stay in Nepal. Healthcare infrastructure, education, housing, and a conducive social environment are essential for providing quality care, reducing the need for international treatment. Housing policies should be developed to provide affordable housing options, and a culture of innovation, entrepreneurship, and intellectual growth can be fostered. Collaboration between the government, private sector, and civil society is essential for implementing these enhancements.

Promote Returnee Programs:

Implementing returnee programs is crucial for controlling the brain drain and harnessing Nepali professional's knowledge and expertise. These programs should offer attractive job opportunities, research grants, and tax incentives to encourage professionals to return to Nepal. Support for reintegration, such as language training, cultural orientation, and networking events, helps returnees navigate challenges and contribute to Nepal's development. Engaging with professionals abroad and providing a supportive environment can ensure the success of these programs.

It is natural for individuals to be concerned about their future, and it is understandable why many consider going abroad as a means to secure stability and security. The idea of pursuing opportunities overseas makes sense from a personal standpoint, as it offers the potential for better prospects. Therefore, it is difficult to find fault with students who choose to explore this option.

However, it is worth noting that the significant increase in the number of students opting to go abroad is a noteworthy trend. While this choice may be driven by valid reasons and personal aspirations, it is essential to consider the potential consequences and impacts on the country. It is hoped that in the future, there will be measures and initiatives in place that address the factors driving this trend and result in a decrease in the number of students leaving the country.

Frequently Asked Questions (FAQ):

How many people leave nepal daily, why are so many nepali students choosing to study abroad, what role does political instability play in the brain drain from nepal, how does nepotism contribute to brain drain in nepal, how does the education system contribute to brain drain, what are the economic implications of brain drain in nepal, how does brain drain affect critical service sectors like healthcare and education, what is brain waste, and how does it impact nepal, how can the government address brain drain in nepal, what measures can be taken to encourage nepali professionals to return after studying or working abroad.

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Essay on Natural Resources in Nepal: An Overview

Introduction to Natural Resources in Nepal

Nepal is a land-locked country situated in the Himalayas between India and Tibet. The country is known for its stunning natural beauty, with majestic mountain ranges, pristine forests, and rolling hills. Natural resources are an integral part of the economy and culture of Nepal, providing both livelihoods and recreational opportunities for its citizens. From forests and water to minerals and wildlife, Nepal is blessed with a rich abundance of resources that have the potential to contribute significantly to its development.

Table of Contents

In this essay, we will take a closer look at the natural resources in Nepal, including their types, distribution, and importance. We will also examine the challenges that Nepal faces in managing these resources effectively and the efforts being made to conserve them. This essay aims to provide a comprehensive overview of the natural resources in Nepal and their role in the country’s economy and environment.

Importance of Natural Resources for Nepal’s Economy

Nepal is a country that is rich in natural resources, including water, forests, minerals, and fertile land. These resources are vital to the economic development of the country and play a crucial role in the lives of millions of people. In this article, we will discuss the importance of natural resources for Nepal’s economy.

Forests and Natural Beauty: Nepal is home to a diverse range of forest types and vegetation, making it a popular tourist destination. The country’s forests provide vital ecosystem services, including watershed protection, carbon sequestration, and habitat for wildlife. In addition, the natural beauty of the forests is a major draw for tourists, generating significant revenue for the country.

Agriculture : Agriculture is the backbone of Nepal’s economy and a significant source of livelihood for millions of people. The country’s fertile land, abundant water resources, and favorable climate conditions make it ideal for agriculture. Agriculture contributes to the country’s GDP, providing food, fiber, and other essential products.

Hydropower: Nepal is known for its abundant water resources and has the potential to generate substantial amounts of hydropower. Hydropower is a clean and renewable source of energy that can contribute to economic growth and reduce dependence on imported fuels. The development of hydropower projects has the potential to create jobs, attract investment, and improve energy security.

Minerals: Nepal is rich in minerals, including iron ore, coal, limestone, and other minerals. The exploitation of these minerals can provide a significant boost to the country’s economy, creating jobs, increasing government revenue, and attracting investment. However, it is important to ensure that mining activities are carried out in an environmentally sustainable manner.

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In conclusion, natural resources play a crucial role in Nepal’s economy. The country’s forests, fertile land, water resources, and minerals provide vital ecosystem services and support the livelihoods of millions of people. By leveraging these resources, the country has the potential to achieve sustainable economic growth and improve the quality of life for its citizens.

Types of Natural Resources in Nepal

Water Resources: Nepal is known for its abundant water resources with numerous rivers, lakes and glaciers. Some of the major rivers in Nepal include the Ganges, Indus, and Brahmaputra, which are crucial for agriculture, fishing, and hydropower generation.

Forest Resources: Forests cover about 30% of the total land area of Nepal and provide a wide range of benefits to the country, including fuelwood, timber, medicinal plants, and wildlife habitat.

Mineral Resources: Nepal is rich in minerals such as limestone, iron ore, coal, magnesium, and gold. These resources are essential for the construction, manufacturing, and energy industries.

Agricultural Resources: Nepal is a predominantly agricultural country, with over 80% of its population relying on agriculture for their livelihood. Rice, wheat, maize, and millet are some of the major crops grown in the country.

Wildlife Resources: Nepal is home to a diverse range of wildlife species, including tigers, rhinos, elephants, and monkeys. These resources are crucial for ecotourism, which provides a significant source of income for local communities.

Hydro Power Resources: Nepal has significant potential for hydropower generation, with numerous rivers and streams flowing through the country. This renewable energy source provides a sustainable alternative to fossil fuels and is an important contributor to the country’s economy.

Cultural and Heritage Resources: Nepal is famous for its rich cultural and heritage resources, including monuments, temples, and palaces. These resources are valuable for tourism and play an important role in preserving the country’s cultural identity.

Challenges faced by Nepal in Managing its Natural Resources

Nepal is a landlocked country in South Asia, rich in diverse and abundant natural resources. However, despite having a plethora of natural resources, Nepal faces numerous challenges in managing them effectively. Some of the major challenges faced by Nepal in managing its natural resources are discussed below.

• Limited Awareness: Nepal has a large rural population, where most people are illiterate and lack awareness about the importance of natural resources. This leads to over-exploitation and destruction of natural resources, which affects the country’s overall development.
• Lack of Government Support: The government of Nepal lacks adequate financial and technical resources to effectively manage natural resources. There is also a lack of political will to implement conservation and sustainable management programs, which results in the mismanagement of natural resources.
• Corruption: Corruption is a major challenge in Nepal, and this also extends to the management of natural resources. Lack of transparency in the allocation and management of resources often leads to their exploitation and destruction, leading to an imbalance in the ecosystem.
• Unplanned Development: Unplanned development activities such as deforestation, illegal logging, mining, and other commercial activities often cause severe damage to the environment and natural resources. This results in degradation of the environment, reducing the capacity of natural resources to provide benefits to the local communities.
• Climate Change: Climate change is a major challenge to the management of natural resources in Nepal. Changes in the pattern of rainfall and temperature affect agriculture, forestry, water resources, and other ecosystem services, which impacts the livelihoods of local communities.
• Geographical Challenges: Nepal’s mountainous geography poses a significant challenge to the management of natural resources. The country’s inaccessible terrain makes it difficult for the government to monitor and enforce conservation and sustainable management programs.

In conclusion, Nepal faces numerous challenges in managing its natural resources, but with effective government support, increased awareness, and the implementation of sustainable management programs, these challenges can be overcome. Effective natural resource management is crucial for the country’s overall development and the well-being of its people.

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Role of Government in Preserving Natural Resources in Nepal

The government of Nepal plays a crucial role in preserving the country’s natural resources, which are essential for the sustainable development and well-being of its people. Natural resources in Nepal include forests, water, minerals, and wildlife, among others. These resources provide numerous benefits, such as providing livelihoods, maintaining ecological balance, and conserving biodiversity.

Forests : Forests cover approximately 37% of Nepal’s land area and are crucial for maintaining the country’s ecological balance. The government has implemented various measures to protect forests and prevent deforestation. For example, the Forest Act of 1993 prohibits the unauthorized felling of trees, and the government has established protected areas, such as national parks and wildlife reserves, to conserve wildlife and forests. Additionally, the government has launched programs to promote sustainable forest management, such as community forestry, where local communities are involved in the management and conservation of forests.

Water: Nepal has abundant water resources, including rivers, lakes, and glaciers, which are essential for agriculture, industry, and drinking water. The government has implemented various measures to conserve and manage water resources, such as the Water Resource Act of 1992 and the National Water Plan of 1992. These laws and policies aim to ensure equitable access to water and prevent water pollution.

Minerals: Nepal has rich deposits of minerals, such as limestone, quartz, and iron ore, which are essential for various industries, including construction, manufacturing, and energy. The government has implemented various measures to manage mineral resources, such as the Mines and Minerals Act of 1992, which regulates the exploration, exploitation, and conservation of minerals. Additionally, the government has established the Department of Mines and Geology to oversee the management of mineral resources and ensure sustainable and responsible mining practices.

Wildlife: Nepal is home to a rich diversity of wildlife, including rare and endangered species, such as the Bengal tiger and the one-horned rhinoceros. The government has established various protected areas, such as national parks and wildlife reserves, to conserve wildlife and prevent illegal hunting and poaching. Additionally, the government has launched programs to conserve wildlife, such as ecotourism, which generates income for local communities and supports conservation efforts.

In conclusion, the government of Nepal plays a critical role in preserving the country’s natural resources, which are essential for the sustainable development and well-being of its people. The government has implemented various measures, such as laws and policies, protected areas, and programs to promote sustainable management and conservation of natural resources. The government’s role in preserving natural resources is crucial for ensuring their long-term sustainability and the well-being of future generations.

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Community-Based Natural Resource Management in Nepal

Community-based Natural Resource Management (CBNRM) is a critical approach to the sustainable management of natural resources in Nepal. This method of resource management is based on the principle of empowering local communities to participate in the management and decision-making process of the natural resources that affect their lives. The aim of CBNRM is to balance the interests of the local communities, governments, and businesses to ensure that the resources are used for the benefit of all stakeholders.

In Nepal, CBNRM has been implemented in various forms to conserve and manage the country’s vast natural resources, including forests, wildlife, water resources, and land. CBNRM is based on the idea of decentralizing the management of natural resources to the local communities. This approach has been successful in conserving and sustaining the resources while promoting the economic development of the communities.

The government of Nepal has been promoting CBNRM as a means of achieving sustainable development. The government has established various laws, policies, and institutions to support the implementation of CBNRM. For example, the Forest Act 1993 and the Community Forest Management Regulation of 1995 provide the legal framework for the management of community forests.

In addition, the government has established the Community-based Natural Resource Management Program (CBNRMP) to provide technical and financial support to communities in their efforts to manage natural resources. The program has been successful in creating a collaborative relationship between the communities, the government, and the private sector to conserve and manage the resources.

The success of CBNRM in Nepal is evident from the increase in the number of community-based organizations (CBOs) that are engaged in the management of natural resources. CBOs have been established in various regions of the country, and they play a critical role in the management of resources, including the protection of forests, wildlife, and water resources.

In conclusion, CBNRM is a critical approach to the sustainable management of natural resources in Nepal. The government, local communities, and the private sector must work together to ensure the successful implementation of CBNRM. This will ensure that the resources are used for the benefit of all stakeholders, including the preservation of the environment and the promotion of economic development.

Opportunities for Sustainable Development through Natural Resources in Nepal

Nepal is a country rich in natural resources and has the potential to become a leader in sustainable development. From forests to mineral resources, water resources to wildlife, Nepal has the potential to provide a high quality of life to its citizens while also preserving the environment for future generations.

One of the most significant opportunities for sustainable development in Nepal is the exploitation of its forests. With over 60% of its land area covered by forests, Nepal is one of the most forested countries in the world. These forests provide a vital source of livelihood for millions of people and are also a critical carbon sink. By promoting sustainable forestry practices and utilizing forest products, Nepal can protect its forests while also generating income and creating jobs.

Another opportunity for sustainable development in Nepal is the utilization of its abundant water resources. With numerous rivers and lakes, Nepal has the potential to become a leader in hydroelectric power production. This not only provides a clean and renewable source of energy, but also creates jobs and drives economic growth.

Mineral resources, such as iron, copper, gold and mica, are also abundant in Nepal. The development of these resources can provide a significant boost to the economy and provide employment opportunities. However, it is important to ensure that this development is sustainable and does not harm the environment.

Nepal’s wildlife is also a major opportunity for sustainable development. With a wide range of flora and fauna, Nepal is home to many species that are found nowhere else in the world. By promoting sustainable wildlife tourism, Nepal can protect its unique wildlife while also generating income.

In conclusion, Nepal has numerous opportunities for sustainable development through the use of its natural resources. From forests to water resources to mineral resources, Nepal has the potential to provide a high quality of life for its citizens while also preserving the environment for future generations. By promoting sustainable practices and utilizing these resources wisely, Nepal can become a leader in sustainable development.

Conclusion and Recommendations for Sustainable Use of Natural Resources in Nepal.

In conclusion, Nepal is a country rich in natural resources, including forests, water resources, minerals, and wildlife. The sustainable use of these resources is crucial for the long-term economic and ecological health of the country. However, the current methods of resource extraction and use are unsustainable, and have led to environmental degradation, loss of biodiversity, and increased poverty.

To ensure the sustainable use of natural resources in Nepal, the following recommendations should be implemented:

• Development of sustainable resource management policies: Nepal should establish and enforce policies that promote sustainable resource management practices, including limiting over-extraction, reducing waste, and promoting efficient use.
• Promotion of eco-friendly technologies: Encouraging the use of environmentally friendly technologies and practices can help reduce the impact of resource extraction and use on the environment.
• Community involvement: Engaging local communities in the management and protection of natural resources can help ensure that resources are used sustainably, and that the benefits of resource use are shared fairly.
• Education and awareness: Raising awareness about the importance of sustainable resource use among the general public is crucial to ensure that people understand the impact of their actions on the environment.
• Investment in renewable energy: Investing in renewable energy sources such as solar and wind power can help reduce the dependence on non-renewable resources, while promoting sustainable development.

Also Read :-  Class 12 Exam Date 2079/2080 – An Overview for the Students for Navigating the Upcoming Challenge with Confidence

In conclusion, the sustainable use of natural resources is essential for the long-term prosperity and well-being of Nepal and its people. By implementing these recommendations, Nepal can ensure that its rich natural resources are used in a responsible and sustainable manner, for the benefit of present and future generations.

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• 1. Travel and Holidays
• 1. Language Development

Nepali Society: Past Present and Future

The nepali society: past, present and future .

By society, we mean a long-standing group of people sharing cultural aspects such as language, dress, norms of behaviour and artistic forms. Nepali society has a mixed culture. Even though different cultures live together, cultural practices are often mixed and one cultural group can be seen practising the traditions of another. People are free to choose their own cultural practices and no one is forced to follow any particular pattern. As a Nepali citizen, I like Nepali society much. I have seen as well as read about Nepali society and its change. 

Over time, many changes have been seen in the context of Nepali society. The condition of Nepali society wasn't good in the past time. Nepali society was so rigid in the past time. Most people were uneducated and there was a lack of awareness among the people. Patriarchal norms and values were at their height. Class, as well as sex subjection, had played a vital role in every society. 

The concept of Feudalism was prevalent everywhere. Ordinary people had to face miserable life under the feudalists. They were quite a way from the concept of rights and opportunities of lives. Life was so difficult for most of the peasants. There was a lack of facilities in people's lives. In most societies, there were feudalists or lords who used to determine others fate. Talking about women's lives during that time, women had very bad conditions. They were living being dependent on males. The patriarchal norms and values had made them remain limited within the boundaries of their houses. Child marriage was so common. Life in the past was really not favourable for ordinary people including women. In the present time, different changes are seen in various sectors of Nepal. 

Nepali societies seem quite different from that of past Nepalese societies. In the present, Nepali society is on the way to development. In the matter of facilities as electricity, drinking water, roads and transportation, education etc, Nepali society has been changed. People in the present time have various rights regarding various things. If there is one thing that upsets me about Nepali society is the political aspect. People in the present time are totally involved in the dirty game of politics. Due to this, Nepali society is facing disorders every single day. At present, the condition of Nepali women is much better than expected. 

Over time, Nepali women have got many rights according to the constitution of Nepal. I think the future of Nepali society will be so good if we all Nepali citizens choose the right candidates for the betterment of Nepalese society. We should be away from this dirty game of politics and think about the bright future of Nepali people and society. 

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USAID Democratic Processes Project

Start: march/16/2023 | end: march/15/2028 | funding: $8 million.

The USAID Democratic Processes Project strengthens the inclusiveness, responsiveness and resilience of electoral and political processes of Nepal and promotes a more equitable and self-reliant Nepal.

USAID Democratic Processes Project partners with the Election Commission of Nepal, civil society organizations and political and parliamentary stakeholders to identify and advocate for reforms in the electoral process, including through legislation and on broader electoral reform areas around inclusion and intra-party democracy.

USAID Democratic Process Project

Supports transparent and inclusive elections:.

USAID is responsive to the needs of local partners and supports the Election Commission of Nepal to strengthen its structures, policies and management approaches, and make Nepal’s electoral framework more inclusive and responsive to citizen input; contributing to Nepal’s ability to implement free and fair elections.

Supports Civil Society engagement in political and electoral processes:

USAID is strengthening the capacity of Civil Society Organizations to engage more meaningfully with political parties, electoral and legislative processes, and policy research. This helps to further inclusive and responsive institutions through the development of technical skills in political process monitoring and working through networks and coalitions.

Supports marginalized groups to engage in political processes:

USAID is strengthening the capacity of youth, women and marginalized groups within political parties to better understand various policy level and political processes in Nepal, and effectively advocate for more inclusive agendas within their respective parties at the provincial level.

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[Closed] Accelerating Implementation of Sustainable Development Goals in Nepal

Accelerating implementation of sustainable development goals in nepal (aisn).

Accelerating Implementation of Sustainable Development Goals in Nepal ( AISN) project has been implemented with the objective of supporting the Government of Nepal in achieving the SDGs in accordance with the targets set in the 15 th Plan by creating enabling environment and capacity building through accelerated implementation. This will attempt to address critical development challenges of the country by mitigating SDG financing gaps and reconciling socio-economic development with environment management.

The project aims to support Nepal in achieving the SDGs and the targets of 15th Plan by creating enabling environment and capacity development through accelerated implementation. The project has two outcomes:

1) Planning, budgeting, monitoring & reporting systems at all levels of government are SDG responsive and functional; and

2) Resilient and innovative financing available for SDG implementation.

The Government of Nepal has adopted various policies and programs to accelerate the implementation of Sustainable Development Goals in Nepal and had put in place the institutional and financial arrangements. The National Planning Commission (NPC) is the principal agency for SDG monitoring and has taken a number of initiatives towards attaining the SDGs by engaging relevant stakeholders in this process. Nepal is one of the first country to take stock of its status on the proposed Sustainable Development Goals in 2016, followed by preparing SDGs status and roadmap 2016-2030 and SDGs Needs Assessment, Costing and Financing Strategy. The implementation started with incorporating SDGs in the 14 th Plan (2016/2017 – 2018/2019) and now mainstreaming SDGs in the 15 th Plan (2019/20-2023/24) which is guided by the overarching national aspiration of ‘Prosperous Nepal, Happy Nepali’. The Long-Term Vision 2043 is also built on the goals, targets and milestones of the Agenda 2030.  Nepal has already introduced SDG budget coding in the national budget system to monitor public expenditure aligned with the SDGs achievements. The national Medium-Term Expenditure framework is SDG responsive. The SDG localization at sub-national levels is also advancing to accelerate achievement of the SDGs in a comprehensive and holistic manner overcoming the challenges of resource mo­bilization, data management, coordination and monitoring & evaluation. COVID-19 has added additional challenges in this localization process.

What have we accomplished so far?

AISN Project has been supporting NPC in producing milestone documents including supporting to mainstream the SDGs in the national development process. Below are key documents produced so far/in the pipeline.

• Publication of Nepal Human Development Report 2020
• Publication of SDGs Progress Assessment Report 2016-2019
• Publication of SDGs Localization Source Book 2020
• Development of Financing Requirement Framework of the 15 th Plan
• National Review of SDGs (Voluntary Report) to present to the High-Level Political Forum
• Study on the Socio-economic Impact of COVID-19 in Nepal

Expected Outcome of the project

• Planning, budgeting and M&E systems at federal level fully aligned with the SDGs,
• SDGs aligned planning, budgeting and M &E systems in place at provinces and local levels,
• The intergovernmental fiscal transfer mechanism incentivizes provincial and local governments to integrate the SDGs,
• Cooperatives and public enterprises increased investment for SDG implementation
• Private sector resources and innovative financing including global and vertical funds are mobilized to mitigate SDG financing gap and
• COVID-19 financing and economic recovery plan/ strategy developed.

  Project Document

  Factsheet

Publications

SDG Localization Report

SDG Progress Assessment Report 2016–2019

SDG Voluntary Review

UNDP focal point: Kalpana Sarkar

Portfolio Analyst

Email:[email protected]

Project focal point:

Pushpa Lal Shakya

National Project Manager

[email protected]

+ 977 1 4200790/791

Singh Durbar, Kathmandu

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World Economic Situation and Prospects 2024

Global economic growth is projected to slow from an estimated 2.7 per cent in 2023 to 2.4 per cent in 2024, trending below the pre-pandemic growth rate of 3.0 per cent, according to the United Nations World Economic Situation and Prospects (WESP) 2024. This latest forecast comes on the heels of global economic performance exceeding expectations in 2023. However, last year’s stronger-than-expected GDP growth masked short-term risks and structural vulnerabilities. 

The UN’s flagship economic report presents a sombre economic outlook for the near term. Persistently high interest rates, further escalation of conflicts, sluggish international trade, and increasing climate disasters, pose significant challenges to global growth.

The prospects of a prolonged period of tighter credit conditions and higher borrowing costs present strong headwinds for a world economy saddled with debt, while in need of more investments to resuscitate growth, fight climate change and accelerate progress towards the Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs).

“2024 must be the year when we break out of this quagmire. By unlocking big, bold investments we can drive sustainable development and climate action, and put the global economy on a stronger growth path for all,” said António Guterres, United Nations Secretary-General. “We must build on the progress made in the past year towards an SDG Stimulus of at least $500 billion per year in affordable long-term financing for investments in sustainable development and climate action.”

Subdued growth in developed and developing economies Growth in several large, developed economies, especially the United States, is projected to decelerate in 2024 given high interest rates, slowing consumer spending and weaker labour markets. The short-term growth prospects for many developing countries – particularly in East Asia, Western Asia and Latin America and the Caribbean – are also deteriorating because of tighter financial conditions, shrinking fiscal space and sluggish external demand. Low-income and vulnerable economies are facing increasing balance-of-payments pressures and debt sustainability risks. Economic prospects for small island developing States, in particular, will be constrained by heavy debt burdens, high interest rates and increasing climate-related vulnerabilities, which threaten to undermine, and in some cases, even reverse gains made on the SDGs.

Inflation trending down but recovery in labour markets still uneven Global inflation is projected to decline further, from an estimated 5.7 per cent in 2023 to 3.9 per cent in 2024. Price pressures are, however, still elevated in many countries and any further escalation of geopolitical conflicts risks renewed increases in inflation. 

In about a quarter of all developing countries, annual inflation is projected to exceed 10 per cent in 2024, the report highlights. Since January 2021, consumer prices in developing economies have increased by a cumulative 21.1 per cent, significantly eroding the economic gains made following the COVID-19 recovery. Amid supply-side disruptions, conflicts and extreme weather events, local food price inflation remained high in many developing economies, disproportionately affecting the poorest households. 

“Persistently high inflation has further set back progress in poverty eradication, with especially severe impacts in the least developed countries,” said Li Junhua, United Nations Under-Secretary-General for Economic and Social Affairs. “It is absolutely imperative that we strengthen global cooperation and the multilateral trading system, reform development finance, address debt challenges and scale up climate financing to help vulnerable countries accelerate towards a path of sustainable and inclusive growth.”

According to the report, the global labour markets have seen an uneven recovery from the pandemic crisis. In developed economies, labour markets have remained resilient despite a slowdown in growth. However, in many developing countries, particularly in Western Asia and Africa, key employment indicators, including unemployment rates, are yet to return to pre-pandemic levels. The global gender employment gap remains high, and gender pay gaps not only persist but have even widened in some occupations.   

Related Sustainable Development Goals

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The State of Development Journals 2024: Quality, Acceptance Rates, Review Times, and What’s New

David mckenzie.

This is the eighth in my annual series of efforts to put together data on development economics journals that is not otherwise publicly available or easy to access (see  2017 ,  2018 ,  2019 ,  2020 , 2021 , 2022 , 2023 for the previous editions). I once again thank all the journal editors and editorial staff who graciously shared their statistics with me.

Journal Quality

The most well-known metric of journal quality is its impact factor . The standard impact factor is the mean number of citations in the last year of papers published in the journal in the past 2 years, while the 5-year is the mean number of cites in the last year of papers published in the last 5. As noted in previous years, the distribution of citations are highly skewed, and while the mean number of citations differs across journals, there is substantial overlap in the distributions – most of the variation in citations is within, rather than across journals. We continue to see growth in these impact factors at many journals. The big news this year is that they have decided that you really don’t need three decimal places any more in the impact factors.  I compliment these stats with RePec’s journal rankings which take into account article downloads and abstract views in addition to citations. 

Table 3 then shows two additional metrics, taken from Scimago , which uses information from the Scopus database. The first is the SJR (SCImago Journal Rank), which is a prestige-weighted citation metric – which works like Google PageRank, giving more weight to citations in sources with a relatively high SJR. I’ve included some of the top general journals in economics for comparison. Scimago also provides an H-index which is the number of papers published by a journal  in any year that were cited at least h times in the reference year – so this captures how many papers continue to be influential but as a result, favors more established journals, and ones that publish more articles, that have a larger body of articles to draw upon. 

How many submissions are received, and what are the chances of getting accepted?

Table 4 shows the number of submissions received each year. See previous years posts for statistics before 2019. The total submissions in the 11 journals tracked is almost 10,000 papers (note I received no data from the Review of Development Economics this year so have excluded it).  Total submissions in these journals are up 7.7% over last year, although not quite at the 2020 peak.

At most journals the number of submissions has either leveled off or fallen since a peak in 2020-21. World Development had the largest 2020 peak when they had a special call for a variety of short papers on COVID-19, but perhaps the combination of people sending off lots of papers during the pandemic and then being a little slower to start new projects has halted the rapid growth somewhat.

·       The newish World Development Perspectives already received 532 submissions last year, more than many long established development journals.

·       The Review of Development Economics has seen very rapid growth in submissions. I only started collecting stats for it last year, but the editors note that in 2015 they received about 450 submissions, and this has now grown to more than 1,500 last year.

Table 5 shows the total number of papers published in each journal. 782 papers were published in 2023, so that’s a lot of development research (even though less than 1 in 10 of the submitted papers and down slightly on the 811 papers published in 2022). I’ve noted in previous years that some of the journals have been able to flexibly increase the number of articles published as their submission numbers have risen, reducing publication lags as well. 

The ratio of the number of papers published to those submitted is approximately the acceptance rate. Of course papers are often published in a different year from when they are submitted, and so journals calculate acceptance rates by trying to match up the timing. Each journal does this in somewhat different ways. Hence Economia-Lacea reports a 0% acceptance rate for 2023 since none of the papers submitted in 2023 have yet been accepted, although some are still under review.  Table 6 shows the acceptance rates at different journals as reported by these journals. Of course the number and quality of submissions varies across journals, and so comparing acceptance rates across journals does not tell you what the chances are of your particular paper getting accepted is at these different journals.  

How long does it take papers to get refereed?

In addition to wanting to publish in a high quality outlet, and having a decent chance of publication, authors also care a lot about how efficient the process is. Table 7 provides data on the review process (see the previous years’ posts for historic data). The first column shows the desk rejection rate, which averages 73%. Column 2 uses the desk rejection rates and acceptance rates to estimate the acceptance rate conditional on you making it past the desk rejection stage. On average, about one in three papers that gets sent to referees gets accepted, with this varying from 12% to 63% across journals.

The remaining columns give some numbers on how long it takes to get a first-round decision. The statistics “Unconditional on going to referees” includes all the desk rejections, which typically don’t take that many days. The average conditional on going to referees is in the 3-5 month range. The last two columns then show that at most journals, almost all papers have a decision within 6 months – so in my opinion, you should feel free to send an enquiry if your paper takes longer than that. 

Do revisions typically get sent back to the referees or handled by the editor?

Another factor that can make a big difference in how long it takes to publish a paper is whether editors send revised papers back to referees, or instead reads the response letter and revision themselves and just makes a decision on this basis. This is something that the AER and AEJ Applied have been trying to do more and more, with only 25% of revisions at the AEJ Applied going back to referees. In my own editing at WBE, I send fewer than 5% of revisions back to referees. This year I asked the different journals what their approaches were. Many do not systematically track this, but offered some approximations:

·       Journal of Development Economics: approximately 60% of revisions go back to referees, although 0% for the short papers (see below)

·       Development Policy Review: only 10% of revisions go back to referees.

·       Journal of Development Effectiveness: 7.7% were sent back to referees

·       Journal of Development Studies: not tracked, but less than 20% go back to referees

·       Journal of African Economies: 52% are sent back to referees

·       Economia: 70% go back to referees.

·       EDCC: does not track this, but first revisions are usually sent back to referees.

·       World Development, World Development Perspectives, WBRO, and WBER do not track this, and results may vary a lot by editor.

Updates on the JDE Short Paper and Registered Report Tracks

The Journal of Development Economics has two other categories of papers that differ from other development journals:

·       The short paper format has proved popular. There were 148 submissions in 2023 (about 8% of total submissions), and 21 short papers were accepted. These papers follow the model of AER Insights, ReStat, etc in which papers are either conditionally accepted or rejected, and so any revisions are minor and are not sent back to referees.

·       The JDE registered reports had 19 stage 1 acceptances in 2023, and 1 stage 2 acceptance, reflecting a lag from COVID when there were not many new submissions. They have a website jdepreresults.org which tracks the stage 1 and stage 2 registered reports, but some of the data was lost when transitioning the website, so if you have a registered report accepted that is not listed there, please let the journal know.

Other Development Journal News

Finally, I asked the journals if they had any other major news or changes to report. Here are what they wanted to share:

·       At EDCC, Prashant Bharadwaj has replaced Marcel Fafchamps as editor. Thanks to Marcel for 10 years at the helm. The journal is one of the few development journals with a submission fee ($50), but offers a fee waiver to referees who have submitted a timely report in the year prior to submission.

·       Other editorial changes are Ganeshan Wignaraja replacing Colin Kirkpatrick as co-editor at Development Policy Review, and Marie Gardner and Ashu Handa taking over from Manny Jimenez at the Journal of Development Effectiveness.

·       The Journal of Development Effectiveness notes they are implementing a set of actions to raise awareness about transparency, ethics and equity in research, and to address power imbalances among HIC-L&MIC research teams. The editors note they are particularly concerned with research involving primary data collection in an L&MIC where there is no author from an institution in that country. For articles submitted to JDEff that fall into this category, they will require the authors to complete a short author reflexivity statement that will be published along with the article. The statement will explain the contribution of each author per Taylor & Francis authorship criteria, which are consistent with the criteria established by the International Committee of Medical Journal Editors. Authors will be asked to explain why there is no contributing author from the study location, specifically, whether any team member based in the study location made a ’significant contribution to conception, study design, execution or acquisition of data,’ and if so, why they were not subsequently invited to review the manuscript and take responsibility for its contents. And for work involving randomized controlled trials or interviews with vulnerable groups, authors will also be asked to answer a set of questions about research ethics. Final manuscript acceptance and publication in JDEff will be based on the scientific quality of the work as well as an assessment of whether the work was conducted in an equitable, inclusive and ethical manner.

Finally, thanks again to all the editors for all the time and effort they devote to improving the quality and visibility of development research. As you can see, they have a lot to deal with!

Lead Economist, Development Research Group, World Bank

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Why writing by hand beats typing for thinking and learning

Jonathan Lambert

If you're like many digitally savvy Americans, it has likely been a while since you've spent much time writing by hand.

The laborious process of tracing out our thoughts, letter by letter, on the page is becoming a relic of the past in our screen-dominated world, where text messages and thumb-typed grocery lists have replaced handwritten letters and sticky notes. Electronic keyboards offer obvious efficiency benefits that have undoubtedly boosted our productivity — imagine having to write all your emails longhand.

To keep up, many schools are introducing computers as early as preschool, meaning some kids may learn the basics of typing before writing by hand.

But giving up this slower, more tactile way of expressing ourselves may come at a significant cost, according to a growing body of research that's uncovering the surprising cognitive benefits of taking pen to paper, or even stylus to iPad — for both children and adults.

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In kids, studies show that tracing out ABCs, as opposed to typing them, leads to better and longer-lasting recognition and understanding of letters. Writing by hand also improves memory and recall of words, laying down the foundations of literacy and learning. In adults, taking notes by hand during a lecture, instead of typing, can lead to better conceptual understanding of material.

"There's actually some very important things going on during the embodied experience of writing by hand," says Ramesh Balasubramaniam , a neuroscientist at the University of California, Merced. "It has important cognitive benefits."

While those benefits have long been recognized by some (for instance, many authors, including Jennifer Egan and Neil Gaiman , draft their stories by hand to stoke creativity), scientists have only recently started investigating why writing by hand has these effects.

A slew of recent brain imaging research suggests handwriting's power stems from the relative complexity of the process and how it forces different brain systems to work together to reproduce the shapes of letters in our heads onto the page.

Your brain on handwriting

Both handwriting and typing involve moving our hands and fingers to create words on a page. But handwriting, it turns out, requires a lot more fine-tuned coordination between the motor and visual systems. This seems to more deeply engage the brain in ways that support learning.

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"Handwriting is probably among the most complex motor skills that the brain is capable of," says Marieke Longcamp , a cognitive neuroscientist at Aix-Marseille Université.

Gripping a pen nimbly enough to write is a complicated task, as it requires your brain to continuously monitor the pressure that each finger exerts on the pen. Then, your motor system has to delicately modify that pressure to re-create each letter of the words in your head on the page.

"Your fingers have to each do something different to produce a recognizable letter," says Sophia Vinci-Booher , an educational neuroscientist at Vanderbilt University. Adding to the complexity, your visual system must continuously process that letter as it's formed. With each stroke, your brain compares the unfolding script with mental models of the letters and words, making adjustments to fingers in real time to create the letters' shapes, says Vinci-Booher.

That's not true for typing.

To type "tap" your fingers don't have to trace out the form of the letters — they just make three relatively simple and uniform movements. In comparison, it takes a lot more brainpower, as well as cross-talk between brain areas, to write than type.

Recent brain imaging studies bolster this idea. A study published in January found that when students write by hand, brain areas involved in motor and visual information processing " sync up " with areas crucial to memory formation, firing at frequencies associated with learning.

"We don't see that [synchronized activity] in typewriting at all," says Audrey van der Meer , a psychologist and study co-author at the Norwegian University of Science and Technology. She suggests that writing by hand is a neurobiologically richer process and that this richness may confer some cognitive benefits.

Other experts agree. "There seems to be something fundamental about engaging your body to produce these shapes," says Robert Wiley , a cognitive psychologist at the University of North Carolina, Greensboro. "It lets you make associations between your body and what you're seeing and hearing," he says, which might give the mind more footholds for accessing a given concept or idea.

Those extra footholds are especially important for learning in kids, but they may give adults a leg up too. Wiley and others worry that ditching handwriting for typing could have serious consequences for how we all learn and think.

What might be lost as handwriting wanes

The clearest consequence of screens and keyboards replacing pen and paper might be on kids' ability to learn the building blocks of literacy — letters.

"Letter recognition in early childhood is actually one of the best predictors of later reading and math attainment," says Vinci-Booher. Her work suggests the process of learning to write letters by hand is crucial for learning to read them.

"When kids write letters, they're just messy," she says. As kids practice writing "A," each iteration is different, and that variability helps solidify their conceptual understanding of the letter.

Research suggests kids learn to recognize letters better when seeing variable handwritten examples, compared with uniform typed examples.

This helps develop areas of the brain used during reading in older children and adults, Vinci-Booher found.

"This could be one of the ways that early experiences actually translate to long-term life outcomes," she says. "These visually demanding, fine motor actions bake in neural communication patterns that are really important for learning later on."

Ditching handwriting instruction could mean that those skills don't get developed as well, which could impair kids' ability to learn down the road.

"If young children are not receiving any handwriting training, which is very good brain stimulation, then their brains simply won't reach their full potential," says van der Meer. "It's scary to think of the potential consequences."

Many states are trying to avoid these risks by mandating cursive instruction. This year, California started requiring elementary school students to learn cursive , and similar bills are moving through state legislatures in several states, including Indiana, Kentucky, South Carolina and Wisconsin. (So far, evidence suggests that it's the writing by hand that matters, not whether it's print or cursive.)

Slowing down and processing information

For adults, one of the main benefits of writing by hand is that it simply forces us to slow down.

During a meeting or lecture, it's possible to type what you're hearing verbatim. But often, "you're not actually processing that information — you're just typing in the blind," says van der Meer. "If you take notes by hand, you can't write everything down," she says.

The relative slowness of the medium forces you to process the information, writing key words or phrases and using drawing or arrows to work through ideas, she says. "You make the information your own," she says, which helps it stick in the brain.

Such connections and integration are still possible when typing, but they need to be made more intentionally. And sometimes, efficiency wins out. "When you're writing a long essay, it's obviously much more practical to use a keyboard," says van der Meer.

Still, given our long history of using our hands to mark meaning in the world, some scientists worry about the more diffuse consequences of offloading our thinking to computers.

"We're foisting a lot of our knowledge, extending our cognition, to other devices, so it's only natural that we've started using these other agents to do our writing for us," says Balasubramaniam.

It's possible that this might free up our minds to do other kinds of hard thinking, he says. Or we might be sacrificing a fundamental process that's crucial for the kinds of immersive cognitive experiences that enable us to learn and think at our full potential.

Balasubramaniam stresses, however, that we don't have to ditch digital tools to harness the power of handwriting. So far, research suggests that scribbling with a stylus on a screen activates the same brain pathways as etching ink on paper. It's the movement that counts, he says, not its final form.

Jonathan Lambert is a Washington, D.C.-based freelance journalist who covers science, health and policy.

• handwriting