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QuickMath will automatically answer the most common problems in algebra, equations and calculus faced by high-school and college students.

• The algebra section allows you to expand, factor or simplify virtually any expression you choose. It also has commands for splitting fractions into partial fractions, combining several fractions into one and cancelling common factors within a fraction.
• The equations section lets you solve an equation or system of equations. You can usually find the exact answer or, if necessary, a numerical answer to almost any accuracy you require.
• The inequalities section lets you solve an inequality or a system of inequalities for a single variable. You can also plot inequalities in two variables.
• The calculus section will carry out differentiation as well as definite and indefinite integration.
• The matrices section contains commands for the arithmetic manipulation of matrices.
• The graphs section contains commands for plotting equations and inequalities.
• The numbers section has a percentages command for explaining the most common types of percentage problems and a section for dealing with scientific notation.

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This tool combines the power of mathematical computation engine that excels at solving mathematical formulas with the power of artificial intelligence large language models to parse and generate natural language answers. This creates a math problem solver that's more accurate than ChatGPT, more flexible than a math calculator, and provides answers faster than a human tutor.

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Problem Solver Subjects

Our math problem solver that lets you input a wide variety of math math problems and it will provide a step by step answer. This math solver excels at math word problems as well as a wide range of math subjects.

• Math Word Problems
• Pre-Algebra
• Geometry Graphing
• Trigonometry
• Precalculus
• Finite Math
• Linear Algebra

Here are example math problems within each subject that can be input into the calculator and solved. This list is constanstly growing as functionality is added to the calculator.

Basic Math Solutions

Below are examples of basic math problems that can be solved.

• Long Arithmetic
• Rational Numbers
• Operations with Fractions
• Ratios, Proportions, Percents
• Measurement, Area, and Volume
• Factors, Fractions, and Exponents
• Unit Conversions
• Data Measurement and Statistics
• Points and Line Segments

Math Word Problem Solutions

Math word problems require interpreting what is being asked and simplifying that into a basic math equation. Once you have the equation you can then enter that into the problem solver as a basic math or algebra question to be correctly solved. Below are math word problem examples and their simplified forms.

Word Problem: Rachel has 17 apples. She gives some to Sarah. Sarah now has 8 apples. How many apples did Rachel give her?

Simplified Equation: 17 - x = 8

Word Problem: Rhonda has 12 marbles more than Douglas. Douglas has 6 marbles more than Bertha. Rhonda has twice as many marbles as Bertha has. How many marbles does Douglas have?

Variables: Rhonda's marbles is represented by (r), Douglas' marbles is represented by (d) and Bertha's marbles is represented by (b)

Simplified Equation: {r = d + 12, d = b + 6, r = 2 �� b}

Word Problem: if there are 40 cookies all together and Angela takes 10 and Brett takes 5 how many are left?

Simplified: 40 - 10 - 5

Pre-Algebra Solutions

Below are examples of Pre-Algebra math problems that can be solved.

• Variables, Expressions, and Integers
• Simplifying and Evaluating Expressions
• Solving Equations
• Multi-Step Equations and Inequalities
• Ratios, Proportions, and Percents
• Linear Equations and Inequalities

Algebra Solutions

Below are examples of Algebra math problems that can be solved.

• Algebra Concepts and Expressions
• Points, Lines, and Line Segments
• Simplifying Polynomials
• Factoring Polynomials
• Linear Equations
• Absolute Value Expressions and Equations
• Radical Expressions and Equations
• Systems of Equations
• Quadratic Equations
• Inequalities
• Complex Numbers and Vector Analysis
• Logarithmic Expressions and Equations
• Exponential Expressions and Equations
• Conic Sections
• Vector Spaces
• 3d Coordinate System
• Eigenvalues and Eigenvectors
• Linear Transformations
• Number Sets
• Analytic Geometry

Trigonometry Solutions

Below are examples of Trigonometry math problems that can be solved.

• Algebra Concepts and Expressions Review
• Right Triangle Trigonometry
• Radian Measure and Circular Functions
• Graphing Trigonometric Functions
• Simplifying Trigonometric Expressions
• Verifying Trigonometric Identities
• Solving Trigonometric Equations
• Complex Numbers
• Analytic Geometry in Polar Coordinates
• Exponential and Logarithmic Functions
• Vector Arithmetic

Precalculus Solutions

Below are examples of Precalculus math problems that can be solved.

• Operations on Functions
• Rational Expressions and Equations
• Polynomial and Rational Functions
• Analytic Trigonometry
• Sequences and Series
• Analytic Geometry in Rectangular Coordinates
• Limits and an Introduction to Calculus

Calculus Solutions

Below are examples of Calculus math problems that can be solved.

• Evaluating Limits
• Derivatives
• Applications of Differentiation
• Applications of Integration
• Techniques of Integration
• Parametric Equations and Polar Coordinates
• Differential Equations

Statistics Solutions

Below are examples of Statistics problems that can be solved.

• Algebra Review
• Average Descriptive Statistics
• Dispersion Statistics
• Probability
• Probability Distributions
• Frequency Distribution
• Normal Distributions
• t-Distributions
• Hypothesis Testing
• Estimation and Sample Size
• Correlation and Regression

Finite Math Solutions

Below are examples of Finite Math problems that can be solved.

• Polynomials and Expressions
• Equations and Inequalities
• Linear Functions and Points
• Systems of Linear Equations
• Mathematics of Finance
• Statistical Distributions

Linear Algebra Solutions

Below are examples of Linear Algebra math problems that can be solved.

• Introduction to Matrices
• Linear Independence and Combinations

Chemistry Solutions

Below are examples of Chemistry problems that can be solved.

• Unit Conversion
• Atomic Structure
• Molecules and Compounds
• Chemical Equations and Reactions
• Behavior of Gases
• Solutions and Concentrations

Physics Solutions

Below are examples of Physics math problems that can be solved.

• Static Equilibrium
• Dynamic Equilibrium
• Kinematics Equations
• Electricity
• Thermodymanics

Geometry Graphing Solutions

Below are examples of Geometry and graphing math problems that can be solved.

• Step By Step Graphing
• Linear Equations and Functions
• Polar Equations

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7 Best Math Solver Apps and Websites

We have already talked about math learning apps for Android and iOS before. These apps allow you to study and brush up on mathematical concepts regardless of where you are. But what do you do when you get stuck on a problem and there is no one to help you out? The answer is easy. There are tons of apps and websites that you can use to solve math problems in no time. So if you don’t want to depend on anybody, here are some of the best math solver apps and websites you can try. Let’s begin.

How to Tackle Homework with Math Solver Apps

1. mathway: scan photos, solve problems.

Mathway is the most recommended app when it comes to math problem-solving apps. It covers a large area of mathematics such as basic math, algebra, trigonometry, calculus, etc. So whether you want to solve basic square roots or word out complicated limits and derivatives, this one is the only tool you may need.

Mathway also allows you to connect with experts. You can submit your question for a fee of $5/month (one pending question at a time) or $30/month (1st plan + 20 sessions live with experts).

To start solving problems, all you have to do is select a subject area and take a photo of the question. Moreover, if you want to type in the question, you can do that with the keyboard as well. The numbers on the keyboard keep changing according to the subject of your choice. The best part is that it shows you steps to solve each problem. However, it is behind the paywall and would cost you $9.99/month. This also removes ads.

• Cover multiple areas (algebra, trigonometry, calculus, etc.)
• Supports three types of input (keyboard, camera, voice)
• Stp by step problem solving
• No sign-in required
• Ask an expert might be costly for many

Get Mathway for ( iOS | Android | Web )

2. Slader Homework Answer‪s

If you have a lot of math questions, taking a picture or typing each problem can be a big hassle. Since most math problems are extracted out of textbooks, why not simply scroll through the questions/answers from the book itself? This app does exactly that. You can scan the barcode of a book or browse from the category of the books already solved.

In addition to high school math (pre-algebra, geometry, trigonometry) and upper-level math (differential equations, statistics, etc.), it also covers other subjects such as English, management, accounting, etc. Although the app has a large database of books, there are chances that you won’t find the book you’re looking for. Moreover, most of the advanced math books are locked. So you can only view them by upgrading to a premium plan that comes at $3.99/monthly.

• Find math solutions book-wise
• Clearly shows chapter number, page, and exercise number
• Users can rate and comment on solutions
• Very slow to load
• Tons of banner ads
• Limited database of books
• No option to scan questions

Get Slader Homework Answer‪s for ( iOS | Android )

3. Cymath – Math Problem Solver

Cymath is similar to Mathway, however, I like it more because of a few additional features. But before that, let’s first talk about the common features. Both math solver apps allow you to capture math problems and have keyboard input as well. However, Mathway has far more sub-fields of math when compared to Cymath. I tried a few algebra questions where both performed well. However, Cymath often showed errors when I ran trigonometry questions.

In conclusion, if you want to cover a large area of subjects and want extreme accuracy, Mathway is still better.

Cymath shines in a few other aspects, for example, the history section and the ability to bookmark solutions. This comes in handy whenever you are stuck and wish to refer to an old problem. In addition, it also has a learning tab that has common references, practice questions and also discusses one problem each week. The plus version comes at $4.99/month. It removes ads, shows the step-by-step solutions, and even answer why a certain step is used (in addition to how).

• Covers most topics (algebra, calculus, graphing)
• Clean interface (easy to browser)
• Supports image and keyboard input
• History and bookmark option
• Stumbles a bit on accuracy
• Not as comprehensive as Mathway

Get Cymath – Math Problem Solve‪r for ( iOS | Android )

4. Geometry solver ² lite

Most math solver apps don’t deal with geometry, but here is an app that does it well. So the next time you struggle to find the area of a figure or you cannot recall a specific formula, you know where to look. You can easily toggle between 2D or 3D figures from the sidebar. Moreover, all the figures are given in a listicle form along with a line diagram for easy understanding.

The calculation is also extremely easy. All you have to do is add the variables and the app will show you all the results live as you change these variables in real-time. In case you do not want to rely on the auto-calculation feature, it shows all the formulae in the same tab for quick reference as well. While all the formulas are free, the calculator for several figures is locked. On the plus side, you can simply watch a 15 seconds video ad to unlock them. If you do not wish to see ads, you have the option to remove ads and unlock all figures by paying a $3.99/one-time fee.

• 2D ad 3D figure section
• Auto-calculator with variables
• Lists all the formulas (area, perimeter, centroid, etc.)
• Purely a geometry app

Get Geometry solver ² lite for ( iOS | Android )

5. Google Lens (Homework)

Did you know you can use the Google Search app to solve math problems? Very few people know about it and I’m sure even less actually use it. In order to use this feature, you must have the Google Search app installed. Simply tap on the camera icon and select the Homework option from the bottom. Now all you have to do is point the camera towards the question and adjust the frame accordingly.

If the app can scan the question successfully, you’ll get a preview for the same. If it’s not accurate you have the option to edit the question. You can also view the solution step-wise. Google also has another problem-solving app Socratic ( iOS , Android ) that covers all subjects. You can try that as well however it doesn’t allow you to upload questions from your gallery. Hence when your friends send you a problem on WhatsApp, using the Google Search app is a better solution.

• Shows step by step solution
• Allows you to edit the question
• See similar questions/concepts with Google search results
• Not a dedicated math solver app
• Might not work for advance math

Get Google Search App for ( iOS | Android )

6. QuickMath

If you prefer using a PC over the phone to study, you should check QuickMath’s website. The website isn’t fancy but easily solves basic math problems. Similar to the math solver apps we have discussed above, it solves math problems automatically. Whether you are in school or college, it covers a vast array of subjects. You can solve simple equations, algebra, calculus, percentage problems, etc.

The website is easy to browse and all the options are well laid out. You can click on the type of question from the side or top bar. Once you scroll down, you can also view a step-by-step solution for any given problem. In addition to that, it also provides a brief explanation for each step.

• Easy to switch between types of questions
• Solves both basic and advanced math problems
• Features help and tutorial section
• Step by step explanation
• No option to upload questions
• On-screen keyboard is a flimsy way to type (personal choice)

Get QuickMatch for ( iOS | Android | Web )

7. WolframAlpha

Wolfram is often called a search engine for solving problems. Unlike Google which heavily relies on search results, Wolfram uses deep computational power (extremely sourced and curated data) to solve mathematical equations and has a vast variety of areas it deals with. You can solve problems related to elementary math, algebra, calculus geometry, etc. To begin, type the question, upload a picture, even just paste a link containing the question.

Wolfram Alpha will likely solve all your problems. The only hiccup is that a lot of great features are exclusive to the pro version which comes at $5.59/monthly. This not only unlocks step-by-step solutions but also adds useful features like practice problems, guided calculators (finance, nutrition, etc), option to download results, etc. If you are a student, I highly recommend you try this. It’s a great factual resource not only for solving maths but other subjects such as chemistry, engineering, economics, stats, etc. too.

• Solutions based on factual data
• Covers most subject besides mathematics
• Useful features behind the paywall (step-by-step solution, download results, etc.)

Visit WolframAlpha

Closing Remarks: Which Math Solver Apps Should You Choose

In my opinion, Mathway is the perfect app, to begin with. It deals with most of the problems in addition to being accurate. You can type, use voice command and even capture questions to find answers. If you’re on PC, try the QuickMath website which will work in most cases.

Also Read: 19 Best Math Game Apps for Android and iOS

Vaibhav is a broadcast journalist with a keen interest in tech. He doesn't believe in fanboying a specific product. He writes about things he believes are actually helpful in some way to the user.

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• Pre Algebra Order of Operations Factors & Primes Fractions Long Arithmetic Decimals Exponents & Radicals Ratios & Proportions Percent Modulo Number Line Expanded Form Mean, Median & Mode
• Algebra Equations Inequalities System of Equations System of Inequalities Basic Operations Algebraic Properties Partial Fractions Polynomials Rational Expressions Sequences Power Sums Interval Notation Pi (Product) Notation Induction Logical Sets Word Problems
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• Calculus Derivatives Derivative Applications Limits Integrals Integral Applications Integral Approximation Series ODE Multivariable Calculus Laplace Transform Taylor/Maclaurin Series Fourier Series Fourier Transform
• Functions Line Equations Functions Arithmetic & Comp. Conic Sections Transformation
• Linear Algebra Matrices Vectors
• Trigonometry Identities Proving Identities Trig Equations Trig Inequalities Evaluate Functions Simplify
• Statistics Mean Geometric Mean Quadratic Mean Average Median Mode Order Minimum Maximum Probability Mid-Range Range Standard Deviation Variance Lower Quartile Upper Quartile Interquartile Range Midhinge Standard Normal Distribution
• Physics Mechanics
• Chemistry Chemical Reactions Chemical Properties
• Finance Simple Interest Compound Interest Present Value Future Value
• Economics Point of Diminishing Return
• Conversions Roman Numerals Radical to Exponent Exponent to Radical To Fraction To Decimal To Mixed Number To Improper Fraction Radians to Degrees Degrees to Radians Hexadecimal Scientific Notation Distance Weight Time Volume
• Pre Algebra
• One-Step Addition
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• Two-Step Fractions
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• Multi-Step Integers
• Multi-Step with Parentheses
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• Multi-Step Fractions
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• Solve by Factoring
• Completing the Square
• Quadratic Formula
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• Equation Given Roots
• Newton Raphson
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• System of Inequalities
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• Difference of Cubes
• Sum of Cubes
• Polynomials
• Distributive Property
• FOIL method
• Perfect Cubes
• Binomial Expansion
• Negative Rule
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• Quotient Rule
• Expand Power Rule
• Fraction Exponent
• Exponent Rules
• Exponential Form
• Logarithmic Form
• Absolute Value
• Rational Number
• Powers of i
• Complex Form
• Partial Fractions
• Is Polynomial
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• Standard Form
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• Synthetic Division
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• Identify Type
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Number line, algebra calculator.

The Algebra Calculator is a versatile online tool designed to simplify algebraic problem-solving for users of all levels. Here's how to make the most of it:

• Begin by typing your algebraic expression into the above input field, or scanning the problem with your camera.
• After entering the equation, click the 'Go' button to generate instant solutions.
• The calculator provides detailed step-by-step solutions, aiding in understanding the underlying concepts.
• -x+3\gt 2x+1
• (x+5)(x-5)\gt 0
• 10^{1-x}=10^4
• \sqrt{3+x}=-2
• 6+11x+6x^2+x^3=0
• factor\:x^{2}-5x+6
• simplify\:\frac{2}{3}-\frac{3}{2}+\frac{1}{4}
• x+2y=2x-5,\:x-y=3
• How do you solve algebraic expressions?
• To solve an algebraic expression, simplify the expression by combining like terms, isolate the variable on one side of the equation by using inverse operations. Then, solve the equation by finding the value of the variable that makes the equation true.
• What are the basics of algebra?
• The basics of algebra are the commutative, associative, and distributive laws.
• What are the 3 rules of algebra?
• The basic rules of algebra are the commutative, associative, and distributive laws.
• What is the golden rule of algebra?
• The golden rule of algebra states Do unto one side of the equation what you do to others. Meaning, whatever operation is being used on one side of equation, the same will be used on the other side too.
• What are the 5 basic laws of algebra?
• The basic laws of algebra are the Commutative Law For Addition, Commutative Law For Multiplication, Associative Law For Addition, Associative Law For Multiplication, and the Distributive Law.

algebra-calculator

• Middle School Math Solutions – Inequalities Calculator Next up in our Getting Started maths solutions series is help with another middle school algebra topic - solving...

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• Prepare for the 2020 AP®︎ Statistics Exam
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Frequently Asked Questions about Khan Academy and Math Worksheets

Why is khan academy even better than traditional math worksheets.

Khan Academy’s 100,000+ free practice questions give instant feedback, don’t need to be graded, and don’t require a printer.

What do Khan Academy’s interactive math worksheets look like?

Here’s an example:

What are teachers saying about Khan Academy’s interactive math worksheets?

“My students love Khan Academy because they can immediately learn from their mistakes, unlike traditional worksheets.”

Is Khan Academy free?

Khan Academy’s practice questions are 100% free—with no ads or subscriptions.

What do Khan Academy’s interactive math worksheets cover?

Our 100,000+ practice questions cover every math topic from arithmetic to calculus, as well as ELA, Science, Social Studies, and more.

Is Khan Academy a company?

Khan Academy is a nonprofit with a mission to provide a free, world-class education to anyone, anywhere.

Want to get even more out of Khan Academy?

Then be sure to check out our teacher tools . They’ll help you assign the perfect practice for each student from our full math curriculum and track your students’ progress across the year. Plus, they’re also 100% free — with no subscriptions and no ads.

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How to Solve Maths Problems with Google Circle for Students

Math can be a challenging subject for many students. Between understanding word problems and applying the right formulas, getting stuck is a common experience. Google has introduced a powerful tool called Google Circle, designed to help students solve math problems with confidence.

Read In Short: What Google Circle is and how it can help students solve math problems. How to use Google Circle to break down and solve different types of math problems. Additional tips and tricks to maximize your learning experience with Google Circle

What is Google Circle?

Google Circle is a feature within the Google Search app for Android devices . It allows you to solve math problems directly from your phone or tablet. Instead of simply providing answers, Google Circle focuses on math problem-solving by offering step-by-step guidance. This makes it a valuable tool for understanding the concepts behind the calculations, not just getting the final answer.

How Does Google Circle Work

Using Google Circle is incredibly simple. Here’s how it goes:

Step 1: Open the Google Search app on your Android device.

Step 2: find the math problem you’re working on., step 3: circle the specific problem you want help with using your finger., step 4: google circle will recognize it and use its artificial intelligence to analyze it., how to enable circle to search, step 1: open settings on your phone, step 2: scroll down and select display, step 3: scroll down and select navigation bar, step 4: select the toggle and turn on circle to search, which devices are getting the circle to search update.

Below is the list of android which is getting Google Circle App

• Samsung Galaxy S24, S24 Plus, and S24 Ultra
• Samsung Galaxy S23, S23 Plus, and S23 Ultra
• Samsung Galaxy S23 FE
• Samsung Galaxy Z Fold 5
• Samsung Galaxy Z Flip 5
• Samsung Galaxy Tab S9, S9 Plus, and S9 Ultra
• Google Pixel 8 and Pixel 8 Pro
• Google Pixel 7 and Pixel 7 Pro
• Google Pixel 6 and Pixel 6 Pro
• Google Pixel 7a
• Google Pixel 6a
• Google Pixel Fold
• Google Pixel Tablet

What Types of Math Problems Can Google Circle Solve?

Currently, Google Circle is particularly helpful with math word problems. These can be some of the trickiest problems to tackle, as they require translating real-world situations into mathematical terms.

Google Circle excels at helping students understand the key information in a word problem, identify the relevant mathematical concepts, and apply the appropriate formulas to reach the solution.

Here are some specific areas where Google Circle can be helpful:

• Algebra: Solve for variables, manipulate equations, and understand linear relationships.
• Geometry: Calculate areas, and volumes, and understand geometric shapes and their properties.
• Statistics: Analyze data sets, calculate measures of central tendency, and interpret graphs.

How to Solve Math Probelm Using Google Search

Step 1: activate circle to search.

On your Android smartphone or tablet, activate the Circle to Search feature.

Step 2: Circle the Problem

Find the math problem you’re stuck on and circle it on your screen. This prompts the feature to focus on that particular problem.

Step 3: Get Step-by-Step Instructions

The feature breaks down the problem and provides step-by-step instructions to solve it

Google Circle Vs Photomath Vs Socratic by Google

Tips for getting the most out of google circle.

• Practice makes perfect: Don’t just rely on Google Circle for the answer. Use it as a guide to understand the steps and then try solving similar problems on your own. This will solidify your learning and build your confidence.
• Focus on understanding, not just answers: While getting the right answer is important, the true power of Google Circle lies in its explanations. Pay attention to why each step is taken and how the concepts are applied.
• Don’t be afraid to experiment: Google Circle can handle various math problems. Try circling different parts of a word problem to see how it breaks down the information and guides you toward the solution.
• Take notes: As Google Circle explains the steps, jot down important points or formulas for future reference. This will create a personal study guide tailored to your learning needs.
• Combine it with other resources: Google Circle is a powerful tool, but it shouldn’t be your only resource. Use it alongside your textbook, class notes, or online tutorials for a well-rounded understanding.

Google Circle is a new tool designed to help students to become independent math problem solvers. By using its step-by-step guidance and clear explanations, you can transform your approach to math, gaining a deeper understanding of concepts and building the confidence to tackle even the most challenging problems. So, next time you’re stuck on a math question, don’t hesitate to circle it with Google Circle and watch your problem-solving skills soar!

Google Circle for Students – FAQs

Is google circle available on iphones.

Unfortunately, as of now, Google Circle is only available on Android devices within the Google Search app. However, there might be plans for future expansion to other platforms.

Is Google Circle safe to use?

Google Circle is a feature within the official Google Search app, making it a safe and reliable tool. However, it’s always a good practice to be mindful of the information you share online and only use it for educational purposes.

What if Google Circle can’t solve my math problem?

While Google Circle is constantly learning and expanding its capabilities, it might encounter problems it can’t handle yet. In such cases, don’t hesitate to consult your teacher, a tutor, or online resources for alternative solutions.

Will Google Circle do my math homework for me?

Google Circle is not a magic shortcut. It’s designed to be a learning tool. While it can guide you through the problem-solving process, it’s still important for you to understand the steps and concepts involved.

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Teens come up with trigonometry proof for Pythagorean Theorem, a problem that stumped math world for centuries

By Bill Whitaker

May 5, 2024 / 7:00 PM EDT / CBS News

As the school year ends, many students will be only too happy to see math classes in their rearview mirrors. It may seem to some of us non-mathematicians that geometry and trigonometry were created by the Greeks as a form of torture, so imagine our amazement when we heard two high school seniors had proved a mathematical puzzle that was thought to be impossible for 2,000 years. 

We met Calcea Johnson and Ne'Kiya Jackson at their all-girls Catholic high school in New Orleans. We expected to find two mathematical prodigies.

Instead, we found at St. Mary's Academy , all students are told their possibilities are boundless.

Come Mardi Gras season, New Orleans is alive with colorful parades, replete with floats, and beads, and high school marching bands.

In a city where uniqueness is celebrated, St. Mary's stands out – with young African American women playing trombones and tubas, twirling batons and dancing - doing it all, which defines St. Mary's, students told us.

Junior Christina Blazio says the school instills in them they have the ability to accomplish anything. 

Christina Blazio: That is kinda a standard here. So we aim very high - like, our aim is excellence for all students. 

The private Catholic elementary and high school sits behind the Sisters of the Holy Family Convent in New Orleans East. The academy was started by an African American nun for young Black women just after the Civil War. The church still supports the school with the help of alumni.

In December 2022, seniors Ne'Kiya Jackson and Calcea Johnson were working on a school-wide math contest that came with a cash prize.

Ne'Kiya Jackson: I was motivated because there was a monetary incentive.

Calcea Johnson: 'Cause I was like, "$500 is a lot of money. So I-- I would like to at least try."

Both were staring down the thorny bonus question.

Bill Whitaker: So tell me, what was this bonus question?

Calcea Johnson: It was to create a new proof of the Pythagorean Theorem. And it kind of gave you a few guidelines on how would you start a proof.

The seniors were familiar with the Pythagorean Theorem, a fundamental principle of geometry. You may remember it from high school: a² + b² = c². In plain English, when you know the length of two sides of a right triangle, you can figure out the length of the third.

Both had studied geometry and some trigonometry, and both told us math was not easy. What no one told  them  was there had been more than 300 documented proofs of the Pythagorean Theorem using algebra and geometry, but for 2,000 years a proof using trigonometry was thought to be impossible, … and that was the bonus question facing them.

Bill Whitaker: When you looked at the question did you think, "Boy, this is hard"?

Ne'Kiya Jackson: Yeah. 

Bill Whitaker: What motivated you to say, "Well, I'm going to try this"?

Calcea Johnson: I think I was like, "I started something. I need to finish it." 

Bill Whitaker: So you just kept on going.

Calcea Johnson: Yeah.

For two months that winter, they spent almost all their free time working on the proof.

CeCe Johnson: She was like, "Mom, this is a little bit too much."

CeCe and Cal Johnson are Calcea's parents.

CeCe Johnson:   So then I started looking at what she really was doing. And it was pages and pages and pages of, like, over 20 or 30 pages for this one problem.

Cal Johnson: Yeah, the garbage can was full of papers, which she would, you know, work out the problems and-- if that didn't work she would ball it up, throw it in the trash. 

Bill Whitaker: Did you look at the problem? 

Neliska Jackson is Ne'Kiya's mother.

Neliska Jackson: Personally I did not. 'Cause most of the time I don't understand what she's doing (laughter).

Michelle Blouin Williams: What if we did this, what if I write this? Does this help? ax² plus ….

Their math teacher, Michelle Blouin Williams, initiated the math contest.

Bill Whitaker: And did you think anyone would solve it?

Michelle Blouin Williams: Well, I wasn't necessarily looking for a solve. So, no, I didn't—

Bill Whitaker: What were you looking for?

Michelle Blouin Williams: I was just looking for some ingenuity, you know—

Calcea and Ne'Kiya delivered on that! They tried to explain their groundbreaking work to 60 Minutes. Calcea's proof is appropriately titled the Waffle Cone.

Calcea Johnson: So to start the proof, we start with just a regular right triangle where the angle in the corner is 90°. And the two angles are alpha and beta.

Bill Whitaker: Uh-huh

Calcea Johnson: So then what we do next is we draw a second congruent, which means they're equal in size. But then we start creating similar but smaller right triangles going in a pattern like this. And then it continues for infinity. And eventually it creates this larger waffle cone shape.

Calcea Johnson: Am I going a little too—

Bill Whitaker: You've been beyond me since the beginning. (laughter) 

Bill Whitaker: So how did you figure out the proof?

Ne'Kiya Jackson: Okay. So you have a right triangle, 90° angle, alpha and beta.

Bill Whitaker: Then what did you do?

Ne'Kiya Jackson: Okay, I have a right triangle inside of the circle. And I have a perpendicular bisector at OP to divide the triangle to make that small right triangle. And that's basically what I used for the proof. That's the proof.

Bill Whitaker: That's what I call amazing.

Ne'Kiya Jackson: Well, thank you.

There had been one other documented proof of the theorem using trigonometry by mathematician Jason Zimba in 2009 – one in 2,000 years. Now it seems Ne'Kiya and Calcea have joined perhaps the most exclusive club in mathematics. 

Bill Whitaker: So you both independently came up with proof that only used trigonometry.

Ne'Kiya Jackson: Yes.

Bill Whitaker: So are you math geniuses?

Calcea Johnson: I think that's a stretch. 

Bill Whitaker: If not genius, you're really smart at math.

Ne'Kiya Jackson: Not at all. (laugh) 

To document Calcea and Ne'Kiya's work, math teachers at St. Mary's submitted their proofs to an American Mathematical Society conference in Atlanta in March 2023.

Ne'Kiya Jackson: Well, our teacher approached us and was like, "Hey, you might be able to actually present this," I was like, "Are you joking?" But she wasn't. So we went. I got up there. We presented and it went well, and it blew up.

Bill Whitaker: It blew up.

Calcea Johnson: Yeah. 

Ne'Kiya Jackson: It blew up.

Bill Whitaker: Yeah. What was the blowup like?

Calcea Johnson: Insane, unexpected, crazy, honestly.

It took millenia to prove, but just a minute for word of their accomplishment to go around the world. They got a write-up in South Korea and a shout-out from former first lady Michelle Obama, a commendation from the governor and keys to the city of New Orleans. 

Bill Whitaker: Why do you think so many people found what you did to be so impressive?

Ne'Kiya Jackson: Probably because we're African American, one. And we're also women. So I think-- oh, and our age. Of course our ages probably played a big part.

Bill Whitaker: So you think people were surprised that young African American women, could do such a thing?

Calcea Johnson: Yeah, definitely.

Ne'Kiya Jackson: I'd like to actually be celebrated for what it is. Like, it's a great mathematical achievement.

Achievement, that's a word you hear often around St. Mary's academy. Calcea and Ne'Kiya follow a long line of barrier-breaking graduates. 

The late queen of Creole cooking, Leah Chase , was an alum. so was the first African-American female New Orleans police chief, Michelle Woodfork …

And judge for the Fifth Circuit Court of Appeals, Dana Douglas. Math teacher Michelle Blouin Williams told us Calcea and Ne'Kiya are typical St. Mary's students.  

Bill Whitaker: They're not unicorns.

Michelle Blouin Williams: Oh, no no. If they are unicorns, then every single lady that has matriculated through this school is a beautiful, Black unicorn.

Pamela Rogers: You're good?

Pamela Rogers, St. Mary's president and interim principal, told us the students hear that message from the moment they walk in the door.

Pamela Rogers: We believe all students can succeed, all students can learn. It does not matter the environment that you live in. 

Bill Whitaker: So when word went out that two of your students had solved this almost impossible math problem, were they universally applauded?

Pamela Rogers: In this community, they were greatly applauded. Across the country, there were many naysayers.

Bill Whitaker: What were they saying?

Pamela Rogers: They were saying, "Oh, they could not have done it. African Americans don't have the brains to do it." Of course, we sheltered our girls from that. But we absolutely did not expect it to come in the volume that it came.  

Bill Whitaker: And after such a wonderful achievement.

Pamela Rogers: People-- have a vision of who can be successful. And-- to some people, it is not always an African American female. And to us, it's always an African American female.

Gloria Ladson-Billings: What we know is when teachers lay out some expectations that say, "You can do this," kids will work as hard as they can to do it.

Gloria Ladson-Billings, professor emeritus at the University of Wisconsin, has studied how best to teach African American students. She told us an encouraging teacher can change a life.

Bill Whitaker: And what's the difference, say, between having a teacher like that and a whole school dedicated to the excellence of these students?

Gloria Ladson-Billings: So a whole school is almost like being in Heaven. 

Bill Whitaker: What do you mean by that?

Gloria Ladson-Billings: Many of our young people have their ceilings lowered, that somewhere around fourth or fifth grade, their thoughts are, "I'm not going to be anything special." What I think is probably happening at St. Mary's is young women come in as, perhaps, ninth graders and are told, "Here's what we expect to happen. And here's how we're going to help you get there."

At St. Mary's, half the students get scholarships, subsidized by fundraising to defray the $8,000 a year tuition. Here, there's no test to get in, but expectations are high and rules are strict: no cellphones, modest skirts, hair must be its natural color.

Students Rayah Siddiq, Summer Forde, Carissa Washington, Tatum Williams and Christina Blazio told us they appreciate the rules and rigor.

Rayah Siddiq: Especially the standards that they set for us. They're very high. And I don't think that's ever going to change.

Bill Whitaker: So is there a heart, a philosophy, an essence to St. Mary's?

Summer Forde: The sisterhood—

Carissa Washington: Sisterhood.

Tatum Williams: Sisterhood.

Bill Whitaker: The sisterhood?

Voices: Yes.

Bill Whitaker: And you don't mean the nuns. You mean-- (laughter)

Christina Blazio: I mean, yeah. The community—

Bill Whitaker: So when you're here, there's just no question that you're going to go on to college.

Rayah Siddiq: College is all they talk about. (laughter) 

Pamela Rogers: … and Arizona State University (Cheering)

Principal Rogers announces to her 615 students the colleges where every senior has been accepted.

Bill Whitaker: So for 17 years, you've had a 100% graduation rate—

Pamela Rogers: Yes.

Bill Whitaker: --and a 100% college acceptance rate?

Pamela Rogers: That's correct.

Last year when Ne'Kiya and Calcea graduated, all their classmates went to college and got scholarships. Ne'Kiya got a full ride to the pharmacy school at Xavier University in New Orleans. Calcea, the class valedictorian, is studying environmental engineering at Louisiana State University.

Bill Whitaker: So wait a minute. Neither one of you is going to pursue a career in math?

Both: No. (laugh)

Calcea Johnson: I may take up a minor in math. But I don't want that to be my job job.

Ne'Kiya Jackson: Yeah. People might expect too much out of me if (laugh) I become a mathematician. (laugh)

But math is not completely in their rear-view mirrors. This spring they submitted their high school proofs for final peer review and publication … and are still working on further proofs of the Pythagorean Theorem. Since their first two …

Calcea Johnson: We found five. And then we found a general format that could potentially produce at least five additional proofs.

Bill Whitaker: And you're not math geniuses?

Bill Whitaker: I'm not buying it. (laughs)

Produced by Sara Kuzmarov. Associate producer, Mariah B. Campbell. Edited by Daniel J. Glucksman.

Bill Whitaker is an award-winning journalist and 60 Minutes correspondent who has covered major news stories, domestically and across the globe, for more than four decades with CBS News.

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Can Generative AI Solve The Data Overwhelm Problem?

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Data is arguably the most valuable asset for today’s businesses. This means it’s vital that people across the organization are able to work with data and extract insights – insights that (hopefully) lead to better, more informed decisions across the organization.

But all that’s easier said than done. Because, rather than being empowered by data, many people find themselves intimidated (or even paralyzed) by it.

How Bad Is The Data Overwhelm Problem?

In a world that’s full of data – where everything we do generates data – the sheer volume of data that’s available to the average business can become overwhelming. This phenomenon is described by software leaders Oracle as the “ Decision Dilemma ." You could also call it "decision paralysis" or "data anxiety." Whatever you call it, the basic gist is that more data causes anxiety and lack of action instead of better decisions.

For its Decision Dilemma report, Oracle surveyed more than 14,000 employees and business leaders across 17 countries, and the results were eye-opening:

· 83 percent agreed that access to data is essential for helping businesses make decisions, BUT…

· 86 percent said that data makes them feel less confident and

· 72 percent said that data has stopped them from being able to make a decision.

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At the same time, three-quarters of business leaders say the daily volume of decisions they need to make has increased tenfold over the last three years. More decisions to make, but less confidence in making them despite masses of data at our fingertips? This is a potential crisis for business leaders.

Could generative AI help to solve this crisis? Judging by generative AI’s ability to make sense of data and extract useful information – and the fact that generative AI capabilities are already being built into analytics tools – the answer appears to be yes.

What Can Generative AI Do?

How exactly can generative AI be used to interpret data? Use cases include:

· Driving faster and better decision making through better insights: Through real-time tracking of data, decision makers can gain a better grasp of what’s happening across the business and be presented with actionable insights. And this can be achieved through natural language prompts, such as “What are our top three customer behavior trends this month?”

· Acting as a decision-making co-pilot: Thanks to generative AI’s conversational abilities, these tools can function as virtual advisors – a sounding board to help discuss and generate ideas.

· Generating summaries of data: Generative AI can sift through vast quantities of data and create executive summaries that pull out the key points, along with best-practice recommendations.

· Visualizing data: Generative AI can generate analytics reports in an easy-to-digest format – presenting insights from the data not just as text narratives but also in a visual format (graphs, charts, etc.).

· Automating data analytics: Generative AI can potentially automate the data analysis process and provide automatic notifications for, well, anything you want. Spikes in sales, trending website activity, a drop in factory machine performance, increased sick leave, you name it…

· Harnessing predictive capabilities: As well as understanding what’s going on in the business right now , generative AI can help decision makers pre-empt what might be coming down the line.

· Using synthetic data to test ideas and scenarios: By creating large amounts of synthetic data that mimic real-world data, leaders can model scenarios that may be difficult to model with real-world data (for example, because an event is a rare, but impactful occurrence, or because gathering that much data would be difficult and expensive).

· Preparing data: Generative AI can also be used to take care of data preparation tasks such as tagging, classification, segmentation, and anonymization.

· Helping to clean up data for better analysis results: Because generative AI is so good at spotting patterns, it can be used to detect anomalies and inconsistencies in your data – things that could potentially skew results.

Another advantage is that generative AI can, in theory, work with all sorts of messy, unstructured data, including photos and video data, customer feedback comments, and social media posts – meaning, it isn’t just limited to neatly structured data in databases.

Best of all, these incredible capabilities make data much more actionable for decision-makers across the organization – regardless of their data expertise . So, you don't need to be a data expert to harness data in your everyday work. Decision paralysis, begone!

Look Out For Generative AI-Powered Tools

Providers of analytics software and platforms are beginning to build generative AI functions into their tools to enable more intelligent data analytics. For example, tools such as Microsoft Power BI, Teradata VantageCloud, Tableau AI, and Qlik Cloud now incorporate generative AI capabilities. This generally allows for natural language querying of data, easy summaries, tailored reports, and more.

What we’re seeing, then, is a democratization of generative AI and data. This will help to level the playing field between large corporations and smaller enterprises because you no longer need an army of data scientists to gain a competitive advantage.

We urgently need people to become more confident and competent at working with data. I believe generative AI will help to achieve this vision and solve the data overwhelm problem – by giving anyone the ability to analyze vast amounts of data in a more intuitive way. In other words, all you need to do is ask the right questions!

Read more about generative AI and its impact in my new book, Generative AI in Practice, 100+ Amazing Ways Generative Artificial Intelligence Is Changing Business And Society.

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• Francis Akutsah 1 , 
• Akindele Adebayo Mebawondu 1,2 ,  ,  , 
• Austine Efut Ofem 1 , 
• Reny George 3 ,  ,  , 
• Hossam A. Nabwey 3,4 , 
• Ojen Kumar Narain 1
• 1. School of Mathematics, Statistics and Computer Science, University of KwaZulu-Natal, Durban, South Africa
• 2. Mountain Top University, Prayer City, Ogun State Nigeria
• 3. Department of Mathematics, College of Science and Humanities in Al-Kharj, Prince Sattam Bin Abdulaziz University, Al-Kharj 11942, Saudi Arabia
• 4. Department of Basic Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, Menoufia University, Shibin el Kom 32511, Egypt
• Received: 06 March 2024 Revised: 28 April 2024 Accepted: 09 May 2024 Published: 20 May 2024

MSC : 26A33, 34B10, 34B15

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This paper presents and examines a newly improved linear technique for solving the equilibrium problem of a pseudomonotone operator and the fixed point problem of a nonexpansive mapping within a real Hilbert space framework. The technique relies two modified mildly inertial methods and the subgradient extragradient approach. In addition, it can be viewed as an advancement over the previously known inertial subgradient extragradient approach. Based on common assumptions, the algorithm's weak convergence has been established. Finally, in order to confirm the efficiency and benefit of the proposed algorithm, we present a few numerical experiments.

• subgradient extragradient ,
• mildly inertial ,
• equilibrium problem ,
• fixed point problem

Citation: Francis Akutsah, Akindele Adebayo Mebawondu, Austine Efut Ofem, Reny George, Hossam A. Nabwey, Ojen Kumar Narain. Modified mildly inertial subgradient extragradient method for solving pseudomonotone equilibrium problems and nonexpansive fixed point problems[J]. AIMS Mathematics, 2024, 9(7): 17276-17290. doi: 10.3934/math.2024839

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• CAREER FEATURE
• 22 May 2024

Can mathematicians help to solve social-justice problems?

• Rachel Crowell 0

Rachel Crowell is a freelance journalist near Des Moines, Iowa.

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Detroit community members have raised concerns about gunshot-tracking technology, ShotSpotter. Mathematics are being used to study the effectiveness of such policing. Credit: Malachi Barrett

When Carrie Diaz Eaton trained as a mathematician, they didn’t expect their career to involve social-justice research. Growing up in Providence, Rhode Island, Diaz Eaton first saw social justice in action when their father, who’s from Peru, helped other Spanish-speaking immigrants to settle in the United States.

But it would be decades before Diaz Eaton would forge a professional path to use their mathematical expertise to study social-justice issues. Eventually, after years of moving around for education and training, that journey brought them back to Providence, where they collaborated with the Woonasquatucket River Watershed Council on projects focused on preserving the local environment of the river’s drainage basin, and bolstering resources for the surrounding, often underserved communities.

By “thinking like a mathematician” and leaning on data analysis, data science and visualization skills, they found that their expertise was needed in surprising ways, says Diaz Eaton, who is now executive director of the Institute for a Racially Just, Inclusive, and Open STEM Education at Bates College in Lewiston, Maine.

For example, the council identified a need to help local people to better connect with community resources. “Even though health care and education don’t seem to fall under the purview of a watershed council, these are all interrelated issues,” Diaz Eaton says. Air pollution can contribute to asthma attacks, for example. In one project, Diaz Eaton and their collaborators built a quiz to help community members to choose the right health-care option, depending on the nature of their illness or injury, immigration status and health-insurance coverage.

“One of the things that makes us mathematicians, is our skills in logic and the questioning of assumptions”, and creating that quiz “was an example of logic at play”, requiring a logic map of cases and all of the possible branches of decision-making to make an effective quiz, they say.

Maths might seem an unlikely bedfellow for social-justice research. But applying the rigour of the field is turning out to be a promising approach for identifying, and sometimes even implementing, fruitful solutions for social problems.

Mathematicians can experience first-hand the messiness and complexity — and satisfaction — of applying maths to problems that affect people and their communities. Trying to work out how to help people access much-needed resources, reduce violence in communities or boost gender equity requires different technical skills, ways of thinking and professional collaborations compared with breaking new ground in pure maths. Even for an applied mathematician like Diaz Eaton, transitioning to working on social-justice applications brings fresh challenges.

Mathematicians say that social-justice research is difficult yet fulfilling — these projects are worth taking on because of their tremendous potential for creating real-world solutions for people and the planet.

Data-driven research

Mathematicians are digging into issues that range from social inequality and health-care access to racial profiling and predictive policing. However, the scope of their research is limited by their access to the data, says Omayra Ortega, an applied mathematician and mathematical epidemiologist at Sonoma State University in Rohnert Park, California. “There has to be that measured information,” Ortega says.

Lily Khadjavi used a pivotal set of traffic-stop data from the Los Angeles Police Department in her statistics class at Loyola Marymount University in Los Angeles, California. Credit: Loyola Marymount University

Fortunately, data for social issues abound. “Our society is collecting data at a ridiculous pace,” Ortega notes. Her mathematical epidemiology work has examined which factors affect vaccine uptake in different communities. Her work 1 has found, for example, that, in five years, a national rotavirus-vaccine programme in Egypt would reduce disease burden enough that the cost saving would offset 76% of the costs of the vaccine. “Whenever we’re talking about the distribution of resources, there’s that question of social justice: who gets the resources?” she says.

Lily Khadjavi’s journey with social-justice research began with an intriguing data set.

About 15 years ago, Khadjavi, a mathematician at Loyola Marymount University in Los Angeles, California, was “on the hunt for real-world data” for an undergraduate statistics class she was teaching. She wanted data that the students could crunch to “look at new information and pose their own questions”. She realized that Los Angeles Police Department (LAPD) traffic-stop data fit that description.

At that time, every time that LAPD officers stopped pedestrians or pulled over drivers, they were required to report stop data. Those data included “the perceived race or ethnicity of the person they had stopped”, Khadjavi notes.

When the students analysed the data, the results were memorable. “That was the first time I heard students do a computation absolutely correctly and then audibly gasp at their results,” she says. The data showed that one in every 5 or 6 police stops of Black male drivers resulted in a vehicle search — a rate that was more than triple the national average, which was about one out of every 20 stops for drivers of any race or ethnicity, says Khadjavi.

Her decision to incorporate that policing data into her class was a pivotal moment in Khadjavi’s career — it led to a key publication 2 and years of building expertise in using maths to study racial profiling and police practice. She sits on California’s Racial Identity and Profiling Advisory Board , which makes policy recommendations to state and local agencies on how to eliminate racial profiling in law enforcement.

In 2023, she was awarded the Association for Women in Mathematics’ inaugural Mary & Alfie Gray Award for Social Justice, named after a mathematician couple who championed human rights and equity in maths and government.

Sometimes, gaining access to data is a matter of networking. One of Khadjavi’s colleagues shared Khadjavi’s pivotal article with specialists at the American Civil Liberties Union. In turn, these specialists shared key data obtained through public-records requests with Khadjavi and her colleague. “Getting access to that data really changed what we could analyse,” Khadjavi says. “[It] allowed us to shine a light on the experiences of civilians and police in hundreds of thousands of stops made every year in Los Angeles.”

The data-intensive nature of this research can be an adjustment for some mathematicians, requiring them to develop new skills and approach problems differently. Such was the case for Tian An Wong, a mathematician at the University of Michigan-Dearborn who trained in number theory and representation theory.

In 2020, Wong wanted to know more about the controversial issue of mathematicians collaborating with the police, which involves, in many cases, using mathematical modelling and data analysis to support policing activities. Some mathematicians were protesting about the practice as part of a larger wave of protests around systemic racism , following the killing of George Floyd by police in Minneapolis, Minnesota. Wong’s research led them to a technique called predictive policing, which Wong describes as “the use of historical crime and other data to predict where future crime will occur, and [to] allocate policing resources based on those predictions”.

Wong wanted to know whether the tactics that mathematicians use to support police work could instead be used to critique it. But first, they needed to gain some additional statistics and data analysis skills. To do so, Wong took an online introductory statistics course, re-familiarized themself with the Python programming language, and connected with colleagues trained in statistical methods. They also got used to reading research papers across several disciplines.

Currently, Wong applies those skills to investigating the policing effectiveness of a technology that automatically locates gunshots by sound. That technology has been deployed in parts of Detroit, Michigan, where community members and organizations have raised concerns about its multimillion-dollar cost and about whether such police surveillance makes a difference to public safety.

Getting the lay of the land

For some mathematicians, social-justice work is a natural extension of their career trajectories. “My choice of mathematical epidemiology was also partially born out of out of my love for social justice,” Ortega says. Mathematical epidemiologists apply maths to study disease occurrence in specific populations and how to mitigate disease spread. When Ortega’s PhD adviser mentioned that she could study the uptake of a then-new rotovirus vaccine in the mid-2000s, she was hooked.

Applied mathematician Michael Small has turned his research towards understanding suicide risk in young people. Credit: Michael Small

Mathematicians, who decide to jump into studying social-justice issues anew, must do their homework and dedicate time to consider how best to collaborate with colleagues of diverse backgrounds.

Jonathan Dawes, an applied mathematician at the University of Bath, UK, investigates links between the United Nations’ Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs) and their associated target actions. Adopted in 2015, the SDGs are “a universal call to action to end poverty, protect the planet, and ensure that by 2030 all people enjoy peace and prosperity,” according to the United Nations , and each one has a number of targets.

“As a global agenda, it’s an invitation to everybody to get involved,” says Dawes. From a mathematical perspective, analysing connections in the complex system of SDGs “is a nice level of problem,” Dawes says. “You’ve got 17 Sustainable Development Goals. Between them, they have 169 targets. [That’s] an amount of data that isn’t very large in big-data terms, but just big enough that it’s quite hard to hold all of it in your head.”

Dawes’ interest in the SDGs was piqued when he read a 2015 review that focused on how making progress on individual goals could affect progress on the entire set. For instance, if progress is made on the goal to end poverty how does that affect progress on the goal to achieve quality education for all, as well as the other 15 SDGs?

“If there’s a network and you can put some numbers on the strengths and signs of the edges, then you’ve got a mathematized version of the problem,” Dawes says. Some of his results describe how the properties of the network change if one or more of the links is perturbed, much like an ecological food web. His work aims to identify hierarchies in the SDG networks, pinpointing which SDGs should be prioritized for the health of the entire system.

As Dawes dug into the SDGs, he realized that he needed to expand what he was reading to include different journals, including publications that were “written in very different ways”. That involved “trying to learn a new language”, he explains. He also kept up to date with the output of researchers and organizations doing important SDG-related work, such as the International Institute for Applied Systems Analysis in Laxenburg, Austria, and the Stockholm Environment Institute.

Dawes’ research 3 showed that interactions between the SDGs mean that “there are lots of positive reinforcing effects between poverty, hunger, health care, education, gender equity and so on.” So, “it’s possible to lift all of those up” when progress is made on even one of the goals. With one exception: managing and protecting the oceans. Making progress on some of the other SDGs could, in some cases, stall progress for, or even harm, life below water.

Collaboration care

Because social-justice projects are often inherently cross-disciplinary, mathematicians studying social justice say it’s key in those cases to work with community leaders, activists or community members affected by the issues.

Getting acquainted with these stakeholders might not always feel comfortable or natural. For instance, when Dawes started his SDG research, he realized that he was entering a field in which researchers already knew each other, followed each other’s work and had decades of experience. “There’s a sense of being like an uninvited guest at a party,” Dawes says. He became more comfortable after talking with other researchers, who showed a genuine interest in what he brought to the discussion, and when his work was accepted by the field’s journals. Over time, he realized “the interdisciplinary space was big enough for all of us to contribute to”.

Even when mathematicians have been invited to join a team of social-justice researchers, they still must take care, because first impressions can set the tone.

Michael Small is an applied mathematician and director of the Data Institute at the University of Western Australia in Perth. For much of his career, Small focused on the behaviour of complex systems, or those with many simple interacting parts, and dynamical systems theory, which addresses physical and mechanical problems.

But when a former vice-chancellor at the university asked him whether he would meet with a group of psychiatrists and psychologists to discuss their research on mental health and suicide in young people, it transformed his research. After considering the potential social impact of better understanding the causes and risks of suicide in teenagers and younger children, and thinking about how the problem meshed well with his research in complex systems and ‘non-linear dynamics’, Small agreed to collaborate with the group.

The project has required Small to see beyond the numbers. For the children’s families, the young people are much more than a single data point. “If I go into the room [of mental-health professionals] just talking about mathematics, mathematics, mathematics, and how this is good because we can prove this really cool theorem, then I’m sure I will get push back,” he says. Instead, he notes, it’s important to be open to insights and potential solutions from other fields. Listening before talking can go a long way.

Small’s collaborative mindset has led him to other mental-health projects, such as the Transforming Indigenous Mental Health and Wellbeing project to establish culturally sensitive mental-health support for Indigenous Australians.

Career considerations

Mathematicians who engage in social-justice projects say that helping to create real-world change can be tremendously gratifying. Small wants “to work on problems that I think can do good” in the world. Spending time pursuing them “makes sense both as a technical challenge [and] as a social choice”, he says.

However, pursuing this line of maths research is not without career hurdles. “It can be very difficult to get [these kinds of] results published,” Small says. Although his university supports, and encourages, his mental-health research, most of his publications are related to his standard mathematics research. As such, he sees “a need for balance” between the two lines of research, because a paucity of publications can be a career deal breaker.

Diaz Eaton says that mathematicians pursuing social-justice research could experience varying degrees of support from their universities. “I’ve seen places where the work is supported, but it doesn’t count for tenure [or] it won’t help you on the job market,” they say.

Finding out whether social-justice research will be supported “is about having some really open and transparent conversations. Are the people who are going to write your recommendation letters going to see that work as scholarship?” Diaz Eaton notes.

All things considered, mathematicians should not feel daunted by wading into solving the world’s messy problems, Khadjavi says: “I would like people to follow their passions. It’s okay to start small.”

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Julian Chokkattu

With Gemini on Android, Google Points to Mobile Computing’s Future—and Past

Nearly a decade ago, Google showed off a feature called Now on Tap in Android Marshmallow—tap and hold the home button and Google will surface helpful contextual information related to what’s on the screen. Talking about a movie with a friend over text? Now on Tap could get you details about the title without having to leave the messaging app. Looking at a restaurant in Yelp? The phone could surface OpenTable recommendations with just a tap.

I was fresh out of college, and these improvements felt exciting and magical—its ability to understand what was on the screen and predict the actions you might want to take felt future-facing. It was one of my favorite Android features. It slowly morphed into Google Assistant, which was great in its own right, but not quite the same.

Today, at Google’s I/O developer conference in Mountain View, California, the new features Google is touting in its Android operating system feel like the Now on Tap of old—allowing you to harness contextual information around you to make using your phone a bit easier. Except this time, these features are powered by a decade’s worth of advancements in large language models.

“I think what’s exciting is we now have the technology to build really exciting assistants,” Dave Burke, vice president of engineering on Android, tells me over a Google Meet video call. “We need to be able to have a computer system that understands what it sees and I don't think we had the technology back then to do it well. Now we do.”

I got a chance to speak with Burke and Sameer Samat, president of the Android ecosystem at Google, about what's new in the world of Android, the company's new AI assistant Gemini , and what it all holds for the future of the OS. Samat referred to these updates as a “once-in-a-generational opportunity to reimagine what the phone can do, and to rethink all of Android.”

Circle to Search … Your Homework

The upgraded Circle to Search in action.

It starts with Circle to Search, which is Google’s new way of approaching Search on mobile. Much like the experience of Now on Tap, Circle to Search—which the company debuted a few months ago—is more interactive than just typing into a search box. (You literally circle what you want to search on the screen.) Burke says, “It’s a very visceral, fun, and modern way to search … It skews younger as well because it’s so fun to use.”

Samat claims Google has received positive feedback from consumers, but Circle to Search’s latest feature hails specifically from student feedback. Circle to Search can now be used on physics and math problems when a user circles them—Google will spit out step-by-step instructions on completing the problems without the user leaving the syllabus app.

Samat made it clear Gemini wasn't just providing answers but was showing students how to solve the problems. Later this year, Circle to Search will be able to solve more complex problems like diagrams and graphs. This is all powered by Google's LearnLM models, which are fine-tuned for education.

Gemini Gets More Contextual on Android

Gemini is Google’s AI assistant that is in many ways eclipsing Google Assistant. Really—when you fire up Google Assistant on most Android phones these days, there's an option to replace it with Gemini instead. So naturally, I asked Burke and Samat whether this meant Assistant was heading to the Google Graveyard .

“The way to look at it is that Gemini is an opt-in experience on the phone,” Samat says. “I think obviously over time Gemini is becoming more advanced and is evolving. We don’t have anything to announce today, but there is a choice for consumers if they want to opt into this new AI-powered assistant. They can try it out and we are seeing that people are doing that and we're getting a lot of great feedback.”

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With a coming update, you'll be able to drag AI-generated images into emails and messages.

At I/O, the updates to Gemini on Android are to make it more contextually aware, just like Now on Tap nearly a decade ago. Later this year, you’ll be able to generate images with Gemini and drag and drop them into apps like Gmail or Google Messages. Burke showed me an example of Gemini generating an image of tennis with pickles; he was responding to someone's text about playing pickleball . He hailed Gemini—which popped up as an overlay over the messaging app—asked it to generate the image, and then dragged one and dropped it in the chat.

You'll be able to ask Gemini to pull specific bits of information out of a video.

He then pulled up a YouTube video on pickleball rules. Call up Gemini while watching and you'll see a prompt to “Ask this video.” This lets you employ Gemini to find specific information in the video without scrubbing through the whole thing yourself. (Who has time for that?) Burke asked about a specific pickleball rule, and Gemini quickly spat out an answer based on the video. This “summarize” functionality has been the hallmark of many AI tools—summarizing PDFs, videos, memos, and news stories (yay).

Text summaries of videos may prove helpful.

Speaking of PDFs, you’ll soon be able to attach a PDF to Gemini (there will be a prompt for “Ask this PDF”) and Gemini can deliver specific information, saving you the need to scroll through several pages. Burke says these features are rolling out to millions of devices over the next few months, though the PDF feature will only be available for Gemini Advanced users—folks paying for the $20 per month subscription to access the cutting-edge capabilities of Google's AI models.

Gemini in general will show more “dynamic suggestions” based on what’s happening on the screen. These will pop up right above the Gemini overlay when you activate the assistant.

Gemini Nano Gets an Upgrade

Gemini Nano is Google’s large language model powering select on-device features on certain phones, like the Pixel 8 series , Samsung Galaxy S24 range , and even the new Pixel 8A . Running these as on-device features means data does not need to be sent to the cloud, making the features more private. They can even work offline too.

Nano currently powers features like Summarize in Google’s Recorder app, which summarizes transcriptions, and Smart Reply in select messaging apps, which offers more contextual auto-replies to messages. Google's newer version of the model—Gemini Nano with Multimodality—will arrive this year, starting with Pixel phones. It’s a bit of a mouthful, but it more or less means Gemini Nano will be able to do more than just process text.

“It's a 3.8 billion parameter model and it's multimodal—this is the first on-device built-in multimodal model,” Burke says. “It's very powerful. It hits, on academic benchmarks, around 80 percent of Gemini 1.0, which is pretty amazing for a small model.”

Google's screen reader will get an upgrade to better understand and describe images.

This model will now power Google’s existing TalkBack screen reader feature on Android, which helps blind and low-vision users understand what’s on the screen. Gemini Nano will purportedly offer richer and more precise descriptions of what’s in each image. Google says on average, TalkBalk users see “90 unlabeled images per day,” but Gemini can fill the gap as it’ll be able to visualize and understand the images on the screen and describe them even when the user is offline.

Google has poured many of its AI smarts over the past few years into improving its call screening technology to limit robocalls, and Gemini Nano with Multimodality will soon help you avoid phone scams—in real time. A new feature called Scam Detection will have Gemini listening in your phone calls, and if it picks up on certain phrases or requests from the person on the other end, it will issue an alert that you’re likely in the middle of a scam call. Burke says this model was trained on data from websites like BanksNeverAskThat.com to learn what a bank wouldn’t ask you—and the types of things scammers typically ask for. He says all of this listening and detection happens on-device, so it’s private. We'll hear more about this “opt-in feature” later this year.

Unusually, Google says it will be unveiling a few new Android features tomorrow rather than compressing all of the new stuff into today’s announcements, so stay tuned for more. (Update: The rest of those new Android features have been unveiled; here's a roundup .)

With the rise of AI hardware gadgets vying to replace your smartphone—and the talk of app-less generative interfaces —I asked Samat how he sees Android changing in the next five years. He's excited to see the innovation from new and existing companies trying new things—and that Google is “trying a lot of things internally” too. But he boiled things down to an analogy with the automotive space.

If you buy a car, you've come to expect certain standard features, like a steering wheel. But with AI, one giant leap would be to take away those features—no steering wheel, no interfaces. “Some people would be excited by that, some people would not be excited by that.” He believes certain functions we do on our phones will be more assistive than ever with the help of AI—and we can expect some features to be replaced in that way.

“As that continues, what we will find—and we’re already seeing this in our own testing—is there are opportunities to fundamentally transform the UI in certain areas where it tips over from the point of, ‘OK, that’s really assistive,’ to ‘Actually, there should be an entirely new way of doing this.’ That’s what’s fun and exciting about right now. It’s an amazing time to be working on this technology.”

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