tutor marked assignment answers 2020 21

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Nios Solved Tma (Tutor Marked Assignment) 2020-21

Nios Solved Tma (Tutor Marked Assignment) 2020-21 All Subjects Current To Be Deposit 10th & 12th

NIOS BOARD TUTOR MARK ASSIGNMENT (TMA) FOR 10th & 12th CLASS

What is tutor marked assignments (tma).

Tutor Marked Assignments are helpful in enhancing the learning skills to make the student gain knowledge easily and be a meritorious student. The open school has developed several means and strategies to help the student learn and be a successful learner. Tutor Marked Assignments (TMA) is one such means TMA helps in developing regular study habits in students and give students practice in writing responses to questions thereby having a kind of rehearsal in the preparation for the final examination.   Open school  has developed several means and strategies to help learners to learn well and be successful. TMA is one such tool which plays a very important role in the learning process through Open and Distance Learning (ODL) System. TMAs help learners to know their progress and attainment level and develop regular study habits. They also help in designing diagnostic and remedial teaching strategy during Personal Contact Programmes (PCPs).

Your Internal Assessment shall be done through one Tutor Marked Assignment in each subject which will be in a booklet form. The subject tutors at the AIs will correct the assignments and provide you feedback and suggestions for improvement. The TMA will also be uploaded on Nios  Open school  website from where learners can download them. From the year 2015-16, Internal Assessment (IA) in Secondary/Senior examination will carry 20% weightage of theory as continuous and comprehensive evaluation. These marks will be shown in the mark-sheet along with the marks of external examination which will carry 80% weightage in each subject. TMA is applicable for admission through Stream-1 only. TMA should be submitted before appearing in the Public Examination of the particular subject.

TMA is not applicable to learners seeking registration under the Streams II, III & IV.

In this booklet, you will find one assignment in each subject. You are required to complete the assignment in your own handwriting in the chosen subjects only and submit them to your teacher. TMA is of 20 marks and less numbers from which it is set is mentioned in the beginning.

Questions 1, 2, and 3 are short answer questions containing 2 marks each. Questions 4 and 5 are long answer questions of 4 marks each. You have to answer only one question out of the four given. Question no. 6 gives you a list of four projects of which you have to attempt only one. This question will be for 6 marks. The guidelines for each project work are given along with the topic set.

Tutor Marked Assignments (TMA) are meant to help you learn and be a successful student. They provide you practice in writing answers to questions and get feedback. ABSENT is marked in the mark sheet if the assignments are not submitted on time in the column for grades of TMAs. An ABSENT in the mark sheet in the column for grades will not be acceptable to any student, so one should pay important concern to it. The system of giving 20% weightage to Tutor Marked Assignments (TMA) in final results of the students in  Nios   Open school  introduced from 2002 examination has been discontinued, subject to TMA being made compulsory and the relative grading in TMA being shown in the final certificate and the separate column (Grade obtained in TMA). According to the Prospectus of 2011-12, submission of at least one TMA in each subject was made compulsory. It was also stated very clearly that learners will not be allowed to appear in public examinations and/or their results may be declared as “INCOMPLETE” unless they have submitted at least one TMA in each subject.

Know here how to prepare TMA ?

Know Here How to Make Step Vise Step Nios  Open school  TUTOR MARK ASSIGNMENT (TMA)

Click here to know for 10th class (Secondary)

Click here to know for 12th class (Senior Secondary)

Click here to know Schedule of Submission of TMA (subject wise)for the session 2019-20 April/October

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Sunday 30 august 2020, nios senior secondary 2021 english 302 solved tutor marks assignment.

 Nios Senior Secondary 20-21 English 302 solved Tutor Marks Assignment 

National Institute of open schooling  Senior secondary  2020-2021 English 302 Solved tutor marks assignment ,Tma for  April 2021 nios  exam ,

Nios English TMA  carry 20 marks ,and public exam will be on 100 marks.for passing in NIOS Senioer Secondary exam have to obtain 33% in both public as well as in Tma .

 Here is the aswer of   NATIONAL INSTITUTE OF OPEN SCHOOLING  SENIOR SECONDARY 20-21 ENGLISH  302  SOLVED   TUTOR MARKS ASSIGNMENT 

English 302

Tutor marks assignment 2020-21

          ENGLISH (302)

Tutor Marked Assignment

Max. Marks : 20 Note  :

(i)                  All questions are compulsary.

The marks allotted for each question are given at same place.

(ii) Write your name, enrollment number, All name and subject on top of the first page of your answer sheet.

1.      Answer any one of the following questions in about 40-60 word.

 2 (a) What was Gavaskar's vivid recollection of his childhood days? Describe in your own words. (See Lesson 1)

 (b) Who spoke the lines, “good sense is shown more in the ability to avoid pain than in mere desire to do so”. Did the speaker agree to the Intruder? Why? (See Lesson 12)

 2.  Answer any one of the following questions in about 40-60 words.

2 (a) Which grave step was Intruder about to take? Who convinced him to change his mind? (See Lesson 12).

(b) What convinced the poet to take the other road? Give reasons for your answer. (See Lesson 14)

3.  Answer any one of the following questions in 40-60 words .

 (a) Why was Ramlal worried about for Bholi? Was his concern genuine? How can you say so? (See Lesson-25)

 (b) What made a difference in the Poet's life? Was he happy at the end? Justify your answer. (See Lesson 14)

 4.  Answer any one of the following questions in 100-150 words.

 (a) For whom is the prayer, “May your suffering decrease the misfortunes of your next birth said? What was the suffering undergone? How did her/his family react. (See Lesson 18)

(b) “If Nan-kaka had not noticed this abnormality ... I would have grown up to be an obscure fisherman....”. Who is the speaker of these lines? What abnormality was he suffering from? How did that abnormality turned into a blessing for him? (See Lesson 1)

 5.  Answer any one of the following questions in 100-150 words.

(a) What made Bholi believe that was being taken to a place better than her home? What does this reflect about her parents behaviour. Comment using examples from the story. (See Lesson 25)

 (b) ‘Gerrad outwitted the Intruder and came out as a clever person’. Do you agree with the statement ? Justify using examples from the lesson. (See Lesson 12)

6.  Prepare any one project out of the following in about 500 words.

 6 (a) Interview any 5 families near you about how satisfied they are regarding the workings of the government in their area. You may ask :-

1. Condition of road

2. Cleaning of Drains

 3. Security of people

 4. Supply of Electricity

5. Cleaning of Roads After collecting the information write a letter to the Local Representative and address the grievences of the people.

(b) Interview any 5 households and find out how much units of water they use along with the bill amount. Compare it with the required water counting their family members. Write a report stating how much litres of water is wasted / used unnecessarily by them. Also, motivate them by letting about its importance.

 Session 2020-21 (English&302)

 pdf for english 2021 question-

ANSWERS 

1.    Answer any one of the following questions in about 40-60 words.

A)                          What was Gavaskar’s vivid recollection of his childhood days ? Describe in your own words.

Answer :  Gavaskar’s vivid recollection of his childhood days was Gavaskar while playing cricket one day he almost broke his mother:s nose.She used to bowl to the little Gavaskar in the small gallery of their house where they played their “daily match” with a tennis ball. Since the area was small,she would kneel to bowl  ,or rather lob the ball to the Gavaskar.

2.    Answer any one of the following questions in about 40-60 words.

B)              What convinced the port to take the road ? Give reason for your answer .

Answer : In the poem “The Road not Taken” written by “Robert Frost” the reasons which convinced the poet to take the second road are the road had better claim . It was grassy and not many people had used it.It was less frequented means less people travelled it. The poet seems to be little adventurous as he chooses the option which very lass people opt for.

3.       Answer any one of the following questions in 40- 60 words.

A)          Why was Ramlal worried about for Bholi ? Was his concern genuine? How can you say so ?

Answer  :  In the story “Bholi” a character Ramlal who is the father of another character Bholi.     Ramlal was worried about for Bholi because Bholi never talked to anyone and stammered while speaking also she was not beautifull because once when she was very small,she was suffering by small pox and due to small pox there were so many black spots on her body and face too.So Ramlal always worried about her who will marry her daughter.

·          Ramlal very much serious about this matter. To overcome from this matter he admitted her to school . It reflect his genuineness.

·          From the story we can come to know that ramla’s wife encouraged Ramlal to admit their daughter to school that could be a little chance for Bholi getting married.

4.       Answer any one of the following questions in 100- 150 words.

B)       “if Nan – Kaka had not noticed this abnormality .. I would have grown up to be an abscure fisherman..” Who is the speaker of these lines? What abnormality was he suffering from? How did that abnormality turned into a blessing for him?

 Answer :  The line is from  the sunil Gavaskar’s autobiography “My first steps”. The speaker of these lines are Sunil Gavaskar.

·       The abnormalities is there is a hole near the top of Gavaskar’s left ear lobe.

·       When “Nan – Kaka “ come next day and picked up the baby lying on the crib next the Narrator’s mothers.He discovered that the baby did not have the hole on the left ear lobe.A searxch of all the cribs in the hospital followed, and the writer sleeping blissfully beside a fisher women.

Providence had helped the writer to retain his true identify.The narrator often woundered what would had happened if nature had not “marked” narrator out, and give the narrator “guard” by giving him that small hole on the narrato’s left ear lobe, and if Nan kak had not noticed this abnormality. Perhaps the narrator would have grown up to be an absur fisherman, toiling somewhere along the east coast.and would the baby become Sunil Gavaskar.

5.        Answer any one of the following questions in 100-150 words.

A)       What made Bholi believe that was being taken to a pklace better than her home? What does this reflects about her parent’s behaviour. Comments using example from the story.

Answer : Bholi is the main character of the story “‘Bholi” . New clothes had never been made for Bholi. The old dresses of her sister were passed on to her. No one cared to mend or wash her clothes. But at the time when Bholi was going first time in the school she was lucky to receive a clean dress which had shrunk after many washings and no longer fitted champa. And she was even bathed and oil was rubbed into her dry and matted hair. Only then “she begin to belive that she was being to a place better than her home.

·          Her parents worried always about Bholi’s marrage and ugliness . When Bholi would go to school it was relief for bholi’s schooling a proposal came about Bholi’s mirrag like “ Shall I accept Bishamber’s proposal ?” and also Bholi’s mother also added “Bholi will be lucky to get such a well to do bridegroom .A big shop , ahouse of his own and I hear several thousand in the bank ,more over , he is not asking for any dowry”.

6) Prepare any one project out of the following in about 500 words.

(a)  Interview any 5 families near you about how satisfied they are regarding the workings of the government in their area. You may ask :- 1. Condition of road 2. Cleaning of Drains 3. Security of people 4. Supply of Electricity 5. Cleaning of Roads After collecting the information write a letter to the Local Representative and address the grievances of the people.         

If facing the problems then say – Yes

If not facing the problem then say - No

TXC Bazar, Baruipur

Kolkata – 140

Date –16-8-2020

The Municipal Commissioner,

Subject – Various problems and issues in our colony.

Respected sir,

I am a resident of theTXCbazar area Baruipur. This application is to attract your attention to the disruptive problems in our area. People of our colony are very much disturbed with those problems, for the issue of garbage cleaning which are stored or heaped in local premises the foul smell can generate serious health issue. The street light condition some night it blinks sometimes not so the problem we are facing while travelling in night and also here is the issue of security lope holes. The road condition is also bad big and small holes are here and thereso we are facing very much problem while walking and it is the serious issue in this rainy season ,and here is also electricity problem every day 1-2 hours cut of electricity.The problems and people’s reaction are attached with this application.

          Therefore, I request you kindly to take proper action against  the employees appointed and this matters. This is disgracing the whol;e authority because of improper functioning of a few people. The address is same as mentioned in the head of the letter. Thank you.

Your faithfully,

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NIOS Class 12 Solved Assignment 2021-22 pdf

Nios 12th solved assignment 2021-22 pdf ( click here ).

The NIOS Class 12 Assignment have to submit every subject who have choose in the admission form.

Students should ensure that they have basic knowledge of assignments.

You can find all subject wise NIOS 12th New TMA Solutions 2021-22 PDF below.  

  Most Important Instruction for Nios Assignment:

Internal Assessment (IA) in Secondary/Sr. Senior examination will carry 20% weightage of theory as continuous and comprehensive evaluation. These marks will be shown in the mark-sheet along with the marks of external examination which will carry 80% weightage in each subject. TMA is applicable for admission through Stream-I only. Assignments should be submitted before appearing in the Public Examination of the particular subject. Assignments will not accepted after passing the subject.

How many Assignments are to be submitted in each subject?

Ans: One assignment per subject is to be submitted as per the schedule given in the guidelines.

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NIOS Class 10 Social Science Solved Assignment 2020-21

NIOS Class 10 Social Science Solved Assignment   2020-21 ,   NIOS Class 10 Social Science (213) Solved Assignment   2020-21, NIOS Class 10 th Solved Assignment 2020-21, NIOS Solved Assignment, NIOS Assignment 2020-21   As we know Nios Tutor Marked Assignment is compulsory for Nios class 10th solved assignments and class 12th solved assignments, students of National Institute of Open Schooling Board. Learner has to solved Assignments of nios open board as per given guidelines in NIOS TMA Books. It contain 20% Marks of theory papers so this is most important to Students make nios assignment 2021 very carefully to get maximum marks in mark-sheet.  

Note : (i) All question are compulsory. The Marks allated for the respective questions are mentioned against each question

(ii) Write your name, enrollment numbers, AI name and subject on the first page of the answer sheet.

Note : (i) All questions are compulsary. The marks allotted for each question are given beside the questions.

(ii) Write your name, enrollment numbers, AI name, subject on the top of the first page of the answer sheet.

1. Answer any one of the following question in about 40-60 words. (a) Explain the Hunting stage of Human Development. (See Lesson 0) (b) Analyse Bhimbedka cave paintings. (See Lesson 0) 2. Answer any one out of the following questions in about 40 to 60 words. (a) Though Northern India and Southern India are physiographically different from each other yet they have their own characteristics. Write any two points. (See Lesson 9) (b) How rain affects socio-cultural life in your community? (See lesson - 10) 3. Answer any one of the following questions in about 40-60 words. (a) “Constitution of India is federal in form but unitary in spirit,” Support the statement with two examples. (Lesson - 15) (b) Name the amendments elaborating their role in women empowerment in India.. (Lesson - 18) 4. Answer any one of the following question in about 100-150 words. (a) Critically examine Sangam Age and its achievement. (See Lesson 1) (b) “Regionalism is considered as the greatest challenge to the national integration of India. But sometime, this thinking is reasonable also”. Support the statement with any two suitable arguments. (See Lesson—24) 5. Answer any one of the following questions in about 100-150 words. (a) On the outline map of India, mark and label the following with appropriate symbols. (i) The highest peak of Aravali. (See Lesson 9) 22 Session 2020-21 (Social Science&213) (ii) Main river ending in Arab Sagar. (iii) The area of less than 20 cm annual rainfall. (iv) Area of Alluvial soil . (b) Identify any two problems which you feel are hindrance in the path of free and fair elections and also suggest remedies. (See lesson 22) 6. Make any one project out of the given below (a) “A woman with two children is working as a domestic help in a vilage. She wants to educate her children, but fails.” Visit the office of the Sarpanch of the village and get information regarding various programmes and policies for free and compulsory education. On the basis of information collected from the office of the Sarpanch, write a report suggesting the ways to ensure the education of the children by the Sarpanch of the village. (b) On the basis of information generated in the table, find out the sex ratio according to broad age groups. What is the trend of sex ratio according to age groups? Does it or increase? Prepare a report on status of sex ratio based on data. What would be the impact of these findings on our society?

How to write Nios Tutor Marked Assignment

Use A4 Size Ruled Paper (One Side Lining, one Side Plain)

Do not copy word to word from your textbook, you are supposed to do some external research.

Write the answers in your own handwriting.

Obey the word limits asked in questions.

  Use the Heading and bullet points to explain your views.

Make Headings and points with a Dark pen.

  Make a proper cover page on the top and then attach question paper and then your answer sheets.

NIOS Assignment 2020-21

It develops a regular study habit which will help you to become a self-learner.

You can get to know about the subject-matter more clearly.

Enhances your writing practices which gradually helps in your final exam preparation.

You can get to know about your progress in the Course Module/Subject you have opted for.

It also helps you to maintain contact with the subject teacher at your Accredited Institution and take appropriate guidance in your studies.

How to get Good Marks in the Assignment of NIOS 2021?

Before you write the assignments, it is very important that you go through the instructions carefully. Here, we have shared some of the tips on how to write down the assignments.

Candidates must write down the assignment in your own handwriting.

Use A4 Size Paper to write down the assignments.

Use a Blur or Black Pen to write down the assignment.

Keep the NIOS Assignment Coverpage simple and clear.

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IGNOU BEVAE 181 Solved Assignment 2020-21

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Students has to write IGNOU BEVAE 181 Solved Assignment 2020-21 for the Ability Enhancement Compulsory Course (AECC) in Environmental Studies BEVAE-181. It is known as Tutor Marked Assignment (TMA).It is one of the courses of CBCS Bachelor Degree Programme (BDP) – BAG, BSCG and BCOMG.

Ability Enhancement Compulsory Course (AECC) in Environmental Studies (BEVAE-181). It is known as Tutor Marked Assignment (TMA).It is one of the courses of CBCS Bachelor Degree Programme (BDP) – BAG, BSCG and BCOMG.

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For BEVAE-181 AECC, students have to submit the assignment solutions at study centre. The assignment carries 100 marks.Students can solve these assignments by reading study material blocks.

To solve the assignments, students can make use of IGNOU BEVAE 181 study material . The Assignment-1 (TMA) is based on study books.

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How to Write IGNOU BEVAE 181 Solved Assignment?

It is very important for students to read instructions before start writing BEVAE 181 assignment answers.

• On the very first page, students have to write their Enrollment Number, Name, Full Address and Date on the top right corner. Also, they need to write the Course Title, Assignment Number and the Name of the Study Centre in the centre of the first page.
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IGNOU BEVAE 181 Assignment Submission Last Date

Once the student complete the task of writing the assignment answers on sheets, It has to be submitted in the Study Centre concerned.

The IGNOU BEVAE 181 Assignment 2020-21 is valid for students who apply for admission in Jan 2020 and July 2020 sessions.

The assignment will remain valid from 1st July, 2020 to 30th June, 2021.

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The students can download IGNOU BEVAE 181 assignment 2020-21 questions in English and Hindi medium from university official website.

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Defying Kremlin, Protesters Stage Biggest Rally Yet in Russian Far East

Despite pleas and threats from Moscow, tens of thousands gathered peacefully in Khabarovsk and other cities to protest the arrest of a popular regional governor.

By Andrew Higgins

MOSCOW — Ignoring pleas from the Kremlin for calm after more than a week of unrest , protesters in the Russian Far East on Saturday staged their biggest display of defiance yet, with tens of thousands of people pouring into the streets to protest the arrest of a popular regional governor.

Russian news media reported that 50,000 or more people had joined a rally in the capital of Khabarovsk Krai, a sprawling territory nearly 4,000 miles east of Moscow. Thousands more attended protests in other regional towns and in Vladivostok, a port city on the Pacific Ocean in neighboring Primorsky Krai.

The government in Khabarovsk, the regional capital, said in a statement that only 10,000 people had gathered “at the beginning” but gave no figure for the overall turnout. Police officers in Khabarovsk made no effort to stop what the authorities described as an “illegal” but peaceful protest and instead handed out face masks. In Vladivostok, however, a number of arrests were reported.

The protests began after the arrest on July 9 on murder charges of Khabarovsk’s governor, Sergei I. Furgal , one of a handful of regional leaders not affiliated with a party entirely controlled by the Kremlin.

Instead of being held in Khabarovsk, where authorities allege the crimes took place, Mr. Furgal was flown to Moscow immediately after his arrest, a move seen by many locals as an unwarranted intrusion into their affairs and an effort by the Kremlin to grab control of the case.

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Patterns of Dissent in Russia’s Regions

Photo: DIMITAR DILKOFF/AFP/Getty Images

Commentary by Cyrus Newlin

Published July 17, 2020

Does the Kremlin have its groove back? An “all-Russian” vote ( obshcherossiyskoye golosovaniye ) on amendments to the Constitution that would allow Vladimir Putin the option to remain in power through 2036 passed handily on July 1: 78 percent of voters supported the amendments at a turnout rate of 69 percent, according to the Central Election Commission, representing an absolute majority of voters. But the president has as much reason to worry as to celebrate. Gross electoral violations painted a rosier picture of his support than exists in reality, and the exercise provided further evidence of a sharpening political divide along Russia’s center-periphery vector. As the Kremlin recoups its authority after retreating from public view for much of the coronavirus, its next political challenge may be managing dissent in two emerging protest belts in Russia’s Arctic and Far East regions.

The execution of the referendum showed that Putin’s legitimacy rests on shakier ground than the official results might suggest. The votes were organized as a yes-or-no measure that combined a controversial clause to reset the president’s terms with a basket of more mundane, populist measures such as enshrining the historical significance of World War II. However, a Levada poll conducted June 27-28 found that support for the reset was only 52 percent, with 33 percent strongly opposed and 11 percent somewhat opposed. Widespread reports of ballot box stuffing, multiple voting , and other falsifications led election monitoring organization Golos to call the vote the most unfair in decades. In a telltale sign that regional officials rounded up their vote tallies, the distribution of support was clustered at 5 percent intervals, according to research by physicist Sergei Shpilkin, who posits that support for the amendments was actually 65 percent and turnout 45 percent, meaning only 30 percent of eligible voters supported the amendments.

Even by official tallies, voting patterns in Russia’s northern and eastern periphery give Moscow further reason to worry. In Russia’s Arctic region, defined in state strategy documents as vital to the country’s strategic and economic future, voter turnout and support for the amendments was significantly below the national average. Nenets Autonomous Okrug (NAO), the site of protests in May over a scrapped plan to unite with neighboring Arkhangelsk Oblast, was the only region in Russia to reject the amendments outright, with 55 percent voting against. But in Arkhangelsk Oblast and Komi Republic, only 65 percent of voters gave their support—well below the national average of 78 percent. In nearby Murmansk Oblast, support was even lower, at 62 percent, while turnout was among the lowest nationally at 45 percent.

A similar picture emerged in the Far East, the geographic front of Russia’s “pivot east” and the intended beneficiary of an enhanced Russia presence in the Asia-Pacific. In the Republic of Sakha (Yakutia), just 58 percent supported the amendments, the second-lowest level in the country after NAO. This vote share was even lower than in the 2018 presidential election, where only 64 percent of voters in Yakutia held a favorable attitude of Putin. In Kamchatka Krai, Magadan Oblast, and Khabarovsk Krai, only 62 percent voted in support of the amendments. Turnout in the Far East was also low at 55 percent in Yakutia and Magadan Oblast and just 44 percent in Kamchatka Krai, Khabarovsk Krai, and, to the southwest of Yakutia, Irkutsk Oblast.

Percentage “Yes,” Russian Constitutional Vote in 2020 by Federal Subjects

Turnout in the Russian Constitutional Vote in 2020 by Federal Subjects

Keeping in mind the likely inflated levels of support, what emerges from the map are two protest belts: one in the Arctic, comprising Komi, Arkhangelsk, NAO, and Murmansk, and another in the Far East, comprising Yakutia, Khabarovsk Krai, Magadan Oblast, and Kamchatka Krai. These same regions showed lower-than-average support for Putin in the 2018 presidential elections: in the Komi Republic and NAO, support for Putin was 71 percent compared to a 77 percent national average, and in Yakutia and Khabarovsk Krai, support was 64 and 66 percent, respectively.

Opposition sentiment in Russia is typically concentrated in the liberal-leaning Moscow and St. Petersburg, but this has changed in recent years as economic stagnation and Putin’s torpid response to the coronavirus pandemic have driven his ratings to historic lows. The usually dormant Arctic and the Far East regions have increasingly become sites of an uptick in protests across Russia—from 1,600 in 2016 to over 2,200 in 2018 and over 2,000 in 2019, according to the Moscow-based Center for Social and Labor Rights. In late 2018, thousands took to the streets across Arkhangelsk Oblast to protest the construction of a massive landfill to be used for a ballooning Moscow’s waste. In May, hundreds of workers at Gazprom’s Chanyanda field in Yakutia staged a rally to protest working conditions after an outbreak of coronavirus at the complex. Isolated protests in the regions are not a major cause of concern for the Kremlin, but the emergence of concentrated zones of more recalcitrant federal republics, united by common environmental and socioeconomic grievances as well as overall lower levels of support for Moscow, poses a new and potentially explosive threat. There is strength in proximity, and the concerns of protesters in Arkhangelsk or workers in Yakutia are likely to resonate most strongly in the immediate neighborhood.

Several of the regions where support for the referendum was less enthusiastic, including Komi, Arkhangelsk Oblast, Magadan Oblast, and Kamchatka Krai, will have gubernatorial or regional parliamentary elections on September 13, which will serve as a preview for next year’s national parliamentary elections. In all likelihood, the well-resourced, Kremlin-backed United Russia candidates will win, but as with the recent referendum, levels of turnout and support may be more telling. United Russia’s approval ratings are down to just 33 percent from 48 percent in June 2018. If 2018 gubernatorial elections are any guide, United Russia may in the future face additional surprise electoral defeats. Down the road, this trend could give rise to a politically dangerous situation for the Kremlin: the emergence of clusters of neighboring regions with opposition governors, backed by their own electorates, who coordinate to form other poles of political power in Russia from Moscow.

The Kremlin seems to have read the wind. Last Thursday, security service officers arrested Sergei Furgal, the governor of Khabarovsk Krai, who in 2018 rode a wave of anti-elite sentiment to win an election against a Kremlin-endorsed candidate. While Furgal is a member of the nationalist Liberal Democratic Party of Russia, part of the “systemic opposition” that has links to the Kremlin and has long served as a political pressure valve, he was long viewed by Moscow as disloyal. His arrest was just one act in a flurry of repression following the nationwide vote and a signal to all regional governors that the Kremlin’s deferment of authority to regional authorities was a temporary arrangement. Low turnout for the referendum in Khabarovsk likely fueled Moscow’s anxiety that elite obedience in the region was slipping.

But the arrest backfired, igniting the largest protests in Khabarovsk in decades, with estimates in the range of 40,000 people on July 11 and continued demonstrations through the week. Festive chants of “Moscow, go away!" and "Putin, step down!” suggest that demonstrators were driven by anti-Kremlin sentiment in addition to support for their ousted governor. Moscow appears to be taking the demonstrations seriously and has sent an envoy to negotiate a replacement governor with local elites. But heavier involvement by the Kremlin may not fix the perception that Putin has interfered in the region’s democratic processes. Whereas past protests in the regions have centered on socioeconomic grievances—issues that are within Moscow’s power to fix either by budgetary means or by forcing the resignation of ineffectual governors—the object of these protests is now the Kremlin’s interference itself.

As Russia’s economy withers and coronavirus- and climate-related challenges mount in Russia’s Arctic and Far East territories, two regions crucial to Russia’s development, a four-year trajectory of more frequent protests in the regions is likely to continue. Against this backdrop, the Kremlin will have to tread a careful line: quelling the most overt expressions of regional independence in order to preserve the underlying myth of Putin’s legitimacy in Russia—a “power vertical” of centralized governance—without fueling a perception of central overreach, which could itself become the outer regions’ most common and unifying grievance.

Cyrus Newlin is an associate fellow with the Europe, Russia, and Eurasia Program at the Center for Strategic and International Studies in Washington, D.C.

Commentary is produced by the Center for Strategic and International Studies (CSIS), a private, tax-exempt institution focusing on international public policy issues. Its research is nonpartisan and nonproprietary. CSIS does not take specific policy positions. Accordingly, all views, positions, and conclusions expressed in this publication should be understood to be solely those of the author(s).

© 2020 by the Center for Strategic and International Studies. All rights reserved.

Cyrus Newlin

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