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KCSE Guide- How to write effective KCSE English Paper 3 Essays

Anthology – short stories – ‘ A Silent Song’

How to write effective KCSE English Paper 3 Essays

If you have read and understood the set books, answering questions 2 and 3 in English paper 3 should be easy. After understanding the question, you will need to determine relevant points, characters, or episodes to use in your essay. Take the first ten minutes to analyze the question and make brief notes. A high-scoring KCSE essay should have an introduction , four to five body paragraphs and a conclusion, and should be around 450 words.

KCSE Essay Introduction

According to the 2022 KCSE Report an introduction should show that you understand the question. One way to show that you understand the question is by paraphrasing the question.

First, identify the key words in the question before rewriting it in your own words . It is good practice to mention the book title and author . You can also provide a brief summary of the main points you are going to discuss in your article as in the example below:

• Action speaks louder than words. Discuss the truth of this saying using

illustrations from Leonard Kibera’s A Silent Song. (20 marks)

The character of an individual tells more than what they actually say. Mbane’s brother, In the story A silent song by Leonard Kibera, Ezekiel, preaches water and takes wine. He is so devoted to God as a preacher, but neglects Mbane, to agonize in the streets for a long time until he almost dies.

Writing KCSE Essay Body Paragraphs

KCSE essays should have four to five body paragraphs. Each paragraph should start with a topic sentence that introduces the point you want to discuss. Provide relevant evidence from the text and explanation after the topic sentence. Names ofcharacters should be accurate to avoid losing points for textual errors.

Your goal should be to argue and illustrate your point. A common mistake that students make in body paragraphs is to narrate events from the text instead of showing how the events support their point. Such paragraphs are described as “thin” by KCSE examiners, and they do not score full points.

Remember you should be arguing and supporting your topic sentence therefore avoid narrating the text. As you conclude the paragraph make sure you have a clincher sentence- a statement that ties your paragraph to the question. So be sure to have about 9 lines of evidence and explanation in each body paragraph to score

full points. You can end your paragraphs with a “clincher”, a sentence that summarizes your paragraph as in the example below:

Concluding a KCSE essay

End your essay with a brief paragraph that summarizes what you discussed in the body. You may start with the phrase “ I n c o n c l u s i o n … ” followed by a summary of the moral lesson from the question. Keep the conclusion short, a maximum of three lines.

In conclusion, the true gospel is the action of an individual because it is more practical than mere words. Actions work and satisfy the heart more than proclaiming the word of God.

Other KCSE tips

Remember to use simple language in your essay. Proofread your essay to check for spelling, grammar, and textual errors. We will be posting more sample essays to illustrate the kind of essays that KCSE examiners expect to see.

A study guide to a silent song and other stories

A MAN OF AWESOME POWERS (Naguib Mahfouz-Egypt)

Points to guide interpretation

Ô How Tayyib acquires his power.

Ô Use of power by Tayyib:

• For selfish interests
• For the good of all
• To harm others

Ô How power changes Tayyib.

Ô The role of the media

Ô What causes Tayyib to lose his incredible power?

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A Man of Awesome Power is an intriguing story about Tayyib al-Mahdi, who lives a comfortable life after retiring from many years of service abroad. His current life is peaceful and uneventful. He spends time watching television, reading newspapers or listening to the radio in the comfort of his apartment that he shares with his wife since his daughters are already married. The story captures how an individual who is empowered when least expected utilizes the power given to him. His illusions of desire for a better country lead to his dream of power acquisition.

One night, Tayyib dreams of a visitation by a man of radiant appearance who speaks to him in a kind tone, informing him that God had willed him the power to order things to be and they would be. Although he dismisses the dream like any other dream, its frequent recurrence makes him give it more thought. Tayyib confirms its reality when he orders his television to switch channels, and it happens. Endowed with the newly acquired power, he sets out to reform his country and the entire planet as he had often wished.

He utilises his power both for good and bad intentions. He starts by hitting back a taxi driver who ignores him by wishing him an accident. He also causes a man who had physically attacked a woman in a bus to suffer stomach cramps. We see him engaging in meritorious deeds such as filing a gaping pothole, locking an electric box and removing a pile of rubbish that he trips on.

The media does not escape his wrath as he causes one radio announcer to suffer massive sneezes after making an announcement that gave false hopes. As the story progresses, Sulayman Bey al-Hamalawi, a political leader who had evaded tax, is ordered by Tayyib to go and pay the tax that he had been avoiding for a long time.

An unfortunate incident occurs when Tayyib is busy planning to effectively utilise

his power for the good of all sectors in the country. He notices a beautiful woman at

Elegwah’s Planet Consortium

the entrance of the tea garden and uses his ability to satisfy his desires for her. Their intimacy costs him his incredible power. He pays this price for misusing the power that God had freely given him. The story ends with his sad realisation that he no longer has power. His attempts to order the television channels to change do not bear fruits. He experiences a tremendous sadness that will haunt him for the rest of his life.

• Tayyib al-Mahdi

Ô He is the main character in the story, and the story revolves around the

awesome power that he miraculously acquires sometime after his retirement.

Ô He does not reveal to his wife that he had been bestowed with such power. His initial intention is to use the ability to change his country and the entire planet like he had always wished.

Ô He is portrayed as religious, ambitious yet emotional and vengeful.

EPISODIC ANALYSIS OF KEY ISSUES

Man of Awesome Power’ is founded on several pillars determined by the various

• Tayyib’s dream — pg 1-2
• Utilising the awesome power -pg 2-4
• Losing the awesome power- pg 5 Nide to a silent son and other stories Some key issues arise from the episodes:

Acquisition of power

How Tayyib acquires his power teaches several things:

One can gain power at any stage of life.

Tayyib believed that he had completed his mission in the world. Before acquiring power, he lives a peaceful life as he enjoys the fruits of retirement. The writer notes that ‘He had generous insurance and more than adequate pension’pg 1 which do not prevent him from being given power by God.

Power is God-given.

Tayyib’s power is bestowed on him by God. As seen from his words, “All praise to God, Lord of the Worlds”, and listening to radio channels devoted to the Quran (pg 1), his religious nature is one reason God willed to grant him power. The man who

visits him in the dream tells him that starting that moment and as long as God willed, he had been bestowed with the power to order things to be and they would be. (pg l)

Utilisation of Power

Tayyib utilises the power given to him in different incidents:

• Encounter with the taxi driver (pg 2)
• In the bus, to deal with the conflict between a man and a woman (pg 3).
• Performing memorable services along his way to the cafe (pg 3).
• The radio announcer (pg 3).
• Tayyib’s wrath on Sulayman Bey al-Hamalawi (pg 3-4).
• The beautiful woman in the Tea Garden (pg 4).

Good utilisation of power

The episode shows how a person bestowed with power should utilise it. Tayyib’s soliloquy during his encounter with the taxi driver captures the need to use power for the well-being of others and to make things better. ‘Whoever is granted with power like mine, must utilise it only for good.’ (pg 2)

He uses the power to do several good deeds. Some of the outstanding services that Tayyib performs include filling a gaping pothole, locking an electric box that was open and hanging dangerously, removing a pile of trash and draining sewer water that was flooding an alley. Many people in the neighborhood appreciate these services. (p 3).

He also does a good deed of making Sulayman, who has been evading tax, go to

the taxi authorities and pay them millions of pounds he owed them. (pg3).

Misuse of power

Tayyib utilises the power given to him for vengeance- The act of causing the tire burst of the taxi since the driver had ignored him is vengeful. Tayyib ignores the noble voice that reminds him not to use power for wrong purposes and lets his anger get the best of him. (pg 2)

Tayyib causes harm/pain and suffering to the man who had slapped a woman on a public bus. Severe cramps strike the man, following Tayyib’s anger focused on the man’s stomach. (pg3)

He uses power to satisfy his lustful desires when he sees a beautiful woman and

makes her notice him making them surrender to fate. (pg 4)

Role of the Media

The media is seen to fail in its role. It dwells more on giving false promises/hope instead of telling what had already been achieved. When Tayyib gets into the café, he listens to a radio announcer expounding on promising developments expected in the future (pg 3). Tayyib’s fury is directed at the announcer, causing him to suffer massive sneezing, forcing him to end the announcement and play a song. The song- ‘Walk Around and See’ is ironically used to satirise the media for highlighting and emphasising what is yet to be seen (prophesies) instead of dwelling on the reality that can be seen.

Sexual immorality is seen when Tayyib utilises his power to make the beautiful woman he notices in the Tea Garden fall for his advances. The woman barely notices Tayyib when she gets to the garden, but Tayyib shifts her attention to himself through the power he has. He forgets his faith and his life (Lack of self- control) and surrenders to fate.

Tax evasion is another immorality that is seen in the story. Many leaders use their powerful positions to evade paying their taxes, such as Sulayman Bey al- Hamalawi. When Tayyib notices him, he commands, “Sulayman Bey, go straight to the tax prosecutor’s office to repent and say you are sorry up the millions of pounds you owe.” (pg 3)

Loss of Power

If power is not utilised for ‘good’, it will be lost. Tayyib loses his awesome power when he comes back to his senses and realises that he had made some mistake. Although he had been secretive about his power, his wife Haniya keenly observes that he was not in his usual mood that evening. Tayyib’s deceitful/ dishonest nature is depicted when he easily lies to his wife that he had a cold. Unfortunately, for Tayyib, he loses his power due to his mistakes. ‘The miracle was gone— like a dream.’ (pg 5)

Tayyib confirms that he has been bestowed with power by ordering television channels to change. Changing the television channel from a religious one to a foreign one foreshadows the changes that happen to Tayyib once he acquires power.

He is initially described as ‘A good man; his sins were forgivable he was a lover of virtue.. . ‘(pg 2). However, power ones changes him. He becomes vengeful, lustful, deceitful and inhumane. He forgets his faith and life and lets passion and lust control him, which had never happened since he married Haniya. (pg 4)

Power also helps change the risky living condition of the people gaping potholes dangerously hanging an open electric box, Sewer flooding on alleys and piles of rubbish on the way. All these are rectified through Tayyib power (pg 3)

INCIDENT IN THE PARK: Meja Mwangi

Episodes / sub-episodes

• The description of the city park in August afternoon. (p6 – 7).
• Two idlers’ dialogue at the – 10).
• An ambush by two city constables in the park ending in
• The fruit merchant condemned (p 12).

The incident in the park, by Meja Mwangi, is a contemporary episode set in the city park and its environs where most citizens, hustlers and workers, spend most of their time as an Outdoor recreation center. We know it is the popular Uhuru Park inNairobi through its vivid description.

Metaphorically described, the park is seriously affected by the drought in August. There is a dirty lake at its base, and to the west, up the hill, a cathedral, modern fortresses and ministerial Offices overlooking the park below, and across it is the city itself. A highway, Uhuru highway, separates the park from the city, and on it, there is heavy traffic. In the east, parliament and two city clocks are seen.

Therefore, the park provides a relaxing haven (chilling point) and a source of solace for the misplaced, lost or frustrated masses flocking the city daily. This has attracted many people. Including peddlers trying to make ends meet and idlers killing time here. The city hungry office workers also buy cheap snacks during the lunch hour and return to their stations. Others rush down to River Road to buy chips and roast meat as the loiterers watch the Spectre in a jiffy.

Soon, the park is left with a few idlers and peddlers. Under the slightest shade lie men sheltering from the scorching sun. Watchers watch rowers paddling, reacting to the maxim that spectating is the next best thing to participating. A loafer keeps dropping debris to the fish pond despite the warning inscription on a board.

Another man joins him, and a dialogue ensues, and they share a cigarette.

An incident erupts when two city constables demand to see the license of the ice cream man and a fruit seller. The Old man helplessly searches and realizes he doesn’t have it. Worse. He has no identity card, so he offers the five shillings he has, for he fears the judge and going to jail. He begs for forgiveness, offering all the fruits in vain. On seeing they are unimpressed, he flees to find refuge in the

crowded city, and the cops chase him. He is nabbed by a man on the highway and

eventually falls into a ditch. There, the poor man is condemned unheard of for being

a ‘thief’.

Title of the story

What is the significance of the title Incident in the park?

What is ironic about the two constables’ behavior at the park?How

else do the people spend time at the park?

Thematic concerns

With evidence from the text, discuss the urban problem that leads to the destitution

of the masses.

How does the city’s jobless population escape their wretchedness? Compare and contrast the city workers and the jobless masses.

What are the harsh realities of city life and the illusion of a better, promising life?

How does the rural-urban influx affect people’s lives?

What does the presence of butts, used matches and stubs at the park tell you?

How does the lack of identity cards and license affect peddlers?

Juxtapose the kind of identification the police demand from the fruit vendor and

one that awaits him at the mortuary.

Referring closely to the fruit-seller show how the mob and the legal system

administer justice.

Why does the merchant resort to flight and fight for his life instead of overcoming

his fright for the justice system?

Who is to blame for the death of the fruit-seller, the constables, the public, or the

vendor himself?

What lessons can be taken from the incident at the city park?

What does the fruit seller’s mention of the ‘tyrant judge’ tell us about the justice

Problems of urbanization

Urban population growth, driven by migration and searching for jobs, has become a

significant issue in cities like Nairobi.

However, the masses end up frustrated due to a skills mismatch in the labor market, dwindling economy and poor governance. But every now and then, a misplaced person rose with a start… (p7).

In a few seconds, the thousand or so strong swarm had been swallowed up by the

yawning concrete jungle… (p7).

Urban poverty is also witnessed as many remain loitering and idling reminding the park loungers just how many hours they had wasted lying idle.’ (p7). ‘A shaggy thin man sat under a shrub…’ (p7). ‘Hairy loafer’ (p8). ‘The idler seated on the bank…’ (p8) torn trouser legs.’ (p8)

‘horny toes. (p9L

There is also evidence of poor hygiene. The park is littered with debris, cigarette ends and butts. (p8, 9). The two gentlemen share puffs on the cigarette. One offers a full cigarette, and smoking in this zone could be a form of escapism from their poverty. (p10).

• The fruit seller has only ten shillings which he offers to the constables to spare He cannot afford to pay for the license, or even the fine has on another case. (pl 1).
• Conflicts between city authority and street hawkers

When the two constables accost and demand licenses from the ice cream man and

the fruit peddler, they tell the merchant that he will only explain to the judge.

• The fruit seller already has a case and is trying to sell to afford a (pl 1). The fruit seller pleads with the constables, who say nothing. 7hefruit seller cursed them and their wives and children… (PI 1).
• Mob justice / Social injustice
• The fruit seller is lynched unknowingly by the park By the time the constable ran up, the fruit-peddler lay like a broken and twisted ragdoll at the bottom of the ditch. (p12)
• He cries and pleads for mercy in . had drawn thick red blood over the

sparsely bearded face. Dead’ was his verdict (p12)

• The word ‘thief’ hovered over the assembled mob universally condemns

him, and it is impossible to tell from which mouth the condemnation is issued. (p12)

• Ironically the mob had had what was Justice fairly quickly and completely

administered … (PI 2).

The fruit seller

• He is a poor old man who sells fruits at the He has no license or identity

card. (pl l)

• He is a responsible man as he remembers he has a family which depends on him

when accosted. I have a wife and children and… (PI 1).

• He is hardworking because he sells fruits (two baskets) to earn his living despite

being unable to afford a license. (PI l)

• He is afraid and fearful that he will be fined or be castrated by the tyrant (pl
• Style and language use
• What figures of speech does the writer use to describe the park and events in
• Why is it ironic for the fruit peddler to flee from the constables and lose his life?

A comprehensive and detailed guide to a silent song and other stories

• Explore the use of dialogue in Meja Mwangi’s Incident in the
• Urban centers are riddled with frequent conflicts with innocent Citizens. Discuss

the truth of this assertion based on Meja Mwangi’s Incident in the Park. (20 marks).

NINEMA -Vrenika Pather- South Africa

About the Author Vrenika Pather

Vrenika Pather is mainly known for her acting prowess since she started her career as an actress at the age of eighteen. The Indian lady of South African origin has also written a few short stories, one of them being Ninema. Her stories mainly tell the life that many Indian ladies live and their every day’s encounters.

• Rising early
• Poor/lack of proper grooming
• Dealing with different customers
• Sexual harassment/immorality.
• Need to remain principled and

She is one of the market gardeners who serves as the main character in the story.

She is focused, ambitious, organized and strong-willed. Her admirable trait is seen

in how fond the other ladies are of her

A comprehensive and detailed guide to a silent song and other stories and how

many of her customers remain loyal.

He is a white man who is a loyal customer of Ninema.

He admires Ninema, but both know that their relationship is prohibited since they are from different castes. While Mr. Chinran is a wealthy lawyer from a Brahmin caste, Ninema is a poor girl from a low caste.

He supports Ninema’s business by buying more than enough herbs from her.

She is a wealthy older woman who is a loyal customer.

She is known for haggling over prices, thus being difficult and troublesome. She

spends time negotiating with Ninema as a way of passing the time.

• The strange man

He is the man who accosts Ninema on her way from the market.

He is immoral, vulgar and lascivious.

Vrenika Pather’s story Ninema’, is about the harsh life of market gardeners as represented by Ninema and the other ladies. The story explores the hustles that Ninema goes through on a typical market day, starting from rising at the wee hours of the morning to closure time which is late in the evening. Her home life is simple, suggesting the poor living conditions of such vendors. She has to prepare before going to the Indian market where she makes her sales. She only washes her face and feet with cold water from an outside tap since she cannot afford running hot water. This affects her grooming as she takes a bath once a week. She puts on her Chumpal, symbolising the poor condition and the only source of protection for her feet while on the way to and from the market.

Ninema remains focused and does not let her beauty and attention from both men and women control her. Once in the market, Ninema organises her herbs appetisingly to attract customers.

The market condition is challenging as the weather is not favourable. It is hot, and

Ninema sweats until her Sari clings to her firm skin.

She handles different customers who buy her herbs with wisdom and respect. Her focus in business enables her not to get carried away by Mr. Chinran’s attraction towards her. She does not encourage his infatuation with her but treats him like any other customer. With respect and appreciation.

She firmly handles the troublesome and difficult Mrs. Singh. Many customers who visit her stall are served well and are satisfied as she takes a personal interest in them. Her doctor, Dr. Seedat, visits too, and she takes time talking to him about her mother’s ailment.

Having served her last customer, Ninema closes her stall after taking stock of the unsold herbs and her profit for the day. The rot in society is seen when a strange man sexually assaults Ninema on her way home. He pinches her erect nipple and laughs loudly before extending some invitation for Ninema to follow him. Ninema does not take this abuse lying down. She utilises the only weapon she has — her

Chumpal, that protect the soles of her feet and her whole self. She hits the man repeatedly with her sandals as the other women cheer her on. The man is too shocked to react and thus ends up being beaten by Ninema until he whimpers.

Feeling satisfied, Ninema continues with her journey home. She goes back to the poor condition she left in the morning. She safely keeps her sandals under the kitchen table before washing her face and feet with cold water, just like she had done in the morning. She takes a rest that leads her to a dream of a better tomorrow.

The story ends with hopeful/optimistic Ninema, who dreams of having a home for

herself, hot water and a kitchen inside the house.

• Compare and contrast Ninema and other lady marketers
• What is ironic about Singh’s behaviour?
• Ninema is a likeable and admirable Do you agree? Give evidence

from the story.

• How effectively has Vrenika Pather used description in the story?
• Living conditions of Ninema – Pg13 and 16 Il. Ninema’s skill of trade – Pg 14-15 Ill. Journey home – Pg 16

Several issues are addressed in these episodes:

The harsh life of a market gardener

• As a market gardener, Ninema faces a tough life that calls for her principled,

hardened (iron-willed), focused, firm, hardworking and determined.

• She has to wake up very early to reap the herbs from her garden – ‘Four o’clock on

Monday morning’. Page 13

• Sighs of acceptance always accompany her work — she faces many challenges

and is winning. Page 13

Ninema lives a poor life – she cannot afford running hot water. She only washes her

face and feet with cold water from an outside tap Page 13.

• She has to carry the basket containing the herbs on her head as she walks the long

journey to the Indian market ‘It is a long walk’ Page 14

• She only wears her sandals when going to the The kind of meals she takes points to the poor life she takes a few sips of tea she brought with her Page 14 (breakfast)
• Some sandwiches that she packed from home are her only meal for lunch Page

Time is limited for her — she only affords a weekly shower on Saturday after

boiling water on the open fire Page

Dealing with different kinds of customers

Mr. Chinran admires her and can almost be said to be in love with her. ‘The ladies teased her, saying he was in love with her. The writer also tells us that Ninema made Mr. Chinran’s day. He is almost always the first customer. Ninema handles

himwisely and does not let this attraction control her. She does not encourage his infatuation but treats him with respect and appreciation like she does all her loyal customers. (pg14)

She also has to handle demanding customers such as Mrs. Singh, who though rich, will always bargain to lower the prices. Ninema shows her masterful skills by firmly and respectively handling her. (pg14)

She serves many affluent customers at lunch hour who steadily flow in to get herbs for their evening meals. She pays personal interest to each as she has an ambition of living a better life just like most of these customers. (pg15)

• Time limitation allows her to consult with her doctor – Dr Seedat, only when he comes to buy herbs from The two talk about Ninema’s mother’s illness showing that Ninema is equally concerned about her mother.
• She can entice a new customer by offering an extra bunch of mint for (pg15)

This generosity makes the customer happy, thus promising to always shop with her.

Class discrimination

The Indian society that Ninema hails from has a strong belief in the caste where those from the high caste — Brahmin Caste, are not allowed to inter-marry with those from the lower caste. This is seen in her association with Mr. Chinran. ‘As muchas Ninema dismisses the teasing of the ladies that Mr. Chinran is in love with her, she is also aware that a rich lawyer from a Brahmin caste cannot be interested in someone like her — a poor girl from a low caste (pg14). Mr. Chinran himself knows ittoo, and thus their relation can never go beyond early morning herb buys. He further understands that his mother will soon arrange a marriage for him, most probably to a person from his caste.

Hard work/focus/determination

The writer emphasizes the importance of hard work, focus and determination in an individual’s life. Through the main character Ninema, the benefits of the three traits are depicted.

Ninema’s hard work is seen in how she rises early — four o’clock Monday morning, and goes to her garden to reap herbs. Her hard work in the garden has borne fruits since her crops are described as being healthy (pg13).

Her hardworking nature is also seen in how she ably

Attends to the many wealthy customers who flock to her stall, especially during lunchtime. Even though the stall is busy and Ninema is quite busy, she ably attends to all customers and takes a personal interest (pg15).

Ninema’s hard work does not go unrewarded. She has several loyal customers who visit her stall daily. She has a steady flow of customers and feels she will need to sow more seeds to keep up with the rising demand (pg15).

She does not let anything distract her from her business. She remains focused, whichessentially aids to success in her business. The writer points out Ninema’s beauty that makes heads turn when she walks through vivid description. ‘She is a beautiful woman… her hips sway from side to side as she moves her thin, chiffon sari drapes effortlessly around her perfect body as if kept in place by her high, firm breasts. Long, toned arms and acinched waist cause men to stop and stare’ (pg13).

Despite receiving this attention, Ninema keeps calm and focuses on her business. ‘Ninema does not take the attention she gets to the heart. Her concern is with earning a living’ (Pg14).

Her focus is further seen where while other lady hawkers chat amiably with each

other as they work, Ninema rarely talks back since she has no time to waste (pg14).

Sexual assault/harassment

The writer points out the sexual harassment faced by many women in society. The encounter between Ninema and the stranger on her way home shows how women suffer sexual abuse even in public places. The man approaching Ninema grins lasciviously at her before extending his arm to pinch her erect nipple. As if this is not enough, he extends an invitation to Ninema — “If you liked that follow me.” (Pg16). episode satirizes men who assume women are sex objects to be mishandled.

Ninema’s reaction to the abuse is unexpected. The man is shocked when Ninema follows him and hits him repeatedly with her Chumpal. She gives him ‘a few extra hits on behalf of all the women.’ (Pg 6) This shows that many women have been victims of sexual abuse but end up not fighting back. Ninema thus portrays a

courageous personality as she fights for herself and even for the helpless women

who had been or would-be victims of such abuse.

The story “Ninema’ is a story of hope. Ninema has hope that her life will change at some point. As the story ends, Ninema dreams of the home that will be hers someday soon: The house will have hot water too, and the kitchen will be on the inside. She will also have her large garden to grow herbs and some fruits for herself (pg16).

• To succeed in business, one must have the necessary skills to handle

customers. Using Ninema in Vrenikas Pather’s ‘Ninema’ support this.

• “Hard work and determination pays”, Using illustrations from Ninema show

the validity of this statement.

• Women traders experience challenges in their Show how Ninema deals

with these challenges.

• Ninema is an admirable Support from the story Ninema.

A SILENT SONG – Leonard Kibera – Kenya

About the author:

Leonard Kibera is a Kenyan novelist and short story writer. Kibera was born in Kabete, Kenya, attended high school at Embu and studied at the University of California and Stanford University. He taught at the University of Zambia and at Kenyatta University, Kenya, from 1976 until his death. His first publication was a book of short stories, Potent Ash (1968), which he wrote with his brother, Samuel Kahiga. The book explores the guilt, betrayal, and failure of the Mau Mau. Several of the stories have been anthologized, especially The Spider’s Web, which points an accusing finger at Kenya’s elite for the state of Kenya since independence. His only novel, Voices in the Dark (1970), uses dark humour to question why most Mau Mau

soldiers who fought for independence were forgotten and left to beg and die along

the roadside. Kibera has also written several articles of literary criticism.

• Mbane’s life of misery in the streets as a lame, blind (p17 – 19).
• Mbanes’s lonely self versus the bubbly world around (p18 – 19).
• Mbane’s (p18).
• Mbane’s brother, Ezekiel, rescues (p19 20).

A Silent Song by Leonard Kibera is a story about Mbane, a young, paralyzed, blind city street beggar. He lives in destitution, begging from the passers-by while seething with pain and discomfort. His brother, a wealthy preacher, ‘rescues’ him from the barbaric city unto the ‘light of God’ after neglecting him for a long time.

Mbane painfully reminisces his street life with nostalgia at his brother’s lonely hut. He is not as happy though he is now in a more serene environment. He remembers the bright weather, lovely morning and beautiful sunset as the city dwellers, pedestrians, dull and gay people during the day talk. At night, the good men and women turned drunk, pimps and whore galore have their turn to smile. He begs day and night for a living.

He is nursed by Sarah, his brother’s wife, who administers bitter fluid down his throat. He swallows it painfully, and she assures him of being well. His religious brother, Ezekiel, preaches to him about Christ, the saved ones and sinners. He asks him whether he knows where sinners go when they die and whether he accepts Jesus, and Mbane says he doesn’t know. Before he saves him, Mbane’sstrength wanes, the pain goes, his head jerks down to the bed, and he is gone.

• Discuss the relevance of the title of the story, A Silent
• Brainstorm about the paradox in the title, A Silent

THEMATIC CONCERNS

• Pain and misery of physical handicap
• Religious hypocrisy

Prostitution and sexual slavery

Alcoholism and escapism

Pain and misery of Physical handicap

• In a sense, A Silent Song, an oxymoron, paradoxically echoesthe moments of soul searching and reflections that Mbane has had over the period he stays on the This creates a more vivid picture of his life and a cathartic emotional impact.
• The miserable life on the street as a crippled, blind beggar seems less painful

than in his brother’s desolate hut, where he is lonely and suffering. (p18).

• He has been speaking to himself in his thoughts and for a long time on the street except for his mechanical plea of ‘Yes?’ he has no one else to address but (p19).
• Mbane’s undergoes much pain, agony, and suffering on the streets becauseof his life Being blind and lame has impaired his ability to liveeveryday life. ‘Sharp pangs’, ‘savage fury’, pain tore his stomach’. (PI 7 – 19).
• He crawled on his knees and elbows… suddenly sharp pangs from his navel .. He was paralyzed. Then the pain disappeared… but he knew it had only recoiled for another attack. (PI 7).
• He has heard noises, songs, and sounds of different people, but he retires to solitude, and thoughts start going through his mind at the end of the It is like a dream, a song of hope, and he sings his happy song silently to himself, secretly. (p20).
• Mbane ponders the meaning of light to .. light mean to a blind man…
• At the point of death, as his brother urges him to get saved, with reticence,

he ponders on God’s place and meaning in his life.

• People despise him on the streets. Good Christian men and women would once again curse and call him able-bodied, only crippled more every day by the idleness of leisurely (p19).
• He sits there (street back lane) and waits for his journey’s His body

smells of sweat, unwashed except in the rain, which he could but feel. (p20).

• There is a wide gap between his beliefs and his brother’s. His tortured body

is already separated from his free soul when he dies. (p20).

• The soul has already communicated in his silent song, smiling, at peace with

his hosts, himself and everyone. (p20).

Religious hypocrisy/Pretentious piety

• Mbane’s brother, Ezekiel, is so devoted to God a preacher but neglects him

for a long time till he realizes Mbane is nearing his death.

• He picks him up and brings him to his hut, claiming it is rescuing only for Mbane to feel lonelier and more “I rescued you from that barbaric city so that you can see the light of God. (p18).
• The desolate hut is not a habitable place for It has a flea-ridden floor. (PI
• He could tell that there was meaning in his brother’s silence of .. (p18).
• Asked whether he knows a man called Jesus, he says “Yes”, but whether he believes and accepts him, Mbane says, “1 don’t know,” and his brother says Mbane is worse than a This portrays hypocrisy, and Christians would not talk like this.
• It is ironical and hypocritical for Ezekiel to tell Mbane, “Mbane— I want Christ to save ..” (p20) as though he has already judged him as a sinner and that “Christ” will come down from heaven to do the good to him while his brother watches.
• There is a pretense in the way good Christian men and women curse and call

him names instead of bringing the

• Excellent knowledge of Christ to ‘… able-bodied, only crippled more

every day by the idleness of leisurely begging’. (p19).

• He could only yearn impotently beyond the reach of darkness and

At times, self-pity overcame him. (p18 – 19).

• The God of the Gospel and religion are comforts beyond the reach of a

wretched cripple. His God is his only hope of

• Deliverance from pain, destitution and (p18 – 20).
• There is evidence of such sexual evils as commercial sex and
• The blind man knows, sees, and recalls City Street with The noises, drum beating and rhythms which Mbane calls the voices of good men and women turned drunk in the refuge of the night brothels, pimps and whores galore. (p18).
• The street, especially the back lane, had taught Mbane a lot

..good men and women turned drunk in the refuge of the night brothels, pimps and

whores galore. (PI 8).

• Cite evidence from the text on the existence of the following character traits as

portrayed in A Silent Song.

• Mbane: observant, patient, skeptical, ..
• Ezekiel: selfish, cruel, and ..
• Sarah: reserved,
• How can you tell that Mbane ‘sees’ and knows a lot in the city street despite

being blind?

STYLE AND LANGUAGE USE

• Why is it ironic for Ezekiel to claim to rescue his brother Mbane from the

barbaric city?

• Why is Mbane reluctant to accept Christ?

IVORY BANGLES

By Eric Ng’maryo – Tanzania

About the Author- Ng’maryo.

Eric Ng’maryo is a published poet who has written poems such as Escape and The Journey of Us. Although he is a practicing advocate in Tanzania, he is also respected for his creative writings which include the short story ‘Ivory Bangles’

Points to guide interpretation of the story

• The pebbles message to the old
• The tradition that demands wife What happens to the old man

when he fails to carry out the ritual beating?

• Polygamy and its value — The view of the old man regarding
• The relationship between the old man and his wife
• The conflict that exists between humans and
• Effects of failing to heed the advice given to an

‘IVORY BANGLES’

The title captures the bangles that the wife wears- Twenty-four ivory bangles that were gifted to her by the old man on the day their firstborn and now only son was named.

The Ivory bangles thus are a symbol of love that the wife enjoys from the old man.

The title also signifies the human-wildlife conflict that exists. For the old man to carve the bangles for his wife, he had to shoot an elephant with a poisoned arrow to get the ivory he used.

• The old man

He is the chief’s councilor, a respected elder who is also a woodcarver and a brave

He is married to only one wife. This causes some concern since it is unheard of for a chief to be monogamous. It portrays him as an alienated person who fails to follow the ways of his people.

He is expected to beat his wife to avert her death, as the seer’s pebbles dictate but

is hesitant to do so

She is an attractive woman who the old man much loves.

She treats him with affection making him return the favour by not molesting her

until old age.

Her cunning attempt to evade catastrophe as prophesied by the seer leads to her

‘Ivory bangles’ by Eric Ng’maryo portrays a society rooted in some traditional practices that whoever departs from them ends up suffering some calamity. The story begins with a troubled old man moving towards his house. Although his body moves, his thoughts are disturbed by the seer’s words.

The old man had consulted the seer after noticing traces of blood in the goat’s liver that he had slaughtered. The people believed that such an occurrence was a bad omen, so the old man consulted the tribal seer.

The seer discloses that pebbles demand that he has to give his wife the ritual beating. However, the old man is hesitant to beat his wife, whom he much loves, as is seen from the fact that he had gifted her with twenty-four Ivory bangles that she adorns throughout.

We learn of the old man’s life with his wife in the past through several flashbacks. We learn of his refusal to marry another wife even after he is made the chief’s councilor, and the chief advises him to do so. The chief appreciates her attractiveness in another flashback as she is adorned in twenty-four ivory bangles.

The old man tells the chief that he carved the ivory bangles for herself using the

ivory he shot from the elephant using a poisoned arrow.

When he gets home, his wife warmly receives him and his attempts to disclose the seer’s message do not succeed until much later in the night. The wife asks him to have his meal first, and after the two enjoy an intimate moment. When he later discloses the pebbles’ message to his wife, she comes up with a scheme on how to cheat the pebbles.

The following day, the old man goes to work while the wife goes to the market, where she hears people talking about a herd of elephants approaching the plains. She strategizes on the things she would do before faking her beating and going back to her brother’s home. On her way home, she hears cries from scouts who warn people to beware of the approaching herd of six elephants led by a giant bull.

After getting home, the wife prepares a meal for her husband and decides to go till a piece of the grove that the husband had said was weedy. Unfortunately, she is killed by the bull elephant that catches her unaware. The people find her in a shallow grave after being crushed by the elephant. Her ivory bangles are also shattered. Her foreshadowed death is a lesson that failing to heed wise advice can lead to a disastrous outcome.

• A visit to the seer and pebbles demand – pg21-22
• Shared moments between the old man and his wife — pg 22-
• The naming ceremony of the old man’s son -pg 23
• The scheme — pg 24
• A visit to the marketplace -pg 24-25
• The wife’s death- pg 25

The following are some issues that arise from the episodes:

Believe in the seer

The old man visits the seer, considered a priest of the people (Pg. 21).

He goes to the seer because of his superstitious nature. He had to consult the seer since he had noted blood specks on the liver of a goat that he had slaughtered (pg. 21).

Ritual beating/molesting of wife

When the old man visits the seer, the pebbles disclose that the spirits were jealous

of a happy wife, a woman unmolested by the husband until old age (pg. 21). It is not

acceptable for a wife to enjoy a comfortable life with her husband in this

The husband is thus expected to molest his wife to ensure that she does not enjoy happiness. Failure to do so would lead to a disastrous outcome as the pebbles foretell the wife’s death.

The pebbles demand that the old man give his wife a thorough beating (ritual beating) and then send her back to her parents (pg. 22). Although the man tries to seek an alternative way to appease the spirits, like offering several goats, the pebbles insist that he must give a wife thorough beating and send her to her parents after the beating.

The tradition of wife-beating/molestation is further seen through the old man’s son. Unlike his father, the son had embraced the culture of wife battering, something that bothers his mother moments before her death. She is weeding the weed- infested grove when she remembers they had weeded the same patch only three weeks before, together with her daughter-in- law Leveri. She reminisces how her son had beaten Leveri to ‘a fingernail’s distance to her grave’ (pg. 25). This shows the violent nature of her son and how traditional he was since he embraced wife- beating.

Naming of children

The naming of children is seen as an essential practice. We learn that the twenty- four ivory bangles that the wife wears were gifted to her when their only son was given a name (pg. 23).

The value of child naming is also seen because the old man’s grandson is named

after him. The writer refers to the young boy as her ‘husband’ (pg. 23).

Polygamy and its effects

The tradition of polygamy and its value comes out during the moments shared by the old man and his wife. After serving him his evening meal, the wife patronises the old man by calling him the son of a chief. The writer explains the position held by the old man — the chief’s councilor (pg. 22). This position makes him a respected man. It, however, raises some debate as people talk much about him

since he is monogamous. This is seen where the writer says, ‘He still was the chief’s councilor, much respected, but also much talked about because he had only one wife.. ‘(Pg.22).

His monogamous status was a concern for the ageing chief, who told him to get another wife (pg.23). This shows that the old man’s society values the tradition of polygamy, and one who does not engage in it is considered a failure.

The old man, however, holds a differing opinion about polygamy. His response to

the chief via a riddle shows his view of polygamy:

A woman went to the riverside Tie woman wanted to fetch water The woman had one water pot

The woman arrived at the water point The woman found another water pot The woman came back with a pot

The woman brought a water pot with potsherds, not water (Pg. 23

The chief’s interpretation of the riddle:

“A wife, a co-wife, witchcraft and death” (Pg.23) explains that the old man considers

having more than one wife as witchcraft

The moments shared between the old man and his wife (pg. 22-23) point to their love. The kind of reception the old man receives when he gets home shows how much the wife loves and cares for him. ‘His wife come unstrapped his leather sandals and led him behind the house to the lean-to, bathed him and rubbed him with sharp smelling unguent’ (pg. 22). Her loving care is further seen when she asks him to have his meal first before they can talk about whatthe husband had heard that day (pg. 22).

How the husband addresses the wife also shows that he loves her. Despite her old age, the husband calls her “girl” (pg. 22), a form of endearment. He also appreciates the meal she has cooked for him. “You cook, woman,” he thanked, stretching himself and yawning (pg. 22).

Their love is also seen from the intimacy they share once the wife joins the old man where he lay. The old man tries to talk her about the demands of the seer, but she ignites his pas leading to an intimate moment. ‘He unsprang slowly, when it came, it was like an intricate tattoo on a drum, coming unexpectedly and stopping suddenly, leaving the air quiet and pure.'(Pg. 23).

Tie twenty-four ivory bangles that the old man gifted his wife on the day of naming their son also show how much he loved her. Specifically, the eight bangles she wore on either hand were etched with mnemonic marks for a long love poem (pg. 23).

HUMAN-WILDLIFE CONFLICT

The flashback of the naming ceremony of the old man’s wife ‘As she moved the twenty-four ivory bangles she wore clanked like many castanets’ (pg. 23). Elephants had to be killed to obtain the ivory used to make the bangles.

The truthfulness of this observation is seen when the chief also noted how attractive the old man’s wife looked in the many ivory bangles she wore. The old man proudly explains to the chief that he made the bangles himself from the ivory he got when he shot an elephant using a poisoned arrow (pg. 23).

Towards the end of the story, people in the marketplace talk about the herd of elephants approaching the plains. They fear the destruction that the herd will cause. They hope that those who know how to use poisoned arrows will save the situation (pg. 24).

The ultimate sign of the conflict is the death of the old man’s wife, who a wounded bull elephant kills. In an ironic turn of events, the old man’s wife, whose husband had killed an elephant and used its ivory to make bangles for the wife as a sign of love, ends up killed by a wounded elephant. ‘After bashing her on trees and banana plants, the wounded bull elephant put her on the ground and repeatedly stamped on her. They found her thus in a shallow grave: a mass of flesh and blood and shattered ivory bangles.'(pg. 25). The love is shattered by the same creatures whose ivory was used to make symbols of love.

FAILURE TO HEED ADVICE AND ITS CONSEQUENCES

The seer’s advice to the old man who consulted him is that the pebbles demanded a ritual beating of his wife to avert the death of wife. Old man is hesitant and offers to give some goats, but the pebbles insist on the beating and send her off to her parents after beating. Instead of heeding the seer’s advice, the old man and his wife develop a scheme on how to cheat the pebbles. The wife proposes putting up a show by pretending to have been beaten.

Their failure to follow the demands of the pebbles results in what the seer had foretold-The death of the wife who the wounded bull elephant kills as she is weeding.

Although the wife’s death is closely linked to the seer’s warning, it can also be seen to be due to the wife’s recklessness and failure to heed the warnings of the scouts. The wife heard the scouts warning when they noted the elephants were approaching. ‘As she slowly made her way home, she heard the cries. They came from scouts who were perched on trees, observing elephants and warning people of the beasts’ movement… ‘Beware! People of Mtorobo’s homestead! The five she elephants are now in your banana grove! The bull is on the path coming from the stream’ (pg. 24-25).

The wife chooses to weed at the groove instead of heeding the warning and staying home. NB: The writer has extensively used flashbacks to help us understand the past life of the old man and his wife.

QUESTIONS ON STYLES

• What is the effectiveness of flashbacks in this story?
• The wife being called “girl” by the husband?
• How the wife dies?
• What has the writer achieved by extensive use of dialogue?
• Using an oral literature device in the story communicates

THE SINS OF THE FATHERS

Charles Mungoshi -s Zimbabwe

Charles Mungoshi was born in 1947and raised in a farming family in the Chivhu area of Zimbabwe. After leaving school, he worked with the Forestry Commission before joining Textbook Sales. From 1975 to 1981, he worked at the Literature Bureau as an editor and at Zimbabwe Publishing House for the next five years. In 1985-87 he was Writer in Residence at the University of Zimbabwe, and since then, he has worked as a freelance writer, scriptwriter and editor. Charles Mungoshi has written novels and short stories in both Shona and English and two collections of children’s stories, Stories from a Shona Childhood and One Day Long Ago (Baobab Books, 1989 and 1991); the former won him the Noma Award.

He has also continued to write poetry and has one published collection: The Milkman doesn’t only deliver Milk (Baobab Books, 1998). He has won the Commonwealth Writers Prize (Africa region) twice, in 1988 and 1998, for two collections of short stories: The Setting Sun and The Rolling World (Heinemann, 1987) and Walking Still (Baobab Books, 1997). Two of his novels: Waiting for the

Rain (Heinemann 1975) and Ndiko kupindana Kwa mazuva (Mambo Press, 1975),

received International PEN awards.

• lRondo’s family in (p26 – 31).
• Rondos confusion about his personality and (p28 34).
• Political tension/rivalry between Rwafa and (p31 – 36).
• The story of the white (p38).
• Rwafa’s harangue and (p39 — 41).

The Sins of the Fathers, by Charles Mungoshi, is a post-colonial story set in rural

Zimbabwe. It takes place between Borrowdale and Bulawayo.

Rondo is the antagonistic character whose revenge world opens at the story’s very beginning. Rondo’s father, Rwafa, is an ex- minister but still influential in the political world of Zimbabwe. This is evident from how a fraction of mourners just come to take pictures with him, for such photos would soon ‘open doors for them.

Rondo has a wife, Selina, daughter of Basil Mzamane, who is also into politics as an

M.P. and a businessman. In fact, he’s a political rival of Rondo’s father, Rwafa. Rondo’s two children, both daughters (Yuna and Rhoda), are in an accident as they are driving home from a birthday party with their grandfather, Basil Mzamane, where, Rwafa takes to the podium to condemn his son for marrying from his enemy Basil. This has all along created bad blood between him and his son that this accident makes Rondo believe that his father has a hand in it. In their many stories, a revelation of what his friend, Gaston, alludes to: “Have you ever wondered about the Second Street accidents?”

On their way to the birthday party, the trio – Rondo, Rwafa and Basil Mzamane – meets a group of youths (Chimurenga) chanting political songs. At a point, they meet a white woman whose car has broken down, and they charge to attack before Basil intervenes. Rwafa disappears, and Rondo remains confused about what is actually going on.

Rwafa’s speech leaves people surprised and shocked. They start going one after the other. This is where Rondo decides to send the children back with their grandfather as he remains with Selina. The two children and Basil, their grandfather, finally die in a crash. People are here to mourn. Then with utter suspense,Rondo and Selina come to finish Rwafa, who directs them out of the room, then a soft muffled plop is heard from Rwafa’s room.

Questions for reflection on “Title of the story” and themes

• Discuss the role and significance of the title The Sins of the
• Which sins do you think the father commits in the story?
• “Because I’d like you to watch some ‘duck-shooting today’. ” What does this

statement from Rwafa refer to?

• “Do you know what your father does?” (p33)
• “Rondo had not been used to living his life from deductive or logical thinking but now, the accumulation of events and the history behind them had made him so numb, he was almost a ” (p33).
• Brainstorm about ‘Second Street accidents’.
• What is the role of the family unit during bereavement and children’s growth?
• How are youths used to execute the selfish desires of the political elite?
• Why are power and prejudice significant in the ex-minister’s life?
• How does greed for material power affect the human character?

Thematic Concerns

The points of discussion and analysis include:

Identity Crisis

• Rondo suffers low self-esteem through the way his father treats Rwafa loathes and persistently frustrates his son. His first disappointment is when his father breaks his guitar and throws it into the fire when he is only four. (p30- 31).
• Rwafa does not approve of or even attend his son’s He purportedly

leaves town on state business for two weeks. (p34).

• Through flashbacks, Rwafa thrashes his son, Rondo, when he is only eight, for ‘stealing a neighbor’s mangoes’. This memory gives him an uncomfortable feeling and affects his self-esteem. He must have understoodwhat powerlessness meant (p40).
• This grows into his adulthood when his father refers to him as an effeminate son who wants to demean his family by marrying into an ignominious (p31
• While Rondo admires and thinks his father is the greatest, his father, Rwafa, writes him off. Rwafa always gives Rondo “a little sad laugh” and labels him “Slob”. (p28, 31, 32).
• His colleagues laugh at him at work, and Rondo doubts his mother and He feels defenseless and resigns to accept being a fool. “Well, if you see me as a fool, I’ll be one.” (p28).
• Rondo has developed a stammer that makes him barely answer any of his

father’s questions. (p32).

• His wife Selina tells him she could do better in his pants, and his friend and

colleague, Gaston, scolds him, “You can’t be a child forever, Rondo”. (p33).

• Later, Rondo’s father disparages With contempt, he enquires whether one of Rondo’s more intelligent friends has written for him the piece of paper he hands him. (p41).
• Both Rondo and Rwafa have psychological problem that needs psychosocial

support. (p26 — 41).

• The author expresses the theme of vengeance in the story’s beginning through the flash-forward as Rondo comes to his father with a (p26, 41). From the death of his two children and how his father has been treating him, he believes that he has a hand in the deaths, and therefore, he’s here to revenge. (p29, 33, 34, 41).
• Rwafa causes the accident as a form of revenge against the “traitors” or Furthermore, Rondo is not happy with what his father says about his marrying Basil – his enemy. (p31, 39).
• In his speech, Rwafa calls his son a ‘traitor’. This is another reason for

revenge. (p38).

Political Bigotry and machinations

• Politics run the story from the beginning to the end of this story. Basil Mzamane – Rondo’s father-in-law-a businessman and an P. and Rwafa – Rondo’s father, are great political rivals that don’t see eye to eye. There is always tension between the two. (p34)

This is the greatest reason behind the crash that kills Basil and the two children of Rondo to settle political scores. This is what he tells his son that he will thank him for happening now and not later. (p28).

• Rwafa loves himself so much that he prepared to destroy his son in his endeavor

to have an heir. (p32).

• The existence of Chimurenga and the Second street accidents are evidence

Of machinations. (p34, 36, 38, 39).

• Rwafa calls his enemies, looters and cattle thieves personal enemies and swears that… no son of the Rwafa family would ever play second fiddle to anyone’s ..” (p39).

Racism/ colonial hatred

• On their way to the birthday party, the trio meets a white woman who needs

help. Ihe political youths want to descend on her because she’s white. (p36).

• On the other hand, the white woman is already armed with a gun to shoot

the blacks. (p36).

• Again, from Mzamane’s story about the white who lives in the Manhize mountains, we find out that he sends away the blacks who live there and takes their ancestral land because they are (p38).
• Having alienated the lands from the blacks, the whites are the source of the hatred and envy that fills the Rwafa clan, and Rwafa has his eyes on the white farm in the Ruwa (p34).
• Consequently, his youth obey him and have an unashamed raw lust for

blood. (p36).

Parental resentment /child discontentment

• Rondo has never been close to his father as his memories of his past him make

him cry. (p31, 40).

At four, his father destroys his guitar, and at eight, he thrashes him without finding out what he has done. Rondo always feels more space with his father-in-law and would choose him as his father. (p34).

• He carries many scars that thinking of his father as none other than a shadow he has to live in becomes Rondo cannot think independently, and this reduces him to an object of laughter and ridicule among his friends. (p28).

Rwafa has no sympathy for his son as he despises him vehemently. He does not

bother to answer when asked a question by his son. (p36).

• His mother describes her husband as ‘one bombed-out battlefield of scars’ whose deepest scar is that he can’t forgive not only his enemies but This clearly shows a rift in the family. (p30, 31).
• At the party, Rondo and Selina feel relaxed with their (p39).
• Rondo could not look at his (p40).

Love and Friendship

• She takes her head during the mourning night and puts it on her She calls

her a great woman. (p29).

• Friendship is also evident between the two women, Selina and her mother-in-

law (Rondo’s wife and his mother). (p29,30)

• Selina, the daughter ofMzamane, stays with Rondo even though Rwafa disapproves of their marriage. He says that his son became a ‘traitor’ by marrying Selina, from Basil Mzamane’s clan – his sworn political (p29, 30)
• However, Selina sticks with her husband, Rondo, until the end of the She

also has a gun from the mother- in-law. (p41).

• He lets his head rest against her belly, his skull nudging the underside of her She makes him breakfast. She accompanies her husband to serve revenge. This is love. (P41)

Ethnic tension / negative ethnicity

Ô Rwafa believes in maintaining rigid boundaries in establishing social and

political relations. (p34).

Ô In his tirade, he laments that he is hurt by the effeminate spineless sons of the family who marry into families of their enemies, poisoning the pure blood of the Rwafa clan. 9p34 – 39).

Ô There has always been tension between Rwafa and Mzamane, a quarrel, a misunderstanding, but the episode at the party renders it dramatic. Their speeches turn sour. The two old men are crystal clearly, political nemeses. (p34).

Ô Rwafa cannot forgive and forget the effects of the war, once the Ndebele attacked them, and the pain of the scars remained in him more than the relief of healing. (p30 – 32).

Ô These adversaries contrast each other in character and demeanor. The formeris

the villain in his very nature, and the latter is a gentleman.

Ô He belongs to the political elite who must fan clannism and ensure they remain

at the top. (p39, 40).

Ô Primitive accumulation There is evident greed in the arch-nemesis, Rwafa, for he strives to maintain the status quo by acquiring material power through underhand deals. He leaves in the morning and returns in the evenings. (p33).

Ô He is disappointed and bitter when Mzamane rescues the white woman from irate Chimurenga warriors. He disappears and reappears from a bush two minutes after the white woman has driven off. (p34 – 37).

Ô This shows that he plans to have her lynched so he can proceed to acquire the

property. (p36)

Ô Rwafa is preoccupied with the sudden beauty of the land they are driving

through. The land provides a breath- taking view of its immensity. (p36)

Ô Affluence, material power and lavish extravagance are explicit in the family as they flock around him. He gains recognition from his generosity by squandering the accumulated wealth in the form of favours, money, advances. (p31, 32)

Ô Many use his name to get something from legal firms, financial houses, or credit stores at month-ends. (p32). Rwafa desperately needs a grandson from Rondo to whom he can leave all his cars, houses and money. (p31).

Ô The fear of death also hangs/lingers in Selina’s mind. She fears losing Rondo

as well. (p30)

Ô Mysterious deaths rock the family, and according to Gaston, Rondo’s

colleague, we know that a political hand is involved. (p33).

Ô He asks Rondo, “Do you know what your father does?” (p33).

Ô Selina’s mother had died, and Mzamane marries again, but to the detriment

of his daughter, she alludes to the invitation to her father. (p34).

Ô Assassinations could be the ex-minister’s trade as he happens to control the

political group dubbed

Ô Chimurenga, which also narrowly spares the life of Mrs.

Ô The old man had rambles (flashback) (p40). smoked out, flushed out, blasted

out.. “

Rwafa, Rondo, Selina, Mzamane, Gaston and Mrs Quayle

• Selina’s father and Rondo’s father-in-law. A peace- maker and crusader of He takes a low profile, although he has the opportunity and ability to show off. This shows he is peaceful and humble.
• According to Rondo, nothing in his demeanour shows he is a man of opulence as a successful businessman and the P. of a constituency in northern Matebeleland.
• He is so liberal that even with his differences with Rwafa, he declares he is free

to think as he likes. (p38).

• His friendly and affable nature makes Rondo feel free around He is a

helpful man as he gives a hand to the white woman whose car is stuck. (p37).

• He is tolerant, for he rescues her from being lynched by the angry He tells them. Today is cancelled. Go home…. ” he tells Rondo to grow up and see people as individuals. (p37).
• Being rational makes him an embodiment of the voice of

b.  Rwafa

• The ostentatious antagonist, so to He is the arch- nemesis of Basil

Mzamane and his son, Rondo. The

• Villain in the story is a ruthless, intolerant influential former minister who cannot

forgive anybody. (p31, 34, 35, 39, 40).

• He is contemptuous as he vilifies his son vehemently, affecting his self-esteem.
• The snobbish father is so selfish for none of the words he uses to address Rondo have any respect, and he loves himself so much (selfish) that he is prepared to destroy his (p32).
• He is proud, assertive and aggressive as he talks of his prowess and declares, “Noson of the Rwafa family would ever play second fiddle to anyone’s lead.” (p39).Rwafa is bitter and vengeful, for his son terribly hurts him for poisoning the pure blood of the Rwafa (p39).
• As they drive to Quayle’s farm, Rwafa remains sullen and sucking as he can’t laugh while having a robust “He is a man who laughs little.” This shows that he is sadistic in nature. (p35).
• A calm and modest son of Rwafa and husband to He is loving and

caring for loves his mother, his wife and his father-in-law. (p29 — 32).

• He is also apologetic for his father’s wrongdoings which he perceives partly

responsible. (p30).

• He is respectful as he reveres and honours his
• He is a gentle and friendly chap who has good relations with his colleagues at

work. Helpful for he could be called to help colleagues. (p33).

Questions for reflection on characters

• Compare and contrast Rwafa and Mzamane as antagonistic characters in the

story, The Sins of the Fathers.

• How does Rondos mother manage the psychological problems of both her

husband and her son at home?

• What do you think could have happened if Rwafa had told his only son, “You

are an intelligent son”?

• Suppose Rwafa had had another son; could his attitude be different?

THE TRULY MARRIED WOMAN

Abioseh Nical- Sierra Leone

The Truly Married Woman by Abioseh Nicol- Sierra Leone Abioseh Nicol was a Sierra Leone writer, poet and diplomat with a specialty in medicine as a physician. He died in the year 1994 having made great contribution to Sierra Leone literature. He was a writer of short stories, poems, academic literature as well as music. His works include Two African Tales (his first published work) and Creative Women (his last published work).

• The difference between being together and being
• Some factors that hinder people from getting
• What parents want for their children compared to what they
• Parenting styles and conflicts that can arise from
• Missionary work — Is it a good thing or a bad thing?
• Religious Why Ayo takes time to put up a show by reorganising

their house and even borrowing a wedding ring when the missionaries visit.

• Ajayi’s change regarding
• How marriage changes (What is the value ofa marriage ceremony?)
• Traditional practices before marriage, negotiation, giving of gifts to the

The truly Married Woman’

What is the meaning of the title?

A woman can live for long with a man (cohabit) and never be considered married — Ayo is not married, yet she has lived with Ajayi for twelve years. There must be a marriage ceremony (Church marriage) to be genuinely married.

A truly married woman changes in behaviour. She seizes to be dutiful and demands more respect. Ayo refuses to prepare her husband’s morning teaafter she is married.

• He is a government clerk who has lived with Ayo for over twelve
• He meant to marry her in church, but he procrastinated until Ayo gave up on

the dream of getting appropriately married.

• He is cautious about his health and takes various precautions to ensure he

remains healthy.

• He is too strict and brutal as he beats his elder son Oju too much as a
• She is a woman in her mid-thirties who has lived with her husband Ajayi for

twelve years, yet she is not married to him.

• She is thus considered a mistress to She loves him and even moves in with him against her parents’ wishes. She has hope of getting married, but the husband’s attack of the spending involved during marriage discourages her.
• She is seen as a good mistress who is dutiful, loving and kind to Ajayi. Her entrepreneur skills are noted because she does little buying and selling when she has free She is seen to live an ordinary life.
• She is She attends women’s meetings and also speaks to the

missionaries in English.

• Ayo is seen to be calculative/ cunning, where she visits the soothsayer before her husband and the sister did to try and fix

He is the eldest son of Ajayi and Ayo. He is ten years old and is frequently beaten by his father for wetting his sleeping mat. The beating does not help but instead worsens the situation.

d.  Ayo’s father

He is seen as a father who wanted the best for his daughter, Ayo since he had

hoped that she would marry a high school teacher.

He is authoritative as he made Ayo move everything she owned to his house once he learned the planned marriage. He cautiously follows the traditional marriage preparations rites to ensure that his daughter is safe in her new home.

Abioseh Nical’s story, ‘The Truly Married Woman,’ is a contemporary story that merges both traditional aspects of marriage and modern marriage practices. Story emphasises the importance of valid marriage as compared to cohabiting.

Through this emphasis, the writer, however, satirises marriage as it is not only

economically draining but fails to provide happiness that should come with it.

In the beginning, Ajayi and Ayo live together even though Ayo had always wanted to be married properly. While Ayo tries to coarse Ajayi to marry her indeed, Ajayi is hesitant as he feels that marriage involves some wild spending and the ceremony is unnecessarily costly. This view frustrates Ayo until she admits that it wouldnever happen; thus, she stops talking him into it.

Their time together appears relatively amicable as Ayo performs her wifely duties faithfully. They enjoy an everyday family life punctuated with minor conflicts such as the one that arises over Ajayi’s beating of their son Oju. This conflict surprises

Ajayi as Ayo rarely ever disagreed with him. At this point, Ayo’s modernised trait is revealed as she discloses that she has been attending women’s meetings where they learn modern ideas of oversea doctors.

Ajayi spends his day in the office thinking about this revelation which makes him admire Ayo the more. As the closing hours approach, Ajayi receives an unexpected guest — missionaries from World Gospel Crusading Alliance (WGCA).

He remembers that he had contacted them with the hope of getting free bibles, religious pictures and maybe some magazines. However, the missionaries are set on enrolling him as one of them, butthe chief clerk saves him by explaining that it was prohibited for government workers.

He invites the team with the chief to his home, where the wife reorganises the house after learning that guests are on their way. She even borrows a wedding ring from a neighbour. After the missionaries’ visit, Ajayi tells Ayo that he plans to marry her.

Although she is shocked, Ayo welcomes the marriage and thus starts preparing for it. Ironically, she turns down his sexual advances that evening, arguing that it would be incorrect. She moves back to her parental home, where the traditional marriage preparation practices are carried out. Soon, the church wedding ceremony takes p lace. Ayo chooses to dress in a grey dress instead of the traditional white one as Ayaji had wished. The grey dress is symbolic of her impurity since she is already a

mother of three. She also wanted a corset to ensure she did not look too massive. After the church wedding, a European ceremony is also conducted where a wedding cake is cut.

Ajayi notices that Ayo had been transformed after the wedding. He saw her proud head for the first time, and true to his observation, the following day, Ayo does not wake up early to prepare his morning tea like she always did. The story ends with Ayo’s declaration to Ajayi that she was now a genuinely married woman who needed a little more respect and thus would not arise to prepare a cup of tea for the husband.

Plot related Questions

• Describe early morning activities of Ajayi before he goes to work
• Compare and contrast Ayo’s behaviour before marriage and after
• What does Ajayi’s beating of Oju for wetting his sleeping mat reveals about
• What preparations does Ayo make as she waits for the guests? What does

this reveal about her?

• Explain Ayo’s reaction when Ajayi tells her that he plans to marry her?
• What does Omo’s reaction to Ayo’s disclosure about the planned marriage

reveal about her?

• Briefly describe the traditional marriage practices that take place before

Ayo’s marriage.

• What is Ayo’s old aunts’ advice to the newly married?
• Life before marriage — 42-45
• Preparations for marriage — 46-47

The marriage ceremony — pg. 48

• Life after marriage — 48

Several issues arise from these episodes:

Cohabiting vs. marriage

Despite living together for twelve years and having three children already, Ayo and Ajayi are not considered married. The writer tells us that ‘Ajayi and Ayo have been together for twelve years. They are not married. Ajayi had meant to marry Ayo, but the right moment never came. (pg.42).

It is no wonder that while explaining to his friends who Ayo is, Ajayi refers to her as

not a wife but a mistress (pg. 43).

Ayo is seen to have hoped that Ajayi would indeed marry her. During their first year of marriage, she kept telling Ajayi about their friends’ weddings, hoping that he would get interested and marry her. She, however, ends up frustrated when instead of showing an interest, he criticises the friends’ spending due to the considerable cost of the ceremony (pg. 43).

The priest emphasises the importance of people getting married through his sermon. The writer observes that the priest would speak out violently against unmarried couples who lived together about two or three times in a year (pg. 43). These sermons would make friends of Ajayi and Ayo look at them sympathetically, leading to Ajayi keeping off from the church for a few weeks.

Despite not being married, Ajayi and Ayo enjoy some peaceful ambience in their marriage. Ayo performs her wifely roles dutifully. She would wake up at five to prepare his breakfast (pg. 48).

Ajayi would wake at six-fifteen and find his cup of tea ready just as he liked it —

‘weak and sugary, without milk’ (pg. 42).

Ironically, after Ayo is married, things seem to change. Instead of continuing with her wifely duty or making them better, Ayo is reluctant to serve her husband as she used it. The morning after the wedding finds Ayo comfortably beside her husband when his alarm goes off. Unlike other previous mornings, there is no tea ready for Ajayi. He is initially alarmed as he thinks she is ill. Still, her shocking reply confirms her deliberately intention not to do it — “Ajayi, my husband…for twelve years I have got up every morning at five to make tea for you and breakfast. Now I am a truly married woman; you must behave towards me with some respect. You are nowmy husband and not a lover. Get up and make yourself a cup of tea” (pg. 48).

This strange turn of events raises concern over whether valid marriage helps

improve the home environment or destroys the home.

Conflict due to parenting styles

Different parents adopt different parenting styles. Some parents are very strict with their children to the extent that they use excessive force to ensure their children behave as they wish. A good example is Ajayi, who beats his eldest son Oju for having wet his sleeping mat (pg.43).

On her part, Ayo feels that this is not right, and in one of the rare occurrences, she

disagrees with Ajayi about it. She tells him, “Ajayi, you beat Oju too much. he has not stopped wetting although you beat him every time he does. In fact, he is doing itmore and more now. Perhaps if you stopped beating him, he would get better.” (pg.43).

Through their disagreement, we learn of Ayo’s modernised and informed traits as she discloses that she has been attending women’s meetings where they are taught modern ideas (pg.44).

These traits are one of the triggers that make Ajayi marry Ayo after realising that

she is a woman to be proud of.

We also see some conflict over what parents want for their children in relation to

what the children want for themselves.

Ayo’s living with Ajayi had not been accepted by her parents — ‘When she first

came to him-against her parents’ wishes. ‘ (pg. 43).

The writer further tells us what Ayo’s father had hoped that she would marry a high school teacher. However, Ayo fell in love with Ajayi, a government clerk, and moved in with him (pg. 43).

There is a lot of pretense among people in society to portray a particular image. Ajayi wrote to World Gospel Crusading Alliance, pretending to be interested in some information from them after a friend gave him a magazine that contained an invitation to join the missionary Alliance. However, his true intention was not to work with them, but he hoped to get free items such as bibles and large religious pictures that he would sell, give away, or use as wall pictures (pg.44).

The depth of his hypocrisy is seen when he appears relieved that the chief clerk saved him from a life as a missionary when he told the visitors that the government prohibited his workers from working as missionaries. So appreciative is Ajayi of the chief clerk that he presents a carefully wrapped bottle of beer to the chief clerk as a present for having saved him (pg.45).

He hypocritically extends an invitation of the missionaries to his home. He lies to them that the roads are not suitable to prevent themfrom using a taxi. He intends to give time to his wife to reorganise their home into an appropriate environment to host the missionaries. Ayo also portrays high levels of hypocrisy. She changes the appearance of their home when she receives a message from

Ajayi that he will be bringing white men to their home in half an hour. Ayo took down the calendars with pictures of lightly clothed women and replaced them with family photographs. She also replaced the magazines with religious books and hid the wine glasses under the sofa. In efforts to portray an actual spiritual image, she goes ahead to borrow a wedding ring from her neighbour before putting on her Sunday dress (pg. 45).

The missionaries are impressed by the show that she put up. The writer uses this act to symbolise Ayo’s hypocrisy even in her marriage. Ayo has been pretending to be a dutiful wife for the twelve years before her marriage as she shows her true colours after the wedding. She refuses to prepare morning tea and breakfast forAjayi (pg 48).

Her hypocrisy is further seen when she turns down Ajayi’s advances on the evening he disclosed to her that he intended to marry her. She shyly says ‘No’ (pg. 45) and pushes him away, asking him to wait until after marriage. She argues that it would not be correct. This is ironic since the two have lived together for twelve years, and their intimacy has borne three children.

• What is the importance of tile traditional marriage preparation practices that are

carried out before Ayo’s marriage?

• The institution of marriage should be treated with respect as it is of great

Show how Ayo fails to do so after she is truly married.

• Marriage is satirised in the story The Truly Married Woman„ Support this

TALKING MONEY

Stanley Gazemba – Kenya

Stanley Gazemba was born in 1974 in Vihiga, Kenya. Stanley Gazemba has

published three novels: The Stone Hills of

Maragoli (Kwani, winner of the 2003 Jomo Kenyatta Prize for fiction, published in the U.S. as Forbidden Fruit), Khama (DigitalBackBooks), and Callused Hands (Nsemia). He has also published eight children’s books, of which A Scare in the Village (Oxford Univ. Press) won the 2015 Jomo Kenyatta Prize for children’s fiction. Gazemba’s fiction has appeared in ‘A’ is for Ancestors, a collection of short stories from the Caine Prize (Jacana); Africa39: New Writing From Africa South of the Sahara (Bloomsbury); Ihe Literary Review (Fairleigh Dickinson Univ.); Man of the House and Other New Short Stories from Kenya (CCC Press); Crossing Borders online magazine; among other publications.

As a journalist, Gazemba has written for The New York Times, The East African, Msanii magazine, Sunday Nation, and Saturday Nation. Gazemba was the International Fellow at the Bread Loaf Writers’ Conference in 2007. Gazemba lives in Nairobi, where he is the editor of Ketebul Music.

• Mukidanyi dismisses his elder (p49 – 50).

A colli rchensive and dctailcd uidc to a silent son and other stories

• The arrival of Galo and his lawyer for (p50 52).
• The disturbing night of evil (p53 56).

Talking money is a story about Mukidanyi, a furious young man and a cattle trader who ignores his elder brothers’ warning against selling his land. The story is set in the vast rural expanse of Kakamega, Kenya. Mukidanyi’s brothers Ngoseywe and

Agoya give up on him and leave. Obsessed with money in his mind, he refuses to

heed his wife’s counsel and instead flogs her.

When his clients arrive, he receives them warmly, showing them the fertile land and offers to help where necessary. They then negotiate without a tussle, for they accept his first offer without haggling. He takes the huge amount of money without counting it and signs the papers with his thumbprint, for he had played truant and naughty when his father, Kizungu, tried to take him to school.

Enthusiastic and excited about the money, he cannot sleep until he is attacked by voices at night, which his wife tells him are evil spirits. He almost runs mad as his wife laughs at him. Overwhelmed by nervousness and fear of the demons, he returns all the money to the Galos and flees back to his house.

Questions for reflection on ‘Title’ of the story and themes.

• How relevant is the title of the story, Talking moneym
• Why do you think the money given to Mukidanyi “talks’ only at night while in his
• Do you think the Galos are responsible for the talking of the money?
• Ethnocentric beliefs in
• Primitive superstition on sources of
• Obsession with money and the power of
• Importance of consultation on family

Ethnocentric beliefs in spirits.

The concept of social superstition rooted in people’s culture is linked with belief in good and bad luck as a context-derived concept affects the people of that culture in various aspects.

Although the concept of superstition is common, many of its features and aspects are still unclear. Some questions about these beliefs remain baffling and unanswered. Engulfed with immense doubt, Mukidanyi decides to obey his wife’s words and beliefs about the Galos. (p50).

• At night, the hour of witches, viganda haunt He hears voices speaking,

and he believes they are not dreaming voices. (p54).

• Then his wife Ronika scoldingly tells him those are certainly viganda spirits

speaking. (p54).

Ronika takes advantage of her husband’s extreme fear and makes more fun of him. She reassures him that the Galos’ money is speaking in the briefcase under the bed. (p54).

• Confident and sure that he is terrified, she shouts and scoffs at him to take the money “Go with your devil money this very minute and find somewhere else to keep it but not in this house, you hear?” (p55).

Obsession with money and the power of guilt

• The tough speaking and abusive man is now humbled and reduced to a

whispering weakling.

• Definitely, the warnings are ricocheting in his mind because of his guilt and failure

to consult before beginning the process of selling his land.

• Scared by the unseen demons, Mukidanyi flees back to the Galos, returning all the

money. (p55, 56).

• He changes his He is only left with his wife to trust, and his house is the only

refuge at this ‘hour of witches’.

• Using evidence from the text, describe the character traits of the following

characters.

Style and Language use

• How is sarcasm employed in Stanley Gazemba’s Talking Money?
• Examine the use of dialogue and native dialect in Talking

Money.GHOSTS

Chimamanda Adichie – Nigeria

About the Author- Chimamanda Adichie.

Chimamanda Adichie Ngozi is an established Nigerian writer. She has written several novels, short stories and nonfictional works. Her major works include Purple Hibiscus, Americanah,

The Thing Around Your Neck and Half of a Yellow Sun among others. Her story ‘Ghost’ was published in The Thing Around Your Neck a collection of her short stories that was published in 2009.

Ô Suffering of retirees as they follow up on their pension.

Ô Corruption in government institutions.

Ô The University.

Ô How people deal with ghosts of the past to survive at present.

Ô War and its effects.

Ô Counterfeit, drugs and their effects.

‘Ghosts’

The topic is metaphorically used to represent several things: The terrible memories that most people are living with or haunted by. Most people have memories of horrible previous experiences that disturb them. For instance, Ikenna struggles with the loss of his family and his failure to succeed in the Biafran Civil War. Prof James struggles with the loss of his daughter, the destruction of property, the loss of the University’s glory, and the loss of his wife.

Some people were thought dead but turned up alive such as Ikenna. The truly dead but whose spirits visit their loved ones — Ebere -they offer consolation to the bereaved.

• Pro James Nwoye

He is a seventy-one-year-old retired professor of Mathematics.

He is the protagonist in the story, and the story is told through his voice. He is the

narrator of the story.

He escaped Nsukka when the civil war broke in 1967 and fled to America.

He loses his daughter Zik in the war but gets another daughter (Nkiru) while still in

America when he was a lecturer at Berkeley.

He is currently following up on his pension, which is not forthcoming due to the

corruption in the University.

He is constantly visited by the ghost of his late wife and has not disclosed this to his

daughter Nkiru.

• Ikenna Okoro

He is a man who was thought to have died in the 1967 Biafran war. During his

university lecturing days in the sociology department, he was a renowned activist.

He escaped the Biafran civil war on a Red Cross plane and went to Sweden, where

he has lived since 1967.

He lost all his family in the war and never remarried.

He returns to Nsukka years later to see how things are.

He is the former driver of Prof James.

He served Prof. James in the eighties when he was the faculty dean.

He is now retired and is following up on his pension, just like Prof and other

He currently works as a cobbler near the university hostels. Although he is younger

than Prof (In his late sixties), he looks much older.

He is seen as a concerned and caring person who always minded about the welfare

of Prof.James’ daughter.

d.  Ebere

She is the dead wife of Prof. James Nwoye, who appears to him as a ghost. During her time, she portrays some generosity as she would give her daughters old clothes to Vincent for his children. (Satire – giving old clothes)

She has been a caring wife who encouraged James to care for his lovely skin.

Her death is said to have been caused by counterfeit drugs.

Like the title suggests, Chimamanda’s story “Ghost” mainly dwells on how people face and deal with past ghosts, thus informing their present and future. Professor James Nwoye currently lives in a corrupt part of Nigeria where the medical field provides people with counterfeit drugs.

When the story opens, the seventy-one-year-old Professor of mathematics is walking the grounds of the University Bursary, where he is following up on his pension, which he does not get.

The many other retirees that he meets are equally frustrated.

They associate the failure to get their retirement benefits to the corruption of the

education minister or the University’s vice- chancellor.

Prof James chats for a while with his former driver Vincent who is to survive the harsh times serving as a cobbler around the university hostel. Vincent inquires about Nkiru (Prof. James’ daughter who lives in America), and James informs him

that she is well. The suffering of the people is highlighted in their appearance and hunger. One of the men gathered under a tree requests Prof to buy them bananas as hunger was killing them. Even as he buys them bananas, Prof ironically observes that what they needed was some moisturiser to soften their skin. After leaving the group, Prof. James meets with Ikenna Okoro; a man thought to be long dead. rlhe encounter shocked Prof as he believed that Ikenna, a former colleague and a renowned activist, had died in the Biafran civil war on July 6 1967. When he initially saw him, he thought of throwing sand at him, which was what people do to ghosts. However, his education and the fact that he was walking on concrete grounds prevent him from doing it. The encounter between the two drives Prof down memory lane. He remembers their days at the University where Ikena rebelled

when asked to put on ties.

He further remembers how Ikenna acted as an activist fighting for non-academic staff to have better conditions. a flashback, Prof recalls their evacuation from Nsukka on July 6, 1967, when the civil war began. On that day, Ikenna, who stubbornly insisted on going back to the University to get his manuscript, was said to have died.

Ikenna discloses that he escaped Biafra that day on a Red Cross plane that took him to Sweden. He painfully explains that he saw no need to return after the war since all his family was killed when Orlu was bombed.

On his part, Prof James went to America with his wife Ebere but came back in 1970 when the civil war ended. However, they were devastated to find everything in their home destroyed, and their piano was missing. They thus returned to America and only returned to Nsukka in 1976. When Ikenna inquires about their daughter Zik, Prof painfully answers in Igbo that the war took her. He, however, tells him that they got another daughter after the war— the two talk about life during and after the war, with each mentioning their worst moments.

Ikenna asks Prof James about his wife Ebere, and James replies that she died three years ago. He tells him that she visits him. Ikenna appears surprised at the disclosure, so James corrects himself and says that Ebere visited America quite often since their daughter works there as a doctor. Knowing that Ikenna is educated just like him, James knows that Ikenna does not believe in ghosts. He, too, never believed in them until his wife visited him three weeks after the burial.

The two talk about the situation ever since the war ended and how things have significantly changed. They point out at the rot in the University — where instead of teaching, people are playing politics and instead of reading and working hard; students are buying grades either with money or their bodies.

The corruption in the university offices does not escape them. James reports how one Josephat Udeana, a vice chancellor for six years, ran the University like his father’s chicken coop leading to the disappearance of money and favouritism in promoting workers. James notes that the current vice-chancellor is not any different, thus why he is yet to get his retirement benefits.

He further explains how people are bribing to have their years before retirement added since nobody wants to retire. Ikenna raises the sensitive topic about fake drugs. It triggers painful memories in James since his wife Ebere is thought to have died because of counterfeit drugs. James dismissively says that counterfeit drugs are horrible in efforts to avoid this topic.

He parts ways with Ikenna after telling him how he has been ‘resting’ ever since he retired. He extends an invitation to Ikenna to join him in his home, but Ikenna turns it down.

Once in his home, Prof. James turns on the TV and remembers how a man accused ofimporting fake drugs had justified this act through a TV interviewon NTA. The man had explained that his drugs do not kill people but only fail to cure their illness. He wonders why news about Ikenna being alive never came up, yet there were various other stories of the ‘living ghosts’- people thought to be dead but turned up alive. The tale ends with Prof. James in his study hoping that his daughter Nkiru will call to tell him about their grandson, and if she does not, he will go to bed and await the visit of Ebere.

EPISODIC ANALYSIS OF ISSUES

• Prof James Nwoye’s visit to the University Bursary -pg. 57-59
• Encounter with Ikenna Okoro- 59-65
• Talk about the civil war on July 6 1967- 60
• Talk about fake drugs -pg. 65
• Prof James back home-pg 66-67

Various issues arise from these episodes:

The retirees suffer frustration due to being denied their retirement benefits. When the story opens, Prof James is at the University Bursary to ask about his pension, which he has been following up for some time.-“l was there to ask about my pension, yet again.” (pg.57) He is, however, frustrated when the clerk tells him the money has not yet come.

Prof is not alone. Several other retirees are clustered under the flame tree, filled with similar frustration. Out of frustration, they curse the vice-chancellor who is said to have stolen the money meant for their pension: “His Children will not have children He will die of diarrhoea.” (pg.58).

We also see that these people suffer from poverty. The encounter between Prof and his former driver, Vincent, points to the poor living condition of the people. Vincent has been forced to work as a cobbler to earn a living. He complains about the failure of the students in the hostels to pay him on time for mending their shoes (pg. 58).

The description of Vincent’s current physical appearance also shows that he has lived through tough times. Although he was younger than Prof, he looked older with only a little hair left pg 58.

The plea of one of the men to Prof to buy them bananas shows the suffering that

the people have gone through. The man tells Prof, “Hunger is killing us” (pg.58).

These people cannot afford decent meals for themselves. Ironically, Prof observes

that they need more moisturiser since their faces and arms look like ash (pg. 58).

The civil war also causes the suffering of many. Many people suffer trauma (ghosts

of the past) due to the war. Prof James lost his daughter Zik to the war (pg. 61).

The people’s suffering is further captured when Prof James wonders why he had not heard about Ikenna not having died. He notes that people evaded the topic of war and memories of what they had gone through during the war. “But we hardly talked about the war When we did, it was with an implacable vagueness, as if what mattered were not that we had crouched in muddy bunkers during air raids after which we buried corpses with bits of pink on their charred skin, not that we had eaten cassava peels and watched our children’s bellies swell from malnutrition, but we had survived” pg. 66

The explanation why Prof James and other retirees have not received their pension is due to corruption. Ihe men clustered under the flame tree say, “The Education Minister has stolen the pension money… it was the vice-chancellor who had deposited the money in high interest personal accounts.” ( pg.58).

In the University, corruption is further seen where James tells Ikenna about Josephat Udeana, the great dancer, who, once chosen as vice-chancellor, perpetuated corruption at the University’s high office. “Josephat was vice chancellor for six years and ran this University like his father’s chicken Money disappeared, and then we would see new cars coop stamped with the names of foreign foundations that did not exist.” (pg.64)

He also dictated who would be promoted and who would not. The situation did not change after Josephat left since even the current vice-chancellor is also said to follow the corrupt route faithfully.

corruption is also reported in the Personnel Services Department, where lecturers who do not want to retire bribe, someone, to have some years added to them (pg. 64).

Further, corruption is seen among university students. Prof tells Ikenna that instead of reading and working hard to earn fair grades, the universitystudents have bought grades with money or their bodies (pg. 64).

War and its effects

The Biafran Civil war that the story highly relies on has significant negative

implications on the people:

Loss of loved ones

Pro James Nwoye lost his daughter Zik to the war (pg. 61). Ikenna lost the whole of his family to the war, thus the reason he has livedin Sweden ever since. He tells Prof, “My whole family was in Orlu when they bombed it. Nobody left, so there was no reason for me to come back.” (pg. 61)

A great genius – Chris Okigbo, also died in the war Nsukka lost a great mind – a star whose poetry moved everybody. His prowess is compared to that of a colossus; thus, a significant loss for the people page 62.

• Displacement of people and separation of loved ones When the civil war started on July 6, 1967, the people had to evacuate Nsukka in a hurry Prof James and his wife Ebere moved to America while Ikenna moved to Sweden using Red Cross planes (pg. 61).

Prof James and his daughter live separately due to the war. His American born daughter Nkiru is a doctor in America while James lives in Nsukka. He feels that the war has denied him an opportunity to teach his grandson the Igbo language and the culture (pg. 67).

Destruction/Loss of property

After the civil war ended in 1970, Prof James and Ebere returned to Nsukka from America. They were, however, disappointed to find some of their properties having been destroyed and others missing. “Our books were in a charred pile in the front garden.. the lumps of calcified faeces in the bathtub were strewn with pages of my mathematical annals, used as toilet paper, crusted smears blurring the formulas I

had studied and taught Our piano – Ebere’s piano was gone. our photographs were

ripped, their frames broken.” (pg. 61)

On their way home that day, Prof James and Ebere saw a landscape of ruins, blown-

out roofs and houses riddled with holes, injuries, and physical pain (pg. 62).

The day Prof James and Ebere drove back to Nsukka, Biafran soldiers stopped them and shoved a wounded soldier into their car, and his blood dripped onto the backseat of their vehicle (pg. 62).

Counterfeit/fake drugs

fie selling of expired medicine is the current plague in the country Ikenna tells

James that he has been reading about fake drugs in the papers (pg. 65).

The effect of fake drugs has been felt by James, whose wife Ebere’s death is linked to the counterfeit drug deal. Prof James thinks that Ikenna must have heard of ‘How Ebere had lain in the hospital getting weaker and weaker, how her doctor had been puzzled that she was not recovering after her medication how none of us knew until it was too late that the drugs were useless’ (pg. 65).

In addition, Prof James bitterly remembers how he had watched some broadcast of

an interview on NTA. Through the interview, a man accused of importing fake drugs

– typhoid fever drugs, had defended himself by claiming that his drugs do not kill

people but only fail to cure illness (pg. 66).

Dealing with past ghosts

Prof James is presented as an individual struggling with ghosts from his past. The illusion of his wife’s return like a ghost is one of the mechanisms he adopts to deal with his terrible past. It is an attempt to deal with the absence of Ebere and the devastating effects of war. The freshness of the memories of war is brought out through the many flashbacks used by the writer. One of the flashbacks captures the day the civil war arose (pg. 60). Another shows the return to Prof and Ebere to

Nsukka in 1970 (pg. 61-62). By remembering these events, Prof James shows that the

memories of the war are still deeply etched in his thoughts.

Essay Questions

• Society today is filled with many evils that cause suffering to Support

this from Chimamanda Adichie’s ‘Ghost’

• War has devastating effects and thus should be avoided at all cost Using

illustrations from ‘Ghosts’ by Chimamanda Adichie

• Many individuals struggle with ghosts from their past Show how true this

assertion is based on ‘Ghosts’ by Chimamanda Adichie.

Questions on styles

• How effectively has the writer used flashbacks in the story ‘Ghosts,
• The dialogue between Prof James and Ikenna carries the critical messages in the

story. Is it true?

• The higher learning education sector is satirised in the Show how this is

GOD SEES THE TRUTH, BUT WAITS

Leo Tolstoy Russia

Leo Tolstoy was born in 1928 in Tula Province, Russian. A master of realisticfiction and one of the world’s greatest novelists, Tolstoy is best known for his finest novels: and Peace (1865 69) and Anna Karenina (1875 – 77). His shorter works include Ellie Death of Ivan Ilyich, The Living Corpse and The Kingdom of God is within You, in his last three decades, Tolstoy worked as a moral and religious teacher, an embodiment of nature and pure vitality. Though dead now, his soul lives as a living symbol of the search for life’s meaning.

• Aksionov’s excursion for a Trade Fair at (p68 – 69).
• Aksionov’s arrest and 26-year (p69 71).
• The coincidental encounter with the real (p71 – 72).
• Makar’s (p73 74).

God Sees the Truth but Waits is a parabolic story about Ivan Dmitritch Aksionov, a

meek young merchant with two shops in Vladimir, Russia.

Ivan bids his family and sets out on a Trade Fair in Nizhny despite his wife’s premonition through a dream. Midway through the journey, he meets another merchant, and they put up at the same inn for the night. A rogue thug kills the merchant at night and flees, leaving his blood-stained knife in Aksionov’s bag. Aksionov is arrested on suspicion and is sent to ‘Siberia’ for twenty-six years. On enquiry about his character, Vladimir people say that Ivan is now good after he stopped drinking.

However, even his wife now doubts him! Coincidentally, the rogue murderer, Makar Semyonich, is brought to prison for a minor offence, and Aksionov is severely disturbed by his presence that he feels like killing himself.

Makar commits another offence in prison, and Aksionov finds him, but the man begs him to keep quiet and not betray him, or he will kill him. Aksionov tells him he had killed him long ago, and he will do as God shall direct.

When the Governor implores Aksionov to tell him the truth about the prison

offence, for he trusts only him, Aksionov refuses and tells him he can do what he

likes with him as he is in his hands. At night the killer, Makar, confesses and begs

Aksionov to forgive him.

As Makar sobs, Aksionov weeps, for he has no desire to leave the prison. When the

order for his release comes, Aksionov is already dead.

• How relevant is the title of the story, God Sees the Truth, but Waits?
• Why do you think Aksionov refuses to tell the truth about the prison incident?
• Do you think the Governor is to blame for Aksionov’s prolonged imprisonment?
• What is the impact of Ivan Aksionov’s faith in God on his life?
• Why is Ivan reticent to go back home?
• Explore and analyze the existence of the following themes in God Sees the

Truth, but Waits.

• Crime and Confession
• Wrongful conviction and
• The concept and context of
• Justice delayed is justice
• Betrayal and Tolerance
• Coincidence

Wrongful conviction and imprisonment.

The values of honesty, truth and justice are tested through this story.

• Aksionov comes out to question the essence of these values if he suffers in the prison caves of Siberia under wrongful conviction and subsequent incarceration for twenty-six (p71).
• Mistaken identity runs through this Ivan Dmitritch is arrested for spending a

night with an acquaintance a fellow merchant at the inn who leaves before dawn.

• This is because the merchant is killed during the night by a thug who hides the knife in Ivan’s This is what makes the police officer arrest him on suspicion. (p69, 70).
• At the story’s beginning, Aksionov is characterized by dynamic character and

setting. He is lost in liquor but later starts a business and owns two shops. (p68).

• He leaves and loses his home, family and his This story sends the

message that none of these things matters in the long run.

The concept and context of truth.

• Aksionov learns the hard way that when the chips are down, nothing remains

except God at his side, who knows the truth. (p73).

• Truth depends on It is true that the bloody knife is found in his bags and that he had slept close to a fellow merchant, but then it is not true that he kills him. (p69).
• By the end of the story, Aksionov has an opportunity to be free and return home, but he no longer desires to leave the prison but only hopes for his last hour to Ivan is a man who seems to be at the wrong place at the wrong time. He is unlucky, mentally strong, and religious. He is unfortunate because he is sentenced to prison for 26 years for a murder that he did not commit.

He is also mentally strong because he can endure many tragic events, such as

losing his home and business.

Faith and devotion

Finally, he displays a strong religious devotion by growing closer to God during

difficult times.

• However, at the story’s end, he only seems to care about his faith and being close
• Ivan relies on God as he is the only constant in his At the end of the story, he

has no desire to return home. His only wish is to be with God.

At the story’s beginning, Ivan and his wife don’t have the best relationship as he leaves for Nizhny Fair even after his wife asks him to stay. Later, she doubts his innocence after he is convicted of murder.

• Faith keeps Ivan going after losing everything, being charged with murder and sent to prison in He could have completely given up, but he instead leans on his faith in God.
• Describe the character traits of the following characters.
• The Governor
• Focusing on their prominent character traits, compare and contrast the

protagonist, Ivan Aksionov, and the Makar.

Citing evidence from the text, describe the character traits of the following

• Aksionov’s wife
• How is symbolism employed in Leo Tolstoy’s God Sees the Truth, but Waits?
• Examine the use of irony and paradox God Sees the Truth, but
• What does Siberia represent in this story?

Essay question

• The average human attribute is evile Discuss this assertion using illustrations

fromLeo Tolstoy’s God Sees the Truth, but Waits, (20 marks),

THE NEIGHBOURHOOD WATCH

Rern’y Ngamije Rwanda And Namibia

About the Author Rem’y Ngarnije.

Reni’y Ngamije is a writer and a photographer who is of Namibian origin but was born in Rwanda. He founded an organization that supports literary works and is also a chief editor of the first Namibian literary magazine- ‘Doek’. His story Neighbourhood Watch’ is a contemporary story that was recently published in the Johannesburg Review of Books. Streetlife — Crime and violence in the streets

The secret struggles/suffering

Harsh living conditions. Inequalities / Class difference — The rich vs poor

Desperation — suffered by those living in the streets.

Waste disposal — what is the ideal way to dispose of waste?

‘The Neighbourhood watch’

The title is a phrase used to refer to an organised group that engages in crime and vandalism prevention in a particular neighbourhood. While deviating from the ideal image of a neighbourhood watch that aims at reducing crime, Rem’y Ngamije ironically creates a haphazard group of five homeless people who scavenge and roam around different neighbourhoods/suburbs in Windhoek. The crew engages in minor criminal activities instead of working to curb crime in the neighbourhoods.

He is the oldest member of the Neighbourhood watch group and thus their leader.

He mainly helps get food for the group by working with Lazarus and Omagana.

Elias has had a tough past as he experienced the South African insurgency; thus is

strong and had suffered some loneliness in his first years in the streets.

Memories of the war still haunt him, as often in his slumber.

He is Elias’s Lieutenant.

He is the eyes of the group and the source of protection, as his presence in any fight

is believed to change the bookies’ odds drastically.

He is an ex-convict though he does not like disclosing this information.

She is the only female member of the group.

She works as a member of the food crew (Elias, Lazarus, omagana) that goes out

looking for food for the group.

He is a member of the group who likes risks.

He steals from people.

Although Elias constantly warns him, he does not stop the stealing habit.

He is the newest and youngest member of the group.

He mainly works with Silas to look for essentials such as discarded blankets,

mattresses, useable shoes, broken crates, trolleys and toothpaste tubes.

He faithfully follows Silas around, trying to learn a few tricks from him.

f.  Old Mrs Bezuidenhout

She is an old generous and kind lady who lives in the wealthy neighbourhood of

She is considered as one of the pillars of the Neighbourhood Watch as she gives different gifts such as canned food, old clothes or blankets, old books and rosaries that they use to pray at night.

Set in the suburbs of Windhoek, Namibia, ‘The Neighbourhood Watch’ is a modern story of a street group made up of Elias Lazarus, Silas, Omagano and Martin. The story explores the daily life of this group, their struggles, crimes and desperation to survive in the harsh conditions that street life presents.

The story opens in the morning, where Elias wakes up the family members to prepare for the day’s activity. The harsh living conditions in the streets are evident from the lack of breakfast and the single can of water that the group shares to clean their faces. Their “home” – below the bridge- which the author sarcastically calls precious real estate is their territory that is marked and safely guarded.

The group sets out early to the CBD, where the food crew (Elias, Lazarus and Omagano) go looking for food while the valuable crew (Silas and Martin) look for other essentials. They reunite later, and the food crew produces half a loaf of brown bread, some salt mashed potatoes, soft grapes and some water which the group shares for lunch. The valuable crew has brought a stack of newspapers, plastic piping and two battered, floppy poor boy caps, which Elias and Lazarus pick.

Elias orders the group to rest as they would be heading to Auasblick that night. Ausiblick is one of the nice suburbs as the bins there provide some bounty harvest as the people there still know how to throw things away. This is unlike Olympia and Suiderhof, which are already crowded.

The writer compares these neighbourhoods to old neighbourhoods that the crew used to scavenge. Through a flashback, the past life ofElias and Lazarus is brought out. In their earlier days, the two were not choosy on areas to frequent. They visited the poor neighbourhoods such as Katutura, Hakahana, Goreangab, Wanaheda and Okuryangava on Tuesdays and Fridays. While scavenging these neighbourhoods, the two found a baby, thus deciding to prepare a timetable and stop going to poor people’s places.

Another flashback takes us to the way the crew used to visit Khomasdal on Wednesdays. On one Friday’s visit to Khomasdal, Amos, a former crew member with Elias and Lazarus, gets killed. He fails to control his tongue and guts after getting drunk thus is stubbed by someone he insults.

Elias and Lazarus escape the scene of death just like everybody else for fear of being questioned and harassed by police. However, they are caught and are badly beaten and injured before they are set free. They thus decide never to return to Khomasdal.

The crew spends their Friday and Saturday at the Headquarters. They consider it safe since those are the days that police patrols drive around looking for mischief. Silas, however, chooses to roam around, thus leaving the other four crew members talking about people who idle around waiting to get some specific jobs that are rarely forthcoming. Martin talks of the hope of getting a job for these people in the

future. This raises the debate that leads to the crew’s slogan that there is only today

and that every day is today.

Sunday is the best day for the crew since they visit the affluent suburbs such as Avis, Klein, Windhoek and Eros. These suburbs are associated with the rich and are close to the crew’s home — Headquarters. One of the good things about Eros is the generous old Mrs Bezuidenhout who waits for the crew and gives them gifts such as canned food, books and old clothes.

The story comes to an end with the crew worried of the day that Mrs Bezuidenhout will no longer be around to give those gifts, yet they will still want to take and have something to help them survive the harsh street life.

• At the headquarters- pg 75-78
• The past; poor suburbs -pg 78-80
• Death of Amos-pg. 80-81
• The wealthy suburbs — 82-83

Street life And Its Challenges

Living in the streets is shown to have several challenges:

Crime and violence

The neighbourhood watch must safely hide their valuable items at the headquarters to prevent theft. hidden stash is considered safe since they are a feared group— they have a fierce reputation (pg. 76).

Lazarus is considered the Lieutenant of the group and one of its pillars due to his violence (pg. 83) shows that life in the streets involves some violent acts. Violence is seen to be a necessary survival skill in the street.

The death of Amos after knife stabs also shows the level of violence faced in the

streets ‘The knife flashed quickly In, out, in, out and then slashed across…… Amos

fell.’ (pg. 80-81).

Silas, one of the crew members, engages in some crime. He is said to have had a habit of discovering things that have had previous owners. ‘Silas steals’ ( pg. 77). If he gets caught while stealing, he might be beaten or arrested.

Secret struggles

The Neighbourhood Watch has to struggle to ensure that the valuables are safely hidden to prevent theft. After splashing water on their faces, the empty can is stashed away with other valuables in a hook under the concrete abutment of the bridge (pg. 75-76).

They also have to protect their territory — The bridge underside precious real estate. To achieve this, the abbreviations NW are sprayed onto the bridge’s columns which communicate that it is marked territory (pg. 76).

The group must struggle to camouflage and appear like any ordinary person while roaming the streets to evade police. They have to look presentable, thus why Omagano struggles to straighten her kinky hair using her fingers. They also have to wear their best clothes. One of their greatest challenges is how to disguise their foul smell. The writer notes, “But smelling bad is something they try to avoid as much as possible since a smelly man is despised everywhere.” (Pg. 76).

Struggle to get food

The crew relies on waste food and leftovers to survive. It is said that ‘Elias knows most city hotel’s kitchen staff who leave the group some decaying produce or some leftovers when they feel kind from the previous night’ (pg 76).

The struggle to get food forces them to use dubious means such as having Omagano satisfy the sexual needs of guards who deny them access to bins that might contain high yields (pg. 77).

The lunch that the group shares show that getting enough food for a meal is a real struggle for them ‘The food crew shares the lunch: Half a loaf of brown bread, some salty mashed potatoes, soft grapes and some water’ (pg.78).

The group heavily relies on Mrs Bezuidenhout’s generosity as she gives them

canned food such as beans and peas, fruits and other valuable items (pg. 83).

Struggle with poor health conditions

Elias has a racking cough that worsens each day. It is so severe that, ‘Sometimes there is blood in the gunk from his chest, but he waves everyone’s concerns away’ (pg. 76).

Inequalities/Class Difference

By splitting the city of Windhoek geographically into different neighbourhoods, Ngamije is able to use place as a marker of inequalities and class differences that exist among the people.

The content of rubbish bins in the different neighbourhoods shows the differences between the rich and the poor. The first suburb to be visited by the crew is Auasblick. It is described as a nice place since the people there still know how to

throw away things The Neighbourhood Watch is assured Of scoring good things such as ‘broken toasters, blenders, kettles water bottles, Teflon pots or pans scrubbed raw screen television cardboard boxes, and maybe some food’ (pg.78) This shows that the people who live here are well up and live comfortable lives.

The suburbs of the poor such as Katutura, Hakahana, Goreangab, Wanaheda and

Okuryangava, are also described.

Using the flashback of the crew’s Tuesday and ‘Thursday visits to these poor suburbs, Ngaminje brings out the living conditions of the poor based on the content of their bins. One day, Elias and Lazarus found a baby wrapped in some newspapers thrown into a big bin. Ihis encounter made them smart and move away from poor people. They decided that on Tuesday and Thursday nights, they would stop going to poor people’s places because poor people had nothing left to throw away but themselves (pg. 80)

Khomasdal is closely related to the poor people’s suburbs. It is, however, a drinking den. The neighbourhood watch never enters Khomasdal since it is crowded with other starving, roving cliques (pg. 80). It is also in the same neighbourhood where Amos was killed.

These lowly suburbs are contrasted to the suburbs ofthe wealthy such as Avis, Klein, Windhoek and Eros. Avis has complex apartments that bring a fresh crop of bins to the interlocked pavements. lhough made up of rich people,

Klein Windhoek portrays some meanness as they only put up their bins at the crack of dawn to dissuade the dustbin divers from perambulating through their streets (pg. 83). Eros is the best suburb for The Neighbourhood Watch due to the presence of Mrs Bezuidenhout, who waits for the crew and gives them some gifts. This shows the wealthy nature of the old lady, the people living in this neighbourhood, and Mrs Bezuidenhout’s generosity.

Desperation

Life in the streets is filled with moments of desperation. When Elias and Lazarus met, they would desperately flick through every bin they could find in every suburb they could reach. As the writer tells us, they had no room to be choosy as the writer tells us, ‘They were indiscriminate and desperate and always hungry.’ (pg.78)

Elias shares these experiences with the other crew members and tells them, “When we started when you have to we weren’t picky. We had to survive survive, you don’t get to choose what you have to do.” (pg.79).

We further see that the crew’s desperation to get food and survive makes them use any possible means. Omagano is a precious survival tool for the group in such desperate times. This especially happens where the bins in some areas are fenced off and guarded by guards who threaten to beat the crew if they trespass. The

guards have to be bribed to let the crew scavenge in these bins. When the crew has

money, Elias pays the guards.

However, when the crew has no money and needs to get food, Omagano is their only way out. She goes behind a dumpster with a guard and does what needs to be done (pg. 77).

Waste disposal

Ngamije shows the actual situation around waste disposal in many urban neighbourhoods. The Neighbourhood Watch crew solely depends on the disposed waste for their survival. By describing the kind of waste found in different neighbourhoods, the writer communicates the need to ensure that waste is appropriately disposed off. The crew’s appreciation of high-end suburbs such as Eros, Windhoek, and Eros emphasises the need to recycle and separate different waste products. These suburbs have people who recycle. Different bins containing different wastes are also seen- ‘The paper cardboard, plastic bottles, tins, cans and aluminum foil are sorted in separate plastic bags. Some people even wash the trash before they throw it away. Everything else that is of no use goes in the big green bins’ (pg. 82).

This serves as an advantage to the crew as it saves time and prevents disappointment. The writer subtly advocates for waste separation and recycling to ensure proper waste management. Other lowly suburbs such as Katutura, Hakakana, Goreangab, Wanaheda and Okuryangava display poor waste disposal where all sorts of waste are put in the same bin. The writer communicates the inappropriateness of this waste disposal approach through the grave voice adopted by Elias as he shares their past experiences with the crew.

“Usually in a bin you have to be ready to find shit Old food, used condoms, women

things with blood on them, broken things.” (pg.79)

This waste disposal method is not just disgusting, but it makes proper waste management difficult and ultimately impossible. Similar waste disposal methods are seen in Ausblick, where everything — including electronic gadgets such as broken toasters, blenders and kettles- is disposed of together with water bottles, cardboard boxes, and even food wastes.

• Proper waste disposal makes it easy for waste to be appropriately Using illustrations from Rem’y Ngamije’s “The Neighbourhood Watch” show howthis message is communicated.
• Street life is not for the faint-hearted Show the truthfulness of this statement

based on the story “The Neighbourhoodd Watch.”

• In every society, some inequalities exist that affect people’s way of Using illustrations from Rem’y Ngamije’s “The Neighbourhood Watch” support this assertion.

Filemon Liyambo – Namibia

Filemon Liyambo is a Namibian writer and former newspaper columnist for the Namibian Sun Newspaper. He has also contributed social commentary articles for the New Era Newspaper. A qualified geologist, he is now an educator. His work was included in Erotic Africa, an anthology of short stories published by Brittle Paper in December 2018. He is currently working on a novel.

• September’s arrival from the K. (p84 — 86).
• December’s psychiatric (p86 – 88).
• Ezekiel Shikongo’s dreams and (p85 – 90).

December is a story about a girl named December, unconventionally, by her father,

Silas Shikongo. The story is set in a town in Namibia.

December has a younger brother named September. According to their grandfather, Ezekiel, there are traces of idiotism in September, his grandson, for he takes after his youngest brother, Josef.

December nurses September when he is young, but there is a mishap in which she injures the boy accidentally with hoe, and the boy bleeds. Flhe old man then forbids her to eat chicken, saying that is how things are. September suspects that his grandfather is hiding something because he cannot explain the reason clearly.

However, the two siblings are academic geniuses.

Suddenly, just before joining a Teachers Training College, December develops a psychiatric condition and her grandfather, Ezekiel, insists that she is bewitched and there are dark forces behind it. He takes her to the hospital and dumps her there.

September, who now studies in the U.K., visits his sister at the hospital, but the nurse intercepts him for being late. However, Tshuuveni, a supervisor, and a familiar face appears and begins talking with him. This light chat makes the nurse calm, and

the guards are sent away to allow him some time. The nurse softens when she

learns that September is December’s brother who studies abroad.

September finds his sister in a horrible condition, but they have a warm moment, and he hands her the gifts: a jersey, a pen and a book full of puzzles, a t-shirt, and yummy chips from KFC.

Meanwhile, Tatekulu, their grandfather Ezekiel, has dreamed of a pond where leopards drink and Josef is seated on the edge, eating. A search party is sent, and Josef is found at the exact place in Ezekiel’s dream.

The next day, September buries his grandfather, with his secret, next to his father in

the village graveyard.

Questions for reflection on ‘Title’ of the story and themes

• How relevant is the title of the story, December?
• Does the Naming convention of Silas Shikongo affect his children?
• Why do you think Ezekiel refuses to tell why he forbids his granddaughter to

eat chicken?

• Do you think Josef gets lost?
• What does the Union jack symbolize in the story, December?
• Mental illness and child neglect
• Superstitious beliefs and taboos
• Healthy living, eating

Hope/optimism

+ Consequences of superstition on mental illness

o December, the story’s title, is also the central character’s name. The name is given to her by her father against his own father’s wishes, who calls it idiotism. Conventional or not, this naming creates confusion and distortion of facts simultaneously. (p85- 86).

• The story itself is mixed with a patched-up plot which renders the storyline The plot is not linear. Like in most Namibian, there was indifference towards those who didn’t reside there. Sticking out was a serious crime: (p84

– 90).

• When Ezekiel Shikongo faces death and illness, anxiety, fear, and despair creep in, engendering adherence to delusions that have no logical or scientific explanation and lead to superstitious behaviours caused by a false notion of the (p84 – 90).
• It is rooted in human ignorance and significantly affects people’s culture and

health, prevents them from beginning restoration, and harms individuals

and society. The mundane illogical beliefs derived from ignorance cannot be proven objectively and scientifically. Ezekiel forbids December to eat chicken due to the mishap. (p85 89).

• The extended family of Ezekiel grapples with hereditary ill patients (Josef and December), and the old man blames their mental illness on superstitious thoughts such as “evil eye” or “dark “
• This pandemonium is created by Silas, December’s father, to show his

divergent opinion and disbelief in his father’s taboos. (p85).

• Their disagreement, therefore, gets complicated when December is born in September and September in Then when September returns from abroad, his grandfather dies in October. (p86).
• Ezekiel refers to the naming as ‘idiotism’, and indeed his younger brother Josef exhibits traces of the problem when he starts to lose track of time in his teens; days of the week are a blur to The fact that September is absent-minded at times complicates the matter more. (p84 – 86).
• Ezekiel’s superstitious belief could be premised on an archaic generational

and cultural illusion that other forces cause problems. (p86).

• Josef eventually loses He is lost for a month. In his dreams, Ezekiel tells where exactly to find him but does not say what he is eating until he exits the life stage. Ezekiel’s death signifies the end of the old traditions and the beginning of civilization. (p89).
• When September breaks the news to his grandfather that he will study abroad two and a half years earlier, Ezekiel is September had cried. “My sister…” (p88).
• The old man reassured “I will take care of her.” “She’s been at the

hospital for six months. (p88).

• Superstition makes him believe that mental illness is caused by other forces not normal or conventional in nature. He takes her to a traditional healer, and she comes back looking skeletal as if the healer had tried starving out the voices in her (p88).
• Ezekiel represents intensely superstitious African people who turn to indigenous treatments such as charms and witchdoctors to treat their Modern technologies have not been able to reduce their superstitious tendencies. (p88)
• “There is no brother listed in her file,” the nurse “Only a grandfather.”

This is child neglect. (p88).

• Superstitious thinking becomes harmful when it enters the health domain, affects people’s well-being, and becomes part of the family’s health The values that society believes affect the quality of life and treatment choice during illness. Ezekiel’s beliefs affect all family members. (p84 – 90).
• Their life of hope begins when September arrives at the hospital from the K. December, who is at the hospital probably being discharged to start her life free of her grandfather’s superstitious interference. (p87).

Remember when September comes from Europe, he brings December a T-shirt with

an imprint of the Union Jack, representing modernity or a form of enlightenment.

But still, this is confusion on ideologies: between

colonialism and civilization.

• The T-shirt is precisely the same as the one December had ripped up all those years before to stem September’s This implies that her ordinary life is restored by her brother’s hope and concern for her well-being. (p89).
• The two reminisce their puberty days when September got himself a puppy named Kali to keep off boys who pursued December when she was Tshuuveni enquires whether September is bringing home an oshitenya from overseas, but he says he still hasn’t found the right girl. (p87).

Professional medical practice should be relied on to guarantee the quality of life,

control and treatment of diseases, and complications is not a secret to anyone.

The medical fraternity should fight these superstitious thoughts to lower their adverse consequences. will bring hope. Hope is also symbolized when it rains after Ezekiel Shikongo’s burial. Then Josef is also found. (p89, 90).

• Citing evidence from the text, describe the character traits

of the following characters.

• Ezekiel Shikongo
• Silas Shikongo
• What does the coming of September from Europe and the dying of

Ezekiel inOctober symbolize?

• How is sarcasm employed in Filemon Liyambo’s December?
• Examine the use of irony and paradox

Gloria Mwaninga- Kenya

Gloria Mwaninga is a fictional writer from Kenya. Her story

‘Boyi’ captures the occurrences of the 2005 land war in Mt. Elgon.

points to guide interpretation

• Land war and its effects:
• Demand for land protection fee
• Recruitment of young men into the militia
• Murder/ killing of people- consider how the militia kills
• people while the government forces the killing of militia
• People are forced to flee their homes/ Displacement of people

g)    Betrayal

• The pain and suffering that the people face due to war and the rise of the

The title of the story- ‘Boyi’ is borrowed from the main character’s name, who is the brother to the narrator. Boyi is recruited into a militia group and ends up dead when the Armed Forces troops come to flash out members of the militia.

He is the brother of the narrator- A fifteen-year-old boy recruited into a militia group when his parents are unable to pay the land protection fee and the betray fee that the leader of the militia demands.

He grows and rises in rank to become the right-hand man of Matwa Kei, the militia’s

He is presented as a jovial, sociable, and outgoing person who always engaged in

games and played tricks with his sister.

He is reportedly killed by Armed Forces troops sent by the government to flash out

the militia to end the war.

• The Narrator

Boyi’s sister, through whom the story is told, is keen and observant as she can note the things that happen in her family and even outside the family and report them in the story. She had a close relationship with Boyi thus isgreatly affected by his recruitment to the militia and devastated once she learns of his death.

She senses Boyi’s death when the huge Nandi flame tree at the front of their house

He is the father to Boyi and the narrator. He aided the government representative, who gave land to strangers by giving him a panga and makonge ropes, thus being considered a traitor by the militia.

He hands over his fifteen-year-old son- Boyi, to the militia group leader when he is

unable to raise the 40,000 fees demanded from him.

she is the mother to Boyi and the narrator, and the wife to Baba. She is deeply

affected when Boni is handed over to the militia by Baba.

she remains hopeful that Boyi will escape the militia and come back home.

He is the leader of the militia group. He is presented as a ruthless, vengeful and brutal person who demands that Baba should pay 10,000 land protection tax and 30,000 betrayal tax failure to which the militia would show Baba smoke without fire.

He is Baba’s friend who taught at Chepkurkur Primary School.

He delivers news that the militia had a long list of people who had aided the

government exercise to divide the people’s land to strangers.

He is an old friend of Baba who works as a watchman in a grain depot, far away in Chwele market. He brings news to Baba,s family that Boyi was now a marked man since he was Matwa Kei’s, right-hand man.

He delivers a copy of the Nation newspaper, which contains news about Boyi’s

Gloria Mwaninga’s story, ‘Boyi’, is a contemporary story about forming a militia group to revolt against land allocation to strangers. The story heavily alludes to the Mt. Elgon land war in Kenya that began in 2005. The Sabaot Land Defence Force militia group was formed to protect the land of the Sabaots from being invaded by strangers. Still, the militia ended up causing harm and suffering to its people. real

group was led by Wycliffe Matakwei hence the name of the militia leader in the

story- Matwa Kei.

Told in the first-person narration voice, the story ‘Boyi’ openswith the narrator remembering how their Baba pushed Boyi to the Matwa Kei when the militia leader came to demand 40,000 land protection tax and betrayal tax which he could not raise.

Matwa Kei is the leader of a militia group formed to protect the people’s land when the government decides to divide the peoples’ land and give some of it to strangers. Baba, the writer’s father, is considered a traitor by the militia since he lends the government’s surveyor apanga and makonge ropes.

News breaks out that the militia has begun attacking governmentrepresentatives.

The narrator’s family lives in fear of this attack to the extent that they block the sitting

-room door with sacks of maise and beans. The narrator and Boyi laugh aboutit as they feel that the militia would not harm them. However, the narrator recalls how the militia came to their home and demanded money. Baba offers to give them everything he owns; his savings, a hunting gun, Sony transistor radio and even promises to sell his bull to save his family. However, the militia group declines, forcing Baba to hand over his son, Boyi, to the militia.

After Boyi is taken away, Mama starts behaving like a mad person. She, however, lives in the hope that Boyi would return by escaping from the militia. The narrator recalls how at first, neighbours would visit them often to console them, but later they stopped coming.

Later, Saulo visits the family to inform them the government had launched “Operation okoa Maisha” and had dispatched a troop of two hundred armed forces men to flash out the militia. next day, Baba and his cousin Kimutai dig a shallow grave at the back of the house to burry a banana stem wrapped in a green cotton sheet believing that his son is dead. Mama refuses to participate in escorting Boyi’s spirit away.

Seasons passed as the brutality of the militia rose. They would cut up people and throw the bloodied bodies in the rivers, pit latrines, and public wells. They would forcibly recruit boys as young as ten years and even started taking girls to go and cook for them. Cases of rape also increased. As a result, people lived in fear making many of them run away to Bungoma and Uganda.

After the army troops arrive, Chesaina, an old friend of delivers news that Boyi had become a marked man since he was Matwa Kei’s, right-hand man. news further devastates Mama and the narrator, who spends the night in Boyi’s bed.

The following day, Simon visits the narrator’s house. He delivers the Nation Newspaper, which bore the news “Ragtag militia leader killed by the Army forces” It now dawns on the narrator that her brother is no more.

She rushes to the parents’ bedroom and hands over the newspaper to Baba to read. Upon reading the news, Baba crumples to the floor while Mama’s laughter is heard piercing the morning dawn. Surprisingly, even after Simoni’s description of how Boyi was thrown out of an aircraft by Sah-gent, Mama does not weep but speaks Boyi’s name softly as she sits on his bed while Boyi’s sister lets tear roll down her face. As the story ends, the narrator explains how she sensed Boyi’s death when the Nandi flame tree at the front of their house fell.

Styles and Plot related questions

• How has the narrator used flashbacks in the story?
• Briefly describe Mama’s behaviour after:
• Boyi is handed over to Matwa Kei
• Baba and his cousin Kimutai dig a grave to bury a banana stem
• Chesaina’s news that Boyi was a marked man
• News about Boyi’s
• What is the implication of the dream used in the story?
• The narrator gives a detailed description of what happens when the long rains

fall (pg 94). Explain how symbolic the description is.

• Explain the use of irony in the EPISODIC ANALYSIS OF ISSUES Episodes
• The demand of the Militia- pg 91-92
• Life after Boyi left- pg 92-93

Ill. Operation Okoa Maisha pg 93-96

• Boyi’s death pg 96- 97 Thematic Concerns Traditions

Belief in Djinnis- The community in the story believes in the presence of powerful

evil spirits known as Djinni. This is seen when Mama talks to the visitors who

frequent their home once Boyi is taken away. She tells them, ‘How Boyi saved her

marriage by confirming that Djinnis did not tie up her womb.’ Pg 93.

The people also practice the ritual of burying a banana stem to send death away where a person disappears and their bodies are not found. The narrator reports how Baba and his cousin Kimutai dug a shallow grave and buried a banana stem wrapped in a green cotton sheet. The father muttered, “Death, take this body. ..

Take it, and do not bother my home with your visits again.” Pg. 93 This ritual is performed after Saulo’s story that the government has launched Operation Okoa Maisha, where armed Forces troops are sent to flush out militia members. It shows the fear of the people that the operation will lead to more deaths.

The people are also seen to hold on to some superstitions. The falling of the huge Nandi flame signifies something significant was bound to happen. The narrator sees this as a bad omen while the mother thinks it means the end of evils for her family ‘I knew it was a bad omen even though Mama came out of her room jubilantly declared that the evil which was to come to our house had been struck down and swallowed by the Nandi flame, pg 96.

Land War And Its Effect

The story is rooted in a revolt resulting from the government dividing land and giving it to strangers. Ihe revolt leads to forming a militia group to counter-attack the governments’ decision and fight those who collaborate with the government.

The militia has various effects:

They demanded the land protection tax. They had chopped off the heads of the

families if one did not give them money (pg.92).

The recruitment of young men to the militia. Boyi is recruited by force to the militia because Baba has given him out since he cannot afford to pay the money demanded: “Hold on to the boy until I find you forty thousand land protection tax, and then I will have him back” (pg. 91).

So many other young men had been recruited into the militia. Mama says, “Had his ears not caught stones of neighbour’s son recruited by the militia?” (pg.92). The militia goes from house to house, forcefully recruiting boys as young as ten years page 95.

People living in fear- The villages of Kopsiro, Savomet, Chepkyuk all live in fear ..a

thick yellow fog of fear over them.” (pg. 95)

People fail to work

Farmers did not clear their shambas for the second planting of the maize crop because the militia stole young crops from the fields and goats from their pens (pg. 95).

The narrator’s friend, Chemutai, said that the narrator’s breast grew too fast

because she had spent too much time outside……. instead of working chap chap

like a normal musaa tree girl (pg.95)

Murder/brutal killings

The militia cut up people and threw their bloodied bodies in rivers, pits, latrines,

and public wells (pg. 92). The people say that they even cut off their necks.

The narrator overhears Baba being told that those recruited have to go back home and kill a close relative so that their hearts are strong to kill others (pg. 95) Boyi is killed for being part of the militia (pg. 96-97).

Displacement of people from their land and homes

“People flee from their homes since there is a mass exodus to Bungoma and

Uganda’ page 95

Lack of schooling

The narrator says nobody went to school anymore because of the war. She spends

her days under the Nandi flame tree with half-closed eyes (pg. 95)

The writer points out clearly how society goes through suffering as a result of the

Mama experiences emotional suffering when Baba gives out Boyi to the militia to be recruited since the family could not afford the forty thousand land protection fee. The writer says that madness had entered

Mama’s eyes the day baba pushed Boyi to Mativa Kei. She tore off her kitenge and started shouting at Baba, telling him that he was sick in the head if he thought Boyi would return (pg. 91).

Mama did not eat her food and starved in the days that followed, muttering to herself. Her ugali would remain untouched until a gusty brown film formed. The narrator had to throw it away to the chicken coop. She also continued engaging herself in monologues (pg. 94).

The narrator also experiences pain and suffering. She felt queasy once Baba informed them that the militia would have killed them for not giving out the forty thousand land protection tax. The narrator felt as if someone had pulled her insides out through her nostrils.’ (pg. 92).

When they were informed of Boyi’s death, she cried bitterly. She let the tears roll

down her face and soak her blue silk blouse and purple boob top (pg. 97)

Baba suffers when forced to hand over his son Boyi to the militia. He experiences agony when Mama questions him since he knew very well if he didn’t, he risked his family being killed by the militia. ‘He sat there and held his rage firmly with his hands. He pulled his lips to a narrow thread like a line drawn on his dark face by a ruler.’ (pg. 92)

When they are informed that Boyi is a marked man, Baba goes through some emotional torture. For the first time, the narrator saw her father crying “That day I saw Baba’s tears…” (pg. 96)

The community undergoes suffering because of the war as some of the people are brutally murdered the militia cut the people and threw their bloodied bodies in rivers, pit latrines and public wells’ (pg. 96).

Some of the militia are said to kill close relatives so that their hearts are strong to kill others. The militia forgets its initial objective of protecting the land.Instead, “Now they even cut off our necks” (pg. 95)

The militia also rapes their blood relatives who give birth to babies (pg.

The writer points out how some people betray others in society. Baba betrays his community by assisting the government representative with a panga and makonge ropes when the government divides the people’s land and gives it to some strangers (pg. 92).

The militia betrays the community it was meant to fight for by meting out evil on the people whose land they are fighting. The narrator overhears their neighbour Koros telling her father

“They forgot that they were to protect our land from being given to those lazy

strangers. Now they even cut off our necks” (pg. 95)

The government betrays its people by dividing their land and giving it to strangers

leading to the formation of the militia.

• War leads to Using illustrations from the story show the validity of

thisstatement.

• How effectively is Imagery used in the story?
• Describe the role of Baba inthe Story;

CHEQUE MATE

Kevin Baldeosingh – Trinidad

Kevin Baldeosingh was born in1963 in the Caribbean Island of Trinidad. He is a newspaper columnist, author, and Humanist involved in many controversial social issues. He has worked with the Trinidad Express, Newsday and the Trinidad Guardian. He worked for 25 years in the field of journalism.

Episodes /sub-episodes

• At the bank, with the
• Back to her
• At the company office, with

Cheque Mate is a story about Sukiya (Ms Chansing), a poor damsel from Penal, the Caribbean island of Trinidad, and her boss, Randall A Credo, of the Amerindian tribe. She is on the platinum credit cards queue and intends to deposit thirty million dollars (five million U.S. dollars), but there is a mistake that throws her into panic and dilemma.

Sukiya is an executive corporate secretary recently promoted, and her salary raised tenfold. Fifty thousand dollars go into her savings account each month-end, but the money does not show her actual income. She avoids the bank manager, for she has accumulated more and more, and her deposits are pretty frequent and high. Mr Randall makes these five million cheque payments for fear of cleaning by offshore accounts hacker’s syndicate. The teller advises her to open a U.S. savings account and return the following day.

As she drives her posh car back to her apartment, she is Obsessed with the five million dollars but pleased and relieved that she has successfully handled an awkward situation. She has to check her private records before seeing her boss, Randall. She weighs all possibilities of legal investigations, discovery and embarrassment but finally convinces and assures herself there is no cause for worry. She romanticizes what she could do with such vast sums of money, especially her residential abode.

Randall has her as a corporate secretary who draws up contracts, studies conveyances and writes legal opinions. However, her critical role, for which she is handsomely paid, is to create loopholes in such documents, including the sale of the methanol company to the Chinese government. Randall is also a major campaign contributor. Thriving in such an environment, the poor girl suddenly turned prosperous, is delighted that she has accumulated a lot.

After confirming that the sums and dates on the cheques are correct, she goes to see Randall for an explanation. Then the truth about the trick unfolds: the money is a fee for keeping her mouth shut on the Chinese methanol deal which Sukiya undervalues the shares by 50 percent. At a time when technology can be used to conceal fraudulent secrets in cryptographical codes, it now dawns on Randall that it can also be used to reveal them. It is a fraud Sukiya has to deal with herself or together with her cheque mate, Randall, thanks to her cyberspace technology skills.

• How relevant is the title of the story, Cheque Mate
• Who are the cheque mates in the story?
• Why are cheques preferred as their payment modes?
• How do the cheque mates exploit contracts’ complexity and detailed nature to

commit fraud?

• Corruption / Fraud/ bribery
• Deceit and Betrayal
• Loyalty cheques Thematic Concerns Corruption / Fraud/ bribery

The banks and government will surely unravel and nab the cartel’s underhand deals

in cryptocurrency camouflaged in the cheque deposits and contracts. (p108).

The first eyebrows are raised when the bank teller repeats the question, “Ms Chansing,? Do you want the ‘thirty million dollars’ deposited in your savings account or would you prefer to open a U.S. dollar account?” (p98).

The official deductible salary standard for top executives does not show in her

actual income through platinum credit cards.

Sukiya has accumulated over ten thousand dollars, an amount she deposits five times every month. (p99). She avoids encounters with bank managers for a bank manager might wonder how a fifty-thousand-a-month salary becomes seven million dollars in savings within six years. He would know enough to make some educated guesses. (p99).

The bank teller reminds Ms Chansing that the cheque is for five million dollars, U.S.

equivalent to 30,242,000 Trinidad and Tobago dollars. (p99).

She is responsible for moving vast sums through various channels when the oil and gas boom starts and money flows into the company. Sukiya will need to provide the source of funds, of course. (p101).

Randall had watched too many movies where unrealistically cunning criminals cleaned out businessmen’s offshore accounts by hacking into them. (p100).

Ironically, when Sukiya, a lawyer, is hired as a corporate secretary to detect and close financial loopholes in documents, she gets paid the largest cheques for creating such loopholes. (p103).

The five million cheques she gets she assumes is her fee for having drawn up for the sale of the methanol plant by Randall. It could be a surprise bonus. But now, according to Randall, it is her fee for keeping her mouth shut during that deal. (p101

— 107).

Then the truth about the trick unfolds: the money is a fee for keeping her mouth shut on the Chinese methanol deal which Sukiya undervalues the shares by 50 percent. (p107, 109).

• It is a deal that the Chinese considered protocol even with the (p103).
• It is clear that the frauds committed, both inadvertent and deliberate, are

rewarding, but eventually, the perpetrators will have to pay dearly.

She is almost at the point of betraying herself, insinuating in her mind her readiness to offer herself unto Randall, for he is a man. Sukiya wants every advantage if the meeting turns into a negotiation. (p105).

Deceit and betrayal

Eventually, Ms comes to terms with the reality that all this time she has worked for the company under Mr Randall A Credo was a disguised syndicate for which she will face the force of the law.

When investigations are done, she will have to defend herself as to how she has accumulated all this wealth over a very short period since she started working as a poor young girl from Penal. Now she swims in opulence, affluence and prosperously apparently does not need money as millions of dollars accumulate in a desk drawer. (p104 – 105).

When she examines the cheques, the sums and dates are all right, signed by

Randall and countersigned by herself. (p105).

She could put various clauses into contracts to achieve certain ends or prevent the

other party from attaining certain ends. (p106).

However, she has been duped and used as a conduit for Randall’s fraudulent deals.

Ihrough the valuation report, Sukiya signs the document without reading it properly

or because Randall tells her to do so. Further, Randall himself forges his signature using Sukiya’s pen. This form of deceit and betrayal sharply undercuts her. (p107 — 108).

Margaret, Randall’s executive assistant, is paid more than most managers in the company’s subsidiaries. She knows more about Randall’s dealings than anyone else in the company, including Sukiya. (p106).

Loyalty cheques

It seems everything throughout the story is conducted in terms of cheques. Asked

about the cheques’ amounts, the figure runs automatically through her head. (p101).

Sukiya has to fly from Trinidad to Grand Cayman to deposit cheques to her account every two months. (p 104). She keeps both her Us and T. T. cheques in the same drawer, which is how the mix-up occurs. (p105).

• How is sarcasm employed in Cheque Mate?
• How symbolic is the title, and how does the duo execute their corrupt syndicate?
• How is dialogue used to achieve revelation of the rotten ills of the cheque mates?
• Why should corruption be made unattractive to perpetrators?

Sample answered essay Questions

Question 1:

Ninema is an admirable character. Support this from Vrenika Pather’s ‘Ninema’

Ninema is an outstanding character who is liked by many of the people she

associates with. We see many good traits that she portrays in the story “Ninema”.

To start with, Ninema is presented as a principled person. She does not let the behaviours and traits of others change what she believes in. Her business manner is unique only to her, and she does not change it to fit or be like others. Although she was one of the traders, something about her was different.

She ran her business with an iron fist which made some people like her while others disliked her, -Tie people’s reactions do not affect her as she remains herself. ‘The ladies in the stalls admire _her mainly because they had gotten compromised at work and home.

In addition, Ninema is admirable since she is organised. She plans her work early

enough, making it easy to run her business.

She wakes up early in the morning to reap the herbs that she takes to the market for the day. She organises her herbs in an appetising way, which draws many customers to here She does not chat with other ladies aimlessly, which would waste her time. She plans to ensure the stall is organised before she takes her breakfast.

Once her stall is ready and only when ready, she takes sips ofthe tea she had brought. Her meals are packed early in the morning, which points to this organised personality. She packs tea and some sandwiches that she takes for lunch.

Nlnemaås also admirable since she is skilful wise, She handles different customers masterfully, thus making her earn their loyalty. She can handle Mr Chinran, infatuated with her, by treating him with respect and appreciation instead of encouraging his infatuation. She also handles Mrs Singh firmly but respectively, thus winning her even though Mrs Singh is difficult and troublesome. Ninema’s ability to entice a new customer by offering an extra bunch of mint for free shows that she is skilful in business, thus making her admirable as a trader.

Lastly, Ninema is seen to be courageous, making her admirable. When a man sexually harasses her, she does not let him go scot- free. She follows the man who pinches her erect nipple and hits him with the only weapon at hand — her Chumpal, which makes the man too astounded to react. The other women hawker jeer and cheer as Ninema repeatedly hits the man. She even gives him extra hits on behalf of all the women, thus depicting her as the fighter of her rights and those for others.

By following the man and hitting him with her sandal, Ninema shows her courage.

From the story, Ninema is genuinely seen to be admirable due to her courageous,

skilful, organised and moral nature.

When one is given power, he/she should use it onlyforgood but more often than not people use it for wrongpurposes. Support this statement basing your argument from Naguib Mahfouz’s ‘A Man of Awesome Power’

Many people who are in powerful positions or who have been gifted with some sort of power tend to abuse it. Instead of utilizing it for improvement of the society at large, they use it for their own selfish interests or to punish those that have wronged them. same scenario is seen in ‘A Man of Awesome Power through a number of illustrations.

We see Tayyib al- Mahdi utilizing the power given to him for revenge. This is not a good a way of power utilization as it causes harm to others. Tayyib realizes that he has power to order things to be and he sets out to utilize the power to change’ his country. However, the first episode where he utilizes this power shows that he is utilizing it to hit back at a person who offends him. The driver of the taxi that he hails suffers his wrath for refusing to stop. When Tayyib is on his way to the heart of the town, he hails a taxi but the driver simply waves a hand at him in haughty

refuses. Tayyib’s irritation makes him stare at the rear wheels of the taxi and the

two explode suddenly.

He ignores the voice that reminds him that he should only use his power for good and lets his anger control him. This act of revenge was deliberate since as Tayyib bypasses the driver he feels that he has taught the man a lesson. By utilizing his power to hit back at the taxi driver, Tayyib shows that people with power use it for wrong purposes.

We further see wrong utilization of power where Tayyib causes the man in the bus to suffer stomach pains. Although the man had physically attacked a woman, causing him to suffer stomach cramps not justified. Tayyib encounters a confrontation between the man and a woman in a public bus and the man ends up slapping the woman. Just like the incident with the taxi driver, Tayyib lets his anger control him where he focused it on the man’s stomach and immediately the man suffers severe cramps that cause him to moan and scream in pain. The pain is so intense that an ambulance had to be called to fetch him•

Allowing his anger to control him and causing pain to the man who had slapped a woman is a vengeful act which is wrong thus showing how people with power use it for wrong purposes.

Beside, Tayyib uses the power bestowed on him to interfere with the radio presentation by causing the presenter to start sneezing. While seated in the café, he hears a radio announcer expounding on the developments that were to be expected in the future. Tayyib feels that the announcer shouldreport on what has been achieved yet instead of giving false hopes to the people. Tayyib thus decides to cause some sneezing to attack the announcer since it was the only way to stop him.

Soon after, the announcer develops massive sneezes that prevent him from carrying on with the presentation. Tayyib feels happy and victorious after the unexpected conclusion of the announcement. Although his desire is to purify the broadcasting sector, the approach of causing massive sneezing to the presenter is harmful and thus wrong.

Lastly, Tayyib is seen to use the power given to him to satisfy his sexual passion and

desires. Tayyib utilizes the power to make a woman that he is attracted to notice

him. While he is seated at the tea garden planning how to effectively use his power, Tayyib notices a beautiful woman approaching the entrance of the garden. The woman does not notice him at first and Tayyib thinks of how through his powers he can cause her to be head -over-heels with him. He then sends her a hidden message and she responds to him. He sees nothing wrong with satisfying his desires as a way of repairing himself. He closes his note book and they surrender to fate, This is an immoral act since Tayyib is married to Haniya whom he had remained faithful to throughout their marriage.

People gifted with power should strive to use it only for good purposes and not to

cause pain and suffering to others or for immoral deeds like Tayyib did.

Some cultural practices do not add value hence should be done away with. Show the truthfulness of this assertion basing on Eric Ng’maryo’s ‘Ivory Bangles’. (20 marks)

Culture keeps people together and governs their way of life thus is important. However, there are some traditions that are of no benefit and in some cases such traditions cause harm to people who continue to embrace them as is the case in Ivory Bangles]

For this reason, such traditions should be discarded. Polygamy is one such cultural practice that has continued to be embraced yet it has no value. We realize that the community in the story holds in high esteem this practice. As such, a man who does not ascribe to it is seen to be a topic of discussion:

This comes out clear where the old man who is a respected Chief’s councilor is talked about because he had only one wife. According to the story, it was unheard- of for someone as powerful as the old man- a small chief, to have only one wife,

However, this value is seen to have no value since the old man is happy in his marriage and he really loves his wife to the extent that he gifted her twenty-four ivory bangle Besides, the riddle used by old man when responding to the Chief’s demand that he marries another wife shows that polygamy causes harm. The riddle’s interpretation A wife, a co-wife, witchcraft and death points to the harmful effects of the practice. As such, polygamy

should be abolished as it causes harm and adds no value. Another cultural value that has no value is believe in the seer and the act of seeking his guidance. The old man goes to seek the advice of the seer after noticing some blood specks in the live at he goat that he slaughtered, He does this since his people, believed in him as their tribal seer and their priest. We also see how valued he is when the old man’s wife dismisses his demands. The old man harshly rebukes her telling her that the

seer is the mouthpiece of their departed fathers, we however {see that this belief

does not add value since some of the advices given are bound to cause harm. The advice given to the old man by the seer supports this as the seer tells him ‘That the pebbles demand that he beats his wife and send her back to her father’s home.

According to the seer, the pebbles are jealous of a happy wife- a woman unmolested by her husband. This shows that this believe in the seer is of no benefit but rather causes harm.

The superstitious belief that having blood specks in a goat’s liver is a sign of something bad about to happen does not add any value, Tris is not based on any proven basis but is just a traditional belief. The old man goes to consult the seer since he had noted some blood specks in the liver of the goat he had slaughtered. The belief is so strong that the man does not agree with the wife’s dismissal of the seer’s demands. According to the wife, the seer was hitting back at her for turning down his marriage proposal. This argument that had been used previously does not appear believable at this time as the old man reminds the wife that the seer did not put blood specks on the goat’s liver.

Wife battering is another cultural practice that the people hold in esteem yet it causes more Karm than good. When the old man consults the Seer about the blood specks in the liver of the goat he had slaughtered, ‘the seer’s pebble disclose that a wife was going to die since the spirits were jealous of a happy wife, a woman unmolested by her husband until old age. This (Shows the value attached to wife molestation. To avert the death, the old man is asked togive his wife the ‘ritual beating before sending her back to her parent’s home. Although the old man offers to give a number of goats to avert the catastrophes, the pebbles keep demanding for the ritual beating forcing the old man and the wife to come up with a plan of tricking the pebbles. The harmful effect of the ritual beating is seen through Leveri, the wife to the old man’s son. The wife remembers how her daughter-in-law had been beaten to a fingernail’s distance to her grave by the son. This shows that the ritual beating can almost cause death hence the reason it should be discarded.

Although culture is a glue that holds people together, some of the outdated

practices should be gotten rid of as the cause more harm than good.

War causes a lot of harm and thus should be avoided at any cost. Validate this statement basing your illustrations from Chimamanda Adichie’s ‘Ghosts’ (20 Marks)

Whenever parties engage in some form of fighting, there are grave implications that follow as is seen in Ghosts’ where the civil war that happened in July 6, 1967 cause suffering and pain to the people.

To start with, war is seen to cause displacement of several people. Many people are

forced to run away from their country and their homes when the civil war broke.

Prof. James and Ikenna’s meeting takes James down the memory lane where he recounts how they were forced to evacuate Nsukka in a hurry in July 6, 1967 when the war began. Through their conversation, we learn that Ikenna has lived in Sweden ever since the war began and has only come back to Nsukka recently. He discloses that he was flown out on Red Cross planes just like many other children had been airlifted to Gabon. Prof. James did not escape the displacement since he and his wife, Ebere had to move to America when the war broke out. Many people are seen to have been forced to leave their motherland as a result of the civil war.

secondly, we see that war leads to loss of lives. Several people had their lives cut short due to the civil war that broke out. The return of Ikenna comes as a surprise to Prof, James since Ikenna was thought to have died in the war. It is no wonder that Prof initially thought of throwing a handful of sand at him just like his people did to ensure that it was not a ghost. Actual loss of life is seen through Ikenna’s family.

While explaining to prof the reason why he never returned to Nsukka after the war, Ikenna tells him that his whole family was killed when Orlu was bombed during the war thus he had nobody to come back to. It is not just Ikenna who lost loved ones but Prof too. His first daughter Zik died in the war. He tells Ikenna that the war took Zik. It is no wonder they named their second daughter Nkiruka which means: what is ahead is better.

Thirdly, war is seen to cause massive destruction and loss of properties. When Prof James and his wife first returned to Nsukka when the war ended in 1970, they notice major destructions that had occurred. Prof recounts how they found their house and items destroyed. His books were lying in front of the gate, his Mathematical Annals torn and used as tissue paper, the bath tab used as toilet and their photos ripped and their frames broken. The massive destruction of their house was too much that they had to be assigned a different house in a different street to avoid seeing their old house. In the process of their house being destroyed, they lose their Piano that belonged to Ebere. Prof also remembers the landscape of drove back to Nsukka after the war. The massive destruction a recounted by Prof shows how destructive war is.

Lastly, war causes psychological and physical suffering o live with nightmares the victims. Those who experience war and sad memories of it. Prof James is seen to have lived with the memories of the war. He easily remembers every detail of the war as he recounts it to Ikenna. Ikenna has suffered psychologically as is seen from the fact that he lost all his family in Orlu hence the reason he does not return to Nsukka.

His psychological suffering is further seen from the fact that he never remarries after the war took his wife. Further evidence o psychological pain is seen where Prof observes how his people avoided the topic of war and if they engaged in it, it was with some vagueness. The naming of their second daughter Nkiruka- what is ahead

is better, also shows the pain that Prof and Ebere: were trying to avoid. The people also suffer physical pain. Prof.James remembers how a wounded soldier was shoved in their car on the day they returned to Nsukka«

War causes loss oflives, displacement ofpeoplej and destruction of properties among other effects. People should thus strive to live in harmony and avoid it at all costs.

Lack of courtesy between the police and civilians leads to lethal conflicts. Justify the validity of this statement using illustrations from Meja Mwangi’s Incident in the park. (20 marks).

Across the world, over centuries, the behaviour of some of the police officers has caused dire repercussions. Sometimes this happens due to excessive use of force or simply wrongful application law and policies, but majoriy this occurs as a result of impolite

Incident in the Park shows how city dwellers, hawkers and loafers find themselves in conflicts with the police over flimsy and petty reasons often ending unpleasantly. When the two constables accost the fruit peddler, he gets startled and confused.

They demand for his licence and identity card which he obviously doesn’t have. Then he offers five shillings which doesn’t seem good enough as one constable shrugs. This means that at times if the offer were attractive, they would have accepted it and left him.

The police refuse to listen to the fruit merchant and harshly shove him along the street to the city telling him he will explain to the judge. This complicates matters even more because the fruit- seller fears the judge more. It throws him into more panic as he has a case that is coming up the following week and the judge is a “tyrant”. He explains further that he is selling this time so that he can afford of me but all his entreaties fall on deaf ears. They remain unimpressed saying nothing until he breaks away and flees into the crowded city.

The situation escalates when the constables chase the fleeing man shouting for help from the passers-by. They actually betroth him unto the mob. A city man intercepts him and another man lunges for him as shouts increase. Tossed here and there as a suspect, the desperate fruit peddler stumbles and falls into a ditch. No one seems to care to find out what really is happening before taking action. No one listens as he pleads for mercy. 7his is where he meets his ‘verdict’ which is death. According to the crowd, ‘justice’ is administered. The mob universally condemn him without plausible evidence.

By the time the police arrive at the scene, it is too late. Their action is irreversible

and fatal. Flie mob has already killed him for being a “thief”. They who are supposed

to ensure public safety an security have aided the killing o/a hardworking hawker

by their silly mistake. This should not have happened if they had treated

the man Politely. An innocent life is so unnecessarily lost. This makes the public lose confidence in the police. after investigations the truth will come out and it will be hard to trust the police.

In a nutshell, wanton conflicts and deaths of innocent citizen could be averted if the

police handled matters with courtesy and sobriety.

A Silent Song — Leonard Kibera.

The character of an individual tells more than what they actually say. Mbane’s brother, Ezekiel, preaches water and takes wine. He is so devoted to God as a preacher, but neglects Mbane, to agonize in the streets for a long time until he almost dies.

When he brings Mbane to his hut claiming to rescue him from the barbaric city in order that he can see the light of God, the blind beggar starts to feel more lonely and miserable in the desolate environment. lhe desolate hut is not a habitable place for him as it has a flea-ridden floor. One wonders why he cannot live with his own brother in his own house! This action tells that the preacher does not love his brother.

It ironical for Ezekiel to keep preaching to his blind brother about Christ and salvation instead of first saving him from the harsh street beggary. Ezekiel seems to have already judged him as a sinner and that “Christ” will come down from heaven to do the good to him. Mbane dies miserably without much help from his brother.

This is least expected from a man of God who should Have preached to his brother

through actions of care and concern.

Ezekiel portrays religious hypocrisy since Christians would not throw insults and abuses to God’s people when they don’t agree with them on some issue, or when they do not show that they believe in Jesus Christ. When Mbane shows no interest in Christ, his brother tells him he is worse than a Judas. EIT1is lack of patience for a Christian, especially a preacher, is not morally acceptable.

Another action that tells of the preacher’s action is the meaning in his silence later as Mbane nears his death. Christians, good men and women on a Christmas morning, also display pretence in the way they curse and call him names instead of bringing the good knowledge of Christ to him. They claim, in his hearing, that he is an able-bodied person, only crippled more daily by the idleness of leisurely

begging. He could only yearn impotently beyond the reach of darkness and lameness. At times, self-pity overcomes him. To him, the God ofthe Gospel and religion are comforts beyond his reach as a cripple. His God is his only hope of deliverance from pain, destitution and despair. The people’s actions discourage him about Christianity which they profess but not practice.

In conclusion, the true gospel is the action of an individual because it is more practical than mere words. Actions work and satisfy the heart more than proclaiming the word ofGod.

Incident in the Park — Meja Mwangi.

• Lack of courtesy between the police and civilians leads to lethal conflicts. Justify the validity of this statement using illustrations from Meja Mwangi’s Incident in the Park. (20 marks).

Across the world, over centuries, the behaviour of some of the police officers has caused dire repercussions. Sometimes this happens due to excessive use of force or simply wrongful application of the

law and policies, but majorly this occurs as a result of impolitel interactions

between the two parties.

The police refuse to listen to the fruit merchant and harshly shove him along the street to the city telling him he will explain to the judge. This complicates matters even more because the fruit- seller fears the judge more, It throws him into more panic as he has a case that is coming up the following week and the judge is a “tyrant”. He explains further that he is selling this time so that he can afford a fine but all his entreaties fall on deaf ears They remain unimpressed saying nothing until he breaks away and flees into the crowded city.

The situation escalates when the constables chase the fleeing man shouting for help from the passers-by. They actually betroth him unto the mob. A city man intercepts him and anotherman lunges for him as shouts increase. Tossed here and there as a suspect, the desperate fruit peddler stumbles and falls into a ditch, No one seems to care to find out what really is happening before taking action. No one listens as he pleads for mercy, This is where he meets his Verdict’ which is death. According to the crowd, ‘justice’ is administered. The mob universally condemn him without

plausible evidence.

By the time the police arrive at the scene, it is too late. Their action is irreversible and fatal. The mob has already killed him for being a “thief”. They who are supposed to ensure public safety and security have aided the killing of a hardworking hawker by their silly mistake. This should not have happened if they had treated the man politely. An innocent life is so unnecessarily lost. This makes the public lose confidence in the police. after investigations the truth will come out and it will be hard to trust the police.

In a nutshell, wanton conflicts and deaths of innocent citizens could be averted if

the police handled matters with courtesy and sobriety.

The character of an individual tells more than what they actually say. Mbane’s brother, Ezekiel, preaches water and takes wine. He is so devoted to God as a preacher, but neglects Mbane, to agonize in the streets for a long time until he almost dies. When he brings Mbane to his hut claiming to rescue him from the barbaric city in order that he can see the light of God, the blind beggar starts to feel more lonely and miserable in the desolate environment. The desolate hut is not a habitable place for him as it has a flea-ridden floor. One wonders why he cannot live with his own brother in his own house! This action tells that the preacher does not love his brother.

It ironical for Ezekiel to keep preaching to his blind brother abou Christ and salvation instead of first saving him from the harsh street beggary. Ezekiel seems to have already judged him as a sinner and that “Christ” will come down from heaven to do th good to him. Mbane dies miserably without much help from his

brother. This is least expected from a man of God who should have preached to his

brother through actions of care and concern.

Ezekiel portrays religious hypocrisy since Christians would not throw insults and abuses to God’s people when they don’t agree with them on some issue, or when they do not show that they believe in Jesus Christ. When Mbane shows no interest in Christ, his brother tells him he is worse than a Judas. This lack of patience for a Christian, especially a preacher, is not morally acceptable.

Another action that tells of the preacher’s action is the meaning in his silence later

as Mbane nears his death. Christians, good men and women on a Christmas

morning also display pretence in the way they curse and call him names instead of bringing the good knowledge of Christ to him. They claim, in his hearing, that he is an able-bodied person, only crippled more daily by the idleness of leisurely begging. He could only yearn impotently beyond the reach of darkness and lameness. At times self-pity overcomes him. To him, the God of the Gospel and religion are comforts beyond his reach as a cripple. His God is his only hope of deliverance from pain, destitution and despair. lie people’s actions discourage him about Christianity which they profess but not practice.

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Last updated on Feb 14, 2023

10 Types of Creative Writing (with Examples You’ll Love)

About the author.

Reedsy's editorial team is a diverse group of industry experts devoted to helping authors write and publish beautiful books.

About Savannah Cordova

Savannah is a senior editor with Reedsy and a published writer whose work has appeared on Slate, Kirkus, and BookTrib. Her short fiction has appeared in the Owl Canyon Press anthology, "No Bars and a Dead Battery". 

About Rebecca van Laer

Rebecca van Laer is a writer, editor, and the author of two books, including the novella How to Adjust to the Dark. Her work has been featured in literary magazines such as AGNI, Breadcrumbs, and TriQuarterly.

A lot falls under the term ‘creative writing’: poetry, short fiction, plays, novels, personal essays, and songs, to name just a few. By virtue of the creativity that characterizes it, creative writing is an extremely versatile art. So instead of defining what creative writing is , it may be easier to understand what it does by looking at examples that demonstrate the sheer range of styles and genres under its vast umbrella.

To that end, we’ve collected a non-exhaustive list of works across multiple formats that have inspired the writers here at Reedsy. With 20 different works to explore, we hope they will inspire you, too. 

People have been writing creatively for almost as long as we have been able to hold pens. Just think of long-form epic poems like The Odyssey or, later, the Cantar de Mio Cid — some of the earliest recorded writings of their kind. 

Poetry is also a great place to start if you want to dip your own pen into the inkwell of creative writing. It can be as short or long as you want (you don’t have to write an epic of Homeric proportions), encourages you to build your observation skills, and often speaks from a single point of view . 

Here are a few examples:

“Ozymandias” by Percy Bysshe Shelley

Nothing beside remains. Round the decay Of that colossal Wreck, boundless and bare The lone and level sands stretch far away.

This classic poem by Romantic poet Percy Shelley (also known as Mary Shelley’s husband) is all about legacy. What do we leave behind? How will we be remembered? The great king Ozymandias built himself a massive statue, proclaiming his might, but the irony is that his statue doesn’t survive the ravages of time. By framing this poem as told to him by a “traveller from an antique land,” Shelley effectively turns this into a story. Along with the careful use of juxtaposition to create irony, this poem accomplishes a lot in just a few lines. 

“Trying to Raise the Dead” by Dorianne Laux

 A direction. An object. My love, it needs a place to rest. Say anything. I’m listening. I’m ready to believe. Even lies, I don’t care.

Poetry is cherished for its ability to evoke strong emotions from the reader using very few words which is exactly what Dorianne Laux does in “ Trying to Raise the Dead .” With vivid imagery that underscores the painful yearning of the narrator, she transports us to a private nighttime scene as the narrator sneaks away from a party to pray to someone they’ve lost. We ache for their loss and how badly they want their lost loved one to acknowledge them in some way. It’s truly a masterclass on how writing can be used to portray emotions. 

If you find yourself inspired to try out some poetry — and maybe even get it published — check out these poetry layouts that can elevate your verse!

Song Lyrics

Poetry’s closely related cousin, song lyrics are another great way to flex your creative writing muscles. You not only have to find the perfect rhyme scheme but also match it to the rhythm of the music. This can be a great challenge for an experienced poet or the musically inclined. 

To see how music can add something extra to your poetry, check out these two examples:

“Hallelujah” by Leonard Cohen

 You say I took the name in vain I don't even know the name But if I did, well, really, what's it to ya? There's a blaze of light in every word It doesn't matter which you heard The holy or the broken Hallelujah 

Metaphors are commonplace in almost every kind of creative writing, but will often take center stage in shorter works like poetry and songs. At the slightest mention, they invite the listener to bring their emotional or cultural experience to the piece, allowing the writer to express more with fewer words while also giving it a deeper meaning. If a whole song is couched in metaphor, you might even be able to find multiple meanings to it, like in Leonard Cohen’s “ Hallelujah .” While Cohen’s Biblical references create a song that, on the surface, seems like it’s about a struggle with religion, the ambiguity of the lyrics has allowed it to be seen as a song about a complicated romantic relationship. 

“I Will Follow You into the Dark” by Death Cab for Cutie

 ​​If Heaven and Hell decide that they both are satisfied Illuminate the no's on their vacancy signs If there's no one beside you when your soul embarks Then I'll follow you into the dark

You can think of song lyrics as poetry set to music. They manage to do many of the same things their literary counterparts do — including tugging on your heartstrings. Death Cab for Cutie’s incredibly popular indie rock ballad is about the singer’s deep devotion to his lover. While some might find the song a bit too dark and macabre, its melancholy tune and poignant lyrics remind us that love can endure beyond death.

Plays and Screenplays

From the short form of poetry, we move into the world of drama — also known as the play. This form is as old as the poem, stretching back to the works of ancient Greek playwrights like Sophocles, who adapted the myths of their day into dramatic form. The stage play (and the more modern screenplay) gives the words on the page a literal human voice, bringing life to a story and its characters entirely through dialogue. 

Interested to see what that looks like? Take a look at these examples:

All My Sons by Arthur Miller

“I know you're no worse than most men but I thought you were better. I never saw you as a man. I saw you as my father.” 

Arthur Miller acts as a bridge between the classic and the new, creating 20th century tragedies that take place in living rooms and backyard instead of royal courts, so we had to include his breakout hit on this list. Set in the backyard of an all-American family in the summer of 1946, this tragedy manages to communicate family tensions in an unimaginable scale, building up to an intense climax reminiscent of classical drama. 

💡 Read more about Arthur Miller and classical influences in our breakdown of Freytag’s pyramid . 

“Everything is Fine” by Michael Schur ( The Good Place )

“Well, then this system sucks. What...one in a million gets to live in paradise and everyone else is tortured for eternity? Come on! I mean, I wasn't freaking Gandhi, but I was okay. I was a medium person. I should get to spend eternity in a medium place! Like Cincinnati. Everyone who wasn't perfect but wasn't terrible should get to spend eternity in Cincinnati.” 

A screenplay, especially a TV pilot, is like a mini-play, but with the extra job of convincing an audience that they want to watch a hundred more episodes of the show. Blending moral philosophy with comedy, The Good Place is a fun hang-out show set in the afterlife that asks some big questions about what it means to be good. 

It follows Eleanor Shellstrop, an incredibly imperfect woman from Arizona who wakes up in ‘The Good Place’ and realizes that there’s been a cosmic mixup. Determined not to lose her place in paradise, she recruits her “soulmate,” a former ethics professor, to teach her philosophy with the hope that she can learn to be a good person and keep up her charade of being an upstanding citizen. The pilot does a superb job of setting up the stakes, the story, and the characters, while smuggling in deep philosophical ideas.

Personal essays

Our first foray into nonfiction on this list is the personal essay. As its name suggests, these stories are in some way autobiographical — concerned with the author’s life and experiences. But don’t be fooled by the realistic component. These essays can take any shape or form, from comics to diary entries to recipes and anything else you can imagine. Typically zeroing in on a single issue, they allow you to explore your life and prove that the personal can be universal.

Here are a couple of fantastic examples:

“On Selling Your First Novel After 11 Years” by Min Jin Lee (Literary Hub)

There was so much to learn and practice, but I began to see the prose in verse and the verse in prose. Patterns surfaced in poems, stories, and plays. There was music in sentences and paragraphs. I could hear the silences in a sentence. All this schooling was like getting x-ray vision and animal-like hearing. 

This deeply honest personal essay by Pachinko author Min Jin Lee is an account of her eleven-year struggle to publish her first novel . Like all good writing, it is intensely focused on personal emotional details. While grounded in the specifics of the author's personal journey, it embodies an experience that is absolutely universal: that of difficulty and adversity met by eventual success. 

“A Cyclist on the English Landscape” by Roff Smith (New York Times)

These images, though, aren’t meant to be about me. They’re meant to represent a cyclist on the landscape, anybody — you, perhaps. 

Roff Smith’s gorgeous photo essay for the NYT is a testament to the power of creatively combining visuals with text. Here, photographs of Smith atop a bike are far from simply ornamental. They’re integral to the ruminative mood of the essay, as essential as the writing. Though Smith places his work at the crosscurrents of various aesthetic influences (such as the painter Edward Hopper), what stands out the most in this taciturn, thoughtful piece of writing is his use of the second person to address the reader directly. Suddenly, the writer steps out of the body of the essay and makes eye contact with the reader. The reader is now part of the story as a second character, finally entering the picture.

Short Fiction

The short story is the happy medium of fiction writing. These bite-sized narratives can be devoured in a single sitting and still leave you reeling. Sometimes viewed as a stepping stone to novel writing, that couldn’t be further from the truth. Short story writing is an art all its own. The limited length means every word counts and there’s no better way to see that than with these two examples:

“An MFA Story” by Paul Dalla Rosa (Electric Literature)

At Starbucks, I remembered a reading Zhen had given, a reading organized by the program’s faculty. I had not wanted to go but did. In the bar, he read, "I wrote this in a Starbucks in Shanghai. On the bank of the Huangpu." It wasn’t an aside or introduction. It was two lines of the poem. I was in a Starbucks and I wasn’t writing any poems. I wasn’t writing anything. 

This short story is a delightfully metafictional tale about the struggles of being a writer in New York. From paying the bills to facing criticism in a writing workshop and envying more productive writers, Paul Dalla Rosa’s story is a clever satire of the tribulations involved in the writing profession, and all the contradictions embodied by systemic creativity (as famously laid out in Mark McGurl’s The Program Era ). What’s more, this story is an excellent example of something that often happens in creative writing: a writer casting light on the private thoughts or moments of doubt we don’t admit to or openly talk about. 

“Flowering Walrus” by Scott Skinner (Reedsy)

I tell him they’d been there a month at least, and he looks concerned. He has my tongue on a tissue paper and is gripping its sides with his pointer and thumb. My tongue has never spent much time outside of my mouth, and I imagine it as a walrus basking in the rays of the dental light. My walrus is not well. 

A winner of Reedsy’s weekly Prompts writing contest, ‘ Flowering Walrus ’ is a story that balances the trivial and the serious well. In the pauses between its excellent, natural dialogue , the story manages to scatter the fear and sadness of bad medical news, as the protagonist hides his worries from his wife and daughter. Rich in subtext, these silences grow and resonate with the readers.

Want to give short story writing a go? Give our free course a go!

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Perhaps the thing that first comes to mind when talking about creative writing, novels are a form of fiction that many people know and love but writers sometimes find intimidating. The good news is that novels are nothing but one word put after another, like any other piece of writing, but expanded and put into a flowing narrative. Piece of cake, right?

To get an idea of the format’s breadth of scope, take a look at these two (very different) satirical novels: 

Convenience Store Woman by Sayaka Murata

I wished I was back in the convenience store where I was valued as a working member of staff and things weren’t as complicated as this. Once we donned our uniforms, we were all equals regardless of gender, age, or nationality — all simply store workers. 

Keiko, a thirty-six-year-old convenience store employee, finds comfort and happiness in the strict, uneventful routine of the shop’s daily operations. A funny, satirical, but simultaneously unnerving examination of the social structures we take for granted, Sayaka Murata’s Convenience Store Woman is deeply original and lingers with the reader long after they’ve put it down.

Erasure by Percival Everett

The hard, gritty truth of the matter is that I hardly ever think about race. Those times when I did think about it a lot I did so because of my guilt for not thinking about it.  

Erasure is a truly accomplished satire of the publishing industry’s tendency to essentialize African American authors and their writing. Everett’s protagonist is a writer whose work doesn’t fit with what publishers expect from him — work that describes the “African American experience” — so he writes a parody novel about life in the ghetto. The publishers go crazy for it and, to the protagonist’s horror, it becomes the next big thing. This sophisticated novel is both ironic and tender, leaving its readers with much food for thought.

Creative Nonfiction

Creative nonfiction is pretty broad: it applies to anything that does not claim to be fictional (although the rise of autofiction has definitely blurred the boundaries between fiction and nonfiction). It encompasses everything from personal essays and memoirs to humor writing, and they range in length from blog posts to full-length books. The defining characteristic of this massive genre is that it takes the world or the author’s experience and turns it into a narrative that a reader can follow along with.

Here, we want to focus on novel-length works that dig deep into their respective topics. While very different, these two examples truly show the breadth and depth of possibility of creative nonfiction:

Men We Reaped by Jesmyn Ward

Men’s bodies litter my family history. The pain of the women they left behind pulls them from the beyond, makes them appear as ghosts. In death, they transcend the circumstances of this place that I love and hate all at once and become supernatural. 

Writer Jesmyn Ward recounts the deaths of five men from her rural Mississippi community in as many years. In her award-winning memoir , she delves into the lives of the friends and family she lost and tries to find some sense among the tragedy. Working backwards across five years, she questions why this had to happen over and over again, and slowly unveils the long history of racism and poverty that rules rural Black communities. Moving and emotionally raw, Men We Reaped is an indictment of a cruel system and the story of a woman's grief and rage as she tries to navigate it.

Cork Dork by Bianca Bosker

He believed that wine could reshape someone’s life. That’s why he preferred buying bottles to splurging on sweaters. Sweaters were things. Bottles of wine, said Morgan, “are ways that my humanity will be changed.” 

In this work of immersive journalism , Bianca Bosker leaves behind her life as a tech journalist to explore the world of wine. Becoming a “cork dork” takes her everywhere from New York’s most refined restaurants to science labs while she learns what it takes to be a sommelier and a true wine obsessive. This funny and entertaining trip through the past and present of wine-making and tasting is sure to leave you better informed and wishing you, too, could leave your life behind for one devoted to wine. 

Illustrated Narratives (Comics, graphic novels)

Once relegated to the “funny pages”, the past forty years of comics history have proven it to be a serious medium. Comics have transformed from the early days of Jack Kirby’s superheroes into a medium where almost every genre is represented. Humorous one-shots in the Sunday papers stand alongside illustrated memoirs, horror, fantasy, and just about anything else you can imagine. This type of visual storytelling lets the writer and artist get creative with perspective, tone, and so much more. For two very different, though equally entertaining, examples, check these out:

Calvin & Hobbes by Bill Watterson

"Life is like topography, Hobbes. There are summits of happiness and success, flat stretches of boring routine and valleys of frustration and failure." 

This beloved comic strip follows Calvin, a rambunctious six-year-old boy, and his stuffed tiger/imaginary friend, Hobbes. They get into all kinds of hijinks at school and at home, and muse on the world in the way only a six-year-old and an anthropomorphic tiger can. As laugh-out-loud funny as it is, Calvin & Hobbes ’ popularity persists as much for its whimsy as its use of humor to comment on life, childhood, adulthood, and everything in between. 

From Hell by Alan Moore and Eddie Campbell 

"I shall tell you where we are. We're in the most extreme and utter region of the human mind. A dim, subconscious underworld. A radiant abyss where men meet themselves. Hell, Netley. We're in Hell." 

Comics aren't just the realm of superheroes and one-joke strips, as Alan Moore proves in this serialized graphic novel released between 1989 and 1998. A meticulously researched alternative history of Victorian London’s Ripper killings, this macabre story pulls no punches. Fact and fiction blend into a world where the Royal Family is involved in a dark conspiracy and Freemasons lurk on the sidelines. It’s a surreal mad-cap adventure that’s unsettling in the best way possible. 

Video Games and RPGs

Probably the least expected entry on this list, we thought that video games and RPGs also deserved a mention — and some well-earned recognition for the intricate storytelling that goes into creating them. 

Essentially gamified adventure stories, without attention to plot, characters, and a narrative arc, these games would lose a lot of their charm, so let’s look at two examples where the creative writing really shines through: 

80 Days by inkle studios

"It was a triumph of invention over nature, and will almost certainly disappear into the dust once more in the next fifty years." 

Named Time Magazine ’s game of the year in 2014, this narrative adventure is based on Around the World in 80 Days by Jules Verne. The player is cast as the novel’s narrator, Passpartout, and tasked with circumnavigating the globe in service of their employer, Phileas Fogg. Set in an alternate steampunk Victorian era, the game uses its globe-trotting to comment on the colonialist fantasies inherent in the original novel and its time period. On a storytelling level, the choose-your-own-adventure style means no two players’ journeys will be the same. This innovative approach to a classic novel shows the potential of video games as a storytelling medium, truly making the player part of the story. 

What Remains of Edith Finch by Giant Sparrow

"If we lived forever, maybe we'd have time to understand things. But as it is, I think the best we can do is try to open our eyes, and appreciate how strange and brief all of this is." 

This video game casts the player as 17-year-old Edith Finch. Returning to her family’s home on an island in the Pacific northwest, Edith explores the vast house and tries to figure out why she’s the only one of her family left alive. The story of each family member is revealed as you make your way through the house, slowly unpacking the tragic fate of the Finches. Eerie and immersive, this first-person exploration game uses the medium to tell a series of truly unique tales. 

Fun and breezy on the surface, humor is often recognized as one of the trickiest forms of creative writing. After all, while you can see the artistic value in a piece of prose that you don’t necessarily enjoy, if a joke isn’t funny, you could say that it’s objectively failed.

With that said, it’s far from an impossible task, and many have succeeded in bringing smiles to their readers’ faces through their writing. Here are two examples:

‘How You Hope Your Extended Family Will React When You Explain Your Job to Them’ by Mike Lacher (McSweeney’s Internet Tendency)

“Is it true you don’t have desks?” your grandmother will ask. You will nod again and crack open a can of Country Time Lemonade. “My stars,” she will say, “it must be so wonderful to not have a traditional office and instead share a bistro-esque coworking space.” 

Satire and parody make up a whole subgenre of creative writing, and websites like McSweeney’s Internet Tendency and The Onion consistently hit the mark with their parodies of magazine publishing and news media. This particular example finds humor in the divide between traditional family expectations and contemporary, ‘trendy’ work cultures. Playing on the inherent silliness of today’s tech-forward middle-class jobs, this witty piece imagines a scenario where the writer’s family fully understands what they do — and are enthralled to hear more. “‘Now is it true,’ your uncle will whisper, ‘that you’ve got a potential investment from one of the founders of I Can Haz Cheezburger?’”

‘Not a Foodie’ by Hilary Fitzgerald Campbell (Electric Literature)

I’m not a foodie, I never have been, and I know, in my heart, I never will be. 

Highlighting what she sees as an unbearable social obsession with food , in this comic Hilary Fitzgerald Campbell takes a hilarious stand against the importance of food. From the writer’s courageous thesis (“I think there are more exciting things to talk about, and focus on in life, than what’s for dinner”) to the amusing appearance of family members and the narrator’s partner, ‘Not a Foodie’ demonstrates that even a seemingly mundane pet peeve can be approached creatively — and even reveal something profound about life.

We hope this list inspires you with your own writing. If there’s one thing you take away from this post, let it be that there is no limit to what you can write about or how you can write about it. 

In the next part of this guide, we'll drill down into the fascinating world of creative nonfiction.

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27 Creative Writing Examples To Spark Your Imagination

With all the types of creative writing to choose from, it’s hard enough to focus on just one or two of your favorites. 

When it comes to writing your own examples, don’t be hard on yourself if you hit a wall.

We’ve all done it.

Sometimes, all you need is a generous supply of well-crafted and inspirational creative writing examples. 

Good thing you’re here!

For starters, let’s get clear on what creative writing is. 

What Is Creative Writing? 

How to start creative writing , 1. novels and novellas, 2. short stories and flash fiction, 3. twitter stories (140 char), 4. poetry or songs/lyrics, 5. scripts for plays, tv shows, and movies, 6. memoirs / autobiographical narratives, 7. speeches, 9. journalism / newspaper articles, 11. last wills and obituaries, 12. dating profiles and wanted ads, 13. greeting cards.

Knowing how to be a creative writer is impossible if you don’t know the purpose of creative writing and all the types of writing included. 

As you’ll see from the categories listed further on, the words “creative writing” contain multitudes: 

• Novels, novellas, short stories, flash fiction, microfiction, and even nanofiction;
• Poetry (traditional and free verse); 
• Screenplays (for theatrical stage performances, TV shows, and movies)
• Blog posts and feature articles in newspapers and magazines
• Memoirs and Testimonials
• Speeches and Essays
• And more—including dating profiles, obituaries, and letters to the editor. 

Read on to find some helpful examples of many of these types. Make a note of the ones that interest you most. 

Once you have some idea of what you want to write, how do you get started? 

Allow us to suggest some ideas that have worked for many of our readers and us: 

• Keep a daily journal to record and play with your ideas as they come; 
• Set aside a specific chunk of time every day (even 5 minutes) just for writing; 
• Use a timer to help you stick to your daily writing habit ; 
• You can also set word count goals, if you find that more motivating than time limits; 
• Read as much as you can of the kind of content you want to write; 
• Publish your work (on a blog), and get feedback from others. 

Now that you’ve got some ideas on how to begin let’s move on to our list of examples.  

Creative Writing Examples 

Read through the following examples to get ideas for your own writing. Make a note of anything that stands out for you. 

Inspiring novel-writing examples can come from the first paragraph of a well-loved novel (or novella), from the description on the back cover, or from anywhere in the story. 

From Circe by Madeline Miller

““Little by little I began to listen better: to the sap moving in the plants, to the blood in my veins. I learned to understand my own intention, to prune and to add, to feel where the power gathered and speak the right words to draw it to its height. That was the moment I lived for, when it all came clear at last and the spell could sing with its pure note, for me and me alone.”

From The Left Hand of Darkness by Ursula K. Le Guin: 

“‘I’ll make my report as if I told a story, for I was taught as a child on my homeworld that Truth is a matter of the imagination…. ” 

The shorter your story, the more vital it is for each word to earn its place.  Each sentence or phrase should be be necessary to your story’s message and impact. 

From “A Consumer’s Guide to Shopping with PTSD” by Katherine Robb

“‘“Do you know what she said to me at the condo meeting?” I say to the salesman. She said, “Listen, the political climate is so terrible right now I think we all have PTSD. You’re just the only one making such a big deal about it.”

“The salesman nods his jowly face and says, “That Brenda sounds like a real b***h.”’

From Interpreter of Maladies by Jhumpa Lahiri (collection of short stories)

“Something happened when the house was dark. They were able to talk to each other again.” (From ‘A Temporary Matter’)

Use the hashtag #VSS to find a generous sampling of short Twitter stories in 140 or fewer characters. Here are a few examples to get you started: 

From Chris Stocks on January 3rd, 2022 : 

“With the invention of efficient 3D-printable #solar panels & cheap storage batteries, the world was finally able to enjoy the benefits of limitless cheap green energy. Except in the UK. We’re still awaiting the invention of a device to harness the power of light drizzle.” #vss365 (Keyword: solar)

From TinyTalesbyRedsaid1 on January 2nd, 2022 : 

“A solar lamp would safely light our shack. But Mom says it’ll lure thieves. I squint at my homework by candlelight, longing for electricity.” #vss #vss365 #solar

If you’re looking for poetry or song-writing inspiration, you’ll find plenty of free examples online—including the two listed here: 

From “I’m Nobody! Who are you?” by Emily Dickinson

“I’m Nobody! Who are you?

Are you – Nobody – too?

Then there’s a pair of us!

Don’t tell! they’d advertise – you know!

“How dreary – to be – Somebody!

How public – like a Frog –

To tell one’s name – the livelong June –

To an admiring Bog!

From “Enemy” by Imagine Dragons

“I wake up to the sounds

Of the silence that allows

For my mind to run around

With my ear up to the ground

I’m searching to behold

The stories that are told

When my back is to the world

That was smiling when I turned

Tell you you’re the greatest

But once you turn they hate us….” 

If you enjoy writing dialogue and setting a scene, check out the following excerpts from two very different screenplays. Then jot down some notes for a screenplay (or scene) of your own.

From Mean Girls by Tina Fey (Based on the book, Queen Bees and Wannabes” by Rosalind Wiseman

“Karen: ‘So, if you’re from Africa, why are you white?’

“Gretchen: ‘Oh my god, Karen! You can’t just ask people why they’re white!’

“Regina: ‘Cady, could you give us some privacy for, like, one second?’

“Cady: ‘Sure.’

Cady makes eye contact with Janis and Damien as the Plastics confer.

“Regina (breaking huddle): ‘Okay, let me just say that we don’t do this a lot, so you should know that this is, like, a huge deal.’

“Gretchen: ‘We want to invite you to have lunch with us every day for the rest of the week.’ 

“Cady: ‘Oh, okay…’ 

“Gretchen: Great. So, we’ll see you tomorrow.’

“Karen: ‘On Tuesdays, we wear pink.’” 

#10: From The Matrix by Larry and Andy Wachowski

“NEO: ‘That was you on my computer?’

“NEO: ‘How did you do that?’

“TRINITY: ‘Right now, all I can tell you, is that you are in danger. I brought you here to warn you.’

“NEO: ‘Of what?’

“TRINITY: ‘They’re watching you, Neo.’

“NEO: ‘Who is?’

“TRINITY: ‘Please. Just listen. I know why you’re here, Neo. I know what you’ve been doing. I know why you hardly sleep, why you live alone and why, night after night, you sit at your computer. You’re looking for him.’

“Her body is against his; her lips very close to his ear.

“TRINITY: ‘I know because I was once looking for the same thing, but when he found me he told me I wasn’t really looking for him. I was looking for an answer.’

“There is a hypnotic quality to her voice and Neo feels the words, like a drug, seeping into him.

“TRINITY: ‘It’s the question that drives us, the question that brought you here. You know the question just as I did.’

“NEO: ‘What is the Matrix?’

Sharing stories from your life can be both cathartic for you and inspiring or instructive (or at least entertaining) for your readers. 

From The Year of Magical Thinking by Joan Didion

“It was in fact the ordinary nature of everything preceding the event that prevented me from truly believing it had happened, absorbing it, incorporating it, getting past it. I recognize now that there was nothing unusual in this: confronted with sudden disaster, we all focus on how unremarkable the circumstances were in which the unthinkable occurred: the clear blue sky from which the plane fell, the routine errand that ended on the shoulder with the car in flames, the swings where the children were playing as usual when the rattlesnake struck from the ivy. ‘He was on his way home from work—happy, successful, healthy—and then, gone,’ I read in the account of the psychiatric nurse whose husband was killed in a highway accident… ” 

From Angela’s Ashes by Frank McCourt: 

“When I look back on my childhood I wonder how I managed to survive at all. It was, of course, a miserable childhood: the happy childhood is hardly worth your while. Worse than the ordinary miserable childhood is the miserable Irish childhood, and worse yet is the miserable Irish Catholic childhood.”

From Call the Midwife: A True Story of the East End in the 1950s by Jennifer Worth: 

“Nonnatus House was situated in the heart of the London Docklands… The area was densely-populated and most families had lived there for generations, often not moving more than a street or two away from their birthplace. Family life was lived at close-quarters and children were brought up by a widely-extended family of aunts, grandparents, cousins, and older siblings. 

The purpose of most speeches is to inform, inspire, or persuade. Think of the last time you gave a speech of your own. How did you hook your listeners? 

From “Is Technology Making Us Smarter or Dumber?” by Rob Clowes (Persuasive)

“It is possible to imagine that human nature, the human intellect, emotions and feelings are completely independent of our technologies; that we are essentially ahistorical beings with one constant human nature that has remained the same throughout history or even pre-history? Sometimes evolutionary psychologists—those who believe human nature was fixed on the Pleistocene Savannah—talk this way. I think this is demonstrably wrong…. “

From “Make Good Art” by Neil Gaiman (Keynote Address for the University of Fine Arts, 2012):

“…First of all: When you start out on a career in the arts you have no idea what you are doing.”

“This is great. People who know what they are doing know the rules, and know what is possible and impossible. You do not. And you should not. The rules on what is possible and impossible in the arts were made by people who had not tested the bounds of the possible by going beyond them. And you can.”

“If you don’t know it’s impossible it’s easier to do. And because nobody’s done it before, they haven’t made up rules to stop anyone doing that again, yet.” 

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From “The Danger of a Single Story” by Chimamanda Ngozi Adichie (TEDGlobal)

“…I come from a conventional, middle-class Nigerian family. My father was a professor. My mother was an administrator. And so we had, as was the norm, live-in domestic help, who would often come from nearby rural villages. So, the year I turned eight, we got a new house boy. His name was Fide. The only thing my mother told us about him was that his family was very poor. My mother sent yams and rice, and our old clothes, to his family. And when I didn’t finish my dinner, my mother would say, “Finish your food! Don’t you know? People like Fide’s family have nothing.” So I felt enormous pity for Fide’s family.

“Then one Saturday, we went to his village to visit, and his mother showed us a beautifully patterned basket made of dyed raffia that his brother had made. I was startled. It had not occurred to me that anybody in his family could actually make something. All I had heard about them was how poor they were, so that it had become impossible for me to see them as anything else but poor. Their poverty was my single story of them.” 

Essays are about arguing a particular point of view and presenting credible support for it. Think about an issue that excites or angers you. What could you write to make your case for a specific argument? 

From “On Rules of Writing,” by Ursula K. Le Guin:

“Thanks to ‘show don’t tell,’ I find writers in my workshops who think exposition is wicked. They’re afraid to describe the world they’ve invented. (I make them read the first chapter of The Return of the Native , a description of a landscape, in which absolutely nothing happens until in the last paragraph a man is seen, from far away, walking along a road. If that won’t cure them nothing will.)” 

From “Fairy Tale is Form, Form is Fairy Tale ” by Kate Bernheimer (from The Writer’s Notebook) : 

“‘The pleasure of fairy tales,’ writes Swiss scholar Max Lüthi, ‘resides in their form.’ I find myself more and more devoted to the pleasure derived from form generally, and from the form of fairy tales specifically, and so I am eager to share what fairy-tale techniques have done for my writing and what they can do for yours. Fairy tales offer a path to rapture—the rapture of form—where the reader or writer finds a blissful and terrible home….  “

Picture yourself as a seasoned journalist brimming with ideas for your next piece. Or think of an article you’ve read that left you thinking, “Wow, they really went all out!” The following examples can inspire you to create front-page-worthy content of your own.

From “The Deadliest Jobs in America” by Christopher Cannon, Alex McIntyre and Adam Pearce (Bloomberg: May 13, 2015):

“The U.S. Department of Labor tracks how many people die at work, and why. The latest numbers were released in April and cover the last seven years through 2013. Some of the results may surprise you…. “

From “The Hunted” by Jeffrey Goldberg ( The Atlantic: March 29, 2010)

“… poachers continued to infiltrate the park, and to the Owenses they seemed more dangerous than ever. Word reached them that one band of commercial poachers had targeted them for assassination, blaming them for ruining their business. These threats—and the shooting of an elephant near their camp—provoked Mark to intensify his antipoaching activities. For some time, he had made regular night flights over the park, in search of meat-drying racks and the campfires of poachers; he would fly low, intentionally backfiring the plane and frightening away the hunters. Now he decided to escalate his efforts….. “

It doesn’t have to cost a thing to start a blog if you enjoy sharing your stories, ideas, and unique perspective with an online audience. What inspiration can you draw from the following examples?

#21: “How to Quit Your Job, Move to Paradise, and Get Paid to Change the World” by Jon Morrow of Smart Blogger (Problogger.com):

“After all, that’s the dream, right?

“Forget the mansions and limousines and other trappings of Hollywood-style wealth. Sure, it would be nice, but for the most part, we bloggers are simpler souls with much kinder dreams.

“We want to quit our jobs, spend more time with our families, and finally have time to write. We want the freedom to work when we want, where we want. We want our writing to help people, to inspire them, to change them from the inside out.

“It’s a modest dream, a dream that deserves to come true, and yet a part of you might be wondering…

“Will it?…. “

From “The Subtle Art of Not Giving a F*ck” (blog post) by Mark Manson :

Headline: “Most of us struggle throughout our lives by giving too many f*cks in situations where f*cks do not deserve to be given.”

“In my life, I have given a f*ck about many people and many things. I have also not given a f*ck about many people and many things. And those f*cks I have not given have made all the difference…. “

Whether you’re writing a tribute for a deceased celebrity or loved one, or you’re writing your own last will and testament, the following examples can help get you started. 

From an obituary for the actress Betty White (1922-2021) on Legacy.com: 

“Betty White was a beloved American actress who starred in “The Golden Girls” and “The Mary Tyler Moore Show.”

“Died: Friday, December 31, 2021

“Details of death: Died at her home in Los Angeles at the age of 99.

“A television fixture once known as the First Lady of Game Shows, White was blessed with a career that just wouldn’t quit — indeed, her fame only seemed to grow as she entered her 80s and 90s. By the time of her death, she was considered a national treasure, one of the best-loved and most trusted celebrities in Hollywood…. “ 

From a last will and testament using a template provided by LegalZoom.com : 

“I, Petra Schade, a resident of Minnesota in Sherburne County — being of sound mind and memory — do hereby make, publish, and declare this to be my last will and testament…

“At the time of executing this will, I am married to Kristopher Schade. The names of my (and Kristopher’s) four children are listed below…

“I hereby express my intent not to be buried in a cemetery. I ask that my remains be cremated and then scattered at the base of a tree.

“None will have any obligation to visit my remains or leave any kind of marker. I ask that my husband honor this request more than any supposed obligation to honor my corpse with a funeral or with any kind of religious ceremony.

“I ask, too, that my children honor me by taking advantage of opportunities to grow and nurture trees in their area and (if they like) beyond, without spending more than their household budgets can support…. “

Dating profiles and wanted ads are another fun way to flex your creative writing muscles. Imagine you or a friend is getting set up on a dating app. Or pretend you’re looking for a job, a roommate, or something else that could (potentially) make your life better. 

Example of dating profile: 

Headline: “Female 49-year-old writer/coder looking for good company”

“Just moved to the Twin Cities metro area, and with my job keeping me busy most of the time, I haven’t gotten out much and would like to meet a friend (and possibly more) who knows their way around and is great to talk to. I don’t have pets (though I like animals) — or allergies. And with my work schedule, I need to be home by 10 pm at the latest. That said, I’d like to get better acquainted with the area — with someone who can make the time spent exploring it even more rewarding.”  

Example of a wanted ad for a housekeeper: 

“Divorced mother of four (living with three of them half the time) is looking for a housekeeper who can tidy up my apartment (including the two bathrooms) once a week. Pay is $20 an hour, not including tips, for three hours a week on Friday mornings from 9 am to 12 pm. Please call or text me at ###-###-#### and let me know when we could meet to discuss the job.”

These come in so many different varieties, we won’t attempt to list them here, but we will provide one upbeat example. Use it as inspiration for a birthday message for someone you know—or to write yourself the kind of message you’d love to receive. 

Happy 50th Birthday card:  

“Happy Birthday, and congratulations on turning 50! I remember you telling me your 40s were better than your 30s, which were better than your 20s. Here’s to the best decade yet! I have no doubt you’ll make it memorable and cross some things off your bucket list before your 51st.

“You inspire and challenge me to keep learning, to work on my relationships, and to try new things. There’s no one I’d rather call my best friend on earth.” 

Now that you’ve looked through all 27 creative writing examples, which ones most closely resemble the kind of writing you enjoy? 

By that, we mean, do you enjoy both reading and creating it? Or do you save some types of creative writing just for reading—and different types for your own writing? You’re allowed to mix and match. Some types of creative writing provide inspiration for others. 

What kind of writing will you make time for today? 

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What Is Creative Writing? (Ultimate Guide + 20 Examples)

Creative writing begins with a blank page and the courage to fill it with the stories only you can tell.

I face this intimidating blank page daily–and I have for the better part of 20+ years.

In this guide, you’ll learn all the ins and outs of creative writing with tons of examples.

What Is Creative Writing (Long Description)?

Creative Writing is the art of using words to express ideas and emotions in imaginative ways. It encompasses various forms including novels, poetry, and plays, focusing on narrative craft, character development, and the use of literary tropes.

Table of Contents

Let’s expand on that definition a bit.

Creative writing is an art form that transcends traditional literature boundaries.

It includes professional, journalistic, academic, and technical writing. This type of writing emphasizes narrative craft, character development, and literary tropes. It also explores poetry and poetics traditions.

In essence, creative writing lets you express ideas and emotions uniquely and imaginatively.

It’s about the freedom to invent worlds, characters, and stories. These creations evoke a spectrum of emotions in readers.

Creative writing covers fiction, poetry, and everything in between.

It allows writers to express inner thoughts and feelings. Often, it reflects human experiences through a fabricated lens.

Types of Creative Writing

There are many types of creative writing that we need to explain.

Some of the most common types:

• Short stories
• Screenplays
• Flash fiction
• Creative Nonfiction

Short Stories (The Brief Escape)

Short stories are like narrative treasures.

They are compact but impactful, telling a full story within a limited word count. These tales often focus on a single character or a crucial moment.

Short stories are known for their brevity.

They deliver emotion and insight in a concise yet powerful package. This format is ideal for exploring diverse genres, themes, and characters. It leaves a lasting impression on readers.

Example: Emma discovers an old photo of her smiling grandmother. It’s a rarity. Through flashbacks, Emma learns about her grandmother’s wartime love story. She comes to understand her grandmother’s resilience and the value of joy.

Novels (The Long Journey)

Novels are extensive explorations of character, plot, and setting.

They span thousands of words, giving writers the space to create entire worlds. Novels can weave complex stories across various themes and timelines.

The length of a novel allows for deep narrative and character development.

Readers get an immersive experience.

Example: Across the Divide tells of two siblings separated in childhood. They grow up in different cultures. Their reunion highlights the strength of family bonds, despite distance and differences.

Poetry (The Soul’s Language)

Poetry expresses ideas and emotions through rhythm, sound, and word beauty.

It distills emotions and thoughts into verses. Poetry often uses metaphors, similes, and figurative language to reach the reader’s heart and mind.

Poetry ranges from structured forms, like sonnets, to free verse.

The latter breaks away from traditional formats for more expressive thought.

Example: Whispers of Dawn is a poem collection capturing morning’s quiet moments. “First Light” personifies dawn as a painter. It brings colors of hope and renewal to the world.

Plays (The Dramatic Dialogue)

Plays are meant for performance. They bring characters and conflicts to life through dialogue and action.

This format uniquely explores human relationships and societal issues.

Playwrights face the challenge of conveying setting, emotion, and plot through dialogue and directions.

Example: Echoes of Tomorrow is set in a dystopian future. Memories can be bought and sold. It follows siblings on a quest to retrieve their stolen memories. They learn the cost of living in a world where the past has a price.

Screenplays (Cinema’s Blueprint)

Screenplays outline narratives for films and TV shows.

They require an understanding of visual storytelling, pacing, and dialogue. Screenplays must fit film production constraints.

Example: The Last Light is a screenplay for a sci-fi film. Humanity’s survivors on a dying Earth seek a new planet. The story focuses on spacecraft Argo’s crew as they face mission challenges and internal dynamics.

Memoirs (The Personal Journey)

Memoirs provide insight into an author’s life, focusing on personal experiences and emotional journeys.

They differ from autobiographies by concentrating on specific themes or events.

Memoirs invite readers into the author’s world.

They share lessons learned and hardships overcome.

Example: Under the Mango Tree is a memoir by Maria Gomez. It shares her childhood memories in rural Colombia. The mango tree in their yard symbolizes home, growth, and nostalgia. Maria reflects on her journey to a new life in America.

Flash Fiction (The Quick Twist)

Flash fiction tells stories in under 1,000 words.

It’s about crafting compelling narratives concisely. Each word in flash fiction must count, often leading to a twist.

This format captures life’s vivid moments, delivering quick, impactful insights.

Example: The Last Message features an astronaut’s final Earth message as her spacecraft drifts away. In 500 words, it explores isolation, hope, and the desire to connect against all odds.

Creative Nonfiction (The Factual Tale)

Creative nonfiction combines factual accuracy with creative storytelling.

This genre covers real events, people, and places with a twist. It uses descriptive language and narrative arcs to make true stories engaging.

Creative nonfiction includes biographies, essays, and travelogues.

Example: Echoes of Everest follows the author’s Mount Everest climb. It mixes factual details with personal reflections and the history of past climbers. The narrative captures the climb’s beauty and challenges, offering an immersive experience.

Fantasy (The World Beyond)

Fantasy transports readers to magical and mythical worlds.

It explores themes like good vs. evil and heroism in unreal settings. Fantasy requires careful world-building to create believable yet fantastic realms.

Example: The Crystal of Azmar tells of a young girl destined to save her world from darkness. She learns she’s the last sorceress in a forgotten lineage. Her journey involves mastering powers, forming alliances, and uncovering ancient kingdom myths.

Science Fiction (The Future Imagined)

Science fiction delves into futuristic and scientific themes.

It questions the impact of advancements on society and individuals.

Science fiction ranges from speculative to hard sci-fi, focusing on plausible futures.

Example: When the Stars Whisper is set in a future where humanity communicates with distant galaxies. It centers on a scientist who finds an alien message. This discovery prompts a deep look at humanity’s universe role and interstellar communication.

Watch this great video that explores the question, “What is creative writing?” and “How to get started?”:

What Are the 5 Cs of Creative Writing?

The 5 Cs of creative writing are fundamental pillars.

They guide writers to produce compelling and impactful work. These principles—Clarity, Coherence, Conciseness, Creativity, and Consistency—help craft stories that engage and entertain.

They also resonate deeply with readers. Let’s explore each of these critical components.

Clarity makes your writing understandable and accessible.

It involves choosing the right words and constructing clear sentences. Your narrative should be easy to follow.

In creative writing, clarity means conveying complex ideas in a digestible and enjoyable way.

Coherence ensures your writing flows logically.

It’s crucial for maintaining the reader’s interest. Characters should develop believably, and plots should progress logically. This makes the narrative feel cohesive.

Conciseness

Conciseness is about expressing ideas succinctly.

It’s being economical with words and avoiding redundancy. This principle helps maintain pace and tension, engaging readers throughout the story.

Creativity is the heart of creative writing.

It allows writers to invent new worlds and create memorable characters. Creativity involves originality and imagination. It’s seeing the world in unique ways and sharing that vision.

Consistency

Consistency maintains a uniform tone, style, and voice.

It means being faithful to the world you’ve created. Characters should act true to their development. This builds trust with readers, making your story immersive and believable.

Is Creative Writing Easy?

Creative writing is both rewarding and challenging.

Crafting stories from your imagination involves more than just words on a page. It requires discipline and a deep understanding of language and narrative structure.

Exploring complex characters and themes is also key.

Refining and revising your work is crucial for developing your voice.

The ease of creative writing varies. Some find the freedom of expression liberating.

Others struggle with writer’s block or plot development challenges. However, practice and feedback make creative writing more fulfilling.

What Does a Creative Writer Do?

A creative writer weaves narratives that entertain, enlighten, and inspire.

Writers explore both the world they create and the emotions they wish to evoke. Their tasks are diverse, involving more than just writing.

Creative writers develop ideas, research, and plan their stories.

They create characters and outline plots with attention to detail. Drafting and revising their work is a significant part of their process. They strive for the 5 Cs of compelling writing.

Writers engage with the literary community, seeking feedback and participating in workshops.

They may navigate the publishing world with agents and editors.

Creative writers are storytellers, craftsmen, and artists. They bring narratives to life, enriching our lives and expanding our imaginations.

How to Get Started With Creative Writing?

Embarking on a creative writing journey can feel like standing at the edge of a vast and mysterious forest.

The path is not always clear, but the adventure is calling.

Here’s how to take your first steps into the world of creative writing:

• Find a time of day when your mind is most alert and creative.
• Create a comfortable writing space free from distractions.
• Use prompts to spark your imagination. They can be as simple as a word, a phrase, or an image.
• Try writing for 15-20 minutes on a prompt without editing yourself. Let the ideas flow freely.
• Reading is fuel for your writing. Explore various genres and styles.
• Pay attention to how your favorite authors construct their sentences, develop characters, and build their worlds.
• Don’t pressure yourself to write a novel right away. Begin with short stories or poems.
• Small projects can help you hone your skills and boost your confidence.
• Look for writing groups in your area or online. These communities offer support, feedback, and motivation.
• Participating in workshops or classes can also provide valuable insights into your writing.
• Understand that your first draft is just the beginning. Revising your work is where the real magic happens.
• Be open to feedback and willing to rework your pieces.
• Carry a notebook or digital recorder to jot down ideas, observations, and snippets of conversations.
• These notes can be gold mines for future writing projects.

Final Thoughts: What Is Creative Writing?

Creative writing is an invitation to explore the unknown, to give voice to the silenced, and to celebrate the human spirit in all its forms.

Check out these creative writing tools (that I highly recommend):

Read This Next:

• What Is a Prompt in Writing? (Ultimate Guide + 200 Examples)
• What Is A Personal Account In Writing? (47 Examples)
• How To Write A Fantasy Short Story (Ultimate Guide + Examples)
• How To Write A Fantasy Romance Novel [21 Tips + Examples)

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HOW TO SCORE ALL MARKS IN A KCSE IMAGINATIVE COMPOSITION

How to earn 19-20 marks in a kcse imaginative composition.

WRITING THE BEST IMAGINATIVE ESSAYS

  KCSE ENGLISH IMAGINATIVE COMPOSITION

Have you ever read or written a composition that has the following expressions?

“In two shakes of a lamb’s tail, I dashed to the frog’s kingdom to accuse the dirt …”

“His face was a supermarket/network of pimples” “Two gigantic men kidnapped me …”

“One chilly morning when the birds were chirping and the frogs were croaking …”

Well, as much as some of these expressions may not be grammatically wrong per se, they are clichés that show lack of imagination/creativity and thus will hinder you from scoring a quality mark in KCSE English 101/3 imaginative composition.

This question simply tests your ability to communicate.

Creative writing

According to Wikipedia Creative writing is any writing that goes outside the bounds of normal professional, journalistic , academic , or technical forms of literature, typically identified by an emphasis on narrative craft, character development, and the use of literary tropes or with various traditions of poetry and poetics .

The question tests the candidates’ creativity, originality and ability to communicate in writing.

You should ensure that these objectives are met by the end of the course before your learners attempt English 101/3 tests.

By the end of the course, the learner should be able to:

• writelegiblyandneatly;
• aplyspelingrulesandspelwordscorectly;
• usepunctuationmarkscorectly;
• writeclearandcorectsentences,andorganizeideasinalogical sequence;
• communicateeffectivelyinwriting,usingavarietyofsentence structures;
• developparagraphsusingdifferentdevices;
• usefigurativelanguagecorectlyandapropriately;
• usecohesivedevicesindevelopingparagraphs;
• usepunctuationmarksapropriately,competentlyandcreatively;
• demonstratecompetenceinwritingdifferentypesofesays;
• presentinformationinavarietyofways;
• demonstratecompetenceinusingawiderangeofsentencestructures andvocabularytocreatethedesiredeffect.

Therefore, apart from teaching creative writing (imaginative compositions) which is taught in form 3, teachers should ensure the learners acquire other writing skills as well. These include;

• Handwriting-legibilityandtidines
• Commonlymispeltwords— spelingandspelingrules

c)   Sentencebuildingskillsandparagraphing

• i. Writingclearandcorectsentences
• Structureoftheparagraph:topicsentences,suportingsentences, clinchersentences,sequencingofideas,unityinparagraphs.

• Sentencevariety;usingsimple,compoundandcomplexsentences Devicesofdevelopingparagraphs:givingreasons/examples, comparing

andcontrasting,usingidiomaticexpresions,using                                                                                               facts/statisticsand usingrhetoricalquestions.

• C o h e s i o n i n p a r ag r a ph s UsingtransitionalwordsandphrasesChoiceofwordsrecurentwords (differentwordsthatrefertothesameideaintheparagraph)tocreate emphasisParaphrasing.
• P un c t u a t i o n : Capitalization,final/terminalpunctuationmarks, commas,quotationmarks,apostrophe,hyphen,colon,Semi-colon,dash, parenthesis,devicesforpresentingtitlesofpublications,quotationsand headings.
• S t ud y W r i t i n g : Descriptiveesays,Argumentativeesays,Expository writing,

To help your learners perform well in KCSE imaginative composition, you should teach different types of writing and provide them with ample practice. You should also impress upon them that expository composition is concerned with linguistic ability as it is not concerned with the points.

WRITING A+ KCSE IMAGINATIVE COMPOSITIONS

The best KCSE imaginative compositions score between 19-20 marks. Your composition must possess the following in order to fall under this category.

• Intelligibility-able to be understood (comprehensible)
• Correctness
• Accuracy (devoid of errors)
• Fluency (communicates easily/very well/smoothly)
• Pleasantness
• Originality (new and different in a good and appealing way)

NOTE: Linguistic competence carries the most marks in imaginative compositions.

CATEGORIES OF KCSE IMAGINATIVE COMPOSITIONS

The category your essay falls under depends on the degree of communication . Other factors discussed below will determine the specific numerical mark you earn.

• D CLASS: (1-5 MARKS) Guesswork-No communication at all
• C CLASS: (6-10 MARKS) Flat-Weak communication because of strain (lacks fluency)
• B CLASS: (11-15MARKS) Fluent-Ease of communication due to greater fluency
• A CLASS: (16-20MARKS) Pleasant-Captivating, creative, has command of language

HOW TO WRITE AN A-CLASS IMAGINATIVE COMPOSITION

We all want to write pleasant compositions that fall in A CLASS in order to score high marks.

To achieve that, we MUST write compositions that possess the following qualities.

A-CLASS KCSE IMAGINATIVE COMPOSITIONS

• Write fluently and attractively
• Must have originality (new and different)/efficiency
• Make us feel your deep feelings (senses), emotions (strong feelings g. love, fear, anger, bitterness, relief, joy etc), and enthusiasm (strong interest, desires, excitement)
• Should be attractive (pleasant/appealing/interesting)

This falls in the general category of a pleasant composition that score between 16- 20 marks.

This article, however, is meant to help you write a KCSE imaginative composition that will earn between 19-20 marks

In order to achieve this, you must;

• Express yourself freely
• Exhibit no visible constraint
• Exhibit maturity(avoid obscene, suggestive, steamy or graphic description of sexual innuendos or other forms of immorality), good planning, humour (comical/funny)
• Have many items of merit ( correct vocabulary (or jargon-informal language does not score), phrasal verbs, idioms, proverbs, aspects of literary techniques g.

irony, suspense, imagery etc , correct, appealing felicity of expression in whole sentences or paragraphs)

• Show clever arrangement (e.g. flashbacks creating suspense)
• Have felicity of expression (well chosen features in writing/communication)

⚠ ERRORS ERRORS

Avoid the following errors;

• Faulty paragraphing
• Repetition/redundancies (using a word phrase etc that repeats something else and is therefore unnecessary-e.g. bow down, reverse back, colleague teachers, repeat again )
• Illegibility (impossible or hard to read or decipher because of poor handwriting)
• Vagueness (thoughts that are not stated or expressed clearly; in a general and not specific way) Obscurity (unclear, difficult to understand)
• Wrong word order/illogical (lacking sense or clear sound reasoning)or contradictory (inconsistent) statements
• Broken English (e.g. his business has caught down instead of his business is thriving , hunger is biting me, etc)
• Contracted forms (e.g. didn’t instead of did not; NB they may be used in direct speech )

GROSS ERRORS contribute to a lower score and learners whose compositions have the following errors more often than not fail to score over 15 marks in their compositions. Gross errors include;

• Errors of subject-verb agreement
• Serious tense error
• Errors of elementary vocabulary, misuse of vocabulary, wrong spellings of vocabularies (avoid clichés e.g. I ran as fast as my feeble legs could carry me, I took my breakfast in a blink of an eye )
• Punctuation errors e.g. missing punctuation marks (missing final punctuation marks g. full stop is penalized heavily)
• Errors of sentence construction
• Ridiculous use of idioms thus affecting communication
• Misuse of common prepositions
• Misuse of capital letters

TYPES OF KCSE IMAGINATIVE ESSAYS

English 101/3 tests three types of essays;

• Narrative essays: Simply tell a
• Descriptive essays: Paint a picture with
• Expository essays: Just give the facts as per the

Examples of PAST KCSE IMAGINATIVE COMPOSITIONS

KCSE ENGLISH 101/3 IMAGINATIVE COMPOSITION 2018

For composition 1(a) you should write a narrative; 1(b) write a descriptive essay.

KCSE IMAGINATIVE COMPOSITION 2018

KCSE ENGLISH 101/3 IMAGINATIVE COMPOSITION 2017

For composition 1(a) you should write a narrative; 1(b) write an expository essay.

KCSE IMAGINATIVE COMPOSITION 2017

KCSE ENGLISH 101/3 IMAGINATIVE COMPOSITION 2016

KCSE IMAGINATIVE COMPOSITION 2016

KCSE ENGLISH 101/3 IMAGINATIVE COMPOSITION 2015

For composition:

1(a) you should write a narrative; compose a story to illustrate the saying;

1(b) write an expository essay. Simply give facts about what you think should be done to reduce indiscipline in schools (Do not write a story)

KCSE IMAGINATIVE COMPOSITION 2015

KCSE ENGLISH 101/3 IMAGINATIVE COMPOSITION 2014

Your essay should not exceed 450 words (about 3 pages of your KCSE answer booklet). Otherwise you risk losing 2 marks.

However, the quality of an essay depends solely on how effectively it communicates.

AMERICAN SPELLING

American spelling e.g. color, labor, center, meter etc is not penalised. It’s only penalised if there is lack of consistency.

OTHER HELPFUL TIPS

Narrative essays

• Understand the setting of the composition in line with the rubric. If the composition is about a crime scene that informs you about the physical setting of

your story. You do not have to start your story on a chilly morning with chirping birds or taking breakfast. Take us to the scene and give us the events that happen before and possibly after the crime.

• Have a simple, clear storyline with an introduction, climax and
• Have a clear, consistent point of
• Be a character in the Use the first person pronoun “I”
• Use direct speech to give your story ‘life’.
• Develop your characters fully (describe them and make it easy for readers to infer their character traits). Have relateable, realistic
• Evoke emotions in the Create an air of poignancy-painfully affecting the feelings (evoke feelings of sadness, joy, sympathy, anger, bitterness, nostalgia etc). Share your deep feelings.
• Uphold morals and avoid praising
• Tell an original story-new and interesting
• It helps to start your story with direct speech, a poem, a song etc if (only if you have not been instructed to begin with certain words)
• Titles are not necessary since they do not add any value to your However, they may make you lose marks if they contain any errors.
• Build suspense
• Avoid oral narratives ( Once upon a time … or fantasies with ogres in the forest- unless you have ever encountered one or know someone who has). Your essay

SHOULD be creative but realistic.

• Must be a If not you risk losing 4 marks! You DO NOT want to lose four hard earned marks, do you?
• Begin or end with the words provided or else you will lose 2 valuable
• Avoid any errors
• Write legibly and clearly

In brief, simply write a story. Tell a story the way you would when talking to your grandma or your buddies.

There is no fixed format so do not copy story lines from books (e.g. the Bible) and movies- this may expose your lack of creativity. Express yourself freely.

Do not cram a composition and cross your fingers hoping that you get a similar one in KCSE.

Expository essays

For expository compositions, we are not concerned with the points, only the linguistic ability.

• Introduce your essay on the first paragraph, write at least four points in at least four separate paragraphs, and conclude or sum up your essay in the last
• Develop cohesive paragraphs for a smooth flowing Use transitional words to link your paragraphs and sentences.
• A paragraph must introduce the main idea in the topic sentence (the first sentence of each paragraph). The next two or three sentences should add information to support this main Sum up the paragraph with a clincher-a statement which

summarises the paragraph before you introduce a new point.

Descriptive essays

Thedescriptiveessayisagenreofessaythatasksthestudento describesomething—objectperson,place,experience,emotion, situation,etc.Thegoalofwhichistopaintanimagethatisvivid andmovinginthemindofthereader.Thereadershouldclearly formanimpressionofthethingyouaredescribing.

• Brainstorm on the features of the person or thing and write them
• Use simple, clear language
• Use vivid language g. ox instead of cow, tempestuous instead of violent , stallion not horse, bungalow not house
• Appeal to the senses of touch, smell, sight, hearing and Explain how something looks, tastes, smells etc
• Create a clear impression in the reader’s Describe someone or something until I see it.
• Be organised
• Write neatly/legibly
• Avoid errors

SAMPLE KCSE IMAGINATIVE COMPOSITIONS

KCSE IMAGINATIVE COMPOSITION

Mwalimu Wafula Wekati

Writer at: www.wekati.blogspot.com [email protected]

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ENGLISH Paper 3 Questions and Answers - KCSE 2022 Past Papers

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Answer three questions only;

• Write a story begining ;  When i arrived home , i found a crowd gathered in our compown .Everyone seemed very happy ,  or
• Write a compositon explaining how discipline in school can be improved .
• The compulsury set Text   (20marks)  Henrik ibsen, A Doll's House  A male dominated society poses certain challenges to women . However some women resist the limitations imposed on tem .Drawing illustrations from Herik ibsen's play ,A Doll's House , write an easya to show how Nora fights her way in male dominated society.
• The short story  Chris Wanjala  Memories We Lost and Other Stories  People suffering from mental illness need unconditional love , This may help them to cope better with condions.Using illustration from the short story m "Memories We lost " by lidudumalingani Mqombothi , write an eassy in surport of this statement.  or
• The play  David Mulwa , inheritance  Corruption always catches up with those involved and ends up embarassing themUsing illustrations from David Mulwa's play inharitance ,write an eassay in support of the statement. or 
• The Novel  john Steinbeck , The Pearl When  we gain fortune and popularity , some  people may become envious of us . Drawing relevant illustration from John Steinbeck's The Pearl, write an eassay in support of this statement.

MARKING SCHEME 

Paper 101/3 is intended to test the candidates' ability to communicate in writing. Communication is established at different levels of intelligibility, correctness, accuracy, fluency, pleasantness and originality. Within the constraints set by each question, it is the linguistic competence shown by the candidate that should carry most of the marks.

Examiners should not hesitate to use the full range of marks for each essay.

It is important to determine first how each essay communicates and in which category A, B, C or D it fits. (The marks indicated below are for question one.)

D CLASS (01-05)  The candidate either does not communicate at all or his language ability is so minimal that the examiner practically has to guess what the candidate wants to say. N The candidate fails to fit the English words he knows into meaningful sentences. e The subject is glanced at or distorted. Practically no valid punctuation. All kinds of errors. ("Broken English").

D-01-02 Chaotic, little meaning whatsoever. Question paper or some words from it simply copied.

D 03  Flow of thought almost impossible to follow. The errors are continuous.

D+ 04-05 Although the English is often broken and the essay is full of errors of all types, we can at least guess what the candidate wants to say

C CLASS (06-10)  The candidate communicates understandably but only more or less clearly. He is not confident with his language. The subject is often undeveloped. There may be some digressions. Unnecessary repetitions are frequent. The arrangement is weak and the flow jerky. There is no economy of language; mother tongue influence is felt.

C-06-07 The candidate obviously finds it difficult to communicate his/her ideas. He/she is seriously hampered by his/her very limited knowledge of structure and vocabulary. This results in many gross errors of agreement, spelling, misuse of prepositions, tenses, verb agreement and sentence construction.

C 08  The candidate communicates but not with consistent clarity. His/her linguistic abilities being very limited, he/she cannot avoid frequent errors in sentence structure. There is little variety or originality. Very bookish English, links are weak, incorrect, repeated at times.

C+09-10 The candidate communicates clearly but in a flat and uncertain manner. Simple concepts sentence forms are often strained. There may be an overuse of clichés, unsuitable idioms. Proverbs are misquoted or misinterpreted. The flow is still jerky. There are some errors of agreement, tenses and spelling.

B CLASS (11-15) This class is characterized by greater fluency and ease of expression. The candidate demonstrates that he/she can use English as a normal way of expressing himself/herself. Sentences are varied and usually well-constructed. Some candidates become ambitious and even over ambitious. There may be items of merit of the one word or one expression type. Many essays in this category may be just clean and unassuming but they still show that the candidate is at ease with the language. There may be a tendency to under mark such essays. Give credit for Correct choice of words diction tone.

B-11-12  The candidate communicates fairly and with some fluency. There may be little variety in sentence structure. Gross errors are still found occasionally, but this must not be over punished by the examiner.

B 13 The sentences are varied but rather simple and straight forward. The candidate does not strain himself in an effort to impress. There is a fair range of vocabulary and idiom. Natural and effortless. Some items of merit, economy of language.

B+14-15  The candidate communicates his ideas pleasantly and without strain. There are errors and slips. Tenses, spelling and punctuation are quite good. A number of items of merit of the "whole sentence" or the "whole expression" type. 

A CLASS (16-20)  The candidate communicates not only fluently but attractively, with originality and efficiency. He/She has the ability to make us share his deep feelings, emotions and enthusiasms. He/She expresses himself freely and without any visible constraint. The script gives evidence of maturity, good planning and often humour. Many items of merit which indicate that the candidate has complete command of the language. There is no strain, just pleasantness, clever arrangement and felicity of expression.

A-16-17  The candidate shows competence and fluency in using the language. He may lack imagination or originality which usually provide the "spark" in such essays. Vocabulary, idiom, sentence structure, links, variety are impressive. Gross errors are very rare. 

A 18  Positive ability. A few errors that are felt to be slips. The story or argument has a definite impact. No grammar problem. Variety of structures. A definite spark. Many margin ticks.

MARKING SYMBOLS

• The following symbols may also be used. FAULTY PARAGRAPHING      -   //P REPETITION   -  (of words) a circle around the word R     -     (of ideas) usually in the margin ILLEGIBILITY (ILL)  -   (of ideas) usually in the margin (If it affects more than one line) VAGUENESS (V)   -    vague (in the margin) WRONG WORD ORDER (WO)   -  Underline once and write W.O. in the margin ILLOGICAL or CONTRADICTORY (ILL) - (in the margin) BROKEN ENGLISH (BR)    -     when the candidate fails to communicate BR in margin. 64- FOR PURPOSES OF IDENTIFICATION COW (done by the TL) to indicate that a candidate has cancelled his/her work. BRACKETS] indicate a part of a D script that communicates. Use an asterisk to indicate an item or a sentence that the rubrics indicate should beused.
• Almost any error of agreement
• Serious tense error
• Errors of elementary vocabulary: spelling and misuse
• Punctuation errors or missing punctuation which causes serious lack of communication.
• Elementary errors of sentence construction.
• Ridiculous use of idiom that affects communication.
• Misuse of common prepositions
• Contracted forms
• Misuse of capital letters - Use CAPS. Underline the first page and use CAPS on subsequent pages where the mistake persists

MARKING NORMAL SCRIPTS

• Read and decide on the degree of communication achieved, A-D
• After underlining decide on the mark category
• Consistent distortion of question, evasion of question, writing on a totally different subject with a clumsy attempt at connecting the essay to the subject given, inclusion of memorized passages, etc.)
• The question is given an unacceptable or questionable interpretation.
• Essays contain long, semi-irrelevant digressions or lack coherence. Action The examiner marks the essay, gives a linguistic mark and comments on the nature of the irrelevancy. The essay is then passed over to the team leader who judges whether the irrelevancy should be judged as a deliberate attempt to deceive or should be attributed to the candidate's poor understanding of the subject. Deduct up to 4 marks for irrelevancy in the essay. If dishonesty is suspected, the Chief Examiner should be informed. Any deduction of 3 marks or more should be referred to the Chief Examiner.
• CONTRAVENTION OF RUBRIC Since the rubrics may change from year to year, the POINTS OF INTEPRETATION that are part of this MARKING SCHEME must be consulted and adhered to faithfully. Here are some general rules that usually apply.
• Read and decide on the category D+, D or D-.
• Mark the errors on all the pages of the essay.
• Team leaders should look at a good number of those scripts and ensure that the mark given is fair.
• BREVITY It should be remembered that the main quality of an essay is how effectively it communicates. If an essay looks too short, the examiner should take the time to count the exact number of words //The essay should not exceed 450 words.
• KENYAN ENGLISH A good number of words and expressions are understood and currently used by all Kenyans. They can be used in essays without any need for quotation marks or explanations. We can include among those: panga, rungu, shamba, murram, matatu wananchi, ugali, madarasa, harambee, matoke maendeleo ya wanawake, salaam, ayah, askari debe, duka, Nyayo, boma, sukumawiki, goat party, manyatta, magendo

AMERICAN SPELLING

Although "English" spelling is more common than "American" spelling in Kenya, examiners should accept both spellings and no penalty should be given for such variations. Penalize for lack of consistency in usage of either. .

• The candidate is expected to write a story that begins with the statement. The candidate should bring out a situation where he/she arrives home and finds a happy crowd gathered in their home/compound. He/she should narrate what exactly made the mood carnival. Or
• The candidate is expected to come up with an expository writing explaining how insecurity in schools can be improved.
• Introduction It is widely believed that male domination is the prime obstacle to women's advancement and development. This domination has seen many women remain subordinate. It is believed that resources and power are controlled by men. In the play, A Doll's House, Nora is a victim of a male dominated society. However, she fights to remain relevant and she eventually disapproves the notion that women are subservient to men.
• Nora takes the responsibility of saving her husband's life. She takes a loan to send Torvald for medical treatment abroad. This demonstrates that Nora is intelligent and possesses capacities beyond wifehood. She risked acquiring two hundred and fifty pounds by a forged signature. She did this for the sake of her husband, Helmer. Unfortunately when Helmer came to learn about it, he did not appreciate Nora's effort. (P.34, 36, 37, 38)
• Nora is quite creative/ innovative/ self-sacrificing. Once she takes the loan from the bank, she embarks on paying off the debt. When Krogstad uses the details of the bond to blackmail her, Nora tells him in the face that "haven't I been paying it regularly?" In fact, Nora is sure that as soon as the New Year comes, she will in a very short time be free of the whole thing (P.35). This shows that Nora is strong and focused.
• From her little savings, Nora is able to buy certain things in the house. She is able to buy a new suit for Ivar and sword; and a horse ád a trumpet for Bob; and a doll and dolly's bedstead for Emmy, dress lengths and handkerchiefs for the maids" (P. 4). Nora says, "I do really save all I can" (P. 6). It is from the little savings that she even manages to pay the loan. All the decisions Nora makes on behalf of the family are out of the norm in a patriarchal society.
• Nora refuses to listen to Torvald's pleading to her to stay. She declines to forgive Torvald's severe and selfish reaction after learning of her deception and forgery. Nora shows that all along she has just been pretending but she has been aware that Torvald looks down on her. (P. 114, 115, 116, 117, 118, 119)
• Nora's awareness of the truth escalates her rebellion and she eventually walks out on her husband and children to lead an independent life. Nora laments, "I must think over things for myself and get to understand them... a woman has no right to spare her old dying father, or to save her husband's life? I can't believe that." (P. 114, 115, 116, 117, 118, 119) Conclusion Women face innumerable challenges in male dominated societies. It is only prudent that they put a spirited fight against these inequalities so as to improve their lives. This is what Nora demonstrates in Henrik Ibsen's play, A Doll's House. Accept any other valid Conclusion.
• The narrator sympathizes with the sister who suffers from the "thing", a disease that the community does not understand. She experiences the "thing" that comes unannounced. However, after an attack, the narrator always prays to God and causes the sister untold suffering. and the ancestres to protect the sister agent the thing that causes her untold suffering 8310
• The narrator also consoles the sister any time she experiences an attack. She waits for the sister to embrace her. They embrace tightly and for a long time hoping that the moment would last forever.
• When the narrator's sister has an attack, the narrator does not run away but instead tries to calm her down. "I tried to make her step, I held her hands, bound them behind her back, laid my body against hers..." (P. 12)
• The "thing" takes away speech and memories from the narrator's sister. The narrator does not give up but finds ways of communicating with the sister. They develop their own language of communication. "We spend our days talking in our own language." (P. 13).
• The narrator does not retaliate when the sister offends her during an attack. Her sister does not realize what she has done, after pouring hot porridge on her. The narrator lies that she had poured hot water on herself because she knows if she tells the sister what she has done, she would never forgive herself.
• The narrator sympathizes with her sister when she misses school for a long time because of her condition. She is willing to miss school and wait for the sister to improve so that they could go to school together. She keeps the sister company at home and they draw sketches together.
• When the narrator learns that her sister's illness is incurable, she makes the sister get rid of the medication. This is because her teacher had said the disease was incurable and therefore the drugs were not going to heal but destroy her. After abandoning the drugs for a while, the narrator's sister is able to recognize herself and communicate again.
• Attempts to heal the sister through medication and rituals seems to have failed. The mother and smelly foot quietly plan to take the sister to a 'sangoma' from another village, who was known for 'baking' people claiming to cure them. According to the narrator, she had not heard of any people who had died or lived after being 'baked'. She decided to run away from the village with her sister to save her for the pain of being 'baked' and nursing burns. They leave the village not knowing where they were going.
• When sick people suffer from conditions not known by those around them it can lead to a lot of pain and suffering. However, when those around them show love and kindness they make their situation bearable. This is what happens to the narrator's sister in Lidudumalingani Mqombothi's short story "Memories We Lost."
• Introduction Sometimes people who are corrupt are socially accepted, respected and even feared in the society. It is rather sad when a society becomes so corrupt that nobody feels embarrassed. However, there comes a time when all that is done in darkness eventually comes to light. // In David Mulwa's play, Inheritance, leader Lucuna Kasoo's fraudulent activities in Kutula Republic come to haunt him and his deceitful nature leaves him with an egg on face.
• Leader Lacuna Kasoo is so corrupt that he doesn't care whether the country's' coffers ement remain dry. He borrows money from developed countries and does not put the loans into serious economic use. He borrows in the name of his country and banks the same loan in his own personal account. Robert says, "This bunch of borrowers are liars to boot... "Borrow in their people's name and bank it in their individual accounts with the same bank that lent them." Lacuna Kasoo's schemes comes to light and his financiers are able to point this out (P. 61).
• Lacuna Kasoo spends enormous amount of money on unnecessary celebrations. He treats his friends and confidants with imported beer, whiskies and beverages. He does not purchase goods in his own country, instead he imports all that he consumes. Robert remarks, "In that lavish banquet, what exactly came from the locals?... We had rivers of our very own wine and whiskeys, canned beer from my subsidiary companies, an array of the most delectable dishes that would make old President Brambles howl with glee and cut a caper in the oval office" (P. 61). Robert is able to point out this extravagance and expose the wasteful nature of leader Lacuna Kasoo
• Lacuna Kasoo was duped by the colonial masters to poison his father. His late father was a stumbling block in imperialist efforts to exploit the natural resources in Kutula. To ease the whiteman's access to the wealth of Kutula, Lacuna Kasoo's father, King Kutula had to 42, be killed. Lacuna Kasoo ironically says that his late father did nothing to enhance Kutula economy and that his father was weak and that during his time nobody owned anything much (P. 64). A person who can conspire to kill his own father is evil and cursed.
• When leader Lacuna Kasoo was given a loan of thirty billion shillings to salvage the economy, the money was mismanaged and there is nothing to show for it (P. 40). Lacuna was supposed to service the mines and buy new machines, but instead, the machines are rotten and disintegrating. This blatant economic mismanagement is pointed out by financiers and leader Lacuna Kasoo is unable to explain how he spent the billions.
• Conclusion Corruption erodes the trust that people put in their leaders when those leaders wastes public resources earmarked for public projects. Quite often when people come to learn about the extent of this economic wastage and rot, the same leaders normally become embarrassed in the court of public opinion. This is what David Mulwa captures in his play, Inheritance. Accept any othe valid conclusion
• Introduction People who gain success, or possess skills, or qualities that other people desire may attract jealousy and resentment. In the extreme, fortune and popularity may compromise the security of an individual. In John Steinbeck's, The Pearl, Kino's pearl earns him many enemies and puts his life and that of his family at risk.
• It is indicated that Kino's possession of the pearl of the world had become the new sensation in La Paz. It is said that "every man suddenly became related to Kino's pearl and Kino's pearl went into the... schemes, plans... lusts, the hungers, of everyone, and only one person stood in the way and that was Kino, so he became curiously every man's enemy" (P. 43). It is further indicated that Kino's pearl stirred up something infinitely black and evil in the town. However, Kino and Juana did not know that not everyone shared in their happiness and excitement.
• Immediately the doctor left Kino's hut, Kino was attached savagely by a person who supposedly wanted to rob him of the pearl of the world. "Then from the corner of the house came a sound so soft... the almost inaudible purr of controlled breathing..." (P. 58). Kino responded to this attack by striking the moving shadow with his knife. "He struck ... and felt his knife go through cloth" (P. 58). The attacker also struck back at Kino in the head. "Kino could feel warm blood running down from his forehead" (P. 59)
• After Juan Tomas had left Kino's house, a robber attacked Kino slashing him and inflicting an ugly wound. Kino suffered "a long deep cut in his check from ear to chin, a deep bleeding slash. And Kino was only half conscious" (P. 79). The continued possession of the pearl of the world poses a great risk to Kino's life and that of his family.
• Just after Kino had beaten up Juana when she attempted to snatch the pearl from him and tried to throw it to back into the sea, Kino is dangerously attached by a man in darkness and he almost lost his life. However, Kino managed to overpower the attacker and killed him (P. 84-85). "Juana knew that the old life was gone forever. A dead man in the path and Kino's, dark-bladed beside him... (P. 85). This demonstrates that Kino's life is increasingly being threatened. (P86, 87).
• The hatred of Kino's enemies is aggravated the destruction of his canoe. This is his only source of livelihood. Someone maliciously dug a great hole at the bottom of Kino's canoe. This vessel was very special to Kino. It was an inheritance from his grandfather. It is indicated that "the killing of a man was not so evil as the killing of a boat... There was sorrow in Kino's rage (P. 87)
• Out of envy, Kino's enemies burn down his house/home. A home symbolizes safety and stability, a place of refuge. This heinous act shows how much they hate him. They have planned to destroy him completely. In fact, they assumed that Kino's family would perish in the inferno. Kino becomes a fugitive, a homeless wanderer.
• for lune From the illustrations, it is true that are man's future or success can become another's envy. These fortunes may be potential sources of insecurity and can put one's life and that of the family at a great risk. This is what John Steinbeck captures in his novella, The Pearl.

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21 Top Examples of Creative Writing

By Rofida Khairalla

Let’s be practical: anyone can be a writer.

Sure, practicing the skill and perfecting the art takes a certain modicum of natural interest in the profession.

But the thing that so many people can often overlook is that being a “writer” isn’t defined by how much you write.

So many times we can get hung up on trying to write a bestselling novel or groundbreaking book that we can forget that there are so many other types of writing out there.

Take a step back for a moment and think about it this way:

Whether you have a blog, a social media page, or spend all day texting that special someone, there’s probably an inner literary genius inside you waiting to burst out on the page.

Maybe you don’t have the time or the patience to write a novel, and that’s okay. There are plenty of different types of writing out there and you can most likely find one category, or several, that allow you to get your thoughts on paper in a way that works for you.

If you’re curious to know more, or are just interested in trying out a new writing genre, we’ve made it easier for you by compiling a list of the top 21 examples of creative writing.

1. Novel Writing

A novel is probably the most popular example of creative writing out there. When you think “creative writing” an image of Stephen King typing madly at his computer is probably the first thing that pops into your head. And that’s okay. Given that novels have been a popular form of entertainment for centuries, it’s not surprising.  Typically what distinguishes a novel from other forms of writing is that novels are usually works of fiction that are longer in length and follow a set of characters and plot structure.

2. Short Stories

When it comes to examples of imaginative writing, not unlike its longer counterpart, the novel, short stories also follow a set plot and typically feature one character or a selection of characters. However, the thing to keep in mind about short stories is that they typically resolve in fewer than 50 pages.

3. Flash Fiction

If you’re up for a real challenge, try your hand at some flash fiction . This type is similar to a short story or novel in the sense that it follows some form of a plot. However, flash fiction usually resolves within a few hundred words or less. There are a few kinds of flash fiction that exist: the six word story, the 50 word story, and the hundred word story. Additionally, flash fiction also has another faction known as sudden fiction, which usually tells a full story in about 750 words.

As an example of imaginative writing, the incredible thing about poetry is that there are so many kinds. From narrative to lyrical and even language poetry there’s so many different ways you can express yourself through a poem. You might be especially interested in pursuing poetry if you enjoy word play or experimenting with the musicality behind words.

Although rap is somewhat of a subcategory of poetry, it’s one of the few forms of poetry that can often get over looked in academic classes. However, it’s probably one of the more contemporary types of poetry available while still sticking to many of the classical rules (or tools) of poetry, including rhyme. Also, it’s one of the areas where the best writers are really produced. The reason for that is because rap forces writers to think on their feet in a way that many other genres don’t.

Playwriting is another great writing style to experiment with, especially if you enjoy the idea of seeing your work come to life. Typically, playwriting involves developing a script that both clearly sets the setting, plot, and characters while also minimizing the amount of description used. One of the key elements of a play is that it’s a collaboration of minds, even though they often don’t work together at the same time. Yet the final product, the performance, is always the end result of work done by the playwright as well as the director, actors and even set designers.

7. Scripts (T.V./Movies)

Like traditional plays, movie or T.V. scripts are often the result of collaboration between a team of people including the cast and crew. However, the big difference is that when you’re writing a T.V. or movie script , you’re often working together with the director and the actors as part of the production team.

Not a fiction writer? No problem! You probably have a unique story worth sharing: it’s called your life. Here’s the deal when it comes to memoirs: the biggest thing to remember is that not everything in your life is considered readership-worthy. In fact, most things probably aren’t. But, most likely, there is a unique angle or perspective that you can take when examining your life.

For example, if you have a really distinctive family history and you’re looking into exploring it, that could be a great subject for a memoir. Maybe you have a really interesting job that exposes you to lots of different people and events on a regular basis; you could write a book about your experiences in that field. The key to writing a good memoir is knowing what angle to take on any subject.

9. Non-Fiction Narratives

Of course, a memoir is just a subsection of a category known as the non-fiction narrative. But not all non-fiction narratives are memoirs. Take for example author Tim Hernandez, who wrote the book Mañana means Heaven . Hernandez writes in a style that is inherently descriptive and interesting, despite the fact that the book’s narrative is mostly based on research and interviews.

10. Songs/Lyrics

Another sector of poetry, songs and lyrics are also a great place where you can express your thoughts and emotions not only through words, but also through music. Whether you’re writing a love ballad or a hymn, there are lots of reasons to enjoy working in this genre. While a lot of this genre is relatively unrestrictive in terms of what you can create, it’s a really good idea to get familiar with the basics of song writing. Especially in an era where so much of the music we hear is impacted by technology, the more you know about the art of song writing, the freer you will be to experiment.

11. Speeches

Speech writing is another great way to express yourself and also reach a wider audience. The thing about speeches is that they are both a form of oral and written text, so the key to writing a really good speech is to take into consideration your phrasing, word choice and syntax. More importantly, the way a speech is delivered can really make or break its success. Practice strong enunciation, confident body language and invoking a clear voice.

12. Greeting Cards

You might hear a lot about greeting cards when people talk about how to make easy money as a writer. But the truth is, being a greeting card writer is anything but easy. You have to be able to keep the greeting card expressions short, catchy and, in a lot of cases, funny. However, if you’ve got the chops to try your hand at a few greeting cards, practice writing limericks and other forms of short poetry. More importantly, read lots of greeting cards to get an idea of how the best writers go about creating the really fun cards that you enjoy purchasing.

It used to be that blogs were the place where teenagers could go to express their teenage angst. But nowadays, blogs are also a great place to be if you’re a writer. There are an unlimited amount of topics you can successfully blog on that will garner attention from audiences. You can use your blog as a forum to share your writing or even reflect on current events, the stock market—really anything! The possibilities are endless, but the key is finding a subject and sticking to it. For example, if you decide to start a blog dedicated to rock music, stick to rock music. Avoid long tangents about politics or other unrelated subjects.

14. Feature Journalism

Feature Journalism is a great place to start if you want to get your feet wet if you’re interested in reporting. Why? Because there are a lot more creative aspects to feature journalism compared to news journalism. Feature stories typically allow you more flexibility with the kinds of details you put into the article, as well as more room for creativity in your lede.

15. Column Writing

If you like the idea of journalism but feel you could never be a journalist in light of your strong opinions, column writing is another avenue you can take. The thing about columns is that they’re typically based in ideas and opinions rather than fact. Yet, because columnists are considered experts in their respective fields, their opinion tends to hold more sway with readers.

As part of the non-fiction narrative family, the personal essay, or even the academic essay, has plenty of elements that are creative. Whether you’re writing about personal experiences or a science project, there are lots of opportunities you have to be creative and hook your reader. Even the most mundane reports have the opportunity to become interesting if you know how to present your topic. As with a lot of non-fiction writing, the secret to writing a good essay is all about your framing. When you begin writing, think about explaining the issue in the most engaging way possible. Just because your writing should cut to the chase doesn’t mean that it should be bland, boring or bogged down in technical jargon. Use anecdotes, clear and concise language, and even humor to express your findings.

17. Twitter Stories

With only 140 characters, how can you tell a story? Well, when you use Twitter, that’s exactly what you’re doing. However, a new phenomenon that’s currently taking over the site is a type of flash fiction called Twitterature, where writers tell a full story or write a poem in 140 characters or less.

18. Comic Strips

If you have a knack for writing and drawing, then you might be especially interested in working on a comic strip. Comic strips are harder project to tackle because they require a lot of preplanning before you start writing. Before you begin drafting you need to know the plot and have a strong outline for how the graphics will look.

19. Collaboration

This is typically a writing exercise that writers do with other writers to expand on their creativity. Essentially the way the exercise works is that one writer will start a story and another will finish it. You might be especially familiar with this kind of work if you’ve ever read the work of an author that was completed AFTER their death. However, collaboration is just another way you can bounce ideas off another person. You can also collaborate with other writers for world building , character development and even general brainstorming.

20. Novella

An example of creative writing, a novella is essentially the love child of a short story and a novel. Although the novella does feature a plot, the plot is typically less complicated compared to that of a novel. Usually novellas are about 50 pages.

21. Genre Writing

Another type of writing that fiction writers can do is genre writing. If you think of popular writers like Stephen King, Nora Roberts and James Patterson, then you’re probably familiar with genre writing. Essentially, genre writing is when a writer explores different stories in one particular genre, like romance, fantasy, or mystery. There’s a huge market out there for genre fiction, which makes it definitely worth pursuing if you a have preference for a particular kind of literature.

The important thing to keep in mind as a writer is that experimentation is never a bad idea. If you’re genuinely curious about one or more items on this list, give it a go! Some of the best literary works were created by accident.

What did you think of our list of 21 creative writing examples? Do you have experience in any of these types of creative writing? Do you know of any other creative writing examples? Please tell us more in the comments box below!

21 Top Examples of Creative Writing is an article from Writing Tips Oasis . Copyright © 2014-2017 Writing Tips Oasis All Rights Reserved

As a graduate from the University of Arizona in English and Creative Writing, Rofida Khairalla’s love for classical literature and post-modern fiction extends beyond the realm of books. She has provided her services independently as a freelance writer, and wrote on the news desk for the student-run newspaper, The Daily Wildcat. As an aspiring children’s book author, she’s refined her craft amongst the grand saguaros of the Southwest, and enjoys playing with her German Shepherd on the slopes of Mount Lemmon.

19 Popular Creative Writing Genres with Examples

Last Updated on October 23, 2023 by Dr Sharon Baisil MD

Dive into the diverse universe of creative writing, where the mind dances with words and ideas, forming a tapestry of tales. From the playful poems of Oxford to the mystic memoirs echoing the halls of the University of Northern Iowa , each stroke of the pen (or press of the key) adds a hue to the narrative of human experience. But where does one begin on this path of storytelling? The answer lies in exploring the genres with unique flavor and essence. Ready to journey through the genres and find your narrative niche?

Short Fiction

Short Fiction is like a quick, refreshing dive into a narrative pool. It’s brief yet leaves ripples in the reader’s mind. From compelling novelettes to succinct short stories , this genre is about telling a captivating tale with a tight word leash.

Characteristics:

• Brevity : Short fiction is all about telling more in less. It’s the art of narrative economy.
• Complete Story : Despite the brevity, the whole story unfolds with a beginning, middle, and end.
• Character Arc : A succinct but clear character arc is often a hallmark.

Notable Examples:

• ‘A&P’ by John Updike : A snapshot of youthful rebellion.
• ‘The Lottery’ by Shirley Jackson : A chilling tale that holds a mirror to society.

“The short story is the art of the glimpse” – William Trevor

Science Fiction (Sci-Fi)

Sci-fi is the canvas where imagination meets science. It’s about venturing into realms unbound by earthly laws, where the narrative is often driven by scientific or technological innovations.

Sub-genres:

• Cyberpunk : Envisioning a high-tech, dystopian future.
• Space Opera : Grand tales set against the cosmic backdrop.
• Time Travel : Traversing the rivers of time, exploring ‘what if’ scenarios.
• ‘The War of the Worlds’ by H.G. Wells : An early epitome of alien invasion narrative.
• ‘Neuromancer’ by William Gibson : A seminal cyberpunk narrative.

“Science fiction is the most important literature in the history of the world, because it’s the history of ideas, the history of our civilization birthing itself.”  – Ray Bradbury

Action Adventure

The heart-thumping, adrenaline-fueled narrative realm where heroes rise, villains fall, and every page is a battlefield or a chase against time.

• Heroic Protagonist : A daring hero often drives the narrative.
• High Stakes : The stakes are monumental, often a matter of life and death or the fate of the world.
• ‘The Odyssey’ by Homer : A quintessential adventure of heroism and homecoming.
• ‘ Treasure Island’ by Robert Louis Stevenson : A timeless tale of pirates and treasure hunts.

“Adventure must start with running away from home”  – William Bolitho

Drama, the mirror to human emotions and societal norms, is a genre where dialogues and character interactions drive the narrative against a backdrop of conflict.

• Tragedy : Where heroes fall due to their own flaws, like in the tales of Euripides.
• Comedy : The lighter side of drama, often with a happy resolution.
• ‘Hamlet’ by William Shakespeare : A tragic tale of revenge and existential dilemma.
• ‘ Pride and Prejudice ’ by Jane Austen : A comedic drama portraying love and societal expectations.

“Drama is life with the dull bits cut out.”  – Alfred Hitchcock

Mystery is the genre of the unknown, the unsolved, where every clue is a step towards unveiling the truth, and every red herring, a detour.

• Detective Mystery : The sleuthing journey to resolve a crime.
• Cozy Mystery : A lighter, often humorous take on the mystery genre.
• ‘Sherlock Holmes’ series by Arthur Conan Doyle : The epitome of detective mystery.
• ‘Agatha Raisin’ series by M.C. Beaton : A delightful series of cozy mysteries.

“The mystery story is two stories in one: the story of what happened and the story of what appeared to happen.” – Mary Roberts Rinehart

Thriller/Suspense

Thriller is the literary roller-coaster. It’s about the rush, the chase, and the narrow escapes from the jaws of peril.

• High Tension : Thrillers maintain a high-wire tension throughout the narrative.
• Unexpected Twists : The plot is laden with unforeseen turns, keeping readers on the edge.
• ‘The Girl with the Dragon Tattoo’ by Stieg Larsson : A modern-day thriller intertwined with mystery and drama.
• ‘The Bourne Identity’ by Robert Ludlum : A thrilling chase of identity and conspiracy.

“The thriller is the most popular literary genre of the 20th century.”  – Ken Follett

Ah, Romance, the genre that explores the many shades of love, with narratives often leading to a heartwarming union. It’s where hearts flutter, part, and reunite in a love story that stands the test of time.

• Historical Romance : Love blooming in the backdrop of historical settings.
• Comedic Romance : Love with a touch of humor, breaking the ice and warming the heart.
• ‘Jane Eyre’ by Charlotte Brontë : A classic tale of love overcoming adversities.
• ‘Pride and Prejudice’ by Jane Austen : A delightful dance of wit and romantic interest.

“Love is an irresistible desire to be irresistibly desired.”  – Robert Frost

Young Adult Fiction

Young Adult Fiction , a genre resonating with the vibrancy and uncertainties of youth. It’s where adolescence meets adulthood, paving the path of self-discovery amidst the societal and self-imposed expectations.

• Fantasy YA : Where young adults navigate through magical realms.
• Dystopian YA : The narrative of young rebellion in dystopian settings.
• ‘Harry Potter’ series by J.K. Rowling : A magical journey of friendship, courage, and self-discovery.
• ‘The Hunger Games’ series by Suzanne Collins : A stark narrative of survival and rebellion.

“Young adult fiction is a genre that has captured the hearts of readers of all ages.”  – Unknown

Ghost/Horror/Paranormal

Step into the eerie unknown, where each page might send a chill down the spine. This genre explores the supernatural, the fears lurking in the dark corners of the mind.

• Supernatural Elements : Ghosts, spirits, and other paranormal entities drive the narrative.
• Psychological Horror : It’s not just about the external ghosts but the internal demons too.
• ‘The Haunting of Hill House’ by Shirley Jackson : A chilling narrative that dances on the edge of reality and supernatural.
• ‘Dracula’ by Bram Stoker : A timeless tale of horror and the fight against the unearthly.

“Monsters are real, and ghosts are real too. They live inside us, and sometimes, they win.”  – Stephen King

Speculative Fiction

Speculative Fiction is the canvas of ‘what if’, exploring narratives unbound by the conventional reality, often branching into various sub-genres like sci-fi, fantasy, and dystopian.

• Alternate Realities : Creating worlds different from the known reality.
• Innovative Concepts : Often presents novel ideas and perspectives.
• ‘Brave New World’ by Aldous Huxley : An exploration of a dystopian future.
• ‘1984’ by George Orwell : A chilling narrative of surveillance and totalitarianism.

“Speculative fiction is the literature of change and discovery.”  – Orson Scott Card

Fantasy, the genre where magic breathes and myths come alive. It’s a realm where the ordinary meets the extraordinary, leading to narratives filled with adventure and wonder.

• Magical Elements : Magic is an integral part of the narrative.
• Mythical Creatures : The presence of beings from folklore and mythology.
• ‘The Lord of the Rings’ by J.R.R. Tolkien : An epic saga of good versus evil in a mythical land.
• ‘Harry Potter’ series by J.K. Rowling : A tale of magic, friendship, and courage.

“Fantasy is hardly an escape from reality. It’s a way of understanding it.”  – Lloyd Alexander

Children’s Fiction

Children’s fiction is the nurturing ground for young minds, where each story is a blend of fun, lessons, and imagination. It’s where kids meet characters and scenarios that stay with them as they grow.

• Picture Books : Visual narratives for the young minds.
• Middle-Grade Fiction : Stories for the slightly older kids, often filled with adventure and lessons.
• ‘Charlotte’s Web’ by E.B. White : A heartwarming tale of friendship and loss.
• ‘The Gruffalo’ by Julia Donaldson : A delightful tale filled with humor and cleverness.

“Children’s fiction is the bedrock on which we build our reading lives.”  – Unknown

Memoir, Biography, and Autobiography

This genre is a reflection of real-life stories, a narrative mirror held up to the lives of individuals, showcasing the spectrum of human experience.

• Memoirs : Personal narratives focusing on specific experiences or periods in one’s life.
• Biography : The life story of a person as told by someone else.
• Autobiography : The writer’s own life story, often from birth to the present day.
• ‘The Diary of a Young Girl’ by Anne Frank : A poignant memoir of a life amidst war.
• ‘Steve Jobs’ by Walter Isaacson : A biography illuminating the life of the tech maestro.

“Memoir isn’t the summary of a life; it’s a window into a life.”  – William Zinsser

New Adult Fiction

New Adult Fiction navigates the turbulent waters of early adulthood, exploring love, career, and self-discovery. It’s where the cocoon of adolescence unravels, revealing the challenges and charms of adult life.

• Emotional Exploration : Delving into the emotional and personal growth of the characters.
• Realistic Challenges : Facing real-world problems and learning to overcome them.
• ‘Beautiful Disaster’ by Jamie McGuire : A narrative exploring the tumultuous journey of love and self-discovery.
• ‘Easy’ by Tammara Webber : A poignant tale of overcoming personal tragedies and finding love.

“New Adult Fiction is the bridge between adolescence and adulthood, narrated with a fresh voice.”  – Unknown

Novellas are the middle ground of narrative length, offering a canvas large enough for character development while retaining the charm of brevity.

• Concise Narratives : A story told with precision, sans the extensive subplots.
• Focused Themes : Centered around a specific theme or message.
• ‘Heart of Darkness’ by Joseph Conrad : A novella exploring the darkness within human souls.
• ‘Of Mice and Men’ by John Steinbeck : A narrative encapsulating the themes of friendship and dreams.

“The novella is the stepchild of literary genres, too long for a short story and too short for a novel.”  – Ian McEwan

Poetry is the garden where emotions bloom into verses. It’s a realm where every metaphor is a leaf, every rhyme, a blossom, and every stanza, a tree of expression.

• Sonnet : A 14-line poem with a specific rhyme scheme.
• Haiku : A 3-line poem with a syllable pattern of 5-7-5.
• ‘Do Not Go Gentle into That Good Night’ by Dylan Thomas : A sonnet exploring the theme of death.
• Various Haikus by Matsuo Basho : Delicate snippets capturing the essence of nature.

“Poetry is when an emotion has found its thought and the thought has found words.”  – Robert Frost

Historical genre is a time machine crafted with words, transporting readers to bygone eras, making history come alive through fictitious narratives.

• Historical Accuracy : Incorporation of factual historical elements.
• Period-Specific Dialogue and Settings : Reflecting the essence of the era being portrayed.
• ‘All the Light We Cannot See’ by Anthony Doerr : A tale set against the backdrop of World War II.
• ‘The Book Thief’ by Markus Zusak : A narrative intertwined with historical events.

“Historical fiction is the closest thing we have to a time machine.”  – Unknown

Family Saga

Family Saga is the narrative orchard where the seeds of past actions bear fruits for future generations. It’s a genre exploring the intertwining branches of familial bonds, legacies, and secrets over generations.

• Multi-Generational Narratives : Stories spanning across several generations.
• Character Complexity : The complexity of relationships and individual character arcs.
• ‘The Thorn Birds’ by Colleen McCullough : A saga spanning across three generations of a family.
• ‘One Hundred Years of Solitude’ by Gabriel García Márquez : A magical realist saga of the Buendía family.

“In family sagas, the past casts a long shadow over the present, each generation a ring in a mighty tree.”  – Unknown

Literary Fiction

Literary Fiction is the genre of introspection, where the narrative dives deep into the human psyche, exploring the complex tapestry of emotions, relationships, and societal norms.

• Exploration of Human Condition : Delving deep into the emotional and existential realms.
• Stylistic Narrative : Often characterized by a unique or experimental narrative style.
• ‘To Kill a Mockingbird’ by Harper Lee : A narrative exploring racial injustice and moral growth.
• ‘The Great Gatsby’ by F. Scott Fitzgerald : A tale reflecting the American dream and its disillusionment.

“Literary fiction explores the many layers of the human condition, narrated with an artistry that echoes the complexity of life.”  – Unknown

Creative Nonfiction

Creative Nonfiction is where reality meets narrative artistry. It’s about painting the canvas of facts with the colors of personal storytelling and reflective insight.

• Personal Essay : Expressive essays reflecting personal experiences or views.
• Narrative Nonfiction : Factual stories told with a narrative flair.
• ‘In Cold Blood’ by Truman Capote : A groundbreaking narrative nonfiction exploring a real-life crime.
• ‘Eat, Pray, Love’ by Elizabeth Gilbert : A personal essay exploring the author’s journey of self-discovery.

“Creative nonfiction is not making something up but making the most of what you have.”  – John McPhee

Final Words

We hope this blog has helped you in understanding how different genres work and what makes them different from each other. While some of the genres mentioned above may not appeal to everyone, others have been successful time and again in capturing readers’ attention. What works for one person might not work for another but the key here is being sure about what kind of writing style suits you best before diving into the world of storytelling!

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2022 KCSE Past Papers with Marking Schemes

  2022 k.c.s.e  knec past papers and marking schemes.

On this page, you can download all the 2022 K.C.S.E Past Papers by KNEC, the Kenya National Examination Council. 

The past papers list includes all the 2022 KCSE Question Papers with their Marking Schemes.

The 2021 KCSE Examination was conducted in December 2022 as a result of interference of the normal Kenyan school calendar due to the Covid-19 pandemic.

Below, download free Kenya Certificate of Secondary Education 2022 KCSE Examinations Past Papers  with Questions and Answers for all subjects.

The list containing the preview of the 2022 kcse examinations papers, includes the following subjects; English, Kiswahili, Mathematics, Biology, Chemistry, Physics, History, Christian Religious Education CRE, Geography, IRE, Agriculture, Business Studies, Computer Studies, Home Science, Woodwork, Art and Design, music, etc.

Click on the links below to Download the 2022 KCSE Papers with Marking Schemes

Use the links below. Click on a link to a specific material.

Click on the material in the box below, it will automatically download to your device.

You can also see the preview of the papers before downloading them on the below page.

2022 KCSE Agriculture Paper 1 Teacher_co_ke

2022 kcse agriculture paper 2 teacher_co_ke, 2022 kcse biology paper 1 teacher_co_ke, 2022 kcse biology paper 3 teacher_co_ke, 2022 kcse business studies paper 1 teacher_co_ke, 2022 kcse business studies paper 2 teacher_co_ke, 2022 kcse chemistry paper 1 teacher_co_ke, 2022 kcse chemistry paper 2 teacher_co_ke, 2022 kcse chemistry paper 3 teacher_co_ke, 2022 kcse cre paper 1 teacher_co_ke, 2022 kcse cre paper 2 teacher_co_ke, 2022 kcse english language teacher_co_ke, 2022 kcse english paper 1 teacher_co_ke, 2022 kcse english paper 3 teacher_co_ke, 2022 kcse geography paper 1 teacher_co_ke, 2022 kcse geography paper 2 teacher_co_ke, 2022 kcse history paper 1 teacher_co_ke, 2022 kcse history paper 2 teacher_co_ke, 2022 kcse kiswahili lugha paper 2 teacher_co_ke, 2022 kcse kiswahili paper 1 teacher_co_ke, 2022 kcse mathematics paper 1 teacher_co_ke, 2022 kcse mathematics paper 2 teacher_co_ke, 2022 kcse physics paper 1 teacher_co_ke, 2022 kcse physics paper 2 teacher_co_ke, 2022 kcse physics paper 3 teacher_co_ke.

More 2022 KCSE Marking Schemes are still being uploaded… 

NOTE: If you have a copy of the 2022 KCSE Marking scheme not uploaded, then share it with us on our telegram forum . i.e https://t.me/KenyaTeachersForum1/

Download additional kcse past examinations papers with marking schemes, 2021 k.c.s.e knec past papers and marking schemes, 2020 k.c.s.e knec past papers and marking schemes, 2019 kcse past papers and marking schemes, 2018 kcse past papers and marking schemes, 2017 kcse past papers and marking schemes, 2016 kcse past papers and marking schemes, 2015 kcse past papers and marking schemes, 2014 kcse past papers and marking schemes, 2013 kcse past papers and marking schemes, 2012 kcse past papers and marking schemes, 2011 kcse past papers and marking schemes, 2010 kcse past papers and marking schemes, 2008 kcse past papers and marking schemes, 1996 – 2009 k.c.s.e past papers and marking schemes, read 2019 kcse knec reports below.

• 2019 KCSE BIOLOGY (231) KNEC REPORT
• 2019 KCSE AGRICULTURE (443) KNEC REPORT  
• 2019 KCSE BUSINESS STUDIES (565) KNEC REPORT
• 2019 KCSE CHEMISTRY (233) KNEC REPORT  
• 2019 KCSE CHRISTIAN RELIGIOUS EDUCATION CRE (313) KNEC REPORT  
• 2019 KCSE ENGLISH (101) KNEC REPORT
• 2019 KCSE HISTORY AND GOVERNMENT (311) KNEC REPORT
• 2019 KCSE KISWAHILI (102) KNEC REPORT  

Links to Download more free Education Materials 

Form 1-4 lesson notes, form 1-4 termly examinations papers and marking schemes, free online video lessons, download schemes of work, form 1-4 topic by topic questions and answers (all subjects), form 1-4 powerpoint slides notes, download powerpoint slides notes, k.c.s.e revision materials, form 1-4 knec syllabus, download form 1-4 lesson plans, 1996 – 2022 k.c.s.e past papers, mock k.c.s.e past examinations papers and marking schemes, university resources, primary school (grade 4 – 8) resources, pre-primary school materials, tags related to 2022 kcse past papers:.

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Picture Prompts

142 Picture Prompts to Inspire Student Writing

A school year’s worth of short, accessible image-driven posts that invite a variety of kinds of writing.

By The Learning Network

We’ve been publishing our Picture Prompts series four days a week since 2016. Below, we’ve rounded up all the prompts we published for the 2023-24 school year.

These short, accessible, image-driven prompts invite students to pen short stories, poems and memoirs; share experiences from their lives; analyze illustrations, graphs and charts; and tell us their opinions on hot-button issues.

You can find even more in our roundups for the 2022-23 , 2021-22 and 2020-21 school years, as well as in our collections of 125 picture prompts for creative and narrative writing and 25 spooky images for writing scary stories .

To learn how you can use Picture Prompts to build literacy skills, promote critical thinking, inspire discussion and foster creativity in your classroom, watch our three-minute tutorial video or our on-demand webinar . For dozens more ideas, see our lesson plan “ How to Teach With Our Picture Prompts (and Other Times Images) .”

If you use this feature with your students, or if you have other ideas for how to use photos, illustrations and graphics to encourage writing, let us know in the comments.

Share experiences from your own life.

Boys and Cologne Soapbox Derby Graphs Old and Young 2,000 Bags Spring Holidays Baking Spring ‘Floor Person’ Checking Your Watch ‘Wild’ Ice Skating Lunar New Year Hot Pot Distracted Walking Breakfast Wild Weather Maps Healthy Habits Holiday Classics Compliments Family Drama Thanksgiving Dinner Libraries Scary Movies Carving Pumpkins Fall Friday the 13th Our Own Language Skydiving Lazy Days Back to School

What story does this image inspire for you?

Falling Into a Hole Friends? Up, Up and Away! Pet Alligator Shadowy Figures Help Fishing in a Stream Tiny House Rats on a Dog Walking Away Public Selfies Hidden Doorway Playing Dominoes Point of No Return Sunset by the Water Valentines Biking Climbing a Ladder Reflections Happy Creatures Snowfall Blindfolded The Red Planet Dog TV Walking Through Town People and Penguins Witches on the Water Spying Show Time! A Wave Goodbye Ancient Arrow A Hand Up Darkened Library The Concert

What do you think this image, chart or cartoon is saying?

Pink Head, Green Check City Street Lapel Buttons One Seat Underwear on a Statue Justices An Elevator Filled With Robots Flying Plastic In a Box Watching Snacks and Drinks Tree Stump Behind Columns Lying in Bed Soccer and Dollars Two People Sitting Package and Globe Hot-Air Balloon Civil Conversation Raking A Shadow Parent and Child Atop a Cellphone The Super Wealthy Brick Wall Eagle and Ropes Painting Blank Space Exercise Football and Bag of Money Worm in an Apple Head in the Clouds

What’s your opinion on this issue?

‘Cowboy Carter’ New Stamp Design Prizewinning Miniature Poodle Cicadas for Dinner Met Gala Student Orchestra Tech in the Classroom Salt Movie Memorabilia 100 Years of Furniture March Madness Texting Styles Concerts Leap Day Broadway Shows Ice Cream Celebrity Feuds A.I.-Generated Faces World’s Largest Cruise Ship Your Energy Playlist Taylor Swift and the N.F.L. In-and-Out Lists Contenders Coveted Cup Your 2024 Most-Anticipated List 2023 in Pictures Style in 2023 $700 Million Deal Dream Décor Skipping School Giving Tuesday Pop-Tart Critic Time Change Pink Jersey Floating Home The Mall Breaking Police Robot Celebrity Relationships Fall Music New iPhone Tiny Homes Floods in Libya Football Season Land, Man and Sky Fall Video Games

Students 13 and older in the United States and Britain, and 16 and older elsewhere, are invited to comment. All comments are moderated by the Learning Network staff, but please keep in mind that once your comment is accepted, it will be made public and may appear in print.

Find more Picture Prompts here.