essay on sanskrit poets in sanskrit language

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प्रसिद्धसंस्कृतकवीनां परिचयः - भागः १

Introduction to famous sanskrit poets – part 1.

A free webinar course on 10 great poets of Samskrita literature starting from Valmiki. In this course, Dr.Usharani Sanka highlights their life-details, poetic style and features, introduction to the works, the poet’s personality and covers the events or stories around the poet in Samskritam. This is a part of syllabus in Chittoor Samartha exam and will be helpful for students attempting the same.

No of Enrollment

No of lectures, schedule of classes, modal title, about the course.

What will you gain from this course? (Key Benefits / Learning Outcomes)

• Gain a detailed knowledge about the historical and literary aspects of 10 eminent poets of Sanskrit literature.
• Discover the poetic genius of these poets through an in-depth analysis of the characteristic features of their poetry.
• Helpful structure and tips for presenting detailed answers about the poets in any exam.

What are the materials/support you get?

• 15 live sessions with opportunities for interaction with the teacher.
• Recorded videos and audios which you can access anytime, from any device.
• Presentations used for the classes in PDF format.
• Doubt clarifications directly and through Email.

What are the pre-requisites to get the best out of this course? (Eligibility)

• Basic knowledge of Sanskrit language and grammar, at the level of Chittoor - Vichakshana / Samskrita Bharati – Shiksha / CBSE 10th std.
• Ability to understand Spoken Sanskrit.

About the Teacher

Know more about the course, about the text and author, what is the syllabus, will i get a certificate, how do i join, course content, related courses, courses by the same teacher on vyoma samskrta pathasala.

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Essay on sanskrit language (1022 words).

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Essay on Sanskrit Language!

Sanskrit has been instrumental in lending continuity to Indian civilisation. In its heyday it was spoken and used in all regions of India including the Dravidian south. While Tamil has maintained a more or less independent literary tradition, all other languages in India have taken freely from Sanskrit vocabulary and their literature is permeated with the Sanskrit heritage.

Sanskrit is perhaps the oldest language in the world to be recorded. Classical Sansktrit, which developed from the Vedic times, held sway from about 500 BC to about AD 1000. In independent India it is listed among the languages of the Eighth Schedule of the Constitution though it is not the official language of any state.

The hymns of the Rig-Veda bear the seeds of Sanskrit literature. Orally handed down for long, these hymns not only served the purpose of religion but also were a common literary standard for the Aryan groups in India. After 1000 BC, there developed an extensive prose literature devoted to ritual matters—the Brahttmnas; but in these too there are examples of story-telling, terse and abrupt in style.

The next milestone in the history of Sanskrit is the Grammar of Panini— the Ashtadhyayi. The form of the Sanskrit language as described by him became accepted universally and was fixed for all time. Probably, around the time Panini was codifying the Sanskrit language, the practice of writing had begun.

In the field of secular literature Sanskrit epic poetry (mahakavya) was the next most important development. The story of the Mahabharata was handed down orally for at least a thousand years after the battle it celebrates before becoming relatively fixed in writing. Dvaipayana or Vyasa is seen as the first to have sung of this fearsome struggle of his own time.

Vaisampayana later elaborated the epic; Lomaharsana and Ugrasravas are supposed to have recited the complete Mahabharata which scholars call itihasa. The story of the battle of eighteen days between the Kauravas and the Pandavas on the battlefield of Kurukshetra and the victory of the righteous was probably composed in the epic form not earlier than about 100 BC.

The Ramayana, traditionally ascribed to Valmiki whom Bhavabhuti and others call the ‘first kavi’, is considered to have been composed around the first century BC. On the face of it, it is the story of the adventures of Rama, but involved in this story are unforgettable conflicts of human passions.

Asvaghosa’s epics (first century AD) are the earliest epics now available to show the full-fledged kavya technique. His Buddhacharita and Saundarananda present the Buddhist philosophy of the shallowness of the world through the delights of poetry—the ornament of language and meaning. Later, in the fifth century AD, came Kalidasa with his Kumarasambhava which gives the story of the origin of Kartikeya, son of Shiva, and Raghuvamsa, a portrait gallery of the kings of Rama’s line, illustrating the four ends, virtue, wealth, pleasure and release, pursued by different rulers.

To the sixth century belongs Bharavi whose epic Kiratarjuniya presents a short episode from the Mahabharata as a complete whole. Rich description and brilliant characterisation are matched by a heroic narrative style.

Sanskrit literature shows a wide variety of forms and types. The katha tradition is exemplified in the Panchatantra, apparently written in the fourth century AD by Vishnusharman whose country was the Vakataka Empire (in the Deccan).

Bana’s Kadambari (7th century AD) is a novel about the timidities and missed opportunities of youth leading to tragedy. In the eleventh century we have Goddhala’s Udayasundari, a romantic novel. The critic King Bhoja’s Sringaramanjari is an entertaining ‘illustrating novel’ on the various types of love.

Somadeva’s Kathasaritsagara is a huge collection of stories skilfully narrated. Kshemendra’s illustrating novels are bitter satires on corrupt bureaucracies and deceit and vice. Some of his works are Kalavilasa, Darpadalana and Desopadesa.

The use of Sanskrit prose for scientific, technical and philosophical purposes is first exemplified by Patanjali’s Mahabhashya, a commentary on Katyayana’s Vartikas on Painin’s grammar. After this time, and during the early centuries of the Christian era, much technical and scientific literature came into being, Aryabhata and Bhaskara wrote on mathematics and astronomy, Charaka and Susruta on medicine, and Kautilya on politics and administration.

Literary criticism is another field in which Sanskrit literature is rich. The oldest work of Indian literary criticism is Bharata’s Natya Shastra. Bhamaha (5th century AD) is the earliest individual critic whose work is available; he sets out the genres as drama, epic, lyric, prose biography and (usually prose) novel besides discussing literary expression and what makes it beautiful. Dandin (7th century AD) adds to the genre campu or narration in mixed prose and verse, which became quite popular later.

Vemana, Rudrata, Anandavardhana, Kuntaka, Udbhata, Lollata and Dhananjaya are just some well- known critics who have analysed and enriched the world of literary concepts. Bhoja (11th century) is one of the greats among Indian critics, giving us the largest number of references and quotations and showing a fine taste in selection and comment.

The pre-eminence of Sanskrit was first seriously threatened by the Muslim invasions around AD 1200. However, the tradition of Sanskrit literature continued strongly and the number of Sanskrit works composed and preserved during this period is considerable. Rajasthan, Odisha as well as the south continued the Sanskrit literary tradition.

Some writers of note are Amarachandra, Someswara, Balachandra, Vastupala, Princess Ganga, Ahobala, Dindima and Gopala. The Kerala king Manaveda wrote the play Krishnagiti which is the prototype of Kathakali but with songs in Sanskrit. There were also satirical monologues and comedies, some of the famous writers being Nilakantha and Venkatadhvarin.

The period of British rule exercised an unfavourable influence on Sanskrit. In spite of the appearance of English and the increasing use of modern Indian languages, however, literary composition in Sanskrit has continued on a moderate scale down to the present time.

An important use to which the Sanskrit language is put at present is as a source of vocabulary for the modern languages. Sanskrit is able to provide, on a large scale, new technical terms which the modern languages are unable to find in their own resources.

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Sanskrit: The Ancient Language That Shaped India’s Identity

Step into the enchanting world of Indian culture and delve into the linguistic and literary treasure that is Sanskrit. This ancient language has played a profound role in shaping India’s identity, from its classical epics to the works of contemporary authors. At IndianCulture.com, we invite you to explore the influence of Sanskrit and celebrate India’s rich literary heritage. Discover the beauty and depth of a language that has stood the test of time and continues to resonate with the essence of India.

Table of Contents

Ancient Origins of Sanskrit

Sanskrit is widely considered to be one of the oldest known languages in the world. Its origins can be traced back to the ancient Indo-Aryan civilization, which thrived in the Indian subcontinent around 1500 BCE. The Indo-Aryan connection is crucial to understanding the linguistic development of Sanskrit, as it evolved from an earlier form of the Indo-European language family. This connection highlights the deep cultural and linguistic roots that Sanskrit has in the Indian civilization.

Sanskrit as a Sacred Language

In Hinduism, Sanskrit holds a special place as the language of the gods. It is believed to be the language in which the ancient scriptures and religious texts, such as the Vedas and Upanishads, were composed. The sacred nature of Sanskrit is also manifested in its role in rituals and ceremonies. Priests and scholars in Hindu temples often recite mantras and conduct rituals in Sanskrit, emphasizing its status as a language deeply intertwined with religious and spiritual practices.

Sanskrit’s Influence on Indian Literature

The impact of Sanskrit on Indian literature is immense. Epics and Mahakavyas, such as the Ramayana and the Mahabharata, are considered to be masterpieces of Sanskrit literature. These epic poems, which are filled with legendary stories and moral teachings, have shaped the cultural and moral fabric of Indian society. Sanskrit also gave rise to Puranas and Itihasas, which are historical and mythological accounts that encompass a wide range of topics, from the creation of the cosmos to the genealogy of gods and heroes. Additionally, Sanskrit literature includes beautiful and intricate forms of drama and poetry, showcasing the richness and versatility of the language.

Contribution to Indian Philosophy

Sanskrit played a crucial role in the development of Indian philosophy. The Vedas and Upanishads, which are written in Sanskrit, are considered the foundational texts of Hindu philosophy. These texts explore fundamental philosophical concepts such as the nature of reality, the self, and the ultimate truth. Sanskrit philosophical texts, such as the Yoga Sutras of Patanjali and the Bhagavad Gita, delve into ancient wisdom and provide guidance on leading a virtuous and fulfilling life. The concepts of dharma, which refers to moral duty, and karma, the law of cause and effect, are central to Indian philosophy and find their roots in Sanskrit.

The Spread of Sanskrit Education

Throughout history, Sanskrit education has played a significant role in shaping Indian intellectual and cultural traditions. In ancient times, the gurukula system was the primary method of imparting Sanskrit knowledge. Young pupils would live with their guru, receiving education in various subjects, including Sanskrit grammar, literature, philosophy, and sciences. Sanskrit universities and learning centers, such as Nalanda and Taxila, emerged during the Gupta and Maurya empires, becoming important centers of Sanskrit scholarship. The traditional methods of teaching Sanskrit, including recitation, memorization, and debates, have been passed down through generations, ensuring the continuity of this ancient language and its knowledge.

Sanskrit’s Influence on Other Languages

The influence of Sanskrit extends beyond the borders of the Indian subcontinent. Indo-Aryan languages, such as Hindi, Bengali, and Gujarati, have evolved from Sanskrit. The impact of Sanskrit on these languages is evident in their vocabulary, grammar, and phonetics. Even ancient Dravidian languages like Tamil and Telugu have been influenced by Sanskrit, resulting in the emergence of a literary language called Manipravalam, which blended Sanskrit and Tamil. Furthermore, modern Indian languages, including Marathi, Kannada, and Malayalam, have borrowed extensively from Sanskrit, incorporating Sanskrit loanwords into their lexicons.

Revitalization Efforts of Sanskrit

Despite the challenges faced by Sanskrit, there have been remarkable efforts to revitalize the language in contemporary times. Modern Sanskrit scholars have dedicated themselves to the study and promotion of Sanskrit literature, grammar, and linguistics. Their research and writings have shed light on the vast reservoir of knowledge contained in Sanskrit texts. In recent years, there has been a push for the inclusion of Sanskrit in educational curricula, ensuring that future generations have access to this ancient language. Furthermore, Sanskrit continues to be used in contemporary literature, with authors blending traditional themes and storytelling techniques with modern sensibilities.

Challenges Faced by Sanskrit

Sanskrit has faced significant challenges in its journey through history. The decline in usage and popularity of Sanskrit as a spoken language has been a major hurdle. With the rise of regional languages and the dominance of English, the number of Sanskrit speakers has dwindled. Additionally, the complexity of the language and the rigorous grammatical rules have made learning Sanskrit a daunting task for many. Misconceptions and stereotypes surrounding Sanskrit, such as its elitist nature or its association with only the Hindu religion, also pose challenges. Overcoming these hurdles is vital to the preservation and promotion of Sanskrit.

Sanskrit in Modern India

In modern India, Sanskrit continues to play a crucial role in shaping the country’s cultural identity. It is seen as a link to India’s ancient past, connecting current generations with their rich historical and intellectual heritage. Sanskrit’s influence on ancient sciences and technology, including disciplines such as mathematics, astronomy, and ayurveda, cannot be understated. Many scientific and technical terms used in these fields derive from Sanskrit. Moreover, Sanskrit is often perceived as a symbol of prestige, with its intricate grammar and profound literature serving as testaments to the intellectual prowess of ancient Indian scholars.

Preserving and Promoting Sanskrit

To ensure the preservation and promotion of Sanskrit, various initiatives have been undertaken. The digitization and archiving of Sanskrit texts have made ancient scriptures and literary works more accessible to a wider audience. This process not only preserves the original texts but also facilitates research and analysis. Encouraging research and nurturing scholars dedicated to Sanskrit studies is another vital aspect of preserving the language. By supporting and incentivizing Sanskrit research, a rich pool of scholarly work can be developed and shared. Furthermore, Sanskrit is being promoted through cultural festivals, where its linguistic and literary contributions are celebrated and showcased to a broader audience.

In conclusion, Sanskrit stands as a testament to the ancient origins and cultural heritage of India. As the oldest known language, its influence can be seen in various aspects of Indian society, from religion to literature, philosophy, and education. Sanskrit continues to be a significant part of India’s identity and holds immense value as a language that has shaped and continues to shape the intellectual landscape of the nation. Preserving and promoting Sanskrit is essential to ensure that this ancient language remains an integral part of India’s cultural fabric.

Indian Culture Team

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Saturday, July 28, 2018

K. krishnamurti's essay sanskrit poetics.

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Development of Sanskrit Literature in Kerala: an Appraisal through Campu literature of Kerala

about the development of Sanskrit in the period 13th to 19th c.e.and the role of campu literature in this development

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Rajendran Chettiarthodi

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This paper investigates a specific aspect of Sanskrit education in 19 th-century Tamil Nadu. In particular, it makes use of manuscripts containing copies of the Sanskrit thesaurus entitled Nāmaliṅgānuśāsana (also known as Amara-kośa) that are accompanied by intralinear annotations composed in a particular register of highly Sanskritised Tamil, which for convenience's sake can be called Manipravalam. The fact that these manuscripts were used as educational tools by intermediate students of Sanskrit does not only emerge from the content of the work they contain, but also from the analysis of their paratexts. This study aims at reconsidering some of the common assumptions about the traditional Indic educational setting, which is often and most probably unfairly described as relying mostly upon memory to the detriment of the written medium.

The Sanskrit Research

Bettina Morello

Edited by Pandit Linges'a Mahabhagawat (Kurtkoti) Secretary, Vol. I. Jan. & April 1916 - Nos. 3 & 4. SANSKRIT RESEARCH An Anglo - Sanskrit Quarterly devoted to research work in all fields of Indian Antiquity Conducted by the Sanskrit Academy of lodla, Bangalore शवन्तु विश्वे अमृतस्य पुत्रा आये धामानि दिव्यानि तस्थुः श्व ० उ०२.५. Sanskrit Academy Bangalore. POONA : Printed at - the Aryabhushan Presi . 1916

The Indian Economic and Social History Review

Yigal Bronner , David Shulman

A vast corpus of Sanskrit poetry (kāvya) was produced over the last thousand years; most of these works reveal a vital and organic relation to the crystallising regional traditions of the subcontinent and to emerging vernacular literatures. Thus we have, for example, the Sanskrit literatures of Kerala, of Bengal-Orissa, of Andhra, and so on. These works, often addressed primarily to local audiences, have remained largely unknown and mostly undervalued, despite their intrinsic merits and enormous importance for the cultural history of India. We explore the particular forms of complex expressivity, including rich temporal and spatial modalities, apparent in such poems, focusing in particular on Vedānta Deśika’s Haṃsasandeśa, a fourteenth-century messenger-poem modelled after Kālidāsa’s Meghasandeśa. We hypothesise a principle: as localisation increases, what is lost in geographical range is made up for by increasing depth. Sanskrit poetry thus comes to play a critical, highly original role in the elaboration of regional cultural identities and the articulation of innovative cultural thematics; a re-conceptualised ecology of Sanskrit genres, including entirely new forms keyed to local experience, eventually appears in each of the regions. In short, rumours of the death of Sanskrit after 1000 A.D. are greatly exaggerated.

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Kirthee Devi Ramjatton

This Research paper provides a glimpse of the voyage of Sanskrit throughout different stages beginning with its introduction by indentured labourers till its teaching at the University level in Mauritius. In 1835, when the abolition of slavery took place, indentured labourers had to be brought to Mauritius from India in order to work in the sugarcane fields. These labourers brought with them their culture, religions, and languages. Although Sanskrit was not a mother tongue of any of them, it was still a source of their culture and religion. Hence, they brought with them texts like the Rāmāyaṇa, Bhagavadgītā, and other scriptures. In this way, the Sanskrit language was indirectly introduced by the indentured labourers, or "coolies" as they were called. Later in the 20th century, with the foundation of the Arya Samaj, the propagation of Sanskrit took a new shape. Parallel to the works of the Arya Samaj, which now falls under the aegis of Arya Sabha Mauritius, other remarkabl...

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