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Metadata fields and values can be used to increase the relevancy of your searches. The metadata fields available for the Public Papers of the Presidents of the United States are listed in the table below. Metadata fields and values are used throughout GovInfo for:
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Metadata Field Display Name | Metadata Field Definition | Field Operator | Field Operator Example(s) |
---|---|---|---|
Collection | The collection to which the document belongs. Typically the same as the publication or series. | collection: | collection:ppp "ppp" is used for the Public Papers of the Presidents of the United States |
Government Author | The names of the Government organizations responsible for authoring or assembling the document. | governmentauthor: | governmentauthor:(Office of the Federal Register) |
Publication Date | The date the document was first made available to the public. | publishdate: | publishdate:1995-07-01 Date format is YYYY, YYYY-MM, or YYYY-MM-DD |
Language | The language code of the original document, from the ISO639-2b standard. | language: | language:eng |
SuDoc Class Number | The SuDoc class number from the U.S. Superintendent of Documents which classifies Government publications by publishing agency. | sudocclass: | sudocclass:"AE 2.114:" The SuDoc Class Numbers are at the class stem level, not the book number level. |
Ingestion Date | The date the document was ingested into the preservation repository. | ingestdate: | ingestdate:2017-01-17 Date format is YYYY-MM-DD |
Electronic Location (URL) | The URL where the document or Details page is located. | url: | url:"pkg/PPP-2009-book1/pdf/PPP-2009-book1-Doc-pg4.pdf" |
Publisher | The government organization who publishes the document or publication. Not typically the Government Publishing Office (who serves as the printer and distributor), except in the case of Congressional publications. | publisher: | publisher:(national archives) |
Branch | The branch of Government responsible for the document's contents. | branch: | branch:executive Possible Values: Executive, Legislative, Judicial |
Type of Resource | The media type for the document, typically "text". Defined as part of the Library of Congress MODS standard. | typeofresource: | typeofresource:text |
WAIS Database Name | The name of the WAIS database to which the document belonged in the former GPO Access system. | waisdbname: | waisdbname:2012_public_papers_vol1_misc |
Record Origin | How the record was originally generated. Typically "machine generated." | recordorigin: | recordorigin:"machine generated" |
Title | The title of the publication. | title: | title:(The President's Weekly Address) |
Section | These are the different sections within the publication. | pppsection: | pppsection:presdocu (Presidential Documents) |
Year Published | The event date's year for presidential documents or the publication's issue date. | pppyear: | pppyear:2002 |
President | The name of the president, during the administrations that published the document. | president: | president:bush |
Citation | The GPO standard method for searching citation references from the selected publication. | citation: | citation:(1991 Public Papers 1) |
Notes | Presidential document notes providing additional context such as time and place of remarks, technical notes, persons, places, organizations and other entities referred to within remarks, etc. | notes: | notes:"los angeles" |
Document Category | The category as displayed in the Category Index of the Public Papers of the President and included in the metadata. | pppcategory: | pppcategory:"addresses to the nation" 2009 to present only. |
Subject | The subject as displayed in the Subject Index of the Public Papers of the President and included in the metadata. | subject: | subject:"agriculture" |
Name | The name as displayed in the Name Index of the Public Papers of the President and included in the metadata. | name: | name:"Sotomayor, Sonia" 2009 to present only. Value format is last name followed by first name. |
Book Number | The book number of the Public Papers of the Presidents year to which the document belongs. | booknum: | booknum:2 |
Congressional Bills Citation | Citation references to Congressional Bills. | billscitation: | billscitation:(h.r. 1282) |
Public and Private Law Citation | Citation references to Public or Private Laws. | plawcitation: | plawcitation:(public law 100-418) |
United States Code Citation | Citation references to the United States Code. | uscodecitation: | uscodecitation:(49 U.S.C. 1301) |
Statutes at Large Citation | Citation references to Statutes at Large. | statutecitation: | statutecitation:"102 Stat. 1221" |
CFR Citation | Citation references to the Code of Federal Regulations. | cfrcitation: | cfrcitation:(31 CFR 535) |
Reference Citation | Reference to another document within the text of a document. | refcitation: | refcitation:(49 U.S.C. App. 1514) |
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Creating the american nation.
George Washington, the commander in chief of the American Revolutionary Army, was the ever practical military leader, president of the Federal Constitutional Convention, and first president of the United States. The collections of this famous former British colonial reflect his public career and his personal interests.
The approximately 65,000 items in the George Washington Papers revolve around Washington's careers as surveyor, plantation owner, military commander in the service of and in revolt against the British government, and practical politician. Washington's correspondence, account books, and military papers are the preeminent sources for military aspects of the French and Indian Wars and the American Revolution. Washington's correspondence, diaries, journals, and meticulously maintained records of federal appointment applications are unparalleled reservoirs of information on the founding of the United States constitution and the creation of the national government.
These collections of the papers of Washington and 22 other Presidents are the core of the Library of Congress's unequaled sources for the study of the founding of the American nation and its national government.
In 1755 while on a military campaign against the French, George Washington began his flirtatious correspondence with Sarah Cary Fairfax, who was only two years older than Washington but the wife of George William Fairfax, his neighbor and close friend at Belvoir, in Fairfax county. Only twenty-two when he began this written communication, Washington continued to write to Sally and she no doubt retained a special place in Washington's heart throughout his life. Washington's correspondence with the well-married Sarah Fairfax was not unusual for the eighteenth century. Washington's letterbook copies reveal his care and concern in the composition of this letter and his later attempts to polish the prose in his letterbooks.
See Series 2, Letterbook 1, image 69 and Letterbook 2, image 31 for additional images and a transcription of these letters.
Shortly after the defeat of General Braddock's army on July 9, 1755, a defeated but clearly exhilarated George Washington wrote this excited and reassuring account of the battle to his mother, Mary Ball Washington. Washington praised the Virginia soldiers for their "Bravery," but condemned the British regulars who "broke, and run as Sheep pursued by dogs" for their "cowardice" and "dastardly behavior." The fortunes of war smiled down on Washington, as the young American escaped uninjured by hostile or friendly fire, although "I had four Bullets through my Coat, and two Horses shot under me." Washington continued to serve in the Anglo-American military and was a major factor in Britain's defeat of the French and capture of Fort Duquesne (renamed Fort Pitt by the British) in 1758. Immediately after his return to Virginia, Washington married Martha Dandridge Custis on January 6, 1759.
See Series 2, Letterbook 1, image 77 , for additional images and a transcription of this letter.
For sixteen years George and Martha Washington lived as an affluent, influential planter family in Virginia. Washington played a leading part in Virginia's struggles against British rule. The American revolt against British rule in 1775, recalled Washington to the military life from his beloved Mount Vernon estate. A political leader in Virginia, Washington was elected to the Continental Congress in 1774 and 1775. After fighting broke out at Lexington and Concord, Massachusetts, in April 1775, Congress appointed Washington commander in chief of the American forces on June 15, 1775. Washington soon departed Philadelphia to take command of the main American army encircling the British forces in Boston. General Washington arrived after the resounding American slaughter of British forces at Bunker (Breed's) Hill on June 17, and wrote this brief update to John Hancock, president of the Continental Congress. When Washington realized the impact of British military losses on their political and military plans, it became the dominant element of Washington's military strategy throughout the war.
See Series 2, Letterbook 7, image 26 and 27 , for additional images and a transcription of these letters.
When the American Revolutionary War ended in 1783, Washington returned to Mount Vernon as soon as America's political, economic, and military situations would allow. A tearful farewell to his officers and men in New York on December 4, 1783, was followed by his dramatic resignation to Congress on December 23. Ever mindful of his personal papers and records, Washington had written on November 16, 1783, to his aide, Richard Varick, about transporting them to Virginia in six hair chests by wagon. In this January 1, 1784, letter, Washington acknowledges their arrival at Mount Vernon and thanks Varick for having them "so properly arranged, & so correctly recorded." The transcripts of Washington's wartime papers, known as "the Varick Transcripts," comprise series three of the Washington Papers at the Library of Congress. Because Washington's papers have been rearranged at various times, "the Varick Transcripts" provide the only source for the original arrangement of Washington's papers.
See Series 2, Letterbook 11, image 72 , for additional images and a transcription for this letter.
George Washington returned to the center of national political life during the struggle to create a strong national republican government to replace rule by the divided state and confederation governments. Working closely with James Madison, Washington helped pave the way to the Federal Constitutional Convention in Philadelphia, where he sat as presiding officer from May to September 1787, while the new constitution was written. This October 10, 1787, letter to Madison, reveals Washington's political maturity. Washington clearly saw the importance of the public's perception of Congress's unanimous referral of the Constitution to the states and the nature of opposition from George Mason, Richard Henry Lee and the other anti-federalists in Virginia.
See Series 2, Letterbook 14, images 158-161 for additional images and a transcription of this letter.
George Washington made this emotional speech to the citizens of his hometown, Alexandria, Virginia, at the start of his triumphant tour to New York and the presidency of the nascent United States on April 16, 1789. Washington expressed his regret at leaving Mount Vernon and asked for the "protection of that beneficent Being" as he and the nation embarked on their new course. This letterbook copy is the only historical manuscript of this address to survive.
See Letterbook 38, image 2 , for additional images and a transcription of this speech.
As the first president of the United States under its new constitution, President George Washington performed many "firsts." Among the most important of these tasks was the appointment of federal officials. In this letter to the United States Senate, Washington nominates the first members of the Supreme Court and other federal judicial officials. Washington had to act swiftly, prudently, and wisely in his selections, because of the need for the first federal departments to function smoothly and fairly. The need for the people to perceive this equity led Washington to base his decisions on geographic location, support for the new constitution, and past relevant experience. Thus, his nominees for the Supreme Court were from different states and sections of the nation, were strong supporters of the constitution, and had legal and judicial experience.
See Series 2, Letterbook 25, images 100 and 101 for additional images of this document.
George Washington had maintained a personal diary throughout his life, and when president he instituted the practice of maintaining an official journal or diary of the chief executive. Although not all the journals survive, those in Washington's papers provide an insight into the daily activities of the presidency unmatched by any other source. The entries for August 1 and 2, 1793, revolve around one of the earliest foreign policy crises of the new government. President Washington wanted French Minister Edmond Genet sent home, because of Genet's continued violations of United States laws and regulations in his efforts to recruit men, ships, and supplies for France's war against Great Britain. Washington's cabinet, like the nation, was divided between supporters of France and Great Britain. The issue was a key factor in the rivalry of Secretary of State Thomas Jefferson. As a result of the cabinet meetings of August 1 and 2, even Jefferson had to support a request to the French government for the recall of Genet.
See Series 2, Letterbook 41, images 191 and 192 for additional images of these pages.
The White House 1600 Pennsylvania Ave NW Washington, DC 20500
The 4th President of the United States
The biography for President Madison and past presidents is courtesy of the White House Historical Association.
James Madison, America’s fourth President (1809-1817), made a major contribution to the ratification of the Constitution by writing The Federalist Papers, along with Alexander Hamilton and John Jay. In later years, he was referred to as the “Father of the Constitution.”
At his inauguration, James Madison, a small, wizened man, appeared old and worn; Washington Irving described him as “but a withered little apple-John.” But whatever his deficiencies in charm, Madison’s … wife Dolley compensated for them with her warmth and gaiety. She was the toast of Washington.
Born in 1751, Madison was brought up in Orange County, Virginia, and attended Princeton (then called the College of New Jersey). A student of history and government, well-read in law, he participated in the framing of the Virginia Constitution in 1776, served in the Continental Congress, and was a leader in the Virginia Assembly.
When delegates to the Constitutional Convention assembled at Philadelphia, the 36-year-old Madison took frequent and emphatic part in the debates.
Madison made a major contribution to the ratification of the Constitution by writing, with Alexander Hamilton and John Jay, the Federalist essays. In later years, when he was referred to as the “Father of the Constitution,” Madison protested that the document was not “the off-spring of a single brain,” but “the work of many heads and many hands.”
In Congress, he helped frame the Bill of Rights and enact the first revenue legislation. Out of his leadership in opposition to Hamilton’s financial proposals, which he felt would unduly bestow wealth and power upon northern financiers, came the development of the Republican, or Jeffersonian, Party.
As President Jefferson’s Secretary of State, Madison protested to warring France and Britain that their seizure of American ships was contrary to international law. The protests, John Randolph acidly commented, had the effect of “a shilling pamphlet hurled against eight hundred ships of war.”
Despite the unpopular Embargo Act of 1807, which did not make the belligerent nations change their ways but did cause a depression in the United States, Madison was elected President in 1808. Before he took office the Embargo Act was repealed.
During the first year of Madison’s Administration, the United States prohibited trade with both Britain and France; then in May, 1810, Congress authorized trade with both, directing the President, if either would accept America’s view of neutral rights, to forbid trade with the other nation.
Napoleon pretended to comply. Late in 1810, Madison proclaimed non-intercourse with Great Britain. In Congress a young group including Henry Clay and John C. Calhoun, the “War Hawks,” pressed the President for a more militant policy.
The British impressment of American seamen and the seizure of cargoes impelled Madison to give in to the pressure. On June 1, 1812, he asked Congress to declare war.
The young Nation was not prepared to fight; its forces took a severe trouncing. The British entered Washington and set fire to the White House and the Capitol.
But a few notable naval and military victories, climaxed by Gen. Andrew Jackson’s triumph at New Orleans, convinced Americans that the War of 1812 had been gloriously successful. An upsurge of nationalism resulted. The New England Federalists who had opposed the war–and who had even talked secession–were so thoroughly repudiated that Federalism disappeared as a national party.
In retirement at Montpelier, his estate in Orange County, Virginia, Madison spoke out against the disruptive states’ rights influences that by the 1830’s threatened to shatter the Federal Union. In a note opened after his death in 1836, he stated, “The advice nearest to my heart and deepest in my convictions is that the Union of the States be cherished and perpetuated.”
Learn more about James Madison’s spouse, Dolley Payne Todd Madison .
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The official publication of United States Presidents' public writings, addresses, and remarks is published by the Federal Register. Learn More
Volumes of the Public Papers of the Presidents currently in print are available for purchase from the Superintendent of Documents .
These online editions are available through a partnership between the Office of Presidential Libraries and the Office of the Federal Register.
The Office of the Federal Register (OFR) began publishing the Public Papers of the Presidents series in 1957 as an official publication of United States Presidents' public writings, addresses, and remarks (1 CFR 10).
The series provides an historical reference covering the administrations of Presidents Hoover, Truman, Eisenhower, Kennedy, Johnson, Nixon, Ford, Carter, Reagan, Bush, and Clinton. (The papers of President Franklin Roosevelt were published privately before the commencement of the official Public Papers series).
Currently, volumes are published approximately twice a year, and each volume covers approximately a 6-month period.
Each Public Papers volume contains the papers and speeches of the President of the United States that were issued by the Office of the Press Secretary during the specified time period. The material is presented in chronological order, and the dates shown in the headings are the dates of the documents or events. In instances when the release date differs from the date of the document itself, that fact is shown in the textnote.
To ensure accuracy, remarks have been checked against a tape recording and signed documents have been checked against the original, unless otherwise noted. Editors at OFR have provided textnotes and cross references for purposes of identification or clarity. Speeches were delivered in Washington, DC, unless indicated. The times noted are local times.
The appendixes in each Public Papers volume provide listings of:
Each Public Papers volume features a foreword signed by the President, and a portfolio of photographs selected from White House Photo Office files, as well as subject and name indexes, and a document categories list.
Home / Essay Samples / Government / President of The United States
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