online term paper

Term Papers Online: 90+ FREE Websites for Your Paper

Writing a term paper requires mobilizing all your resources—emotional, intellectual, and technical.

No matter if you’ve missed a couple of classes or if you hardly remember the course’s subject, a term paper can be your window of opportunity to pass this course. Effective tools can give you a great boost.

Here are 90+ of the Internet’s hidden gems for your term papers – online libraries and tools you can use to your advantage for free.

• Academic search engines
• Academic databases
• Term paper examples online
• Term paper proposals
• Directory of open access books
• Free medical journals
• Open computer science resources
• Free digital resources in social sciences
• Open access journals in other disciplines

🔎 Academic search engines

One of the first steps in writing a successful term paper is extensive research. If you simply Google your topic, commercial links and irrelevant data will pop out of your screen when you least expect them, but this will never be the case if you study for your term papers online using these engines:

• Google Scholar is a metasearch engine returning only reliable search results that can be cited in term papers (books, scholarly articles, educational sites pages). Using advanced settings, you can choose the years of publication and sort the results by year of publication or relevance.
• iSEEK Education is a search engine created for academic research. It offers a safe search with only trusted sources. Editors review websites every day to make sure they’re appropriate for this search engine.

• RefSeek (more than 1 billion documents) is a large database supporting students in their online research. Use this system by choosing between websites and documents.
• Virtual LRC (Virtual Learning Resources Center) is a repository of academic resources. You can find information in any science field for your academic paper.
• Digital Library of the Commons Repository is a collection of scholarly articles and research papers.
• The OALster database is the gateway to academic resources in various disciplines. Citing a research source was never easier.
• Internet Public Library stores resources of all kinds, but academic-related literature is among them. Choose one science field to narrow your results. For example, there are areas such as health, marketing, arts, law, and so on.
• Worldcat is an effective and easy-to-use engine for researching your term papers online. Search by DVD, CD, books, and articles in more than 10,000 libraries around the world.
• Microsoft Academic Search is an academic search engine for multidisciplinary research. A perfect research management tool for students and writers.

💾 Academic databases

Are you annoyed with academic teasers, showing you just a few lines from a study you badly need? These free full-text academic databases will show you how to find info for your term paper online without the unnecessary worries.

• Library of Congress is a reputable resource that definitely deserves your attention. An amazing collection of historical items including millions of images that are free to observe.

• arXiv.org (math and sciences) is a gold mine for those who study math and sciences. Find the newest 2018 e-prints in PDF and other formats for your scientific papers.
• Archievenet is a large digital archive with materials in various disciplines. It’s perfect for finding discoveries in medicine, mathematics, physics, and many more spheres.
• NASA Search for Educational Resources a tool for searching educational resources online from NASA.
• Smithsonian Research Information System will help you do a quick and effective academic investigation.
• The British Library Catalogues contain a great amount of material, mainly published in the United Kingdom.
• CIA World Factbook is an easy way to find valuable arguments for your term papers online. Learn more about history, geography, economics, politics, and others.
• State Legislative Websites Directory is an open database for doing research in law. Find such specific content types as press rooms, bills, and statues.
• OpenDOAR is a search repository for freely available academic information. A useful research tool for digital research.

🗃️ Term paper examples online

Learn by example from the following term paper samples approved by top institutions:

• Infoplease offers 3 examples of term papers that are fully cited and show what a quality term paper should look like. It’s also a thorough encyclopedia and atlas. Moreover, you can investigate several timelines on the history of the world.
• Noreen Reale Falcone Library has a collection of term paper samples that would be useful for historians and students studying history. Use this web tool for paraphrasing and citing.
• Owl Purdue Online Writing Lab . You can download here a sample paper in MLA format that adheres to the updates of 2016. This is also a collection of citation guides including books with single and multiple authors, periodicals, lectures, films, and so on.
• A Research Paper contains not only the text of the term paper but also brief and succinct explanations of why this sample deserves the highest grade.
• Sample Research Papers by the University of California Santa Barbara is a list illustrating different citation styles and content that should be included in term papers in different disciplines.
• A Quantitative Research Paper Sample shows the style and methods to be used in a quantitative design of a research paper.
• Sociology Student Research Projects is a collection of 100+ open access full-text research papers in sociology completed by top and award-winning students from Saint Mary’s college. It’s a go-to place if you want to find open academic materials for your term paper online.
• Sample Research Paper Proposals include 40+ research papers in engineering, social sciences, medicine, and other fields. The university offers the ability to download them as a PDF.

✍️ Term paper proposals

• MLA Style Paper from Microsoft Office offers to edit an MLA template in browser. By the way, this tool is useful for other purposes such as making flyers and brochures for marketing, creating invoices for lawyers, visualizing resumes, and even inviting wedding guests.
• Sample Research Proposals include 14 sample proposals in various disciplines.
• Research Proposal Examples for qualitative and quantitative studies show the intricacies of different research designs.
• York St. John Research Proposal Examples can be a perfect start to your term paper. Learn about research integrity and ethics, download some examples to use as a reference, and fill-in forms like a pro.
• An Annotated Research Proposal Sample not only demonstrates how a research proposal should look like but also explains why certain elements should be in the right places.
• Undergraduate Engineering Research Proposal specifies the importance and value of research. On this website, you’ll also find educational courses for science-focused bloggers and academic writers.
• Utah State University Research Proposals illustrate the different types of research proposals using different models and methods. Also, don’t miss their tips on data collection, CV writing, and creating presentations.

• Five Principles for Research Ethics demonstrate the main ethic principles of academic research used in practice. Learn the key rules of research and ethics.
• University of Toledo Research Proposals will come in handy for anyone who is looking for term paper help online.

📚 Free full-text scientific articles

Free full-text academic publications can be an excellent source of inspiration.

• FreeFullPDF is a quick and easy-to-use academic search engine giving access to more than 80 million valuable academic publications. Use operators to find more specific data on the web.
• HighWire claims to be the largest archive of free full-text articles in the world, with nearly 3 million open access documents in its database. No matter if it’s true or not, the database is worthy of your attention.
• JURN invites you to search millions of free academic articles. You can search information by keywords or discover the alphabetical list of disciplines including chronological and genre classifications of literature, global history, law, architecture, and more.
• Cambridge Journals offer free access to particular articles, volumes, and issues. Get access to an incredible collection of knowledge starting with the 19th century.
• DOAJ is a directory of open access journals. All funding of this data is via donations from sponsors and members.
• DOAB stands for a directory of open access books. A search by title, author, and ISBN is available.

• AJOL is a collection of peer-reviewed African-published scholarly journals. Many of these resources would be helpful for researching your term papers online.
• Bloomsbury Collection is an archive of selected research publications in the social sciences and humanities.
• IDEAS is a bibliographic database with open access research reports in economics and finance. Read primary materials from 14,000 economics universities.
• IDRC (International Development Research Center) supports initiatives of scholars living in developing countries and makes their findings available to anyone on the web.

💉Free medical journals

• New England Journal of Medicine offers a wide range of medical studies. New materials on pain management, epidemiology, genealogy, nursing, and more are available.
• British Medical Journal is an open access archive with thousands of pages of valuable research findings. Read old and new publications on various medical topics.
• Clinical Infectious Diseases contains a digital archive of study reports with a convenient search option. Read full articles or brief reports.
• Brain: A Journal of Neurology invites you to check out free access full-text articles on brain development and various issues related to it.
• International Journal of Medical Sciences has high-quality, up-to-date reports covering various fields of study.
• Pediatrics is the official journal of the American Academy of Pediatrics, which discusses different aspects of children’s health.
• Diabetes focuses on symptoms, causes, cures, and preventative measures for different forms of diabetes.
• BMC Medicine is a regularly updated open general collection of peer-reviewed articles in all areas of clinical practice.
• Hypertension is a branch of American Heart Association publishing, focusing on hypertension and its aspects.

• Mayo Clinic Proceedings include the latest findings in various fields of medical research.
• Journal of Clinical Investigation is an open access collection of articles, medical case studies, and research reports.
• Heart focuses on heart diseases and opportunities to improve functioning of this important organ.
• Journal of Neuroscience discusses current problems in the field of neuroscience research and trials.
• Free Medical Jounals by Amedeo.com. More than 5000 medical journals in free access online.
• Obstetrics and Gynecology discusses various aspects of women’s health.
• Journal of Nutrition presents the latest findings in the field of healthy eating and the effects of eating habits on an individual’s health.
• Annals of Surgery present a collection of scholarly articles on the history and practice of surgery. A new issue appears every month and is free to use for your research.
• Critical Care is a collection of open access digital articles that will come in handy for those who collect information for their term papers online or those who work in this field.

💻 Open computer science resources

• CiteSeer is a digital library for scientific and scholarly articles in the field of computers and information science. This website offers excellent assignment help for students.
• CogPrints is a digital archive containing articles in psychology, neuroscience, and computer studies.
• Collection of Computer Science Bibliographies is one of the oldest collections freely available on the web and covering numerous aspects of computer science.
• DBLP is a free access bibliography, consisting of journals, conferences, and workshops. A unique feature of this source is that you can browse monographs. By reading them, you can find hundreds of research paper ideas.

• Open Science Repository is a free repository of open access articles in computer science and quantitative research in other areas.
• Index Copernicus is a multidisciplinary collection of scientific publications. It offers help with writing, academic sources, and more.
• Information Bridge provides quick access to science, technology, and development information.
• SciTech Connect a free web service providing free access to online academic resources. Browse by patents, monographs, conferences, books, and many more.
• SciELO is a free digital library providing access to open journals. An indispensable website for dissertation writing.
• Science.gov is a web portal containing links to U.S. federal, scientific, and technical information.

💿 Free digital resources in social sciences

• GENESIS is a collection of women’s history accounts and open access articles. You can search in scientific articles, magazines, fiction, and even comics.
• Psychology’s Feminist Voices is an online multimedia archive with free access articles in psychology.

• PubPsych is a gold mine with free access articles for those doing research in psychology. Writing a term paper, use the advanced search. With its help, you can find publications with at least one of your keywords, exact keywords, or containing all of the words.
• RePEc offers research papers in economics. If you’re asking yourself “How can I write my dissertation?”, search for useful sources on this website.
• SSRN is a Social Science Research Network. Resources in anthropology, finance, leadership, literature, and many more can be found here.
• VET-Bib is a free open access database with scholarly articles in education and social sciences.
• WorldWideScience is a metasearch engine that will return results from numerous scientific databases that are not easy to find online.
• Social Sciences Journals offer a variety of scholarly articles discussing different aspects of social sciences.
• Open Journal of Social Sciences is a free access to scholarly articles in social sciences.

📔 Open access journals in other disciplines

• BASE is a Bielefeld academic search engine providing free access to scientific articles in various disciplines.
• The Protein Information Resource (PIR) is an great tool for your proteomic, genomic, systems biology research.
• EconBiz will help you a lot if you’re looking for academic materials for your term papers online.

• LingBuzz is a free archive of articles and research papers in linguistics. Search for high-quality content in phonology, semantics, syntax, and morphology.
• PLOS is a public library of science that facilitates free education and free use of academic materials.
• NBER stands for the National Bureau of Economic Research. It has a new pick of papers every week. So you can find many interesting publications for your bibliography.
• University of Delaware will provide you with substantial information for your term paper on several popular topics.
• PhilPapers is the gateway to open access articles and peer-reviewed articles in philosophy.
• PubChem is a repository with full-text articles on chemistry. The evaluation of sources has never been easier! PubChem offers only trusted publications you can use in an academic paper.

So, researching your term papers online makes perfect sense. A variety of free repositories and databases will give you not only food for thought but also substantial content and format examples for your projects.

• Share via Facebook
• Share via Twitter
• Share via LinkedIn
• Share via email

Find out what you need to improve in yourself to become more effective!

Thanks for the feedback!

I went to the USCCB, Cotemitme on Devine Worship site to get the text to follow along. It appears that the Order of Mass has been removed, at least from where I found it before. Does this mean that the final version of the Order of Mass is now under Vatican review also?

How To Write a Term Paper: A Guide That Works

30 June, 2020

16 minutes read

Author:  Mathieu Johnson

Once you’ve started your university career, you are going to be asked to present a term paper. What’s the difference between a term paper and a research paper? How can you write a good term? What’s the best way to structure it? Where can you find some tips to make the writing process faster? In this article, we’ll discuss a few tips to help you prepare a term paper quickly and professionally.

What Is a Term Paper… And What Is The First Step?

A term paper is a critical and analytical report on the topic or subject that you covered within the course of studies. It usually consists of two separate but equally important aspects: your own thoughts about the topic and a demonstration of your understanding of the existing literature. The main goal of this assignment is to summarize the material you learned and showcase your understanding of the topic. This aspect makes the term paper a universal instrument for assessing a student’s proficiency. It also explains why term papers cost so many points of your course grade.

We usually associate a term paper with a research paper , but although the concepts are quite similar, a research paper requires a more academic approach and a deeper investigation into the literature of your field of study.

To write an outstanding college term paper, you must understand that your professor has requested it in order to test your analytical thinking skills. You must collect relevant data, analyze it, and then make a summary or solve a particular problem. Such skills are highly relevant to the business world, so this type of the task is as practical as it is educational.

So, let’s start the preparation!

Before you begin writing

Unfortunately, there is no magical recipe that allows you to get everything done fast. You will need to choose the best way forward in whatever situation you find yourself, but here are some tips to help you prepare for the assignment.

To begin with, take the research stage seriously . Sometimes, when students are really interested in a topic, they only want to present their personal ideas about the problem. Unfortunately, if you’re not completely familiar with all the data from the various sources, you will need to reinvent the bicycle.

Term paper writing was never an easy ride. Well, not for our expert writers. Place an order with our term paper writing service and secure yourself an “A!”

In the initial stages of your research, investigate everything you can find on the topic . This may sound like a tall order, but you’ll find that it doesn’t actually entail that much reading. At this point you are only compiling the research, so you will be skimming through numerous prospects rather than reading them completely. Bear in mind that your aim is to get acquainted with the various aspects of your problem. The term paper summarizes the knowledge you gained within a course and requires to familiarize yourself with the research that other people have already made on your topic.

Thinking that your opinions are completely original and unique is quite egocentric, and it can get you into trouble. So, “your” thoughts about the problem are usually just somebody else’s statements that you have rephrased (or even a well-established academic concept!). Remember that your professor will be familiar with all the literature surrounding the issue: if you merely rewrite someone else’s thoughts and present them as your own (even if you don’t realize doing it), be prepared for criticism!

Applying a Structure To Your Term Paper

Once you have read all the leading authors and their approaches to your problem, it’s time to create a structure for your work. This is not yet an outline; you just need to decide what to write about. Sketch out the topic for the theoretical portion of your work and think about practical aspects and how you can approach the research in the best possible way.

At this point, you really need to call or email your supervisor . Your professor will have seen hundreds of term papers like yours (i.e., they have not yet been written, but a definite idea exists!) and will be prepared to give you feedback and advice. He or she will tell you what literature you have omitted, offer suggestions about what you should read, and give you feedback about your paper. It may well be that your approach has already occurred to somebody else, in which case there is no need to repeat it.

Choosing a Topic: Easy as Riding a Bike?

When you choose your topic, make sure you choose something that you are interested in . That’s our advice if you want a painless term paper. If you prefer to investigate a field that you’ve never really explored before, you can challenge yourself to do that, too. That might be sophisticated, but why not?

If you decide to investigate a topic or a problem that you are pretty familiar with, your writing will be more fluid. You will focus your attention on a specific aspect of the chosen field and expand your knowledge within that scope. On the contrary, choosing an unfamiliar subject matter can wash out your expertise.

Be prepared to change the topic if you find out that your research isn’t going anywhere. It might occur that you presuppose that your topic has a potential but somewhere at the stage of initial research, you find that it just won’t work. It’s always a good idea to consider two or three topics when you kick off the term paper writing – even if they are just different ways of examining the same problem. By doing this, you will be able to choose the best version, which may not be the one you started with at all!

Related Post: 100 Persuasive essay topics

Formulating a Thesis statement

Writing a proper thesis statement can also be challenging. To begin with, write down a couple of prominent ideas or concepts, then try to make rough drafts of them to see how they’ll work in the structural framework. You will probably find that one idea fits your style, interests, and knowledge base: you can choose that one as your thesis statement.

Remember that the thesis statement is the skeleton, the central concept of your paper. It is the elemental attribute of almost any academic paper – from master’s thesis to a simple five paragraph essay. If you do a thorough job on it, you will find that writing (and defending!) your argument is much easier.

Be aware that all of these stages are parts of a procedure – one leads to another. When writing a term paper, you should collect the material and wrap it up at the same time.

Planning – The Key To Success

Some people claim that they can write a term paper without any planning. In our opinion, this is impossible. If you don’t have a postgraduate degree and you aren’t a certified genius, you need to prepare an outline for your project. It may come as a surprise, but even people who claim otherwise actually prepare outlines – in their heads. But if you don’t have that much experience, use a pencil and your notebook to ensure that you don’t forget anything.

Don’t procrastinate on your College or University papers anymore. Get professional help with our essay writer !

That’s when we get to preparing your first draft . There’s only one thing to add here: do as many drafts as you need in order to achieve your goal. Understand that your aim is to create an excellent term paper and keep working at it until you are satisfied.

Term Paper Outline: Write Everything In The Proper Section!

In the Introduction , state the topic that you are going to investigate and the context of your work. This is the critical ‘selling’ moment of your work. In a nutshell, your introduction combined with a conclusion should give a sneak peek into what the whole paper is about. If your introduction is well-prepared, it will be quite complacent about the body of your project. The introduction must include an abstract that presents your thesis statement . You should explain your motivation (why should the reader be concerned about this problem?) , your methods (what scientific tools did you use?) , and the results (what you achieved) .

The Literature Review totally corresponds to its name – it is here to review the literature you compiled. Your professor will double check it to make sure that you understand the context of your argument. One more thing to add is: collect all the information you can! Ideally, you should read or at least glance through every book and author that you can find on the topic. Think of your task as a fascinating journey: if you approach it like that, reading hundreds of pages won’t seem like that much of a challenge.

In the Discussion , you must present the interpretations of the problem. Be honest, explain what you pieces of data you don’t agree with and what ideas and concepts you support. This section connects the dots between theory and practice when writing a term paper. Wherever possible, provide several interpretations of the subject matter, then choose the one(s) that are most relevant to the case you are presenting.

In the Body , focus on those arguments that prove your thesis statement. This section must be absolutely logical. If you have chosen a more complicated topic, use heading and sub-headings to improve the appearance of this section. While writing the body, keep your target audience (your professors) in mind. In other words, don’t just record the obvious causes/effects/solutions but also showcase your own findings – what you have discovered and how that proves your thesis statement. Demonstrate that you are familiar with the details and you will stun your readers with the prolific mastery of the topic.

Now, the Conclusion   is her to summarize both the content and the purpose of the paper. The most challenging part is not to make it too dry. Reiterate your thesis statement and briefly show how your results justified your proposition. At the very end, you can suggest a call to action or pose a rhetorical question or statement that leaves your reader wanting more.

What to do next?

When you have finished, reread your work a couple of times. You will almost certainly find a few faults, whether they are contextual, factual, syntactical, grammatical, or even simple spelling mistakes. A very useful tip is to wait for two or three days after writing your final draft to proofread it afterward. Your brain will have time to process the information, and you’ll be able to look at it with a fresh view.

When proofreading, take care to polish the structural problems. The skeleton (the logic and the thesis statement) should make sense. If they don’t, try to approach the problem from another perspective. The changes may take some time, but bear in mind that your objective is to produce professional work. Be patient!

After that, print the term paper. The human eye processes information differently on the paper than on a computer screen; that’s why you need to print it and take one final look for any possible mistakes. Even if you don’t see any serious defects, pay attention to formatting, punctuation, and synonyms. It’s an academic text, so make it shine!

Term Paper Sample

Be sure to check the sample of a term paper, completed by our writers. Use it as an example to perfect your own writing. Link:  Term Paper Sample: Consumer Buying Behavior .

The Do’s and Don’ts of Term Paper Writing

There you have the most important tips to help you succeed in writing a term paper. Now it’s up to you to stop reading and start writing!

A life lesson in Romeo and Juliet taught by death

Due to human nature, we draw conclusions only when life gives us a lesson since the experience of others is not so effective and powerful. Therefore, when analyzing and sorting out common problems we face, we may trace a parallel with well-known book characters or real historical figures. Moreover, we often compare our situations with […]

Ethical Research Paper Topics

Writing a research paper on ethics is not an easy task, especially if you do not possess excellent writing skills and do not like to contemplate controversial questions. But an ethics course is obligatory in all higher education institutions, and students have to look for a way out and be creative. When you find an […]

Art Research Paper Topics

Students obtaining degrees in fine art and art & design programs most commonly need to write a paper on art topics. However, this subject is becoming more popular in educational institutions for expanding students’ horizons. Thus, both groups of receivers of education: those who are into arts and those who only get acquainted with art […]

How to Write a Term Paper 101: A Tutorial to Takeover

As the end of the semester draws closer, many students are losing their sleep over the thought of writing a term paper. But you’re worrying pointlessly because  PaperPerk  has brought expert help to your doorstep! 

Our comprehensive guide on how to write a term paper is sure to help you with every step. So read this article thoroughly because we cover everything from definition to steps on composition and templates with examples.

Table of Contents

What Is a Term Paper?

A term paper is a written project required at the end of a semester. It is designed to evaluate a student’s knowledge and understanding of a particular subject. Typically, it takes the form of a discussion or analysis of an assigned topic. 

But it can also resemble a scientific report,  reflective essay , or even a research paper. As an essential component of a student’s academic journey, a term paper is characterized by its in-depth exploration of a specific subject matter.

Key Characteristics

One of the key features of a term paper is that it requires a significant amount of research , as it aims to provide a comprehensive understanding of the topic. This research-intensive nature of the term paper sets it apart from other academic assignments. 

Additionally, term papers demand technical writing skills, as they need to be well-organized, structured, and adhere to specific formatting requirements. A high-quality term paper should be well-written, thoroughly researched, and analytical. 

It should demonstrate critical thinking and provide valuable insights into the subject matter. With an Impactful term paper, a student showcases their ability to synthesize and analyze information, ultimately contributing to their overall academic success.

How to Write a Term Paper: A Comprehensive Guide

The biggest step in learning how to write a term paper is to understand the importance of creating a term paper outline. This  research paper outline  is the beacon that will guide through your writing process. The following part of this post contains steps on composing an outline and its component. 

How to Write a Term Paper: Outlining a Term Paper

Below are the essential components of an outline. Once you gather your information, you’ll incorporate it within these compartments to avoid creating a chaotic cluster of random data. 

Introduction

Let’s look at these a bit more closely and understand how to use these elements in the best way. 

Also known as the  title page , the cover page of a term paper is the first impression of the paper. It provides all the necessary information about the paper along with a neat and professional look. It should include the following information:

• Title of the paper
• Course name and code
• Instructor’s name
• Date of submission

Steps to compose a cover page:

• Centrally align the title of your paper in the middle of the page.
• Add your name, course name, and number below the title.
• Include your instructor’s name and the date of submission at the bottom.

You might be required to add more than these common elements if your professor asks you to. Many students additionally write the name of the university, department or other relevant details. 

The abstract is a brief summary of your term paper, usually between 150-250 words. It should highlight the main points, including the research question, methods, results, and conclusions. 

Using an  abstract  optimally allows readers to quickly grasp the main points and significance of your term paper. The abstract is usually placed at the beginning of the paper, right after the cover page. 

Steps to compose an abstract:

• Write a concise summary of your paper’s purpose and research question.
• Briefly describe the methods used in your research.
• Summarize the main findings or results.
• Conclude with a brief statement of your paper’s implications or significance.

Ensure that all the information you incorporate within your abstract accurately reflects the content and findings within your paper. Double-check that there is consistency between the abstract and the main body of the paper in terms of the research objectives, methodology, and conclusions. 

The  introduction  sets the stage for your term paper. It provides background information, states the research question, depicts the purpose of the study and explains the paper’s significance. 

Steps to compose an introduction:

• Begin with a hook to capture the reader’s attention.
• Provide background information on your topic.
• Clearly state your research question.
• Explain the significance of your research and its contribution to the field.

The body of your term paper is where you present your arguments , evidence, and analysis. It should be organized into sections or subheadings, each focusing on a specific aspect of your research.

Steps to compose the body:

• Organize your content into logical sections or subheadings.
• Present your arguments and support them with evidence from your research.
• Analyze the evidence and explain its relevance to your research question.
• Use appropriate citations to acknowledge the sources of your information.

The results section presents the outcomes and the findings of your research study. It should be clear, concise, and focused on the data collected during your study.

Steps to compose the results section:

• Summarize the data collected during your research.
• Use tables, charts, or graphs to visually represent your findings.
• Describe any patterns, trends, or relationships observed in the data.
• Ensure that your results are relevant to your research question.
• Avoid repetition of any information. 

The  discussion section  interprets the results of your term paper and explains their implications. It should also address any limitations of your research and suggest areas for future study.

Steps to compose the discussion section:

• Interpret your results and explain their significance.
• Discuss any limitations or weaknesses in your research.
• Compare your findings to previous studies and explain any differences.
• Suggest areas for future research based on your findings.

The  conclusion  brings your term paper to a close by summarizing the main points. This final section of your paper also restates the significance of your research.

Steps to compose a conclusion:

• Restate your research question and summarize the main points of your paper.
• Emphasize the significance of your research and its contribution to the field.
• Offer recommendations or suggestions for future research.
• End with a strong closing statement that leaves a lasting impression on the reader.

By following this comprehensive guide, you can write a well-structured and impactful term paper that demonstrates your understanding of the subject and contributes valuable insights to the field.

How to Write a Term Paper Proposal: A Tutorial

A term paper proposal serves as a blueprint for your research. It helps in organizing your thoughts and ideas. Lets focus on the essential features of a term paper proposal and understand steps on how to compose each part.

Essential Features of a Term Paper Proposal

Relevance and importance.

The title of your term paper proposal should attract your readers and provide them with a clear idea of your work. It should be clear, concise, and accurately reflect the subject of your research.

Steps to compose a title:

• Identify the main topic or theme of your research.
• Choose relevant keywords that represent the key concepts of your research.
• Combine these keywords to create a clear and informative title.
• Ensure that your  title  is not too long or overly complex.
• Consider your audience’s ability to understand your title.

The objectives section outlines the specific goals of your research. These goals should be clear, measurable, and achievable within the scope of your term paper.

Steps to compose objectives:

• Begin by stating the general purpose of your research.
• Break down this purpose into specific, measurable objectives.
• Ensure that your objectives are achievable within the timeframe and resources available for your term paper.
• Keep your objectives focused and relevant to your research question.

The relevance and importance section demonstrates the significance of your research within the context of your field of study. It should explain why your research is necessary and how it contributes to the existing body of knowledge.

Steps to compose the relevance and importance section:

• Explain the context of your research by providing background information on the topic.
• Identify gaps or limitations in the existing literature that your research aims to address.
• Explain how your research contributes to the field by offering new insights or perspectives.
• Emphasize the potential impact of your research on the broader academic community or society as a whole.

Putting It All Together: Writing a Term Paper Proposal

Now that you clearly understand the essential features of a term paper  proposal , it’s time to put it all together. Follow these steps to create a well-structured and compelling proposal:

• Begin by writing a clear and concise title that accurately reflects the subject of your research.
• Compose a brief introduction that overviews your research topic and its significance. This introduction should also include a clear statement of your research question.
• Outline the specific objectives of your research, ensuring that they are clear, measurable, and achievable within the scope of your term paper.
• Explain the relevance and importance of your research by demonstrating its significance within your field of study. Highlight the gaps or limitations in the existing literature that your research aims to address.
• Provide a brief overview of your research methodology, including the methods you plan to use for data collection and analysis.
• Include a tentative timeline for your research, outlining the milestones and deadlines for each project stage.
• Conclude your proposal with a summary of the main points and a restatement of the significance of your research.

By following these comprehensive steps, you can create a well-structured and persuasive term paper proposal that demonstrates the importance of your research and sets the stage for a successful term paper.

How to Write a Term Paper: Formatting

A term paper format refers to the set of rules and standards that dictate the structure and presentation of a term paper. Formatting is essential to learn how to write a term paper as it ensures consistency, enhances readability, and maintains a professional appearance. 

A proper structure allows readers to concentrate on the content rather than the presentation. Several formatting styles are used in term papers, with the American Psychological Association (APA) style and the Modern Language Association (MLA) style being the most common.

Using APA Style in a Term Paper:

• Choose a standard font, such as 11-point Calibri, 11-point Arial, or 12-point Times New Roman.
• Apply double-spacing throughout the paper, including the abstract, main text, quotes, tables, figures, and references.
• Create a title page containing the paper’s title, author’s name, affiliated institution, and a running head.
• Organize the content using headings that adhere to  APA guidelines for different heading levels.
• Incorporate the author-date citation method for in-text citations and format the reference list according to APA guidelines.

Using MLA Style in a Term Paper:

• Opt for a standard font, such as 12-point Times New Roman.
• Double-space the entire paper, including the main text, quotes, and the Works Cited page.
• Include a header with the last name of the author and page number on the top right corner of all pages.
• Use parenthetical citations within the text and format according to  MLA guidelines .
• Follow MLA guidelines for formatting headings and subheadings, if applicable.

Adhering to the appropriate style guide when formatting term papers is crucial for maintaining academic integrity and ensuring that your work is easily comprehended and properly cited.

Choosing the Perfect Term Paper Topics

Writing a term paper can be a daunting task, but choosing the right term paper topics can make all the difference. In this part, we will provide you with some useful tips and tricks to make the process as smooth as possible.

The Starting Point

In most cases, students are assigned term papers by their professors. These topics are related to course outline to assess pupil’s understanding of the course material. As well as their ability to think critically and conduct research on a specific subject. 

Other times, teachers provide students a chance to choose a topic of their liking. But before you go on and pick a topic for your term paper, put the following concerns at the forefront. 

• The course objective 
• Your own interest. 

The Course Objective

Your term paper is essentially assigned to assess your command on the subject. Prioritize your course outline or objective before picking your  research paper topics . This will ensure that your paper is relevant and reflects what you have learnt so far about the subject. 

Your Interests

Your personal interests play a significant role in the success of your term paper. When you choose a topic that genuinely interests you, you are more likely to engage in  writing a research paper . This enthusiasm will not only make the writing process more enjoyable but also result in a higher quality term paper. 

Before picking a specific topic, make sure to conduct thorough research and align your personal liking to your course objective. The following tips on how to pick the perfect term paper topic will assist you in acing your grade.

Tips for Choosing the Perfect Term Paper Topic

While picking a topic for yourself, be mindful of certain things:

Adjusting Topic Length

Consider if the topic would adjust your required length for a term paper. Suppose you’re to write a  10-page research paper , what kind of topic would adjust within those 10 pages? Registering the narrowness or broadness of the topic can help.

Authentic Resources

The second thing you need to consider is the resources of your information. Check if the source you’re working with is authentic. Reliable  sources for a research paper  include academic journals, books, think tanks, and reputable websites.

Complexity of the Subject

To ensure the clarity of your topic, consider its complexity. It is important that the chosen subject can be effectively presented to your audience. Additionally, ensure that you have a solid understanding of the subject matter yourself.

By considering the length, resources, and complexity of your chosen topic, you can ensure that your term paper is engaging, informative, and well-researched. So, take the time to select the perfect topic and get ready to ace your term paper!

How to Write a Term Paper: A Template With Example

This template also contains examples that are highlighted in a different color. 

Title Page 

Abstract .

• Remember to never exceed the abstract more than 250 words.

1.1 Background

1.2 problem statement, 1.3 objectives, 2. literature review, 3. methodology, 5. discussion, 6. conclusion, 7. references.

• The references section uses the appropriate citation style (e.g., APA, MLA, Chicago).

8. Appendices

• If necessary, this section includes additional material such as raw data, survey questionnaires, interview transcripts, or any other supplementary information that supports the research.

This guide on how to write a term paper must have been helpful to you. But we understand that wrapping your head around something so detailed can be difficult when you’re stressed out. And most students are stressed out by the end of the semester due to multiple deadlines.  That’s why we have brought you our  term paper writing service  so you can relax and focus more on your upcoming exams. Our experts are dedicated to helping students excel academically with quality content and on-time submission. Check us out today and bid goodbye to academic worries!

Order Original Papers & Essays

Your First Custom Paper Sample is on Us!

Timely Deliveries

No Plagiarism & AI

100% Refund

Try Our Free Paper Writing Service

Related blogs.

Connections with Writers and support

Privacy and Confidentiality Guarantee

Average Quality Score

How to Write a Term Paper: A Complete Guide With Examples

You just got your term paper assignment and have no idea what to do or how to start? This guide will navigate you through every step of the process, from idea formation to final editing and proofreading. We will start with outlining, drafting and brainstorming, and get you through the writing part in no time. So, let’s dive into the question of how to write a term paper.

If you want to know everything you will need about term papers, this guide, written by the writers at the best essay writing service will help you along.

Table of Contents

What is a term paper.

A term paper is an academic milestone more so than anything else. As a student, you are tasked with learning and then transmitting that knowledge to others. A term paper is just that, a way to show what you have learnt, and disseminate the knowledge to others. Unlike other types of academic writing , a term paper is more detailed, requires more research, and is generally seen as the hardest piece of written work aside from a thesis.

The aim of a term paper is to showcase your understanding of the subject matter and how well you handle pressure and deadlines. In this context, a term paper proves invaluable. In terms of scope, term papers may zero in on an important historical event – if you’re studying history – a scientific concept, or a contentious argument. The choice hinges on the prompt created by your academic advisor. The typical length of a term paper can stretch to five or seven pages, and is generally the prerequisite to attend end-of-semester examination. But, it is also a part of the weighted grade you’ll receive, which only adds to its importance.

For the average student, writing a term paper takes around two weeks, and is a process many do not fully understand. Term paper starts from a very basic element, a question.

Say your teacher wants you to analyze the arguments for and against US involvement in World War II. How would you start? By asking a question; something like: Why did the US enter the war? Or, why did the US waive its neutrality and entered the war.

This opens the door for you and allows you to find an article or two that then leads to the second step, and so on and so on, until you are done. The problem is many students do not know how the process works, or what skills are needed to get the job done. To write an excellent paper you need to plan carefully, adapt to new conditions, be analytical yet persuasive, and understand how referencing works. In addition, the paper has to be formatted to specifications of your chosen citation style – APA, MLA, Chicago/Turabian, Harvard, etc. This is a lot of work!

What is the Purpose of a Term Paper

At its core, a term paper serves to test your ability to understand arguments and defend them using written constructs within a pre-determined time period. Put simply, it tests your ability to navigate complex ideas when faced with a deadline – something that comes in handy in almost every job you’ll ever have later in life. If you can understand a complex event, a scientific theory, or a debatable stance, based on the directive from your academic mentor, you can manage pretty much anything that is thrown your way.

A typical term paper will be between five to seven pages, and represents the pinnacle of writing tasks in the semester. The process of term paper writing, even when the topic is prescribed, can be an arduous and time-consuming undertaking. To succeed you need meticulous planning, good composition skills, and scrupulous analysis, structure, and edit

Doing the Basics Right Saves You Time

As Seneca famously said, “Luck Is What Happens When Preparation Meets Opportunity.” In short, prepare, prepare, prepare. To create a perfect term paper you need to know, well in advance, how it will look, what will it be about, and how will it be structured. This then allows you to simply fill in the blanks as you go. But, if you start a day before submission, you’re toast – or, you can always ask for help from us J – because the result will be Red Bull frenzy induced compilation of internet’s best hits. And trust me when I say, your teacher has those stored in memory; you’re not the first student to turn a deaf ear on old Seneca….

So, let’s see how to start your term paper:

• Select your topic – If possible choose something that you’re personally interested in. When you choose early, all the good topics are still free, so keep that in mind.
• Research your topic – Once chosen, sit at your computer and run through Google Scholar or your University Library for anything that pops up when you type in your exact topic.
• Create an outline – When you have a basic understanding of the topic, prepare an outline. It’s always going to be fairly standard, so once you get it right, you can re-use whenever you need to in the future.
• Thesis statement – Now starts the tricky part. Just kidding, this is still the Top Lane, we’re not even close to the Jungle. Thesis statements are always pretty similar. Jolt down your guiding question and then, based on what you’ve read, write a one sentence argument. For example, if writing about solar and wind, you might go with: Solar and wind power are the future of energy production because fossil fuels are unsustainable.
• Topics, topic sentences, and paragraphs – Every paragraph starts with a topic sentence that describes what the paragraph is talking about. The easiest way to understand is this. If writing a paper about wind and solar, you would need at least three topic sentences – 1)Wind 2)Solar 3)Benefits of using wind and solar. Naturally, a term paper needs much more than just three, but you get the idea.
•   Conclusion – Once you’ve written down the topic sentences and outlined the paper, note your own expectations of what you’ll find in the conclusion. This will help you understand what is happening, and when you’re actually writing the conclusion it will tell you if you were right or wrong.

Pro tip: If all of this is too much for you, there is always the possibility of asking professionals for help. Our team of term paper writers are here to help, so feel free to reach out!

Structure of a Term Paper

As you’ve probably guessed by now, every paper has to have a specific structure. In general, you can expect to have at least three parts – introduction, body, and a conclusion. However, longer papers may need several sub-sections, perhaps even an abstract or a summary, and a page dedicated to bibliography.

A typical term paper has three to five body paragraphs that form the backbone of your arguments and analytical discourse. A bibliography is always needed, even if your sources predominantly comprise course materials or excerpts from consulted textbooks. Depending on the chosen style, you will need either a Works Cited page (MLA), a Reference page (APA) or a Bibliography (Harvard, Chicago). Given its pivotal role in determining your final course grade, make sure to adhere to the highest writing and editing standards.

Term Paper Outline

• Title page – this is where you enter your name, teacher name, school, class, and date. The formatting will depend on your chosen style
• Introduction – Introduction sets the stage for your arguments. This is where you present statistics, define helpful terms, and finally present your thesis statement. IMPORTANT: Thesis statement is always the last sentence in the introduction.
• Body 1: Historical setting or development
• Body 2: Current state of knowledge about the problem
• Body 3: Main argument and potential implications
• Body 4: Argument for
• Body 5: Argument against
• Body 6: Summary
• Conclusion : Bring all of the body arguments together and restate your thesis statement.
• Bibliography : Provide references for all sources cited in the term paper using the style of your choice

Now let’s get to the nitty gritty of the writing process.

Topic Selection – In most cases teachers or instructors will provide students with a list of pre-approved topics to choose from. But, in some cases you will get the opportunity to choose for yourself. This is both a blessing and a curse, because it can lead you into a deep pit of despair if you are not careful.

Length – Every paper will have an assigned length. You should never go under the minimum or the maximum word/page count, as that will take points away from your final score. If the prompt asks for 10 pages, write that.

Sources – Consult your school library, Google Scholar, and any other database that has access to journals and books on your topic.

Simplify – While it is admirable to be able to write in a high-brow voice, it’s much better to use plain language as much as possible, but staying within the confines of academic jargon. No don’t’s, couldnt’s, or should’ve. If something is too complicated to explain simply, you do not understand it properly. Ask for clarification.

Do not be afraid to wander – Choosing a common topic may be a safe bet, but your teacher will grade you higher if you take a topic nobody else even though about. Brownie points are there for the taking. Just make sure you know what you’re talking about!

Don’t overextend – While the entire combined histories of all monastic orders may seem like an interesting topic (well, to us at least), it is waaaaaaay too broad to cover in 5 or 10 pages. Heck, that would probably take an entire compendium with multiple volumes. In short, don’t be a megalomaniac and choose a topic that fits in 5 pages.

How to Write a Term Paper: The Writing Process

Before starting your write up, the teacher will expect a proposal. This is a very short summary of the topic, your thesis statement, and a few sources. The goal is to present a topic that you can defend and ask the teacher to approve it.

So how do you write a proposal? Start by writing down your thesis statement and guiding question. Then identify three to four sources and jolt down key statistics and pieces of information that are linked to your thesis statement. The goal is to show you’ve done the work. The proposal will generally have a full outline (see above) so that the teacher knows what you are planning to do. If you explain what the topic is and why it is important in writing , the teacher will accept the proposal.

Introduction, well, Introduces the Term Paper

Your essay has to start strong, which is why 99.99%  of all introductions start with a hook that captivates the audience. A hook can be anything, a statistic (like 40% of people in the US have no savings whatsoever, which means around 140 million people are completely broke – now that’s a hook, line, and sinker).

Once you know the reader is hooked, you present a brief overview of the topic you will discuss. This is where you bring statistics, data, and broader theories or concepts that may relate.

The end of the introduction is always reserved for the thesis statement, which is the last sentence of the introduction.

Try to be concise – not more than ¾ of a page (cca 200-250 words), but detailed enough so that the reader understands what the paper is about.

Writing the Body Sections

When you are certain you can understand the concepts and arguments presented in the literature, it’s time to write your body paragraphs.

The goal is to provide the reader with enough context and argumentation to prove your point. So, if you’re writing about the advantages of nuclear energy, you have to provide evidence from the literature as well as a thorough analysis of all benefits and drawbacks. The goal is to be as objective as possible, while ensuring your results are accurate.

Do not dwell on too much detail, you cannot fit all of the information in a 5 – 10 page paper. Isolate the most important pieces of evidence, maybe 3-4 and focus on those.

As a rule of thumb, you will aim for 4 – 5 body paragraphs minimum, but in most cases you will need more. The first section should be the literature review, where you analyze state-of-the-art of the topic you are writing about.

Following the literature review is your analysis, which draws from the information you’ve collected. It’s important to note, do not try and make up new stuff, or draw conclusions in this section. Simply analyze and summarize the findings in your own voice.

The last paragraph of the body section can be your own summary, where you present a different opinion. Be concise and do not go into too much detail, simply note if you think there are any discrepancies in the literature.

Remember : Always start your paragraphs with a topic sentence and try to contain the information within the paragraph to the topic.

Writing the Conclusion

Conclusion is the most important part of the term paper, even though many do not give it enough attention. This is where you put everything you’ve written together and summarize key findings.

Important : Conclusion is not the place to add new information or knowledge!

To write a good conclusion keep in mind your initial research question and thesis statement. The goal of the term paper is to answer the question and prove your thesis statement is correct. Has your paper done this? Write it down and explain why or why not your initial proposal was correct. A thesis statement can be wrong, and you must acknowledge this in your conclusion.

In the conclusion:

• Summarize your findings
• Discuss implications for future reseasrch

Editing and Finalization

The final word of the conclusion has been written, references added and alphabetized, the paper and the title page formatted. You are finally done. Or, maybe not! Now is the time for the final edit.

Teachers, above everything else, hate reading papers with spelling mistakes and poor grammar. To make sure your paper does not annoy the teacher (you don’t want a lower grade), make sure it is completely free of any errors.

The best way to do this is by using a machine learning tool combined with close reading on your own. The machine will weed out the glaring errors, and you will finish the job.

Read through the draft carefully. Remove any fluff or excess words that add nothing to the argument. You will likely find several sentences you will want to change. Do this now. Once done, start the second read-through.

In this read-through you will hone in on the arguments. Do they make sense? Are statistics properly cited, and do you sound coherent? If the answer is no, you will want to fix the mistakes until satisfied.

Now, finally, you are done! Congratulations. Pat yourself on the back. Oh, wait, we forgot about the abstract!

Abstract Comes First, or Last

In no uncertain terms, do not write the abstract before you’ve completed the term paper. This is always the last part of the writing process, but strangely enough the one your paper starts with. Go figure.

When you do get to this stage, use our secret formula. Well, it’s not really secret but we like to think so. The abstract needs three parts to work well, the introduction, the method/procedure, and the conclusion/findings. Depending on the topic these will vary slightly but you will always find them in an abstract.

Introduce your topic and what you plan to do in two to three sentences.

Describe what method you will use – such as literature review, an experiment, or something else. Two to three sentences.

Define the results you obtained after using the method. Two to three sentences.

Remember : The abstract should be between 120 and 200 words in length, no more is needed.

No, they are not. A research paper is an original piece of writing that comes after some type of original research has been done. Maybe you’ve found a new civilization during a dig, or a new chemical element. The research paper is meant to publicize this finding so other scientists can critique, refute, or confirm its validity. A term paper is a much simpler version that requires no original research. But, a term paper is your preparation for writing a research paper later in life.

This will depend on your teacher. In many cases, you will get a pre-defined format to follow, such as APA, MLA, or Chicago. If not, we recommend using APA or Harvard, as they are relatively simple to learn and have a ton of resources to help you along.

It is important to remember you are not writing a book, so keep the topic narrow. For example, if writing about renewable energy, choose only one type of energy or just one region. Do not try to cram everything into 5-10 pages; it won’t work.

Writing a term paper is certainly a challenge, but it is also manageable if you dedicate yourself to the process. Prepare well in advance, read a lot, and do not be afraid to ask for help if you get stuck. Your teachers are paid to help you, so email them if you get stuck. Above everything, make sure you are interested in the topic, as that will make the process so much easier.

Related Posts

10 Tips To Study Effectively

How To Buy Essays Online? A Safety-First Guide For Students!

Custom term paper services provided by experts

We offer custom term paper writing for different areas of study. Achieve exceptional academic success with our talented writers. Let our experts craft a custom paper tailored to your needs.

Get help from professional custom term paper writers

Unlock the secret to stress-free term papers with our squad of scholars! Browse our lineup of writing pros and handpick your academic ally today for personalized assistance in any subject.

The benefits of using our custom term paper writing service

Papers made from scratch.

Rest assured that our custom term paper writers will start and finish your order from scratch. Our writers conduct extensive research to ensure the paper’s uniqueness and originality. You don’t need to worry about plagiarism when you collaborate with us!

24-hour reliable customer support

Our friendly support team is available 24/7 to quickly answer any questions or concerns you may have about your custom term paper. We provide writing help for students worldwide, so we cover all time zones.

Confidentiality and privacy assured

Worried about privacy and security when ordering custom term papers? Don't be! Our high-tech encryption keeps your personal and financial info safe and sound, so you can focus on what really matters - acing your assignments and getting good grades.

Quality work delivered promptly

Our expert writers follow your instructions, meet deadlines, and deliver top-scoring term papers. You can relax knowing your paper is in good hands. When you work with us, expect high-quality papers that get equally high marks.

Free features

Order custom term paper by following these easy steps, fill up order form.

Complete our order form with your instructions from deadline to word count. Attach relevant files and contact our team for questions. It's that easy to order your custom term paper.

Monitor writing progress seamlessly

Stay in the loop of your term paper progress! Chat with your writer, track developments, and get notified when your paper is ready to download. No surprises, just smooth sailing.

Review work and download

Get notified when it's ready, rate your writer, and save their ID for next time. Download and revise easily. With our help, you win at school and win at life!

Uncover the extensive help offered by our Studyfy team

Custom term papers written by experts satisfy our clients.

Feeling skeptical? Let our global clientele do the talking! Slide into our testimonials section, where praises rain down like confetti. Our loyal patrons affirm our team's unwavering reliability firsthand.

I'm literally writing this review because I just had one of the best customer service experiences ever! Maria was so friendly and quickly helped me with the entire ordering process!

I was falling behind on some of my homework so I reached out to a writer who took on some of my work. I'm really happy I did because it was quality and affordable. I'd be happy to work with him the next time I'm running out of time.

I do not know what I would do without you guys! Your experts helped me, and I was able to graduate early this year. Thank you so much, it means the world to me!

My first contact was with customer service, who answered all of my questions and were able to help me find a writer for my tough chemistry paper. I got a really good feeling and was not disappointed by the final paper.

Me and a couple of my friends have worked with quite a few writers here. Whatever criteria is needed, they stick to it, and make sure that you get the paper you are expecting. It's fantastic!

I have a part-time job while attending university and sometimes there's just too much work to do. I've been using Studyfy for a year now and it's an absolute lifesaver when you need quick help.

Frequently asked questions

How much will i pay for custom term paper writing, who are my assigned custom term papers writers, how do i check the status of my paper, can i hire your custom term paper writer for some parts only, level up your grades with our high-quality custom term papers.

Feeling suffocated by never-ending term paper demands? Buy custom term paper from us and alleviate your burden while boosting your academic performance. Buying custom term papers will give you the following benefits:

• Professionals: Our writers undergo rigorous vetting to ensure unmatched proficiency.
• Guaranteed Excellence: We're dedicated to delivering top-notch papers.
• Originality Assured: Every term paper is meticulously crafted from scratch, guaranteeing authenticity.
• Seamless Communication: Need clarifications or revisions? Our writers are at your beck and call.
• 24/7 Support: Encounter any issues? Our support team is here day and night to address concerns.
• Affordable Rates: We offer reasonable student rates for custom term paper creation without compromising quality.
• Secure Transactions: With encrypted platforms and various payment options, your personal and financial data remain safe.
• Punctual Delivery: Tight deadlines? Not a problem. Specify your timeline, and we'll deliver promptly.
• Customer Satisfaction: Your happiness is our priority. Regardless of complexity, we strive to meet your expectations.

Bid farewell to sleepless nights and missed deadlines. Entrust us with your term paper woes and relish the carefree college life you deserve! ‍

Custom written term paper crafted with care by experts

Our custom term paper team provides unparalleled expertise for outstanding results. You’ll get term paper help from our professional writers with bachelor's, MA, and Ph.D. degrees from prestigious academic institutions.

Over 80% of clients return for more assistance, which shows satisfaction. Our team tackles diverse subjects like Art History and Political Science, helping you unleash your full academic potential. Select your expert from our lineup of professionals with extensive subject-specific experience.

Give us specific instructions, and we work hard to build your project from scratch to ensure uniqueness and authenticity. Each expert conducts thorough research, injecting fresh insights into your work. Curious about client feedback?

Check out our customer testimonials for insights. At Studyfy, transparency defines our custom term paper writing process. Experience seamless transactions and unparalleled satisfaction with every purchase.

Custom term paper carefully written to your satisfaction

‍ Buy custom term papers with premium quality at student-friendly rates. Embark on a journey of academic excellence with the help of our expert writing team.

Our assistance is designed for those who demand the best without compromising their budget. We offer a unique fusion of unparalleled quality and affordability for your complete satisfaction.

When you tell us to write my term paper , you'll receive exclusive, top-tier papers at remarkably modest rates.

We've worked tirelessly to ensure our writing assistance remains accessible to all students.

With Studyfy, you can confidently invest in professional writing and editing help without worrying about excessive costs.

Elevate your academic experience today and discover why countless students rely on us for their term paper needs.

Studyfy seamless ordering process makes sure academic help accessible ‍

Ordering cheap custom term papers from Studyfy is as simple as ABC! Follow these straightforward steps:

Step 1: Give Us Your Instructions

Provide essential details like: topic, deadline, word count, rubrics, etc. With these details, our term paper writing service ensures all outputs match your requirements.

Step 2: Select a Perfect Writer

Browse through profiles and reviews. Chat with potential writers to find the perfect match for your project.

Step 3: Keep In Touch

Enjoy direct communication with your chosen writer to ensure clarity and alignment with your ideas and instructions.

Step 4: Pay Securely

Your privacy and security are top priorities. Our payment gateways are encrypted to safeguard your personal information, ensuring a worry-free transaction every time.

Step 5: Seamless Edits

Not satisfied with the initial draft? Request a free revision within the specified time frame, and our writer will refine it until it meets your expectations. We’re committed to excellence.

Best Tips on How to Write a Term Paper

Writing a Term Paper: What You Need to Know

If you've landed here by searching on Google for tips on how to write term paper, you're in the right spot! You can be upfront about your deadline and share the number of pages you need to complete with us.

This article will analyze and cover every aspect of the term paper writing process. Here, you can learn how to create an outline, structure every paragraph, and what to include in each section. After finishing the article, you can create a perfect paper yourself. But if you prefer a professional to write it instead of you, just use the magic words ' write my term paper ,' and it'll be done perfectly for you.

To write it yourself next time, let's dive in to learn every aspect of writing academic papers.

Understanding What is Term Paper

The first question we must answer to start our article is - what is term paper?! According to the definition, a term paper is a research paper you write at the end of a semester or academic year. This task will evaluate your understanding of the course material and assess your proficiency in the curriculum's essential components.

In addition to its primary goal, writing a term paper also has other purposes. It enhances your critical, analytical thinking, and writing abilities, which are valuable not only during your academic journey but also in your professional career beyond university. As you work on the parts of the document, you delve further into the subject matter and familiarize yourself with its key issues and complexities.

Depending on the course content, your professor may assign you a particular topic to write about. On other occasions, you may be free to choose a topic of your own or select a narrower theme from a more extensive list of options.

Term Paper Format

It’s imperative to grasp the meaning of a term paper format when delving into the realm of academic paper writing. A crucial initial step in formatting your paper is to consult your professor regarding specific requirements. Notably, certain term papers necessitate the inclusion of visual aids such as pictures and diagrams, as well as an abstract, while others may prefer a minimalist approach with minimal to no visual elements and no separate abstract.

The fundamental and prevalent components of the format encompass the following:

Title Page : This section contains essential information, including the author's name, the course name, the date of submission, and the instructor's name.

Abstract : An encapsulation of the paper's content, offering a concise overview.

Literature Review : This segment involves an analysis of prior research conducted by others, providing context for your study.

Methodology : In this section, the paper discusses the methods and approaches employed in the student's research.

Results : The substantive portion of the term paper, where the findings and their implications are thoroughly discussed.

Future Recommendations : This segment offers insights and guidance for those intending to pursue further study in the same field.

References List : This section compiles all the sources utilized in the research. It is essential that these sources have a correct MLA or APA format citation listed alphabetically for easy reference.

Term Paper Outline

To make any term paper writing process easier, outlining is your way out. When your term paper format is created, including writing the title page, you can start outlining your thoughts and ideas. Brainstorm the theme you're exploring, look for different ideas from various sources, further research the topic, and organize them all together.

Introduction

Starting is always challenging, and beginning the writing of a research paper is no exception. Many students, and sometimes even professionals, often face difficulties with how to start a term paper or any kind of writing. Fortunately, this brief guide will explain the purpose of the term paper format and its introduction and offer helpful tips for creating a strong one.

The introduction of the term paper is where you should set up your topic and approach for your audience; it must include the following:

Introduce the topic - The intro's initial goal is to communicate the topic's significance and interest to the reader, usually with a catchy hook .

Analyze the background - Provide some background information about the theme you're exploring and why this specific topic is essential.

Define the Problem - This part specifies how your research fits in and what problem it aims to solve.

State the Thesis Statement - The introduction should end with a thesis statement, representing the position you'll provide evidence and arguments for.

Considering these tips, you can create a perfect paper, but if you don't have time and deadlines are approaching, just text us - ' write my research paper for me ' and consider it done.

In term paper writing, body paragraphs are your central part. The worth of your entire paper depends on the information you present in these sections. When you start creating your term paper outline, always remember to include these parts in your body paragraphs:

Literature Review - This part examines scholarly articles, relevant books, and other sources related to a specific issue, research area, or theory. It presents a detailed overview, assessment, and summary of these works concerning the research problem being investigated.

Methodology Section - In this section, you should describe how you conducted the research. This information enables readers to verify the accuracy and reliability of your approach. An effective methodology can increase the reader's confidence in the validity of your findings.

Results - Here, you provide what you found while analyzing the data and answer the question posed in the introduction using the data collected.

Discussion - This section involves your analysis, description, and interpretation of your findings. They explain the significance of the results and connect them back to the research question.

Writing a term paper conclusion can often be tricky. It should be clear and summarize what you've already presented in previous sections. Every term paper needs a concluding paragraph, so let's analyze what you should include there:

Restate the research topic - A concise statement can effectively reiterate the topic, but it's essential to explain why this topic is important.

Restate the thesis statement - Write your thesis statement in different words and make it just one sentence long.

Summarize the main points of the research - Include the main arguments and facts presented in your writing and remind the reader of the significance of your topic.

Concluding sentence - Create a thought-provoking concluding sentence to make an impression on readers and leave them with something to think about.     

Many students consider restating the thesis statement to be one of the most challenging parts of writing a conclusion. So, we prepared an article on how to write a thesis statement where our experts shared their tips and personal tricks of the trade.

Looking for a Professional to Write a Term Paper for You?

Order a paper today and let our experts help you achieve academic success!

How to Write a Term Paper?

Prior to immersing yourself in the process of research and writing, it is imperative to prepare a term paper proposal. Essentially, it serves as a means to present and substantiate your chosen topic to your instructor, a crucial step before commencing the actual manuscript.

In your proposal, it is vital to incorporate recent studies or research findings pertaining to your selected topic, along with appropriate references to support your assertions. Clearly articulate the relevance of your chosen topic to the course through the submission of a concise article. Additionally, delineate your objectives and adeptly structure the progression of your ideas, facilitating your instructor's comprehension of the trajectory you intend to pursue in your writing.

Should you require assistance, consider the option of procuring a term paper from our proficient writers as an alternative solution!

Start with the Abstract

In the initial section addressing the art of writing term paper, your primary objective revolves around elucidating the essence of your research. However, it is advisable to compose this section after completing all subsequent components. Ensure to highlight the principal discoveries of your research, making them accessible to readers unacquainted with the subject matter. Simplicity and informativeness are key considerations.

An effectively structured abstract should encompass the following elements:

Introduction: Introduce the problem you are tackling in your paper and elucidate the significance of your chosen topic. Furthermore, expound on the practical, scientific, or theoretical objectives of your research.

Body: Emphasize the core aspects of your research and outline your investigative approach. Provide an overview of the nature of your findings.

Conclusion: Elaborate on the practical applications or implications of your results.

When composing a term paper abstract, revisit your paper and identify pivotal statements related to your research objectives, methods, findings, and conclusions. Extract these sentences, and you will have the initial draft of your abstract.

PRO TIP: Adhere to the assignment instructions, ensuring your abstract falls within the prescribed word limit of 120-250 words.

What sets the introduction apart from the abstract? The abstract encapsulates the essence of your paper, succinctly presenting its key elements and encompassing results and conclusions. Conversely, the introduction provides contextual information about the topic, introduces the proposition (or thesis statement), and outlines the primary issues to be explored in the paper.

Write an Introduction

Prepare to captivate your readers right from the outset with a compelling term paper introduction. A robust beginning can create a compelling inertia, making it difficult for them to divert their attention from your paper. So, how can you arouse their interest and sustain their engagement?

• Seize attention: Commence with a captivating fact, a startling statement, or a thought-provoking paradox that underscores the significance of your subject matter. Initiate their curiosity from the very first sentence in your term paper.
• Offer an overview: Provide a succinct delineation of the issue you are tackling and articulate the principal objective of your paper. Additionally, elucidate how your specific topic interconnects with broader contexts, establishing the framework for a more profound exploration.
• Formulate the thesis statement: Express the fundamental argument or central question that your paper will address. Provide a glimpse of what lies ahead without divulging all the intricacies.

It's essential to bear in mind that the term paper introduction should be both inviting and concise. Avoid excessive examples or superfluous details that may obscure the initial impact.

Proceed to the Main Body

Once you have gathered your research results and notes, it's time to conduct a meticulous examination of your findings. Capture the essential outcomes of your research while eliminating any superfluous materials, thereby streamlining your work.

To write term paper body sections, an effective approach involves initiating the process by formulating topic sentences based on your outline. Subsequently, expand these topic sentences into full-fledged paragraphs, incorporating pertinent supporting details to reinforce your arguments.

The number of paragraphs required for your body section can vary, contingent on the specific topic and the instructions provided in the assignment. In many instances, a term paper's body entails a literature review followed by the presentation of your research results.

Here's a valuable tip for maintaining coherence and lucidity: Initiate each paragraph with a well-crafted topic sentence. This serves as a clear introduction to the central idea of the paragraph, ensuring a seamless progression of ideas throughout your paper. By employing this technique, your term paper will exhibit a well-structured organization and will be easily comprehensible for your readers.

Finish with a Conclusion

As you draw the main body of your term paper to a close, it is paramount to deliver a considerate and succinct conclusion. This conclusion should serve to recapitulate the information presented and explore the broader ramifications of your research. Here are key considerations for shaping your conclusion:

IMPORTANT NOTE: 

• Avoid introducing any novel information in this section.
• Summarize the final outcomes of your research.
• Articulate the implications for future investigations.

Now, take a moment to assess your research findings by reflecting on the following inquiries:

What significance does my research hold?

How does my chosen topic intersect with other relevant subjects or domains?

Ultimately, bring all these elements together with a potent concluding sentence that leaves a lasting and resonant impression.

Upon successfully completing your initial draft and finding yourself with some remaining time, it's crucial to recognize the significance of proofreading your text. Devoting a moment to reviewing paper can yield remarkable results. After all, many professors perceive misspellings, punctuation errors, and grammatical inaccuracies as reflections of negligence, potentially overshadowing your original ideas and substantial findings. Let's elevate the quality of your text!

Begin by meticulously perusing your first draft and considering how to refine your paper for greater clarity and persuasiveness. Identify ideas that may not seamlessly fit the context and either eliminate or adapt them accordingly. Additionally, pinpoint areas where more comprehensive support is needed. To enhance the fluidity of your paper, incorporate transitional phrases or words to ensure a smooth connection of ideas.

Subsequently, once your content is logically structured, it's time to rectify any errors. Thoroughly address all grammatical, punctuation, and spelling mistakes with care.

Lastly, ensure that your paper adheres to the correct format (e.g., Chicago style format ) and layout. Verify the accuracy of page numbering and make certain that any visual elements, such as images, tables, and diagrams, are appropriately numbered and titled. Just as you do when finalizing your term paper, devote the same level of attention to these details during the proofreading process. Your dedication will culminate in a polished and impressive final paper.

Need PRO Help in Creating Term Paper Proposals?

Let our experts make the perfect final draft for you!

Term Paper Writing Tips

You can create the best term paper by considering all the tips and structures we provided for you, and you must now be able to craft a term paper template that can impress your professor.

To better immerse how to write a term paper, we have some additional tips you can use to practice your writing skills and make the writing process easier:

• Implement Mind Mapping Strategies - Develop 3-5 main ideas and use a mind mapping strategy to connect them and choose the one you'll explore in your paper.
• Use Case Studies - Case studies can not only help in writing your paper, but they can also help to create a term paper proposal to make the significance of the theme more plausible.
• Choose a Doable Topic - Pick a subject you can effectively address within the given time frame. Narrow down a topic that is captivating and inspiring to you.
• Avoid Being Wordy - Are your sentences concise? Evaluate each one and determine if you've used a minimum number of words necessary to convey meaning.
• Double-check and Proofread - Run a spelling-checker to eliminate errors in your paper. Ask someone else to read it for you and listen to their feedback. You can also use AI to make it read your paper and listen to how every word and sentence sounds and if anything needs to be corrected.

How to Choose Sources for Citing in Your Term Papers

Prioritizing the search for the most effective sources is of utmost importance when you write a term paper. Before delving into the writing process, it is imperative to assemble all the sources you require, as they will serve as the foundation for constructing the Literature Review chapter. But how do you discern the most credible and influential sources?

Rely on reputable databases: Look to trusted databases such as JSTOR and Google Scholar as exemplary sources of credibility. These repositories host the latest peer-reviewed articles, expediting your research process.

Verify the site's address: Pay close attention to the website's URL. Links with .gov, .org, and .edu domains typically offer reliable and authoritative information. Conversely, steer clear of sources such as news portals, blogs, and Wikipedia, as they often contain personal opinions without substantial evidence.

Do impartial research: Authors frequently imbue their work with their personal political and social beliefs. In the context of your article, prioritize sources with minimal bias. Investigate the author's background and assess their trustworthiness.

Seek most recent sources: Given the dynamic nature of many research fields, aim for sources not exceeding five years. This is particularly crucial if your paper pertains to the sciences, where up-to-date studies are paramount.

Stay on topic: Remember that your term paper essay must adhere closely to the chosen subject. Even if a source appears impressive, it is incompatible with your paper if it slightly relates to your topic.

Use Our Academic Help

Now, you have all the information to begin writing your first draft for a successful term paper. But if writing a term paper definitely isn't a thing you want to be doing right now, you can text us and your assignment will be perfectly done with no further effort on your behalf.

Our Latest Blog Posts

We use cookies to give you the best experience possible. By continuing we’ll assume you’re on board with our cookie policy

• A Research Guide
• Writing Guide
• Assignment Writing

How to Write a Term Paper

• Purpose of a term paper
• How to start a term paper
• Structure and outline

Step-by-step writing guide

Standard term paper format.

• Term paper examples
• Writing tips

What is the purpose of a term paper?

How to start a term paper correctly.

• Choose your topic by focusing on what inspires you unless you are already given a topic.
• Take time to research and analyze your subject.
• Start with a term paper outline (see our templates in the next sections).
• Come up with a strong thesis statement before writing anything for body paragraphs.
• Provide topic sentences and practical examples.
• Provide a strong lesson in the conclusion if it suits the subject you write about.
• Edit and proofread available information for trustworthiness.

Term paper structure and outline

• Introduction. This is where you talk about the subject and a problem you are researching. It helps to introduce your thesis statement and explain the objectives that have been set.
• Body Paragraphs. As a rule, in writing college term papers, one must write down several subheadings and headings to divide ideas and arguments into several (at least four) paragraphs. As done below, each body paragraph should contain one idea and a strong topic sentence.
• Heading 1: History of the argument and background.
• Heading 2: Extent of the problem that you write about.
• Heading 3: Effects of the problem and possible causes.
• Heading 4: Possible solutions and outcomes.
• Conclusion. The final part should represent a strong summary and a response to your thesis statement.

Step 1: Data collection

Step 2: explaining research relevance, step 3: introducing your subject, step 4: literature review preparation, step 5: offering results and conclusions, step 6: structural term paper evaluation, step 7: check your citations and references.

Helpful term paper examples

• Term paper examples that earned an A grade from the University of Delaware
• Sample term paper offered by the Justus-Liebig Universitat Giessen
• Purdue Owl Lab Citation Formats Database
• Simon Fraser University Sample Term Paper

Term paper writing tips

• Choose a topic that inspires you if you have an opportunity. If you have been given an already existing prompt to write, research your subject online and ask about the use of course materials. It will help you to narrow things down and already have source materials for referencing purposes.
• If you can choose a subject to write a final paper for your course, think about something you can support with statistical data and some practical evidence.
• Most importantly, keep your term paper relevant to the main objectives of your study course.
• Keep your tone reflective and natural as you write.
• Double-check your grading rubric regarding limitations and obligatory requirements that must be met.
• Always proofread your term paper aloud!
• If you have an opportunity, consider editing your term paper with the help of a friend or a fellow college student.

Receive paper in 3 Hours!

• Choose the number of pages.
• Select your deadline.
• Complete your order.

Number of Pages

550 words (double spaced)

Deadline: 10 days left

By clicking "Log In", you agree to our terms of service and privacy policy . We'll occasionally send you account related and promo emails.

Sign Up for your FREE account

Get a 50% off

Study smarter with Chegg and save your time and money today!

• Privacy Policy

Buy Me a Coffee

Home » Term Paper – Format, Examples and Writing Guide

Term Paper – Format, Examples and Writing Guide

Table of Contents

Definition:

Term paper is a type of academic writing assignment that is typically assigned to students at the end of a semester or term. It is usually a research-based paper that is meant to demonstrate the student’s understanding of a particular topic, as well as their ability to analyze and synthesize information from various sources.

Term papers are usually longer than other types of academic writing assignments and can range anywhere from 5 to 20 pages or more, depending on the level of study and the specific requirements of the assignment. They often require extensive research and the use of a variety of sources, including books, articles, and other academic publications.

Term Paper Format

The format of a term paper may vary depending on the specific requirements of your professor or institution. However, a typical term paper usually consists of the following sections:

• Title page: This should include the title of your paper, your name, the course name and number, your instructor’s name, and the date.
• Abstract : This is a brief summary of your paper, usually no more than 250 words. It should provide an overview of your topic, the research question or hypothesis, your methodology, and your main findings or conclusions.
• Introduction : This section should introduce your topic and provide background information on the subject. You should also state your research question or hypothesis and explain the importance of your research.
• Literature review : This section should review the existing literature on your topic. You should summarize the key findings and arguments made by other scholars and identify any gaps in the literature that your research aims to address.
• Methodology: This section should describe the methods you used to collect and analyze your data. You should explain your research design, sampling strategy, data collection methods, and data analysis techniques.
• Results : This section should present your findings. You can use tables, graphs, and charts to illustrate your data.
• Discussion : This section should interpret your findings and explain what they mean in relation to your research question or hypothesis. You should also discuss any limitations of your study and suggest areas for future research.
• Conclusion : This section should summarize your main findings and conclusions. You should also restate the importance of your research and its implications for the field.
• References : This section should list all the sources you cited in your paper using a specific citation style (e.g., APA, MLA, Chicago).
• Appendices : This section should include any additional materials that are relevant to your study but not essential to your main argument (e.g., survey questions, interview transcripts).

Structure of Term Paper

Here’s an example structure for a term paper:

I. Introduction

A. Background information on the topic

B. Thesis statement

II. Literature Review

A. Overview of current literature on the topic

B. Discussion of key themes and findings from literature

C. Identification of gaps in current literature

III. Methodology

A. Description of research design

B. Discussion of data collection methods

C. Explanation of data analysis techniques

IV. Results

A. Presentation of findings

B. Analysis and interpretation of results

C. Comparison of results with previous studies

V. Discussion

A. Summary of key findings

B. Explanation of how results address the research questions

C. Implications of results for the field

VI. Conclusion

A. Recap of key points

B. Significance of findings

C. Future directions for research

VII. References

A. List of sources cited in the paper

How to Write Term Paper

Here are some steps to help you write a term paper:

• Choose a topic: Choose a topic that interests you and is relevant to your course. If your professor has assigned a topic, make sure you understand it and clarify any doubts before you start.
• Research : Conduct research on your topic by gathering information from various sources such as books, academic journals, and online resources. Take notes and organize your information systematically.
• Create an outline : Create an outline of your term paper by arranging your ideas and information in a logical sequence. Your outline should include an introduction, body paragraphs, and a conclusion.
• Write a thesis statement: Write a clear and concise thesis statement that states the main idea of your paper. Your thesis statement should be included in your introduction.
• Write the introduction: The introduction should grab the reader’s attention, provide background information on your topic, and introduce your thesis statement.
• Write the body : The body of your paper should provide supporting evidence for your thesis statement. Use your research to provide details and examples to support your argument. Make sure to organize your ideas logically and use transition words to connect paragraphs.
• Write the conclusion : The conclusion should summarize your main points and restate your thesis statement. Avoid introducing new information in the conclusion.
• Edit and proofread: Edit and proofread your term paper carefully to ensure that it is free of errors and flows smoothly. Check for grammar, spelling, and punctuation errors.
• Format and cite your sources: Follow the formatting guidelines provided by your professor and cite your sources properly using the appropriate citation style.
• Submit your paper : Submit your paper on time and according to the instructions provided by your professor.

Term Paper Example

Here’s an example of a term paper:

Title : The Role of Artificial Intelligence in Cybersecurity

As the world becomes more digitally interconnected, cybersecurity threats are increasing in frequency and sophistication. Traditional security measures are no longer enough to protect against these threats. This paper explores the role of artificial intelligence (AI) in cybersecurity, including how AI can be used to detect and respond to threats in real-time, the challenges of implementing AI in cybersecurity, and the potential ethical implications of AI-powered security systems. The paper concludes with recommendations for organizations looking to integrate AI into their cybersecurity strategies.

Introduction :

The increasing number of cybersecurity threats in recent years has led to a growing interest in the potential of artificial intelligence (AI) to improve cybersecurity. AI has the ability to analyze vast amounts of data and identify patterns and anomalies that may indicate a security breach. Additionally, AI can automate responses to threats, allowing for faster and more effective mitigation of security incidents. However, there are also challenges associated with implementing AI in cybersecurity, such as the need for large amounts of high-quality data, the potential for AI systems to make mistakes, and the ethical considerations surrounding the use of AI in security.

Literature Review:

This section of the paper reviews existing research on the use of AI in cybersecurity. It begins by discussing the types of AI techniques used in cybersecurity, including machine learning, natural language processing, and neural networks. The literature review then explores the advantages of using AI in cybersecurity, such as its ability to detect previously unknown threats and its potential to reduce the workload of security analysts. However, the review also highlights some of the challenges associated with implementing AI in cybersecurity, such as the need for high-quality training data and the potential for AI systems to be fooled by sophisticated attacks.

Methodology :

To better understand the challenges and opportunities associated with using AI in cybersecurity, this paper conducted a survey of cybersecurity professionals working in a variety of industries. The survey included questions about the types of AI techniques used in their organizations, the challenges they faced when implementing AI in cybersecurity, and their perceptions of the ethical implications of using AI in security.

The results of the survey showed that while many organizations are interested in using AI in cybersecurity, they face several challenges when implementing these systems. These challenges include the need for high-quality training data, the potential for AI systems to be fooled by sophisticated attacks, and the difficulty of integrating AI with existing security systems. Additionally, many respondents expressed concerns about the ethical implications of using AI in security, such as the potential for AI to be biased or to make decisions that are harmful to individuals or society as a whole.

Discussion :

Based on the results of the survey and the existing literature, this paper discusses the potential benefits and risks of using AI in cybersecurity. It also provides recommendations for organizations looking to integrate AI into their security strategies, such as the need to prioritize data quality and to ensure that AI systems are transparent and accountable.

Conclusion :

While there are challenges associated with implementing AI in cybersecurity, the potential benefits of using these systems are significant. AI can help organizations detect and respond to threats more quickly and effectively, reducing the risk of security breaches. However, it is important for organizations to be aware of the potential ethical implications of using AI in security and to take steps to ensure that these systems are transparent and accountable.

References:

• Alkhaldi, S., Al-Daraiseh, A., & Lutfiyya, H. (2019). A Survey on Artificial Intelligence Techniques in Cyber Security. Journal of Information Security, 10(03), 191-207.
• Gartner. (2019). Gartner Top 10 Strategic Technology Trends for 2020. Retrieved from https://www.gartner.com/smarterwithgartner/gartner-top-10-strategic-technology-trends-for-2020/
• Kshetri, N. (2018). Blockchain’s roles in meeting key supply chain management objectives. International Journal of Information Management, 39, 80-89.
• Lipton, Z. C. (2018). The mythos of model interpretability. arXiv preprint arXiv:1606.03490.
• Schneier, B. (2019). Click Here to Kill Everybody: Security and Survival in a Hyper-Connected World. WW Norton & Company.
• Wahab, M. A., Rahman, M. S., & Islam, M. R. (2020). A Survey on AI Techniques in Cybersecurity. International Journal of Scientific & Engineering Research, 11(2), 22-27.

When to Write Term Paper

A term paper is usually a lengthy research paper that is assigned to students at the end of a term or semester. There are several situations when writing a term paper may be required, including:

• As a course requirement: In most cases, a term paper is required as part of the coursework for a particular course. It may be assigned by the instructor as a way of assessing the student’s understanding of the course material.
• To explore a specific topic : A term paper can be an excellent opportunity for students to explore a specific topic of interest in-depth. It allows them to conduct extensive research on the topic and develop their understanding of it.
• To develop critical thinking skills : Writing a term paper requires students to engage in critical thinking and analysis. It helps them to develop their ability to evaluate and interpret information, as well as to present their ideas in a clear and coherent manner.
• To prepare for future academic or professional pursuits: Writing a term paper can be an excellent way for students to prepare for future academic or professional pursuits. It can help them to develop the research and writing skills necessary for success in higher education or in a professional career.

Purpose of Term Paper

The main purposes of a term paper are:

• Demonstrate mastery of a subject: A term paper provides an opportunity for students to showcase their knowledge and understanding of a particular subject. It requires students to research and analyze the topic, and then present their findings in a clear and organized manner.
• Develop critical thinking skills: Writing a term paper requires students to think critically about their subject matter, analyzing various sources and viewpoints, and evaluating evidence to support their arguments.
• Improve writing skills : Writing a term paper helps students improve their writing skills, including organization, clarity, and coherence. It also requires them to follow specific formatting and citation guidelines, which can be valuable skills for future academic and professional endeavors.
• Contribute to academic discourse : A well-written term paper can contribute to academic discourse by presenting new insights, ideas, and arguments that add to the existing body of knowledge on a particular topic.
• Prepare for future research : Writing a term paper can help prepare students for future research, by teaching them how to conduct a literature review, evaluate sources, and formulate research questions and hypotheses. It can also help them develop research skills that they can apply in future academic or professional endeavors.

Advantages of Term Paper

There are several advantages of writing a term paper, including:

• In-depth exploration: Writing a term paper allows you to delve deeper into a specific topic, allowing you to gain a more comprehensive understanding of the subject matter.
• Improved writing skills: Writing a term paper involves extensive research, critical thinking, and the organization of ideas into a cohesive written document. As a result, writing a term paper can improve your writing skills significantly.
• Demonstration of knowledge: A well-written term paper demonstrates your knowledge and understanding of the subject matter, which can be beneficial for academic or professional purposes.
• Development of research skills : Writing a term paper requires conducting thorough research, analyzing data, and synthesizing information from various sources. This process can help you develop essential research skills that can be applied in many other areas.
• Enhancement of critical thinking : Writing a term paper encourages you to think critically, evaluate information, and develop well-supported arguments. These skills can be useful in many areas of life, including personal and professional decision-making.
• Preparation for further academic work : Writing a term paper is excellent preparation for more extensive academic projects, such as a thesis or dissertation.

About the author

Muhammad Hassan

Researcher, Academic Writer, Web developer

You may also like

What is Art – Definition, Types, Examples

What is Anthropology – Definition and Overview

What is Literature – Definition, Types, Examples

Economist – Definition, Types, Work Area

Anthropologist – Definition, Types, Work Area

What is History – Definitions, Periods, Methods

• PRO Courses Guides New Tech Help Pro Expert Videos About wikiHow Pro Upgrade Sign In
• EDIT Edit this Article
• EXPLORE Tech Help Pro About Us Random Article Quizzes Request a New Article Community Dashboard This Or That Game Popular Categories Arts and Entertainment Artwork Books Movies Computers and Electronics Computers Phone Skills Technology Hacks Health Men's Health Mental Health Women's Health Relationships Dating Love Relationship Issues Hobbies and Crafts Crafts Drawing Games Education & Communication Communication Skills Personal Development Studying Personal Care and Style Fashion Hair Care Personal Hygiene Youth Personal Care School Stuff Dating All Categories Arts and Entertainment Finance and Business Home and Garden Relationship Quizzes Cars & Other Vehicles Food and Entertaining Personal Care and Style Sports and Fitness Computers and Electronics Health Pets and Animals Travel Education & Communication Hobbies and Crafts Philosophy and Religion Work World Family Life Holidays and Traditions Relationships Youth
• Browse Articles
• Learn Something New
• Quizzes Hot
• This Or That Game New
• Train Your Brain
• Explore More
• Support wikiHow
• About wikiHow
• Log in / Sign up
• Education and Communications
• College University and Postgraduate
• Academic Writing
• Research Papers

How to Outline a Term Paper

Last Updated: February 12, 2024 Fact Checked

This article was co-authored by Megan Morgan, PhD . Megan Morgan is a Graduate Program Academic Advisor in the School of Public & International Affairs at the University of Georgia. She earned her PhD in English from the University of Georgia in 2015. There are 13 references cited in this article, which can be found at the bottom of the page. This article has been fact-checked, ensuring the accuracy of any cited facts and confirming the authority of its sources. This article has been viewed 257,389 times.

A term paper is usually, but not always, a research-based essay due at the end of a semester or term. In it, you are expected to demonstrate knowledge and mastery of the material covered over the previous term. Your teacher or professor may rely heavily on the quality of your term paper when determining your grade or mark in the course. Outlines are a way of organizing your thoughts and lending an overall structure to your paper, so that it contains a logical progression and smoothly transitions from one focus to another as you build up your case step-by-step.

Sample Outline

Laying the Groundwork

• If you have any questions about your term paper, ask ahead of time. Instructors are usually happy to answer questions provided you’ve read the assignment or prompt first and give them enough time to answer.
• Do not wait until a day before the paper is due to email your instructor a question about the paper. S/he is likely very busy at that point and will probably not have time to respond. This delay also suggests to your instructor that you have not planned ahead or given the assignment the proper attention.

• You’ll also want to identify your purpose for the paper. Sometimes, this is given to you, such as “Write an analytical paper about ___” or “Discuss the history of ___”. If it isn’t, you may have some freedom to determine your own purpose. Is it to persuade, inform , argue , or analyze? It’s a good idea to check in with your instructor to make sure that your goal aligns with the assignment.

• If you have a library, consult with your librarian. Librarians are excellent resources who can guide you to credible and relevant research sources.
• Make sure your sources are reliable. It’s a good idea to look in published books, peer-reviewed journals, and government or university websites. Credible, mainstream journalism sources, like The New York Times or The Guardian, are also helpful, though make sure you do not rely on editorial or “opinion” pieces as sources of fact.
• Keep track of your sources . EndNote and RefWorks are very handy for keeping a record of sources you consult. You may have access to these through your school. You can also keep track by writing the bibliographic information (author’s name, title, publisher, place and date of publication) on an index card or in a word processing document. Make sure you record the page numbers and sources for any quotations you copy out.

• Try freewriting. Write for 5-10 minutes about whatever comes to mind about your topic. Don’t stop or edit yourself. Once you’ve written, review your material and highlight or underline things that seem useful starting points. You can repeat this exercise multiple times to generate ideas. [5] X Research source
• Try clustering. Clustering is a type of mind-mapping that can help you see connections between ideas. Start by writing your topic on the center of a piece of paper and draw a box around it. Then, draw a few lines extending from the box. At the end of each of these lines, write down an idea that corresponds to this topic and circle each. Continue drawing lines outward and connecting ideas until you feel like you’ve thoroughly explored the connections between facets of your topic. [6] X Research source
• Try questioning. The big questions, “Who? What? When? Where? Why? How?”, can help you determine what information you need in your paper. Write each question on a separate sheet of paper and respond to the question in as much detail as you can. When you hit places where you do not have answers to the question, make a note to yourself -- these are places where you’ll need to do some inquiry or research.

• It is common in high school to write 3-prong thesis statements, which include three main points, each of which will have its own body paragraph. This type of thesis rarely works for term papers, as they are longer and more complex essays. Go with a statement that states the main focus or claim for your paper.

• Work on your paper in stages, if you can. Give yourself at least a day between each stage to allow you to come to the paper with fresh eyes.

Outlining a Term Paper

• Don’t fully write the introduction yet. It’s generally best to wait to draft your introduction until you’ve written the essay. Your thesis and argument is likely to evolve as you write, so spending too much time on the introduction up front may be a waste of time. [9] X Trustworthy Source University of North Carolina Writing Center UNC's on-campus and online instructional service that provides assistance to students, faculty, and others during the writing process Go to source
• Write a placeholder outline for now. Introductions usually begin with a broad statement and narrow in until you present your thesis statement. Provide a few bullet points about where you will start and include your thesis statement.

• Your topic sentences should set the direction for the paragraph. Make sure they act as a “road map” to let the reader know what the main topic will be.
• Avoid using facts or statements that don’t give an idea of what the rest of your paragraph will argue. A good topic sentence will be informative, directional, and interesting.
• For example, “Salt water is not suitable for drinking” is not a great topic sentence for a paragraph on water rights, because it does not communicate the main idea of the paragraph. “It is a human right to have clean water” is a better topic sentence, because it asserts your main argument for the paragraph.

• I is your introduction. II is your first body paragraph, III is your second body paragraph, and so forth. Place each Roman numeral on a new line, followed by a topic sentence.
• Don’t be afraid to experiment with the paragraph order. You may find that as you develop your paragraphs further, they fit better in other sections of the paper.

• Place the capital letter on a new line beneath the first level. Indent the second level about 0.5” past the first level. Many word processing programs will do this automatically.
• List your subtopics beneath your topic sentence. Each subtopic should be related to the main goal or idea of the paragraph.
• Use your research and the material you generated during prewriting to help you fill in this level.

• Use this level to provide evidence or further explanation for your subpoints.

• You do not have to write a full conclusion while outlining. You may not have a clear idea of how you want to conclude until you’ve written more of the essay.
• Common ways to conclude an essay including returning to the theme you introduced in the introduction, extending the relevance of your argument to a broader context or concern, proposing a course of action or solution to a problem, or ending with a provocative question. [14] X Trustworthy Source University of North Carolina Writing Center UNC's on-campus and online instructional service that provides assistance to students, faculty, and others during the writing process Go to source

• Begin a decimal outline with “1.0” and each subsequent section with the next number (“2.0”, “3.0”, etc.).
• Change the number after the decimal point to reflect new information. For example, “2.1” might be your first subpoint, and “2.2” would be your second subpoint.
• You can continue adding subsections by adding another decimal point and number, such as “2.1.1” etc.

Outlining During Revision

• Try to limit your summary to a sentence. You can also use a key phrase or a few keywords.
• If you’re having trouble summarizing the main idea, it could be a sign that your paragraph is wandering. Consider splitting your paragraph into two paragraphs so that you can devote one to each idea.

• You may need to consider moving paragraphs around. In some cases, you’ll even need to delete -- yes, delete! -- and rewrite sentences or even whole paragraphs.

• Physically swap the paragraphs around. Do they make better sense in another order?
• In a strong term paper, each paragraph will build upon the previous one, so that there is only one ideal way to structure them for your argument. If you can swap the paragraphs around easily, you may need to hone your focus.
• Consider adding clearer transitions and topic sentences to help make stronger connections between your paragraphs.

• After you’ve revised the term paper, double-check with the new outline to make sure that you have stuck with the structure you decided upon.

Community Q&A

• Use an order that works for you. No guidelines can work 100% of the time. However, putting your ideas and evidence in an order where one topic provides the background necessary to understand the next, or explains the significance and context of the next idea, is important. Clarity is your goal. Having an overall vision or feeling for how the term paper should be, and writing down the key points as you work through your vision, is an excellent way of organizing your term paper. Thanks Helpful 1 Not Helpful 0
• Don't feel chained to your outline. When you actually write the term paper, you'll have a much more detailed view of how your essay is turning out. Thanks Helpful 0 Not Helpful 0

You Might Also Like

• ↑ http://writingcenter.unc.edu/handouts/understanding-assignments/
• ↑ https://owl.purdue.edu/owl/general_writing/common_writing_assignments/research_papers/choosing_a_topic.html
• ↑ http://www.butte.edu/services/library/documents/TermPaper.pdf
• ↑ http://writing.ku.edu/prewriting-strategies
• ↑ http://writingcenter.unc.edu/handouts/thesis-statements/
• ↑ http://writingcenter.unc.edu/handouts/introductions/
• ↑ https://writingcenter.unc.edu/tips-and-tools/introductions/
• ↑ https://academicguides.waldenu.edu/writingcenter/paragraphs/topicsentences
• ↑ https://owl.purdue.edu/owl/general_writing/the_writing_process/developing_an_outline/how_to_outline.html
• ↑ http://writingcenter.unc.edu/handouts/conclusions/
• ↑ https://owl.purdue.edu/owl/general_writing/the_writing_process/developing_an_outline/types_of_outlines.html
• ↑ http://www.writing.utoronto.ca/advice/planning-and-organizing/organizing
• ↑ https://writingcenter.unc.edu/tips-and-tools/revising-drafts/

About This Article

To outline a term paper, first outline your introduction by writing your thesis statement and adding a few bullet points of what you'll say to kick off your paper. Then, outline the body of your essay by writing a topic sentence for each paragraph you want to include. You should also add subpoints to each paragraph section that include what evidence you'll be presenting in the paragraph. Finally, outline your conclusion by writing the main points you'd like to use to wrap up your paper. For help researching and preparing for your term paper, keep reading! Did this summary help you? Yes No

• Send fan mail to authors

Reader Success Stories

Caelin Orekoya

Dec 14, 2016

Did this article help you?

Gladys Carla Dam-as

Apr 3, 2017

Christine Steele

Mar 13, 2017

Olgah Ambet

Apr 5, 2017

Adjei Gyekye

Nov 24, 2016

Featured Articles

Trending Articles

Watch Articles

• Terms of Use
• Privacy Policy
• Do Not Sell or Share My Info
• Not Selling Info

Don’t miss out! Sign up for

wikiHow’s newsletter

• Testimonials
• How it works
• Paper Writers Team
• Essay Writing Guide
• Free plagiarism checker
• Essay title generator
• Conclusion Generator
• Citation Generator
• Can ChatGPT Write Essays?

Buy a Term Paper Online From Best Writers

Don't bother with hours of boring research: buy a term paper online and get a slice of freedom!

Highest Satisfaction Rate

36 thousands Papers written annually • Time-tested

Thousands of Dedicated Writers

Specializing in about 85 subject areas

Safe & Secure

Originality report • Strictly confidential

Professional Writers Team

In our service, we've gathered a vast group of skilled writers ready to assist you in enhancing your performance.

Buy a Term Paper Online at Affordable Rates

Has the academic pressure been getting to you? If so, buy a term paper online from professional writers like many other students have done before you. It’s safe and academically beneficial, and you get numerous benefits in addition to quality writing — at least you do when you hire TrustMyPaper. We have the best experts with years of solid experience behind their backs: choose one of them and enter the world where homework is done quickly, effortlessly, and effectively. But first, discover more about what we offer.

What Is a Term Paper and Why Is It Important?

Every student who wants to enter yet another year of education must write a term paper. It’s an inevitability that you will also be facing, so it’s better to know what kind of task it is and what’s at stake in advance. Before you decide if you’d like to buy a term paper, let’s tackle its definition: this essay incorporates extensive research. It showcases all the knowledge and skills you acquired during the latest term.

Upon encountering this assignment, many students think, “I’d rather pay someone to write my paper because I probably won’t be able to do it properly.” Testing your skills on less relevant tasks is right, but term papers are crucial. They influence your final grade, and if you fail them, you might have to retake the entire course from the beginning. For obvious reasons, students want to avoid this fate, and instead of wasting their time on days of research that might not even pay off, they look for help online. But that’s not the only reason.

Common Reasons that Encourage Students to Buy a Term Paper

As we mentioned, term papers require a substantial amount of research. They might also be restrictive because your professor will give you a specific topic; you must explore it regardless of your feelings and thoughts. It means you might end up with a boring or confusing theme you don’t understand well and do not want to investigate. Our team often gets requests like “Please write my research paper for me,” which is why. Then, there is the overall complexity level. You need to prove that you evolved during the term, making an extra effort and applying all your critical skills. Your arguments must be the strongest; every idea must have logical links, and every source you use must be reliable and academic. Don’t forget perfect formatting and structure; you will probably begin to see where the problem lies.

These reasons are largely behind many students’ decision to buy term papers. TrustMyPaper has handled thousands of such orders before, and we will write a thousand more before the year ends. We’ve been working in this market since 2015, and during this time, we’ve served an uncountable number of students. Our transparent policies, reasonable prices, and other multiple advantages make more and more clients pay attention to us. Their reviews show they like what they find because we can deliver the best academic service. Would you like to know how we do it? Then, see what kind of experts we employ.

Try a Collection of Free Essay Samples

Find a free essay on the topic you want and see how our experts handled it!

Adolescent development 387.93 kB

• Number of pages: 2
• Urgency: 18 hours
• Academic level: High School
• Subject area: Psychology

Human Papilloma Virus 185.81 kB

• Number of pages: 6
• Urgency: 14 days
• Academic level: Freshman (College 1st year)
• Subject area: Healthcare&Medicine

What Writer Will You Buy Term Paper from?

Delivering top-notch term papers means maintaining reliable HR policies. Our company has them: we work only with professional paper writers who prove they can provide students with exemplary homework. Their pool is extremely diverse as they have different specialties and skill sets. Some are trained mathematicians; others are linguists or nurses. Writing is their second passion; they do it with genuine dedication and interest. They can handle any homework, from simple essays to complex projects, including essays done at the Master’s or even doctoral level. In your case, buying term papers online can happen regardless of your subject, deadline, or level, as our writers fill an endless number of spheres and have various schedules. We’ll share what steps we take before hiring them later — for now, it’s important to address the more immediate matters.  

Paper Writers’ base essay format

+ APA, MLA, Chicago, Turabian citation styles or any other of your choice

• 12-point Times New Roman
• 0.5’’ first line of paragraph
• double spaced 275 words/page
• 1’’ margin all around
• 0’’ between paragraphs
• single spaced 550 words/page

A Set of Key Steps for Ordering a Term Paper

Many of our clients wonder how to place an order and which steps this process involves. We described everything below to answer their questions and help them understand what’s ahead.

• Step 1: Use the order form. Look at the spacious form on your right. Add details: tell us what type of service you want, pick a term paper as your preferred essay kind, and choose the number of pages and the academic level you’re interested in. Upload your instructions and cover the other steps you see.
• Step 2: Buy a term paper. Pay for your order by picking the payment method you prefer. Note that we have an entirely safe system: your writer won’t access your money until you express your satisfaction with their work.
• Step 3: Speak with your writer. Talk to your writer at will: the communication channel is always open, so you can exchange ideas and brainstorm together.
• Step 4: Download your term paper. Your essay is going to be done by your deadline. Download, review, and either confirm you like it or request a revision.

Today’s Stats

Preparing orders

Active Writers

Completed orders

Buy a Term Paper Online Safely

Another great aspect of our essay writing service is that it is safe from every side and angle. When you say, “Could you write my thesis for me , and will it be original?” the answer is always yes: we maintain uniqueness across all orders, with no exceptions possible. Your essay will be original and brimming with fresh ideas and perspectives — ask for a plagiarism report if you want to make sure of it.

Our strict rules and a thorough analysis of each paper ensure a 100% originality rate for those buying a term paper online. You can request editing and proofreading for your essay from our best editors; if something is wrong, just ask them for a revision. Refunds are also applicable to orders where clients remain dissatisfied. As you see, you cannot go wrong because we guarantee your total safety.

Top Advantages of Hiring Our Term Paper Service

TrustMyPaper offers multiple advantages and benefits to its clients. Learn more about them in the list below, and remember that it’s just a small sample of what we provide.

• Transparent selection of writers once you buy term papers. The process of choosing your writer is transparent. You can see whom you hire: look at their profiles, the number of orders they completed, which reviews they got, and what subjects they work with. Pick your expert or ask us to recommend the best options to you.  
• A variety of academic services are available. In all the years of work, we have never faced an order we wouldn’t have been able to complete. We have specialists in every subject and sphere, meaning buying term papers online will never be a problem. We will always be able to help you.
• High-quality assurance. The best writers are at your service when you choose us: their experience with academic tasks and verified qualifications make them the safest choice for students. We guarantee results because your money doesn’t get to your expert until you accept and approve of their work.
• Direct communication with every involved party. TrustMyPaper provides options for direct contact between you and every other employee. You can speak with your writer, an operator, or managers directly without going through annoying third parties first.
• Affordable prices when you buy a term paper. We charge friendly prices for our help. They start with $10.78 per page, which is lower than most other companies.
• 24/7 online chat with operators. Our team is online each morning, afternoon, evening, and night. We work relentlessly to answer your questions and alleviate your concerns without breaks or delays. Get in touch, and you will receive an instant response.

We prioritize your satisfaction as our customer. Explore our website yourself and see what other benefits we have. We promise that you won’t regret it.

How to Make Sure that You Buy Custom Term Papers from Good Writers

Hiring the best writers takes work. We have strict procedures, such as pre-screening, where we examine each candidate's CV; there are tests that every future writer must complete. One of them targets their language skills, helping us see if they are a fluent native English speaker. The other test entails essay writing. The candidates receive prompts, and they must write papers on it within one hour.

If we find their work academically valuable and they receive a satisfying number of points, we verify their documents and accept them into our team. Note that the work of managers doesn’t stop here: we keep monitoring new writers, giving them guidance, and ensuring that they provide a quality service to clients. Other internal evaluations follow for years, reaffirming our assertions about our decision. In the end, everyone benefits from such thoroughness.

Purchase Term Paper Online to Overcome Your Academic Difficulties

TrustMyPaper is a devoted academic service that loves students as much as students love us. Inform us if you need more time to write your term paper or your topic seems overly difficult. Tell us what you require, relax, and join the club of our other satisfied clients. We will follow every whim and wish of yours, and trust us when we say it: your term paper will impress you with its quality.

Is it possible to buy a paper anonymously?

Technically, yes. You can use any name as you buy term paper online from us, though either way, anything you share will stay safe.

How safe will I be if I buy a term paper?

With us, your safety is guaranteed. We don’t share anything from your instructions, and we keep your data secure­ ­— there are no risks to be wary of.

Can you write my term paper in a few hours?

Yes. Our writers need at least three hours to compose your term paper: while we appreciate having more time, we can easily adapt to urgent deadlines.

How expensive is it to get a term paper?

The lowest price of buying a term paper at TrustMyPaper is $10.78. As you can see, it’s not expensive at all — on the contrary, it’s lower than what you might expect from a quality writing service.

TrustMyPaper guarantees that all of your personal and financial information will be safe. Our customers' order and payment details are protected by the highest level of security.

Let`s get started!

• Essay #3: Rhetorical Analysis of a tedtalk

Don`t have an account?

Password recovery instructions have been sent to your email

Back to Log in

• Our clients
• In the media

Term paper definition

Term paper, as defined by the Cambridge Dictionary, is the main research paper written by a student for a particular class or subject during the academic year. A term paper needs to be well-researched and written with technical proficiency. In order to effectively demonstrate your understanding of a particular course, this academic writing assignment must be well-written, analytical, and organized, which can be quite difficult for the majority of students. Essentially, a long, research-based assignment on a particular topic is a term paper.

How to write a term paper?

Term papers typically include between 15 and 25 pages since any less is regarded as being incompetent and any more is excessive for any professor to read. Ideally, you should be able to choose the topic for your term paper, but avoid using topics professors find boring (You have better chances with a term paper entirely about the British term for toilet paper). Most term papers aim to assess your ability to construct and defend your arguments as well as situate yourself within a specific theoretical framework. So, your term paper outline should look like this:

• Cover page: Format the text that includes your name, the course number, the name of your teacher, and the due date.
• Abstract: Typically less than a page long and describes your work. It explains to readers the purpose of the term paper, the problem at hand, and why you thought the topic was fascinating or significant enough to write about.
• Introduction: The issue that will be discussed should be stated in the introduction. Write about the importance of the subject or issue at hand and how you intend to discuss or solve it.
• Body: The essential ideas from your research should be included in the text's body. Give background information about the subject so that the reader can comprehend the discussion.
• Results: Describe the reasons behind your beliefs about your subject based on your research. Bring everything you've been saying together with what you said in the introduction.
• Discussion: Conclude by summarizing and drawing a conclusion regarding the subject at hand, that encourages the reader to carry out further research on the topic.

Is there a service where I can buy a term paper online?

We completely understand if you are struggling with your college papers, and we are here to solve this. We are a team specializing in writing term papers and other assignments for college students and all other types of customers who need a helping hand in its making. We cover a great range of topics, offer perfect quality work, always deliver on time and aim to leave our customers completely satisfied with what they ordered. The ordering process is fully online, and it goes as follows:

• Select the topic and the deadline of your term paper.
• Provide us with any details, requirements, statements that should be emphasized, etc.
• Leave the email address, where your completed order will be sent to.
• Select your prefered payment type, sit back and relax!

With lots of experience on the market, professionally degreed writers, online 24/7 customer support and incredibly low prices, you won't find a service offering a better deal than ours.

• Our Coaches
• Education Clients
• Privacy and Cookies Policy
• Essay Help Service

Culture of Simping and why One should Stay Away from it

This essay about the term “simp” explores its evolution from a simple abbreviation of “simpleton” to a complex expression used predominantly in internet culture. It describes a simp as someone who performs excessive acts of kindness or service towards another, often without reciprocation, to gain affection or attention, typically from a woman. The essay discusses how the term reflects broader societal debates around gender roles and relationship dynamics, particularly relating to notions of masculinity and expectations in romantic pursuits. It also addresses the controversies surrounding the term, noting that while it is often used humorously, it can also reinforce negative stereotypes and discourage sincere interactions. The essay concludes that the term “simp” is a significant cultural marker in modern discussions of relationships and gender, demonstrating the nuanced ways language evolves to capture shifts in social norms and behaviors.

How it works

In the ever-evolving landscape of online slang, certain terms gain prominence reflecting societal attitudes and cultural shifts. One such term that has garnered significant attention in recent years is “simp.” Originating from a colloquial abbreviation of the phrase “simpleton,” the term has morphed in its application and is now used predominantly within internet culture to describe a particular type of behavior. This essay explores the concept of “simp,” its cultural context, implications, and the conversation surrounding its usage.

Traditionally, a “simpleton” referred to someone lacking common sense or intelligence, but the modern usage of “simp” veers away from this definition.

In current vernacular, a simp is typically a person, often a male, who is perceived as being overly accommodating or submissive to another person, usually a woman, often without reciprocation, and in the hopes of gaining their attention or affection. This behavior can include excessive compliments, spending money, and generally going out of their way in ways that seem disproportionate to the relationship or interaction’s depth or history.

The term gained traction on social media platforms and within online communities, particularly those revolving around gaming and meme culture. It became a staple in internet lingo, often used humorously but sometimes critically to describe someone who might be trying too hard to impress someone else, particularly in pursuit of romantic interest. Discussions about simps often occur in the context of debates about gender roles and expectations, highlighting how traditional norms can influence modern relationships and interactions.

Culturally, the rise of the term “simp” can be seen as a reflection of broader discussions about masculinity and relationships in the digital age. It intersects with concepts of “toxic masculinity” and “nice guy syndrome,” where men feel entitled to women’s attention due to their niceness or efforts, which is often not the case. The label of simp then becomes a critique of men who are seen as undermining their dignity or self-worth by placing too much value on gaining approval from women, thereby adhering to a skewed perception of relationship dynamics where excessive attention and resources are given in hopes of a romantic return.

However, the term’s usage is not without controversy. Some argue that labeling someone as a simp simply for being kind or respectful reflects a problematic view that men should adhere to a stoic, emotionally detached form of masculinity. This perspective suggests that the term can be damaging, reinforcing negative stereotypes about how men should interact with women and manage their relationships. Critics of the widespread use of the term argue that it might discourage positive, sincere interactions based on mutual respect and kindness, casting them instead as desperate or manipulative.

In conclusion, while “simp” started as internet slang, it has blossomed into a complex term that sparks discussions about gender roles, relationship expectations, and cultural norms. Its usage underscores the tensions in how expressions of affection and attention are perceived in different social contexts. Whether used humorously or critically, the evolution of the term “simp” highlights the changing dynamics of how relationships are viewed in modern society, making it a notable artifact of contemporary internet culture. As with many aspects of slang, its interpretation and acceptance can vary widely, offering a unique lens through which to view shifts in language and social behavior.

Cite this page

Culture Of Simping And Why One Should Stay Away From It. (2024, Apr 22). Retrieved from https://papersowl.com/examples/culture-of-simping-and-why-one-should-stay-away-from-it/

"Culture Of Simping And Why One Should Stay Away From It." PapersOwl.com , 22 Apr 2024, https://papersowl.com/examples/culture-of-simping-and-why-one-should-stay-away-from-it/

PapersOwl.com. (2024). Culture Of Simping And Why One Should Stay Away From It . [Online]. Available at: https://papersowl.com/examples/culture-of-simping-and-why-one-should-stay-away-from-it/ [Accessed: 22 Apr. 2024]

"Culture Of Simping And Why One Should Stay Away From It." PapersOwl.com, Apr 22, 2024. Accessed April 22, 2024. https://papersowl.com/examples/culture-of-simping-and-why-one-should-stay-away-from-it/

"Culture Of Simping And Why One Should Stay Away From It," PapersOwl.com , 22-Apr-2024. [Online]. Available: https://papersowl.com/examples/culture-of-simping-and-why-one-should-stay-away-from-it/. [Accessed: 22-Apr-2024]

PapersOwl.com. (2024). Culture Of Simping And Why One Should Stay Away From It . [Online]. Available at: https://papersowl.com/examples/culture-of-simping-and-why-one-should-stay-away-from-it/ [Accessed: 22-Apr-2024]

Don't let plagiarism ruin your grade

Hire a writer to get a unique paper crafted to your needs.

Our writers will help you fix any mistakes and get an A+!

Please check your inbox.

You can order an original essay written according to your instructions.

Trusted by over 1 million students worldwide

1. Tell Us Your Requirements

2. Pick your perfect writer

3. Get Your Paper and Pay

Hi! I'm Amy, your personal assistant!

Don't know where to start? Give me your paper requirements and I connect you to an academic expert.

short deadlines

100% Plagiarism-Free

Certified writers

Log in using your username and password

• Search More Search for this keyword Advanced search
• Latest content
• Current issue
• Browse by collection
• BMJ Journals More You are viewing from: Google Indexer

You are here

• Volume 110, Issue 9
• Cardiovascular sequelae of trastuzumab and anthracycline in long-term survivors of breast cancer
• Article Text
• Article info
• Citation Tools
• Rapid Responses
• Article metrics

• http://orcid.org/0000-0002-6892-1397 Claire Glen 1 ,
• Andrew Morrow 1 ,
• Giles Roditi 2 ,
• Tracey Hopkins 2 ,
• Iain Macpherson 3 ,
• Philip Stewart 1 ,
• Mark C Petrie 1 , 4 ,
• http://orcid.org/0000-0002-4547-8636 Colin Berry 1 , 5 ,
• Fred Epstein 6 ,
• Ninian N Lang 1 ,
• http://orcid.org/0000-0002-3505-7440 Kenneth Mangion 1 , 4
• 1 School of Cardiovascular and Metabolic Health , University of Glasgow , Glasgow , UK
• 2 Clinical Research Imaging Facility , NHS Greater Glasgow and Clyde , Glasgow , UK
• 3 School of Cancer Sciences , University of Glasgow , Glasgow , UK
• 4 Regional Heart and Lung Centre , Golden Jubilee National Hospital , Clydebank , UK
• 5 Cardiology , Golden Jubilee National Hospital , Clydebank , UK
• 6 School of Engineering and Applied Science , University of Virginia , Charlottesville , Virginia , USA
• Correspondence to Dr Kenneth Mangion, School of Cardiovascular and Metabolic Health, University of Glasgow, Glasgow, G12 8TA, UK; kenneth.mangion{at}glasgow.ac.uk

Objectives Long-term follow-up of patients treated with trastuzumab largely focuses on those with reduced left ventricular ejection fraction (LVEF) on treatment completion. This study sought to evaluate the prevalence of cardiovascular risk factors, overt cardiovascular disease and cardiac imaging abnormalities using cardiac magnetic resonance (CMR), in participants with normal LVEF on completion of trastuzumab±anthracycline therapy at least 5 years previously.

Methods Participants with human epidermal growth factor receptor 2-positive breast cancer treated with trastuzumab±anthracycline ≥5 years previously were identified from a clinical database. All participants had normal LVEF prior to, and on completion of, treatment. Participants underwent clinical cardiovascular evaluation, ECG, cardiac biomarker evaluation and CMR. Left ventricular systolic dysfunction (LVSD) was defined as LVEF <50%.

Results Forty participants were recruited between 15 March 2021 and 19 July 2022. Median time since completion of trastuzumab was 7.8 years (range 5.9–10.8 years) and 90% received prior anthracycline. 25% of participants had LVSD; median LVEF was 55.2% (Q1–Q3, 51.3–61.2). 30% of participants had N-terminal pro-B-type natriuretic peptide >125 pg/mL and 8% had high-sensitivity cardiac troponin T >14 ng/L. 33% of participants had a new finding of hypertension. 58% had total cholesterol >5.0 mmol/L, 43% had triglycerides >1.7 mmol/L and 5% had a new diagnosis of diabetes.

Conclusions The presence of asymptomatic LVSD, abnormal cardiac biomarkers and cardiac risk factors in participants treated with trastuzumab and anthracycline at least 5 years previously is common, even in those with normal LVEF on completion of treatment. Our findings reinforce the relevance of comprehensive evaluation of cardiovascular risk factors following completion of cancer therapy, in addition to LVEF assessment.

• Magnetic Resonance Imaging
• Drug Monitoring

Data availability statement

All data relevant to the study are included in the article or uploaded as supplemental information. Data access requests should be initially submitted by email to the Chief Investigator.

This is an open access article distributed in accordance with the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 Unported (CC BY 4.0) license, which permits others to copy, redistribute, remix, transform and build upon this work for any purpose, provided the original work is properly cited, a link to the licence is given, and indication of whether changes were made. See: https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/ .

https://doi.org/10.1136/heartjnl-2023-323437

Statistics from Altmetric.com

Request permissions.

If you wish to reuse any or all of this article please use the link below which will take you to the Copyright Clearance Center’s RightsLink service. You will be able to get a quick price and instant permission to reuse the content in many different ways.

WHAT IS ALREADY KNOWN ON THIS TOPIC

Trastuzumab therapy is associated with a risk of left ventricular systolic dysfunction, with surveillance largely focused on the period during treatment.

The incidence of cardiac dysfunction in the longer term post-trastuzumab plus anthracycline therapy is not well defined.

WHAT THIS STUDY ADDS

Twenty-five per cent of participants treated with trastuzumab and anthracycline at least 5 years previously had left ventricular systolic dysfunction, measured by cardiac magnetic resonance. Abnormal cardiac biomarkers and hypertension were also common.

HOW THIS STUDY MIGHT AFFECT RESEARCH, PRACTICE OR POLICY

Comprehensive evaluation of cardiovascular risk factors following completion of trastuzumab therapy should be carried out in all patients.

Our results support risk-stratified guidance of serial cardiac function monitoring.

Introduction

In 2020, 7.8 million women were alive with a diagnosis of breast cancer in the previous 5 years, making breast cancer the most prevalent cancer globally. 1 The gene encoding human epidermal growth factor receptor 2 (HER2) is overexpressed in 15–20% of breast cancers and was originally associated with a poor prognosis due to accelerated tumour growth and early metastasis. 2 3 Development of therapies to inhibit the HER2 signalling pathway, including the monoclonal antibody trastuzumab, has transformed the outlook of HER2-positive breast cancer. 4

Unfortunately, trastuzumab is associated with a significant risk of cardiac dysfunction. Up to a quarter of patients treated with trastuzumab will develop left ventricular systolic dysfunction (LVSD), 5–7 defined as an asymptomatic decline ≥10 percentage points in left ventricular ejection fraction (LVEF) to an absolute value <50%, or symptomatic heart failure. 8 The risk of LVSD is greater in patients who have received an anthracycline. 9 Trastuzumab-related cardiotoxicity has typically been considered to be a reversible phenomenon which recovers with interruption or cessation of treatment. 10–13 Therefore, surveillance for LVSD has mainly focused on the period during treatment and there is considerable variation in longer-term follow-up around the world.

The incidence of cardiac dysfunction or heart failure in the longer term post-trastuzumab plus anthracycline therapy is not well defined, 13 14 with evidence from clinical trials reporting no excess risk of heart failure after the first 2–3 years 15–17 but observational studies suggesting that the incidence may be up to 20% with a longer risk period. 9 18 The 2022 European Society of Cardiology (ESC) Cardio-Oncology guidelines 19 recommend that patients undergo risk assessment to identify those who require cardiovascular surveillance following completion of cancer therapy. Patients deemed to be moderate, high or very high risk should be considered for periodical echocardiographic assessment and all patients should undergo an annual cardiovascular risk assessment.

We aimed to evaluate the prevalence of cardiovascular risk factors, overt cardiovascular disease and cardiac imaging abnormalities in patients with normal LVEF on completion of anti-HER2 therapy±anthracycline, at least 5 years previously using cardiac biomarkers, multiparametric cardiovascular magnetic resonance (CMR) and cardiovascular risk factor assessment.

Study population

We conducted a prospective, observational, cohort study of participants treated at a regional cancer hospital network (West of Scotland Cancer Network, National Health Service, UK). Participants aged >18 years, with HER2-positive breast cancer treated with trastuzumab±anthracycline at least 5 years prior to enrolment were invited to participate. Participants with a standard contraindication to CMR, suspected pregnancy or estimated glomerular filtration rate <30 mL/min/1.73 m 2 were excluded. A previous diagnosis of heart failure or LVSD on completion of trastuzumab was the exclusion criterion. A total of 40 women were enrolled.

Data collection

All participants attended for comprehensive history and cardiovascular examination. Baseline data collected included age, body mass index, smoking status, history of cardiovascular disease (prior myocardial infarction, coronary artery bypass grafting or stable angina) or cardiovascular risk factors (hypertension, diabetes mellitus or chronic kidney disease), history of heart failure, atrial fibrillation, valvular heart disease or chronic obstructive pulmonary disease, anthracycline and trastuzumab treatment regimens and cardiovascular medications. ECG and clinic blood pressure measurement were carried out. Blood pressure measurements were taken with the participant seated for at least 5 min prior using an appropriately sized cuff and a clinically validated automatic oscillometric device. If elevated, a second reading was taken 2–3 min later and an average taken. An elevated office systolic blood pressure threshold of >140 mm Hg was made in line with ESC guidelines for the management of arterial hypertension. 20 Blood samples collected for full blood count, blood chemistry, lipid profile and glycosylated haemoglobin (HbA1c) were processed real time in an accredited National Health Service laboratory. High-sensitivity troponin T (hsTnT) and N-terminal pro-B-type natriuretic peptide (NT-proBNP) samples were centrifuged and frozen at −80°C and subsequently analysed using the Elecsys Troponin T hs (Roche, Basel, Switzerland) and Elecsys proBNP II (Roche, Basel, Switzerland) assays respectively. Thresholds of abnormal values for lipid profile (high-density lipoprotein <1.0 mmol/L, low-density lipoprotein >3.0 mmol/L, triglycerides>1.7 mmol/L) and NT-proBNP (>125 pg/mL) were made on the basis of the relevant ESC guidelines. 21 22 Thresholds for elevated hsTnT (>14 ng/L, sex specific) and HbA1c (>42 mmol/mol) were made from laboratory reference ranges. Participants were categorised as low, moderate, high or very high risk using the ESC cardiovascular toxicity risk stratification tool for asymptomatic adult cancer survivors ( table 1 ).

• View inline

ESC risk categories for asymptomatic adult cancer survivors

CMR imaging and analyses

Participants were scanned using a clinical research-dedicated 3.0 Tesla MRI scanner (MAGNETOM Prisma, Siemens Healthineers) with a standard phased array cardiac surface coil. The protocol included cine imaging, T1 and T2 parametric mapping, DENSE (displacement encoding with stimulated echoes) and late gadolinium enhancement (LGE) sequences. After deidentification, MRI scans were reviewed and reported by an accredited radiologist with >15 years’ experience. Further details are available in the online supplemental appendix 1 .

Supplemental material

Statistical analysis.

Baseline characteristics were summarised according to evidence of cardiotoxicity, defined as LVEF <50%. All data are presented as mean±SD or median (25th–75th percentiles, Q1–Q3) according to distribution. Categorical variables are presented as numbers and percentages. Student’s t-test or Χ 2 tests were used to determine the association of baseline characteristics with the development of cardiotoxicity. Χ 2 test was used to assess the association between ESC cardiovascular toxicity risk stratification tool and the development of cardiotoxicity.

All analyses were performed using STATA V.17 software (StataCorp 2021. Stata Statistical Software; College Station, Texas, USA). Statistical significance was defined as two-tailed p<0.05 for all tests. Please see online supplemental file 1 for sample size calculation.

A total of 43 women were enrolled. Three women were unable to complete the CMR protocol due to claustrophobia and were excluded from analysis. Mean age was 62 years±10 years. Median time since completion of trastuzumab was 7.8 years (range 5.9–10.8 years). Thirty-six participants (90%) received prior anthracycline therapy; 35 participants received three to six cycles of epirubicin and the remaining patient received four cycles of doxorubicin. In all cases, trastuzumab was initiated following completion of adjuvant anthracycline. Twenty-three participants (58%) also received radiotherapy (43% left sided). Clinical details are summarised in table 2 .

Baseline clinical demographics

Cardiovascular risk assessment

Ten participants (25%) had a history of hypertension, seven participants (17%) were previous smokers and one participant (3%) was a current smoker. At baseline, 17% of participants were prescribed an ACE inhibitor or angiotensin receptor blocker (ARB), 16% a statin, 9% a calcium channel blocker and 7% beta-blocker therapy. There was no significant difference in prescription of beta-blocker, ACE inhibitor/ARB or statin between those with reduced left ventricular function and those with normal LVEF.

ECG in all participants showed sinus rhythm with normal PR, QRS and QTc intervals with no T wave or ST segment changes. Twenty-one participants were noted to have an office systolic blood pressure >140 mm Hg, of whom 8 had a history of hypertension and the remaining 13 participants were not known to be hypertensive previously. Twenty-three participants (58%) had a total cholesterol >5.0 mmol/L and 17 participants (43%) had triglyceride level >1.7 mmol/L. Two participants (5%) had elevated HbA1c levels consistent with a new diagnosis of diabetes mellitus. There were no significant differences in cardiac risk factors between those with reduced left ventricular systolic function and those with normal LVEF. Results of cardiovascular risk assessment are shown in table 3 .

Cardiovascular magnetic resonance

The median LVEF was 55.2% (Q1–Q3, 51.3–61.2). Ten participants (25%) had an LVEF <50%. Participants with LVEF <50% had significantly larger indexed left ventricular end-diastolic volume (LVEDV) and left ventricular end-systolic volume (LVESV) than those with normal LVEF; LVEDV 80.6 mL/m 2 (Q1–Q3, 68.6–91.1) vs 66.7 mL/m 2 (Q1–Q3, 60.5–80.2), p=0.034 and LVESV 40.9 mL/m 2 (Q1–Q3, 34.8–49.6) vs 28.9 mL/m 2 (Q1–Q3, 23.3–34.9), p<0.001. Global longitudinal strain (GLS) measured by both feature tracking (FT) and DENSE methods was significantly better in participants with normal LVEF compared with those with LVEF <50%; GLS by FT −16.2% (Q1–Q3, −17.2 to −14.8) vs −13.7% (Q1–Q3, −16.4 to −11.8), p=0.049 and GLS by DENSE −8.3% (Q1–Q3, −9.5 to −5.6) vs −5.3% (Q1–Q3, −7.8 to −3.0), p=0.034. There was no significant difference in T1, T2 or extracellular volume (ECV) values between those with normal LVEF and those with LVEF <50%. No participants had LGE. Summary of CMR findings is shown in table 4 .

Cardiac MRI findings

The majority of participants (90%) received both trastuzumab and anthracycline therapies. Of the four participants who received trastuzumab only, none had an LVEF <50% by CMR. Ten participants (25%) had left-sided radiotherapy. Of these, two participants (20%) had LVEF <50% (p=0.67).

Thirty per cent of participants had NT-proBNP concentration >125 pg/mL. Median NT-proBNP was 76.8 pg/mL and there was no significant difference between those with normal LVEF and those with LVEF <50% (75.8 pg/mL (Q1–Q3, 49.4–126.9) vs 89.0 pg/mL (Q1–Q3, 56.7–299.0) respectively, p=0.39). Eight per cent of participants had high-sensitivity cardiac troponin T (hs-cTNT) level >14 ng/L. Median hs-cTNT was 3 ng/L with no difference between normal LVEF and those with LVEF <50% (3.0 ng/L (Q1–Q3, 3.0–5.4) vs 3.0 ng/L (Q1–Q3, 3.0–6.3), p=1.00).

Adult cancer survivor risk score

The majority of participants in this cohort fell into the ‘moderate’ and ‘early high’ risk categories using the ESC cardiovascular toxicity risk stratification tool for asymptomatic adult cancer survivors who, in line with ESC guidance, would be considered for periodical surveillance with echocardiography. Five per cent were categorised as ‘low’ risk and would not have been recommended to have echocardiography follow-up. One participant was ‘very high’ risk. In participants with an LVEF <50%, 20% were ‘moderate’ risk and 80% were ‘early high’ risk ( table 5 ). There was no significant relationship between risk score and LVEF <50%, χ 2 (4.76, N=40) p=0.12.

Adult cancer survivor risk category

In this cohort of women with HER2-positive breast cancer treated with trastuzumab±anthracycline at least 5 years prior, and with normal left ventricular systolic function on completion of therapy, 25% were found to have LVSD by CMR imaging. Participants with reduced LVEF also had significantly larger indexed left ventricular volumes (systole and diastole) and worse GLS indices. New findings of elevated office blood pressure, elevated lipids and elevated NT-proBNP were also common.

Cardiotoxicity associated with trastuzumab and anthracyclines is well recognised. However, most studies evaluating this have been in the earlier phase post-completion of cancer therapy or have evaluated retrospective registry data. This has the potential to limit understanding of the prevalence of asymptomatic late manifestations of cardiotoxicity. To the best of our knowledge, our study is the first to assess cardiotoxicity greater than 5 years post-trastuzumab and anthracycline therapy using a comprehensive CMR protocol, cardiac biomarkers and cardiovascular risk factor assessment. A previous study prospectively assessed left ventricular and right ventricular systolic function using CMR in patients treated with anthracycline and/or trastuzumab at predefined time points up to 60 months. 13 That study demonstrated a temporary decline in LVEF at 3 months and right ventricular ejection fraction at 12 months which improved to baseline at 60 months and therefore concluded that echocardiographic or CMR follow-up beyond 12 months post-commencement of anthracycline or trastuzumab may not be necessary. It should be noted that only 26 of their initial cohort of 46 returned for follow-up assessment at 60 months and of these, only 38% had received trastuzumab. In contrast, 25% of participants in our cohort had an LVEF <50% with corresponding larger left ventricular volumes and impairment of GLS assessed by two methods and with CMR carried out greater than 5 years post-treatment completion. The majority of participants in our cohort received both trastuzumab and anthracycline therapy with only 10% receiving trastuzumab alone. Given this small number, we are unable to comment on the effect of trastuzumab alone on LVEF and our results represent the effect of trastuzumab plus anthracycline. Notably, there was no significant difference in T1 and T2 relaxation times between those with normal LVEF and reduced LVEF and no participants had LGE. Therefore, while the absence of abnormalities does not provide specific clues to the aetiology of left ventricular impairment in these participants, it also provides further evidence that CMR features of fibrosis and scar are not typically associated with post-trastuzumab LVSD. In patients who present with LVSD post-trastuzumab and anthracycline therapy and who have CMR features of cardiac fibrosis or scar, alternative or other contributing causes of LVSD should be considered. 23 24 In our cohort, GLS measured by DENSE was reduced in both those with reduced and normal LVEF when compared with a cohort of healthy individuals, 25 which may suggest subclinical left ventricular dysfunction in patients with normal LVEF. These results require validation in larger cohort studies.

In our cohort, there was a high prevalence of impaired left ventricular systolic function despite a relatively high use of cardiovascular medications at baseline. These medications were principally used for the treatment of hypertension and not for LVSD as all participants had normal LVEF prior to, and on completion of, trastuzumab therapy. While there was no significant difference in the development of LVSD in those with a history of hypertension in comparison with those without, it remains possible that hypertension may contribute to post-trastuzumab and anthracycline LVSD as a component of a multifactorial pathophysiological process. We carried out a comprehensive cardiovascular risk factor assessment and participants were grouped according to the ESC cardiovascular toxicity risk stratification tool for asymptomatic adult cancer survivors. 19 This tool is used following the completion of treatment to determine those patients who require ongoing long-term follow-up (beyond the first 12 months) and makes recommendations for periodical echocardiographic assessment based on risk category. No participants in the low risk category developed LVSD, although with very small numbers in that group. Our results therefore support the ESC guideline recommendations 19 that left ventricular assessment should be considered in patients who are moderate risk or greater when this risk score is used. We hope that our study provides further evidence regarding follow-up of this patient cohort which will hopefully inform future guidelines.

Although the guidelines recommend echocardiographic assessment, CMR with GLS measurement may be superior in detecting subclinical changes with reduced interobserver variability due to better endocardial border definition and no geometric assumptions in calculating left ventricular function. Tissue characterisation with T1 and T2 maps, ECV and LGE assessment available with CMR is also valuable in assessing for alternative causes of LVSD. While echocardiography is likely to remain the primary imaging modality used for the assessment of left ventricular systolic function in patients undergoing or post anti-cancer therapies, CMR is a very valuable tool. This is particularly relevant in patients with borderline function or suboptimal imaging in whom CMR gives a more accurate assessment of cardiac function. 26

ESC guidelines also recommend annual cardiovascular risk assessment including measurement of NT-proBNP and cardiovascular risk factor management in all patients treated with a potentially cardiotoxic anti-cancer therapy. This is not consistently done in clinical practice and is likely to vary considerably between healthcare systems and internationally. However, our results highlight its importance. To the best of our knowledge, none of the participants in this study were being monitored regularly by their primary care provider specifically for ‘cancer survivorship’ reasons. Fifty-three per cent of participants in our cohort had an office systolic blood pressure measurement greater than 140 mm Hg. Of these, 38% had a pre-existing diagnosis of hypertension which was not adequately controlled. All participants with systolic blood pressure >140 mm Hg were advised to attend their primary care provider for repeated blood pressure measurements. A large proportion also had elevated total cholesterol and triglycerides. Thirty per cent of participants had an elevated NT-proBNP >125 pg/mL which is the threshold used for the diagnosis of heart failure. However, in our cohort, elevated NT-proBNP was not significantly associated with impaired LVEF which casts some doubt over the utility of biomarker-based screening for LVSD in this population. A lower NT-proBNP threshold for screening for LVSD may be more appropriate in this group. In our cohort, ECG was not sensitive for LVSD and therefore cannot be relied upon for screening in isolation but remains a valuable test for overall cardiovascular assessment. The importance of surveillance and cardiovascular risk factor management following the completion of treatment needs to be reinforced and implemented in order to reduce long-term cardiovascular complications of anti-cancer therapies in the rapidly growing population of cancer survivors.

Study limitations

While our study included a relatively small sample size, which limits certain comparisons, it is, to the best of our knowledge, the largest long-term CMR follow-up study after trastuzumab. Although all participants had normal LVEF on completion of therapy, this was measured by echocardiography and it is recommended that imaging surveillance should generally be performed using the same technique. We elected to use CMR rather than echocardiography in our study due to its improved accuracy and reproducibility. Therefore, our assessments focus on the presence or absence of systolic dysfunction at a single time point rather than making an assessment of the changes in LVEF between starting treatment and long-term follow-up. Given the historical nature of treatment, data on the mean heart dose for participants receiving radiotherapy were not available from patient records and so laterality and prescribed dose were used for risk stratification. Blood pressure measurements were made in clinic only with no home blood pressure measurements available. In the event of elevated clinic blood pressure, then an average of multiple readings was taken but we are unable to rule out white coat hypertension. We did not include a non-cancer treatment-exposed age, sex and disease-matched control group; therefore, there is no true comparator to the treatment group.

Conclusions

The presence of asymptomatic left ventricular systolic impairment, abnormal cardiac biomarkers and cardiac risk factors in participants treated with trastuzumab and anthracycline at least 5 years previously is common, even in those with normal LVEF on completion of treatment. Our findings reinforce the relevance of comprehensive evaluation of cardiovascular risk factors following completion of cancer therapy, in addition to risk-stratified guidance of serial LVEF monitoring.

Ethics statements

Patient consent for publication.

Not required.

Ethics approval

This study involves human participants and was approved by the West of Scotland Research Ethics Service (reference 20/WS/0011). All participants provided informed consent.

• Weiderpass E ,
• Slamon DJ ,
• Wong SG , et al
• Fletcher JA
• Katzorke N ,
• Haeberle L , et al
• Sachdev JC ,
• van der Meer P ,
• Gietema JA ,
• Suter TM , et al
• Cardinale DM ,
• Herrmann J ,
• Lenihan D ,
• Armenian S , et al
• Bowles EJA ,
• Wellman R ,
• Feigelson HS , et al
• Eiermann W ,
• Robert N , et al
• Cameron D ,
• Piccart-Gebhart MJ ,
• Gelber RD , et al
• Brezden-Masley C ,
• Dhir V , et al
• Kimball A ,
• Koczwara B , et al
• Procter M ,
• Romond EH ,
• Cecchini RS , et al
• Davidson NE , et al
• de Azambuja E ,
• Procter MJ ,
• van Veldhuisen DJ , et al
• Hurria A , et al
• López-Fernández T ,
• Couch LS , et al
• Williams B ,
• Spiering W , et al
• Baigent C ,
• Catapano AL , et al
• McDonagh TA ,
• Adamo M , et al
• Jordan JH ,
• Vasu S , et al
• Messroghli DR , et al
• Ghadimi S ,
• Cai X , et al
• Čelutkienė J ,
• López-Fernández T , et al
• Petersen SE ,
• Sanghvi MM , et al
• Taylor RJ ,
• Umar F , et al

Supplementary materials

Supplementary data.

This web only file has been produced by the BMJ Publishing Group from an electronic file supplied by the author(s) and has not been edited for content.

• Data supplement 1

NNL and KM are joint senior authors.

X @kenneth_mangion

Contributors NNL, KM and CG had a substantial role in the conception, design, data analysis and data interpretation. KM, AM and CG facilitated study participant involvement. KM, AM, CG, GR, PS and TH were involved in data acquisition. All authors contributed to revisions of the manuscript and approved its final content. KM is responsible for the overall content as guarantor.

Funding This study was funded by a Tenovus Scotland grant (S20-08). NNL and CG are supported by an unrestricted grant from Roche Diagnostics, Switzerland. NNL, MCP and CB are supported by a British Heart Foundation Centre of Research Excellence grant (RE/18/6/34217).

Competing interests CG, AM, TH, PS and KM have no conflicts of interest. GR reports speaker honoraria from GE Healthcare and Bracco SpA and a non-remunerated consultancy for Canon Medical. IM reports personal fees from Roche, Novartis, Pfizer, Gilead, AstraZeneca, MSD, Eli Lilly, Daiichi Sankyo, Pierre Fabre, Stemline Therapeutics, Owkin and Eisa; and non-financial support from Roche, Novartis, Gilead, Eli Lilly, Daiichi Sankyo and Eisa. MCP reports research funding from Boehringer Ingelheim, Roche, SQ Innovations, AstraZeneca, Novartis, Novo Nordisk, Medtronic, Boston Scientific and Pharmacosmos; consultancy and clinical trials committees Akero, Applied Therapeutics, AnaCardio, Biosensors, Boehringer Ingelheim, Novartis, AstraZeneca, Novo Nordisk, AbbVie, Bayer, Horizon Therapeutics, Takeda, Cardiorentis, Pharmacosmos, Siemens, Lilly, Vifor, New Amsterdam, Moderna and Teikuko. CB is employed by the University of Glasgow which holds consultancy and research agreements for his work with Abbott Vascular, AstraZeneca, Boehringer Ingelheim, Coroventis, HeartFlow, Menarini, MSD, Novartis, Servier, Siemens Healthcare, TherOx and Valo Health. FE reports research support from Siemens. NNL reports research grants from Roche Diagnostics, AstraZeneca and Boehringer Ingelheim as well as consultancy/speaker fees from Roche Diagnostics, Myokardia, Pharmacosmos, Akero Therapeutics, CV6 Therapeutics, Jazz Pharma and Novartis all outside the submitted work.

Patient and public involvement Patients and/or the public were not involved in the design, or conduct, or reporting, or dissemination plans of this research.

Provenance and peer review Not commissioned; externally peer reviewed.

Supplemental material This content has been supplied by the author(s). It has not been vetted by BMJ Publishing Group Limited (BMJ) and may not have been peer-reviewed. Any opinions or recommendations discussed are solely those of the author(s) and are not endorsed by BMJ. BMJ disclaims all liability and responsibility arising from any reliance placed on the content. Where the content includes any translated material, BMJ does not warrant the accuracy and reliability of the translations (including but not limited to local regulations, clinical guidelines, terminology, drug names and drug dosages), and is not responsible for any error and/or omissions arising from translation and adaptation or otherwise.

Read the full text or download the PDF:

Buy term paper online

Market-dominating term papers with the quickest turnaround

Get your A+ term paper today starting at just $11.7/page. Buying term paper online has never been easier.

Trusted by 1,5M+ happy customers

From A to Z - EssayPro's got you covered! Top-notch writing service for any paper!

Native-speaking academic writing experts delivering impeccably-written content

When buying term papers online enjoy our experienced writers, their professionalism, quick delivery, and paper originality.

EssayPro: Top 5 reasons why to purchase term papers

Years as industry professionals.

With 10+ years of market-dominating, our top-rated native-speaking experts are successfully delivering premium term paper writing service .

Shortest available deadline

Need a term paper fast? We got you covered! Speediest writing turnaround of just 3 hours and on-time delivery guaranteed.

Content originality guaranteed

All our papers are crafted from scratch with free plagiarism reports available. Our service ensures originality with every order.

Topic areas & paper types

Buy term papers online from us. We offer papers on any subject, level, and type - from essays to dissertations.

Starting price per page

Academic writing help from only $10.8 per page! EssayPro offers student-friendly rates as well as seasonal discounts.

Get your term paper via just 3 simple steps

1. kindly fill-out the requirements form.

To buy a term paper online, our team requires specifics. Kindly complete a short form, detailing your essay requirements & attach files if need be.

2. Select the best-suited expert

Take advantage of our writer profiles, ratings, and chat functions. Choose the perfect expert for your task & deposit funds into your balance to get started.

3. Receive your completed order

Get notified via email when your task's ready. Review the work, request edits (if needed), and release funds when completely satisfied with the finished result.

Most authentic overview of our services - customer feedback

When buying a term paper online, our customers take full advantage of the benefits we offer.

Get your term paper here and take advantage of our customer guarantees

Unlimited revision policy.

Order term paper with peace of mind. Feeling unsatisfied? Request unlimited free edits within 30 days of paper completion.

Refund policy

Get your term paper with confidence! EssayPro offers a 30-day revision policy, and if you're still not satisfied, you will receive a full refund.

Quality standard guarantee

EssayPro has a diverse team of professionals with expertise in various fields, ensuring the highest quality papers on any topic, level, or subject.

Confidentiality & anonymity assured

When ordering a term paper, we guarantee you complete anonymity, security, and plagiarism-free writing all through an encrypted site.

Buy term paper now & enjoy the uniquely crafted content

Frequently asked questions, why should i trust essaypro with buying term paper online, who are the writers responsible for my paper, how can i verify the originality of my paper, what is the shortest deadline in which i can purchase term papers, what customer guarantees are provided when i buy a term paper online, do you offer any freebies along with your services, buy term papers & succeed effortlessly, trust essaypro to maintain your anonymity.

Our team's primary objective is to offer top-notch term paper assistance to every student in need, with an unwavering commitment to safeguarding your privacy. At EssayPro, we understand the value and importance of trust within this collaboration, which is why we ensure that upon buying term paper, you are provided with nothing but paper originality and top quality.

When you choose to buy an essay at EssayPro, we can assure you that we do not collect or share any of your personal data. We use your email solely to send you drafts and final versions of your papers and to inform you about special promotions and discounts that will hence help your bank account.

We take serious measures to establish faultless privacy and security policies. One of which is providing you with a transparent and secure payment system in alliance with our partners Visa and Mastercard. Your anonymity is always maintained, ensuring that you can place a term paper order without the worry about your safety, privacy, or professionalism.

You can trust us with your tedious assignments and enjoy the gained freed-up time. Remain secure with the knowledge that our team will always prioritize your confidentiality and satisfaction.

Personalized approach & originality guaranteed with every paper

If you are looking to buy a term paper, it's crucial to ensure that you are getting an original and high-quality piece. In accordance with our quality standards, all of our term papers are crafted from scratch, ensuring that you get a unique and well-researched product.

We understand that buying term papers online can be a daunting process, which is why we offer you a personalized experience. You will be asked to specify all your requirements for the task with the possibility to upload any additional files if necessary. Furthermore, we request a sample writing piece, so we adapt our writing accordingly and produce an individualized paper.

Furthermore, our website provides a live chat function where you can discuss any additional requirements directly with your chosen expert. This is done to ensure that you and our professional are on the same page and avoids any long-term miscommunication errors.

When you order term papers online from our website, we provide a free originality report with every purchase. Remain confident that you are receiving a high-quality product that has undergone numerous quality and plagiarism checks. For those looking specifically for a term paper for sale , look no further - our website is your one-stop-shop for all your academic writing needs.

The hiring process prior to buying term paper online

We take the hiring of our writers very seriously. When you buy term papers online, you may worry about who really is in charge of your paper. Our thorough process includes several steps to ensure that our clients receive the highest quality of work possible.

1. Candidate identity & diploma verification

This allows us to better serve and protect our clients. Once we've confirmed their identity, we move on to verifying the authenticity of their diploma. This step ensures that our writers have the necessary educational background to handle a wide range of topics and projects.

2. Request writing samples

In doing so we assess their versatility and breadth of knowledge. Our QA department thoroughly checks these samples for accuracy, speed, and professionalism. If they pass this step, we ask the potential writer to complete test assignments to demonstrate their readiness to work on buy term paper requests. We observe factors such as speed, grammatical accuracy, research relevance, and formatting.

3. The final hurdle is a one-month trial period

If the writer performs well during this period, we offer them an official invitation to join our team. Buying term papers has never been more reliable.

Buy term papers online from market-dominating, well-versed experts

Looking to purchase term papers? Look no further than EssayPro! We have a well-versed team of experts in every field of study who can handle any academic assignment of your choice, regardless of its complexity or degree level.

Our paper writers are highly qualified and experienced in conducting in-depth research and finding credible sources for any paper. Whether it's a business assignment, literature review, chemistry report, marketing plan, or any other academic work, you can leave it all to our pros.

Hiring the right EssayPro writer for your paper is a breeze as we provide detailed profiles and ratings of all our experts. Prior to buying term papers online, you can browse through experts' profiles, read their reviews, and select the one you deem best suited for your task.

With our research paper writing services , you can expect nothing but the most impressive results. Our native English-speaking experts are capable of completing even the most complex assignments on time while adhering to your requirements and intricate requests.

So, if you want to buy term paper online, we are the perfect solution for all your academic needs. Trust us to find the right writing approach for your paper!

Why purchasing term papers from us is so advantageous

We pride ourselves on providing exceptional essay writing service to our clients. Our commitment to quality is evident in the following four areas:

Unmatched 24/7 support

We understand that last-minute changes may arise, and new instructions must be delivered immediately. Such issues don't tend to throw off any progress thanks to the constant direct access the customers have to their writer. Rest assured you can remain in full control all throughout.

Confidentiality

Our clients keep choosing us to purchase term paper from because they know that their privacy and anonymity are truly assured. We never store personal data or sell it to third parties. Our collaboration will remain strictly between us.

Originality is at the heart of what we do

Unlike other services, we never use generic templates or pre-written text. All our material is crafted from scratch and hence checked under plagiarism detection tools.

Punctuality

One of our top priorities is to get your paper to you before the appointed date, as fast as possible. We greatly value your time and trust, hence our professionals guarantee timely delivery.

If you need to buy a term paper online, EssayPro is the place for you.

The Economic Times daily newspaper is available online now.

Best corporate bond mutual funds to invest in april 2024.

These schemes invest at least 80% of their corpus in the papers of the highest-rated companies. This makes them relatively safer than other debt schemes such as credit risk funds. They are also safer than gilt funds and long term debt funds that are highly sensitive to interest rate changes in the economy.

Best MF to invest

Looking for the best mutual funds to invest? Here are our recommendations.

• HDFC Corporate Bond Fund
• Aditya Birla Sun Life Corporate Bond Fund
• ICICI Prudential Corporate Bond Fund
• Sundaram Corporate Bond Fund

Read More News on

Amid slackening revenue-growth for IT majors, there is a silver lining

What India’s most powerful investigative agency is about?

India Inc is under-reporting work-related injuries. Why?

A 1 pm mail, two top exits: Is IndiGo heading for a deep restructuring?

Zepto CEO Aadit Palicha doesn’t run the quick-commerce app. Then who does?

How this oil & gas stock found its roar back after years of silence

Find this comment offensive?

Choose your reason below and click on the Report button. This will alert our moderators to take action

Reason for reporting:

Your Reason has been Reported to the admin.

To post this comment you must

Log In/Connect with:

Fill in your details:

Will be displayed

Will not be displayed

Share this Comment:

Uh-oh this is an exclusive story available for selected readers only..

Worry not. You’re just a step away.

Prime Account Detected!

It seems like you're already an ETPrime member with

Login using your ET Prime credentials to enjoy all member benefits

Log out of your current logged-in account and log in again using your ET Prime credentials to enjoy all member benefits.

To read full story, subscribe to ET Prime

₹34 per week

Billed annually at ₹2499 ₹1749

Super Saver Sale - Flat 30% Off

On ET Prime Membership

Unlock this story and enjoy all members-only benefits.

Offer Exclusively For You

Save up to Rs. 700/-

ON ET PRIME MEMBERSHIP

Get 1 Year Free

With 1 and 2-Year ET prime membership

Get Flat 40% Off

Then ₹ 1749 for 1 year

ET Prime at ₹ 49 for 1 month

Stay Ahead in the New Financial Year

Get flat 20% off on ETPrime

90 Days Prime access worth Rs999 unlocked for you

Exclusive Economic Times Stories, Editorials & Expert opinion across 20+ sectors

Stock analysis. Market Research. Industry Trends on 4000+ Stocks

​Get 1 Year Complimentary Subscription of TOI+ worth Rs.799/-​

Stories you might be interested in

• Download PDF
• Share X Facebook Email LinkedIn
• Permissions

Rates of Occult Invasive Disease in Patients With Biopsy-Proven Oral Cavity Squamous Cell Carcinoma in Situ

• 1 Department of Radiation Medicine, Northwell Health Cancer Institute, Zucker School of Medicine at Hofstra/Northwell, Lake Success, New York
• 2 Department of Pathology, Northwell Health, Zucker School of Medicine at Hofstra/Northwell, New Hyde Park, New York
• 3 Department of Otolaryngology, Northwell Health, Zucker School of Medicine at Hofstra/Northwell, New Hyde Park, New York
• 4 Department of Radiation Oncology, Brigham and Women’s Hospital and Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts
• 5 Division of Hematology-Oncology, Northwell Health Cancer Institute, Zucker School of Medicine at Hofstra/Northwell, New Hyde Park, New York

Question   What is the rate of occult invasive disease in patients with carcinoma in situ (CIS) of the oral cavity?

Findings   In this cohort study of 1856 patients with oral cavity CIS, those who proceeded to surgical resection had a 28.0% rate of occult invasive disease after biopsy demonstrated only CIS.

Meaning   Occult invasive disease is a common finding among patients with biopsy-proven CIS of the oral cavity, supporting immediate surgical resection as the optimal management strategy when facing this challenging clinical scenario.

Importance   The likelihood that an oral cavity lesion harbors occult invasive disease after biopsy demonstrating carcinoma in situ (CIS) is unknown. While de-escalated treatment strategies may be appealing in the setting of CIS, knowing whether occult invasive disease may be present and its association with survival outcomes would lead to more informed management decisions.

Objective   To evaluate rate of occult invasive disease and clinical outcomes in patients with oral cavity CIS.

Design, Setting, and Participants   This was a retrospective population-based cohort study using the National Cancer Database and included adults with biopsy-proven oral cavity CIS as the first diagnosis of cancer between 2004 and 2020. Data were analyzed from October 10, 2022, to June 25, 2023.

Exposures   Surgical resection vs no surgery.

Main Outcomes and Measures   Analyses calculated the rate of occult invasive disease identified on resection of a biopsy-proven CIS lesion. Univariate and multivariate logistic regression with odds ratios and 95% CIs were used to identify significant demographic and clinical characteristics associated with risk of occult invasion (age, year of diagnosis, sex, race and ethnicity, oral cavity subsite, and comorbidity status). Kaplan-Meier curves for overall survival (OS) were calculated for both unresected and resected cohorts (stratified by presence of occult invasive disease).

Results   A total of 1856 patients with oral cavity CIS were identified, with 122 who did not undergo surgery (median [range] age, 65 [26-90] years; 48 female individuals [39.3%] and 74 male individuals [60.7%]) and 1458 who underwent surgical resection and had documented pathology (median [range] age, 62 [21-90] years; 490 female individuals [33.6%] and 968 male individuals [66.4%]). Of the 1580 patients overall, 52 (3.3%) were Black; 39 (2.5%), Hispanic; 1365 (86.4%), White; and 124 (7.8%), other, not specified. Among those who proceeded with surgery with documented pathology, 408 patients (28.0%) were found to have occult invasive disease. Higher-risk features were present in 45 patients (11.0%) for final margin positivity, 16 patients (3.9%) for lymphovascular invasion, 13 patients (3.2%) for high-grade invasive disease, and 14 patients (3.4%) for nodal involvement. For those patients with occult disease, staging according to the American Joint Committee on Cancer’s AJCC Cancer Staging Manual , eighth edition, was pT1 in 341 patients (83.6%), pT2 in 41 (10.0%), and pT3 or pT4 disease in 26 (6.4%). Factors associated with greater odds of occult invasive disease at resection were female sex, Black race, and alveolar ridge, vestibule, and retromolar subsite. With median 66-month follow-up, 5-year OS was 85.9% in patients who proceeded with surgical resection vs 59.7% in patients who did not undergo surgery (difference, 26.2%; 95% CI, 19.0%-33.4%).

Conclusions and Relevance   This cohort study assessed the risk of concurrent occult invasion with biopsy-proven CIS of the oral cavity, demonstrating that 28.0% had invasive disease at resection. Reassuringly, even in the setting of occult invasion, high-risk disease features were rare, and 5-year OS was nearly 80% with resection. The findings support the practice of definitive resection if feasible following biopsy demonstrating oral cavity CIS.

Read More About

Cooper DJ , Ziemba Y , Pereira L, et al. Rates of Occult Invasive Disease in Patients With Biopsy-Proven Oral Cavity Squamous Cell Carcinoma in Situ. JAMA Otolaryngol Head Neck Surg. 2024;150(2):151–156. doi:10.1001/jamaoto.2023.3754

Manage citations:

© 2024

Artificial Intelligence Resource Center

Otolaryngology in JAMA : Read the Latest

Browse and subscribe to JAMA Network podcasts!

Others Also Liked

Select your interests.

Customize your JAMA Network experience by selecting one or more topics from the list below.

• Academic Medicine
• Acid Base, Electrolytes, Fluids
• Allergy and Clinical Immunology
• American Indian or Alaska Natives
• Anesthesiology
• Anticoagulation
• Art and Images in Psychiatry
• Artificial Intelligence
• Assisted Reproduction
• Bleeding and Transfusion
• Caring for the Critically Ill Patient
• Challenges in Clinical Electrocardiography
• Climate and Health
• Climate Change
• Clinical Challenge
• Clinical Decision Support
• Clinical Implications of Basic Neuroscience
• Clinical Pharmacy and Pharmacology
• Complementary and Alternative Medicine
• Consensus Statements
• Coronavirus (COVID-19)
• Critical Care Medicine
• Cultural Competency
• Dental Medicine
• Dermatology
• Diabetes and Endocrinology
• Diagnostic Test Interpretation
• Drug Development
• Electronic Health Records
• Emergency Medicine
• End of Life, Hospice, Palliative Care
• Environmental Health
• Equity, Diversity, and Inclusion
• Facial Plastic Surgery
• Gastroenterology and Hepatology
• Genetics and Genomics
• Genomics and Precision Health
• Global Health
• Guide to Statistics and Methods
• Hair Disorders
• Health Care Delivery Models
• Health Care Economics, Insurance, Payment
• Health Care Quality
• Health Care Reform
• Health Care Safety
• Health Care Workforce
• Health Disparities
• Health Inequities
• Health Policy
• Health Systems Science
• History of Medicine
• Hypertension
• Images in Neurology
• Implementation Science
• Infectious Diseases
• Innovations in Health Care Delivery
• JAMA Infographic
• Law and Medicine
• Leading Change
• Less is More
• LGBTQIA Medicine
• Lifestyle Behaviors
• Medical Coding
• Medical Devices and Equipment
• Medical Education
• Medical Education and Training
• Medical Journals and Publishing
• Mobile Health and Telemedicine
• Narrative Medicine
• Neuroscience and Psychiatry
• Notable Notes
• Nutrition, Obesity, Exercise
• Obstetrics and Gynecology
• Occupational Health
• Ophthalmology
• Orthopedics
• Otolaryngology
• Pain Medicine
• Palliative Care
• Pathology and Laboratory Medicine
• Patient Care
• Patient Information
• Performance Improvement
• Performance Measures
• Perioperative Care and Consultation
• Pharmacoeconomics
• Pharmacoepidemiology
• Pharmacogenetics
• Pharmacy and Clinical Pharmacology
• Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation
• Physical Therapy
• Physician Leadership
• Population Health
• Primary Care
• Professional Well-being
• Professionalism
• Psychiatry and Behavioral Health
• Public Health
• Pulmonary Medicine
• Regulatory Agencies
• Reproductive Health
• Research, Methods, Statistics
• Resuscitation
• Rheumatology
• Risk Management
• Scientific Discovery and the Future of Medicine
• Shared Decision Making and Communication
• Sleep Medicine
• Sports Medicine
• Stem Cell Transplantation
• Substance Use and Addiction Medicine
• Surgical Innovation
• Surgical Pearls
• Teachable Moment
• Technology and Finance
• The Art of JAMA
• The Arts and Medicine
• The Rational Clinical Examination
• Tobacco and e-Cigarettes
• Translational Medicine
• Trauma and Injury
• Treatment Adherence
• Ultrasonography
• Users' Guide to the Medical Literature
• Vaccination
• Venous Thromboembolism
• Veterans Health
• Women's Health
• Workflow and Process
• Wound Care, Infection, Healing
• Register for email alerts with links to free full-text articles
• Access PDFs of free articles
• Manage your interests
• Save searches and receive search alerts