human growth and development research paper

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StatPearls [Internet]. Treasure Island (FL): StatPearls Publishing; 2024 Jan-.

StatPearls [Internet].

Human growth and development.

Palanikumar Balasundaram ; Indirapriya Darshini Avulakunta .

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Last Update: March 8, 2023 .

Continuing Education Activity

Evaluation of growth and development is a crucial element in the physical examination of a patient. A piece of good working knowledge and the skill to evaluate growth and development are necessary for any patient's diagnostic workup. The early recognition of growth or developmental failure helps for effective intervention in managing a patient's problem. This activity reviews the various aspects of human growth and development and highlights the interprofessional team's role in assessing the kids for growth and developmental delay.

Describe the stages of growth and development.
Review the factors affecting growth and development.
Outline the methods for growth measurements and standard screening tools for developmental assessment.
Explain how interprofessional collaboration and communication can improve patient outcomes when assessing a patient's physical development.
Introduction

In the context of childhood development, growth is defined as an irreversible constant increase in size, and development is defined as growth in psychomotor capacity. Both processes are highly dependent on genetic, nutritional, and environmental factors. Evaluation of growth and development is a crucial element in the physical examination of a patient. A piece of good working knowledge and the skills to evaluate growth and development are necessary for any patient's diagnostic workup. The early recognition of growth or developmental failure helps for effective intervention in managing a patient's problem.

Stages in Human Growth and Development

Fetal stage: Fetal health issues can have detrimental effects on postnatal growth. One-third of neonates with intrauterine growth retardation might have curtailed postnatal growth. [1] Good perinatal care is an essential factor in promoting fetal health and indirectly postnatal growth.
Infancy (neonate and up to one year age)
Toddler ( one to five years of age)
Childhood (three to eleven years old) - early childhood is from three to eight years old, and middle childhood is from nine to eleven years old.
Adolescence or teenage (from 12 to 18 years old)

Factors Affecting Growth and Development

The growth and development are positively influenced by factors, like parental health and genetic composition, even before conception. [3]

Genetic factors play a primary role in growth and development. The genetic factors influencing height is substantial in the adolescence phase. [4] A large longitudinal cohort study of 7755 Dutch twin pairs has suggested that the additive genetic factors predominantly explained the phenotypic correlations across the ages for height and body mass index. [5]
Fetal health has a highly influential role in achieving growth and development. Any stimulus or insult during fetal development causes developmental adaptations that produce permanent changes in the latter part of life.
After birth, the environmental factors may exert either a beneficial or detrimental effect on growth. [6]
Socioeconomic factors: Children of higher socio-economical classes are taller than the children of the same age and sex in the lower socioeconomic groups. Urbanization has positively influenced growth. The secular trend is observed in growth where the kids grow taller and mature more rapidly than the previous generation. This secular trend is observed significantly in developed countries like North America.
The family characteristics: Higher family education levels have a positive impact on growth. The inadequate emotional support and inadequate developmental stimulus, including language training, might cause growth and development deterioration.
The human-made environment influences human growth and development significantly. Certain ongoing studies have proven the relationship of pollutants in sexual maturation, obesity, and thyroid function. [7] The excess lead exposure antenatally significantly associates with low birth weight. Noise pollution due to transportation sources also has an association with reduced prenatal growth.
Nutrition
Malnutrition plays a detrimental role in the process of growth and development.
Deficiencies of trace minerals can affect growth and development. [8] Iron deficiency usually affects psychomotor development and does not affect growth. Zinc deficiency might cause growth retardation and developmental delay. Selenium, iodine, manganese, and copper also play a significant role.
Growth faltering or rapid weight gain in early childhood influences health in the later part of life. The diet in early childhood has a strong association with the likelihood of obesity later in life. 'Early Protein Hypothesis' shows that lowering the protein supply during infancy helps achieve normal growth and reduce obesity in early childhood. [9] This concept of the early protein hypothesis helps in improving the food products for children.
Genetic and environmental factors influence the growth and development in a perplexing interrelated pathway. Genetic and environmental risk factors are not mutually exclusive. Plasticity is the potential of a specific genotype to bring out diversified phenotypes in response to diverse environmental factors. [10] The developmental plasticity can happen from the embryonic stage to adolescence and can be passed onto the next generation.
Role of experience during early childhood: Exposure to adverse experiences in early childhood might hinder development. Profound neglect during early childhood can impair development. Children adopted before six months of age have similar development when compared to their non-adoptive siblings. If children adopted after six months have a high risk of cognition deficits, behavioral issues, autism, and hyperactivity. [11] Early intervention for children with adverse experiences is the pillar in healthy development.
Issues of Concern

Measurement of Growth

Anthropometry is the gold standard by which clinicians can assess nutritional status. The major anthropometric measurements for age up to 2 years are weight, length, weight for length, and head circumference. The major measurements used for children above two years are weight, height, body mass index (BMI), and head circumference for the 2-3 years age group.

Length or height: For children less than two years or children with severe cerebral palsy, the length is the ideal way of measuring stature. Length is measured by placing the child supine on an infant measuring board. For children aged more than two years, standing height is measured in the stadiometer after removing shoes. The supine length is usually 1 cm higher than standing height. Length and height can be documented to the closest 0.1 cm. For children with severe cerebral palsy or spinal deformities, upper arm length, tibial length, and knee height can be useful to assess stature. [12]
Weight: The kids below one year are weighed on a scale after removing the clothes, shoes, diaper, and documented to the closest 0.01 kg. The kids outside the infancy phase should be measured without shoes, with little or no outer clothing, and documented to the closest 0.1 kg.
Head circumference or occipitofrontal circumference: Head circumference is assessed by measuring the largest area from the prominent site at the back (occiput) to the frontal prominence above the supraorbital ridge. Brain growth is maximum in the first three years of life, so head circumference is used in children less than three years. It is measured as the maximum diameter through the supraorbital ridge to the occiput and documented to the closest 0.01 cm. Microcephaly is more than two standard deviations below the mean. Macrocephaly is more than two standard deviations above the mean.
< 5th percentile - underweight
5th to 84th percentile - normal
85th to 95th percentile - overweight
95th to 98th percentile - obesity
More than 99th percentile - severe obesity
The weight to length ratio is an alternative for body mass index in predicting adiposity in less than two years.
Self-assessment of the hip to waist ratio can help to guide the measure of central adiposity,
Triceps and subscapular skinfolds can also be a useful measure of adiposity. [13]
The upper segment to lower segment (U/L) ratio is 1.7 at birth, 1.3 at three years, and reaches 1.0 at greater than seven years. A higher U/L ratio is a feature in short-limb dwarfism.
Arm span to height ratio is a fixed ratio across all ages. The ratio of more than 1.05:1 is suggestive of Marfan syndrome. [14]
Sexual maturity: Tanner's stage can be used to assess sexual maturity.
Skeletal maturity: Bone age can be determined by doing Hand & Wrist radiographs from 3 to 18 years of age.
Dental assessment: Primary tooth eruption begins with the central incisors at six months. No single tooth by 13 months of age is of concern. Permanent tooth eruption starts at six years of age and continues up to 18 years of age.

Growth Velocity

The growth velocity is different at different stages of life. Also, different tissues grow at different rates at the same stage of life. The lymphoid tissues can exceed adult size at six years of age. Girls are taller than boys at 12 to 14 years, but later they will not grow taller than their boy's counterpart. Growth velocity is maximum during infancy and adolescence. The head circumference reaches closer to adult size by six years of age. The prepubertal height velocity of less than 4 cm per year is of concern. During puberty, the height velocity is 10 to 12 cm per year in boys and 8 to 10 cm per year in girls. The prepubertal weight velocity of less than 1 kg per year is of concern. Weight velocity is highest during puberty, up to 8 kg per year.

Stages of Development

Development is a continuous process from neonatal to adulthood. Though the growth ceases after adolescence, adolescence is not the end for development. Each developmental stage has a new set of challenges and opportunities.

Infancy : Development progress in cephalo-caudal direction and also from the midline to the lateral direction. A three to four-month variation can be there in achieving the developmental milestone. Social development is a cortical function that develops earlier than motor skills. Lack of social smile by four weeks is of concern. At birth, the infant is equipped with primitive reflexes. Certain primitive reflexes help in the normal physiology of infants. Sucking and rooting reflex helps inefficient feeding. Most of the primitive reflex disappears to facilitate the mature development process. For example, the grasp reflex disappears by six months, and the child develops mature grasp development from 6-12 months.
Early and late childhood: Between ages 1 and 3 years, locomotion and language are crucial. The best predictor of cognitive function is language. Fine motor skills are related to self-help skills. The most common development in early childhood is to establish self-identity. A child may have independent existence by three years of age. The kids learn independent existence skills like feeding behavior, toilet training, and self dressing during this stage of early and late childhood. Questioning skills develop during early childhood development.
Adolescence: Adolescence is hallmarked by puberty changes, which occur two years earlier in females than in males. Puberty changes are assessed using the Tanner staging. Acceptance of a new body and separation from home, and establishing oneself as an independent adult in society are the significant challenges in puberty.

Psychosocial Development

Erikson has postulated eight stages of psychosocial development.

Trust and mistrust in infancy (< 1 year): Infants develop trust with a warm response from the caretaker.
Autonomy and doubt in the toddler age group ( one to three years): Children feel autonomous if caregivers encourage independence. Otherwise, they will doubt their abilities.
Initiative and guilt in the preschool age group (three to six years): By imaginative play, kids experiment with their ambitions. If parents do not encourage their initiative, the kids will feel guilt.
Industry and inferiority in early school years: In school, children learn to work as a group. They will have inferiority feelings if the peer environment is hostile.
Identity and role confusion in adolescence: Self-identity is a significant development during adolescence.
Intimacy and isolation in early adulthood: Those who cannot establish relationships or intimacy are prone to be socially isolated.
Generativity and stagnation in middle adulthood: Parenting is the best example to guide the younger generation.
Ego integrity and despair in late adulthood: People who are not satisfied with what they did during their lifetime will be in despair.
Clinical Significance

Understanding normal growth and development milestones are important for a clinician evaluating pediatric patients. It isn't easy to recognize aberrance if you are not familiar with normal. By using growth charts and doing the developmental screening, oftentimes, challenges in care can be identified early.

Growth Charts

The CDC charts include children raised in a variety of nutritional conditions in the United States. In the CDC charts, the normal range between 5th and 95th percentiles.
The WHO growth chart describes children from birth to five years raised under optimal environmental conditions. The normal range is expressed as a Z score between -2.0 and +2.0, corresponding to 2 and 98 percentiles. Z-scores are the number of Standard deviations from the mean.
The WHO growth charts represent a growth standard, whereas the CDC growth chart represents a growth reference. WHO growth charts are used for children under two years of age, and the CDC growth charts are used in children for more than two years.
When using the WHO charts, the prevalence of short stature and obesity is similar to the CDC charts, but the underweight prevalence was lower than the CDC charts. [15] [16]
Preterm infants
During the stay in the neonatal intensive care unit, preterm growth charts like Fenton growth charts are used for all preterm infants less than 37 weeks gestational age. Fenton charts can be used from 22 weeks gestational age and up to ten weeks post-term.
WHO charts are useful to monitor the growth of preterm infants less than 37 weeks after discharge. The corrected postnatal age is used for up to two years. Corrected age for preterm kids is calculated as actual age in weeks - (40 weeks - gestational age at birth in weeks). [17]

Developmental Screening

Only 20% of the children with developmental delay in the United States receive early intervention before three years. Early intervention is useful in high-risk children to improve their cognitive and academic performance. Less than 50 % of clinicians are only using standardized screening tools in practice. Time constraints, lack of training are essential barriers in using the developmental screening tool. The Ages and Stages Questionnaire (ASQ), the Parents' Evaluation of Developmental Status, and the Child Development Inventory are standard screening tools used in practice. ASQ tool can be used for up to 66 months. The PEDS tool can be used up to eight years of age. Gross and fine motor milestones are assessed at every well-child visit in the first four years. Standardized developmental assessments using ASQ are mandatory at 9, 18, and 24 or 30 months. [18]

The clinician may screen more frequently if there are risk factors like prematurity, lead exposure, or low birth weight. Autism screening needs to be done at 18 and 24 months of age. If the screening tool reveals developmental delay, the child needs referrals to developmental pediatricians. Children up to three years with developmental delay are referred to early intervention programs, and children above three years of age are referred to special education services.

Red Flags in Growth and Development

Red flag signs in motor development are persistent fisting for more than three months, the persistence of primitive reflexes and rolling before two months, and hand dominance before 18 months.
No babbling by twelve months, no single words by sixteen months, no two-word sentences by two years, and loss of language skills are red flags.
Children whose height or weight readings below the 5th percentile, above the 95th percentile, or cross two major centile lines need further evaluation.
Enhancing Healthcare Team Outcomes

The health care team should understand the developmental stages that their patients go through during early childhood. We should increase the awareness of health care professionals about the importance of standardized growth monitoring and the appropriate use of growth charts. Also, they need adequate training for using standard developmental screening tools.

Every clinician and nurse managing pediatric patients should have appropriate awareness of referral service to early intervention for eligible patients. Interprofessional collaboration between clinicians, mid-level practitioners, and nurses can improve patient outcomes as developmental delays require prompt intervention when caught, and earlier is always better. Children up to three years with developmental delay are referred to early intervention programs, and children above three years of age are referred to special education services.

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Disclosure: Palanikumar Balasundaram declares no relevant financial relationships with ineligible companies.

Disclosure: Indirapriya Darshini Avulakunta declares no relevant financial relationships with ineligible companies.

This book is distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial-NoDerivatives 4.0 International (CC BY-NC-ND 4.0) ( http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0/ ), which permits others to distribute the work, provided that the article is not altered or used commercially. You are not required to obtain permission to distribute this article, provided that you credit the author and journal.

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EDITORIAL article

Editorial: evolutionary perspectives on human growth and development.

University of Wisconsin–Milwaukee, Milwaukee, WI, United States

Editorial on the Research Topic Evolutionary Perspectives on Human Growth and Development

The 10 articles in this special topic represent the fruits of an evolutionary approach to human development that spans from fetus to young adults, and across subsistence and industrialized populations. In doing so it touches on the genetic basis of human growth and development and the impact of larger environmental and social conditions. The collection will appeal to those interested in an understanding of the developmental pattern of our slowly developing and long-lived species and its variations. Below I highlight and integrate crucial elements from each of the articles in the special topic and point toward future research.

In Why and How Imprinted Genes Drive Fetal Programming , Crespi incorporates evolutionary ideas of genomic conflict and imprinted genes into the well-established notion of fetal programming for postnatal growth and development. Crespi ‘s call for the inclusion of imprinted maternal genes in longitudinal studies of the effects of low birthweight and subsequent catch-up growth echoes through the other contributions.

In Timing of the Infancy-Childhood Transition in Rural Gambia , Bernstein et al. use patterns of weight for age z scores to place the infant-child transition among children in the Gambia at 9 months, some 3 months earlier than similar results in the U.K. This runs counter to ideas that undernutrition leads to extended infant growth. Instead, it suggests that infant growth may be cut short to allocate energy for immune development, a life history trade-off that deserves more attention in the future.

Turing to middle childhood, in DHEAS and Human Development: An Evolutionary Perspective , Campbell focuses adrenarche as an endocrinological marker. He argues that DHEAS acts at the IGF-1 receptor, giving it a role brain in development starting with the 5-8 transition. Given evidence that IGF-1 is stimulated by animal protein in the diet, the roots of human middle childhood may go back to the origins of meat consumption with the Genus Homo.

In their contribution, Emerging Adulthood, A Pre-Adult Life History Stage , Hochberg and Konner point to continued brain development after and lasting into the mid-20s, suggesting young adulthood as biologically based rather than socially constructed. Chimpanzee brain maturation ends at puberty, pointing to a unique human life history stage that needs to be characterized more fully in terms of endocrinology and its relationship to earlier development.

Young adulthood is also marked by peak bone mass as explored by Kralick and Zemel , in Evolutionary Perspectives on the Developing Skeleton and Implications for Lifelong Health . In fact, Kralick and Zemel suggest that the most important determinant of osteoporosis for older women life may be low peak bone mass. Bone mass is diminished by a sedentary lifestyle. Thus, osteoporosis is not only an evolutionary disease, but changes in activity with the advent of agriculture may have been a key factor.

The importance of the agriculture revolution to modern human growth and development is central to Wells and Stock in Life History Transitions at the Origins of Agriculture: A Model for Understanding How Niche Construction Impacts Human Growth, Demography and Health . The article makes a forceful case for the selective impact of the agricultural revolution human growth and development through its effects on immune defenses against infectious disease. This intriguing idea deserves much future consideration in understanding growth and development in subsequent populations as well as the paleopathology of juveniles at the origins of civilization.

Little ‘s contribution, Evolutionary Strategies for Body Size focuses on what is known about factors contribution to variation in human body size in populations outside the bounds of civilization. Variation in phenotypes such the short statured pygmies of the Congo and the long lean Turkana pastoralist of Kenya are well documented. The availability of non-invasive sample collection and assay techniques means that future research may now focus on the underlying physiological growth processes.

At the other end of the environmental spectrum, in Sexual Dimorphism of Size Ontogeny and Life History , German and Hochberg consider differences in height over the life span across a set of national populations. Not only does sexual dimorphism emerge with puberty, but also the authors find it is maximal under good environmental conditions. Importantly, these results hold across a set of subsistence populations as well. In other words, male growth is more responsive to environmental variation than females, and in ways that are likely derived from developmental adaptations to energy constraints.

The final two papers take the topic deeper into environments not anticipated in human evolution and more fully into the realm of global public health. People Are Taller in Countries With Better Environmental Conditions by German et al. demonstrates differences in adult height across OCED countries as a function of modern environments, including air pollution, income inequality and stress, with males more affected than females. It will be important to elaborate how these environmental factors map onto the those experienced during our evolution history if we are to understand future developmental outcomes and safeguard human health in the years to come.

Finally, in Nutrition Justice: Uncovering Invisible Pathways to Malnutrition , Hanieh et al. bring attention to social and political factors contributing to the double burden of disease in marginalized populations. But at the core of their argument is an evolutionary perspective. That underfed babies exhibit growth faltering and stunting leading to metabolic complications and disease as adults IS an evolutionary adaptation for survival. One that represents the impact of environmental fluctuation during human evolutionary history in shaping human life history. It also brings us back full circle to the genetic underpinnings of fetal programming discussed by Crespi .

Together these articles demonstrate the integrative nature of an evolutionary approach to human growth and development. Though we divide growth and development into stages, each stage is related to the next, and they are all linked to fetal development. Thus, despite its responsiveness to environmental factors, the developing human body has a remarkable capacity to return to a growth trajectory set up in utero. It is a tragedy when social conditions not only disrupt that trajectory, but also cause us to lose sight of it in the first place.

Author Contributions

The author confirms being the sole contributor of this work and has approved it for publication.

Conflict of Interest

The author declares that the research was conducted in the absence of any commercial or financial relationships that could be construed as a potential conflict of interest.

Keywords: evolutionary biology, growth and development, life history, fetal development, childhood

Citation: Campbell BC (2021) Editorial: Evolutionary Perspectives on Human Growth and Development. Front. Endocrinol. 12:672452. doi: 10.3389/fendo.2021.672452

Received: 25 February 2021; Accepted: 26 February 2021; Published: 17 March 2021.

Copyright © 2021 Campbell. This is an open-access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License (CC BY) . The use, distribution or reproduction in other forums is permitted, provided the original author(s) and the copyright owner(s) are credited and that the original publication in this journal is cited, in accordance with accepted academic practice. No use, distribution or reproduction is permitted which does not comply with these terms.

*Correspondence: Benjamin C. Campbell, [email protected]

Disclaimer: All claims expressed in this article are solely those of the authors and do not necessarily represent those of their affiliated organizations, or those of the publisher, the editors and the reviewers. Any product that may be evaluated in this article or claim that may be made by its manufacturer is not guaranteed or endorsed by the publisher.

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Review Article
Published: 16 March 2018

Growth hormone — past, present and future

Michael B. Ranke 1 &
Jan M. Wit 2

Nature Reviews Endocrinology volume 14 , pages 285–300 ( 2018 ) Cite this article

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Growth disorders
Hormonal therapies
Peptide hormones
Pituitary diseases

The growth hormone (GH)–insulin-like growth factor (IGF) axis consists of central neuro-anatomical, regulatory and genetic systems, and the peripheral intracellular GH signalling pathway

The introduction of recombinant human GH (rhGH) in 1985 ended the phase of pituitary-derived human growth hormone (hGH) and its associated limitations and risks, opening the possibility of widespread clinical use

GH deficiency (GHD) is a syndrome with many different causes and is associated with alterations in growth, body composition and metabolism

In some non-GHD short stature disorders, rhGH has been proved effective and is used as a surrogate for the currently unknown, pathophysiologically appropriate treatment

Risks of hGH therapy might relate to its direct effects on growth, its anti-insulin action and its cell-proliferating activity; however, the safety profile of rhGH in children and adults is good

Current innovative treatment approaches relate to personalizing conventional rhGH, developing long-acting GH preparations, the prospect of gene therapy, GH–GH receptor antagonists and, potentially, new indications

Growth hormone (GH) research and its clinical application for the treatment of growth disorders span more than a century. During the first half of the 20th century, clinical observations and anatomical and biochemical studies formed the basis of the understanding of the structure of GH and its various metabolic effects in animals. The following period (1958–1985), during which pituitary-derived human GH was used, generated a wealth of information on the regulation and physiological role of GH — in conjunction with insulin-like growth factors (IGFs) — and its use in children with GH deficiency (GHD). The following era (1985 to present) of molecular genetics, recombinant technology and the generation of genetically modified biological systems has expanded our understanding of the regulation and role of the GH–IGF axis. Today, recombinant human GH is used for the treatment of GHD and various conditions of non-GHD short stature and catabolic states; however, safety concerns still accompany this therapeutic approach. In the future, new therapeutics based on various components of the GH–IGF axis might be developed to further improve the treatment of such disorders. In this Review, we describe the history of GH research and clinical use with a particular focus on disorders in childhood.

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Schonau, E. et al. A new and accurate prediction model for growth response to growth hormone treatment in children with growth hormone deficiency. Eur. J. Endocrinol. 144 , 13–20 (2001).

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Acknowledgements

The authors are grateful to L. Van den Brande and J. S. Parks, who inspired them as young scientists.

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Department of Pediatric Endocrinology, University Children's Hospital, Tübingen, Germany

Michael B. Ranke

Department of Pediatrics, Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden, Netherlands

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Both authors contributed equally to this manuscript.

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Correspondence to Michael B. Ranke .

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Competing interests.

M.B.R. declares that he is a member of the Pfizer advisory board for iGRO and has received honoraria for speaking from Pfizer and Sandoz. J.M.W. declares that he is a member of the Merck advisory board and has received honoraria for speaking from Sandoz, Merck-Serono, Pfizer, Versartis, Eli Lilly, Novo Nordisk and JCR.

PowerPoint slides

Powerpoint slide for fig. 1, powerpoint slide for fig. 2, powerpoint slide for fig. 3, powerpoint slide for table 1, powerpoint slide for table 2, supplementary information, supplementary table s1.

Genes associated with disorders of the GH-IGF axis (PDF 395 kb)

Supplementary Box S2

Non-GH deficient medical conditions accepted as indications for GH treatment (PDF 305 kb)

A system of blood vessels connecting the hypothalamus with the anterior pituitary.

(IGHD). Defined by the selective lack of pituitary growth hormone secretion in contrast to normal secretion of other pituitary hormones.

A term for deficiencies of immunoglobulins that electrophoretically migrate into the γ-fraction.

A growth disorder due to an insensitivity to growth hormone caused by a mutation in the growth hormone receptor.

(MPH). The average height of the father and mother after converting them to standard deviation scores.

(IRPs). International standard preparations (for example, for human growth hormone) are established by WHO experts (National Institute for Biological Standards and Control (NIBSC)).

A dysmorphic syndrome with short stature caused by the (partial) loss of one X chromosome in females.

(ISS). Refers to short stature not explained by defined causes.

A term describing a severe form of renal failure that is associated with growth failure in children.

A congenital syndrome associated with severe obesity, mental retardation and short stature (OMIM 301900).

A dysmorphic syndrome associated with phenotypical congenital heart defects and short stature (OMIM 615355).

The malabsorption disorder caused by the missing of functional small intestine.

The severe loss of body mass due to an infection with HIV.

A prion-transmitted degenerative encephalopathy.

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Ranke, M., Wit, J. Growth hormone — past, present and future. Nat Rev Endocrinol 14 , 285–300 (2018). https://doi.org/10.1038/nrendo.2018.22

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Developmental Psychology Topics

Topics for research, papers, and other projects

Kendra Cherry, MS, is a psychosocial rehabilitation specialist, psychology educator, and author of the "Everything Psychology Book."

Emily is a board-certified science editor who has worked with top digital publishing brands like Voices for Biodiversity, Study.com, GoodTherapy, Vox, and Verywell.

Childhood Topics
Adolescence Topics
Adulthood Topics
How to Choose
Tips for Students

Are you looking for a developmental psychology topic for a psychology paper , experiment, or science fair project? Topics you might pick can range from prenatal development to health during the final stages of life.

Developmental psychology is a broad topic that involves studying how people grow and change throughout their whole lifetime. Topics don't just include physical growth but also the emotional, cognitive, and social development that people experience at different stages of their lives.

At a Glance

The following are just a few different topics that might help inspire you. Remember, these are just ideas to help you get started. You might opt to explore one of these areas, or you might think of a related question that interests you as well.

Developmental Psychology Topics on Childhood

Could packaging nutritious foods in visually appealing ways encourage children to make healthier food choices?
Do children who listen to music while studying perform better or worse on exams?
Do students who eat breakfast perform better in school than those who do not eat breakfast?
Does birth order have an impact on procrastination ? Are first-borns less likely to procrastinate? Are last-borns more likely to put off tasks until the last minute?
Does teaching infants sign language help or hinder the language acquisition process?
How do parenting styles impact a child's level of physical activity? Are children raised by parents with permissive or uninvolved parents less active than those raised by parents with authoritative or authoritarian styles?
How does bullying impact student achievement? Are bullied students more likely to have worse grades than their non-bullied peers?
Which type of reinforcement works best for getting students to complete their homework: a tangible reward (such as a piece of candy) or social reinforcement (such as offering praise when homework is completed on time)?

Developmental Psychology Topics on Adolescence

What factors tend to influence the onset of depression in teens and young adults?
How do peer relationships influence identity formation during adolescence and young adulthood?
What impact do parent-child relationships have in predicting substance use among teens and young adults?
How does early substance use during adolescence impact impulsivity and risk-taking during early adulthood?
How does technology use during adolescence influence social and emotional development?
How does social media use influence body image among teens?
What factors contribute to success during the transition from the teen years to early adulthood?
How do cultural differences impact different aspects of adolescent development?

Developmental Psychology Topics on Adulthood

Are older adults who rate high in self-efficacy more likely to have a better memory than those with low self-efficacy?
Do the limits of short-term memory change as we age? How do the limits of short-term memory compare at ages, 15, 25, 45, and 65?
Do mental games such as word searches, Sudoku, and word matching help elderly adults keep their cognitive skills sharp?
How do explanations for the behavior of others change as we age? Are younger adults more likely to blame internal factors for events and older adults more likely to blame external variables?

Choosing Developmental Psychology Topics

Developmental psychology is a huge and diverse subject, so picking a topic isn't always easy. Some tips that can help you choose a good developmental psychology topic include:

Focus on a specific topic : Make sure that your topic isn't too broad to avoid getting overwhelmed by the amount of information available
Have a clear question or hypothesis : Your research question should be focused and clearly defined
Do some background research : Spend some time reviewing the existing literature to get a better idea about what you want to cover with your topic
Consider developmental theories : You might consider analyzing your topic through the lens of a particular theory of developmental psychology
Check out recent research : Use research databases to find the most recently published research on your topic

Before you start working on any paper, experiment, or science project, the first thing you need to do is understand the rules your instructor has established for the assignment.

Also, be sure to check the official guidelines given by your teacher. If you are not sure about these guidelines, ask your instructor if there are any specific requirements before you get started on your research .

If you are going to actually conduct an experiment , you need to present your idea to your instructor to gain their permission before going forward. In some cases, you might have to also present your plan to your school's Institutional Review Board.

Tips for Researching Developmental Psychology Topics

After you have gotten to move forward with your chosen topic, the next step is to do some background research. This step is essential! If you are writing a paper, the information you find will make up your literature review.

If you are performing an experiment, it will provide background information for the introduction of your lab report . For a psychology science project, this research will help you in your presentation and can help you decide how to best approach your own experiment.

What This Means For You

Choosing a topic for a developmental psychology experiment, paper, or project can be tough! The ideas above can be a great place to start, but you might also consider questions you've had about your own life. Once you have a general idea for your topic, narrow it down, do some background research and talk to your instructor.

Nielsen M, Haun D. Why developmental psychology is incomplete without comparative and cross-cultural perspectives . Philos Trans R Soc Lond B Biol Sci . 2016;371(1686):20150071. doi:10.1098/rstb.2015.0071

Leite DFB, Padilha MAS, Cecatti JG. Approaching literature review for academic purposes: The Literature Review Checklist . Clinics (Sao Paulo) . 2019;74:e1403. Published 2019 Nov 25. doi:10.6061/clinics/2019/e1403

Grady C. Institutional review boards: Purpose and challenges . Chest . 2015;148(5):1148-1155. doi:10.1378/chest.15-0706

Kim WO. Institutional review board (IRB) and ethical issues in clinical research . Korean Journal of Anesthesiology . 2012;62(1):3-12. doi:10.4097/kjae.2012.62.1.3

By Kendra Cherry, MSEd Kendra Cherry, MS, is a psychosocial rehabilitation specialist, psychology educator, and author of the "Everything Psychology Book."

108 Human Development Essay Topics

🏆 best essay topics on human development, ✍️ human development essay topics for college, 👍 good human development research topics & essay examples, 🎓 most interesting human development research titles, ❓ human development research questions.

The Impact of Communication on Human Development
Theories of Charles Horton Cooley and George Herbert Mead about Human Development
Sustainable Human Development
Human Development Psychology
The Role of the Environment and Genes in Human Development
Bioecological Model of Human Development
Art Education and Human Development
Developmental Research: Human Development Developmental research determines progress and development. This can be done by examining the relationship between factors contributing to that development.
“Lifespan Human Development” by Sigelman, Carol, and Elizabeth Rider In his theory, Jean argues that we absorb information and knowledge according to our brain constructs that are developed from our past experience with certain concepts in the world
Human Development in Early Adulthood During their life, a person goes through many developmental stages, each associated with specific activities. This paper examines early adulthood.
Human Development and the Security and Safety Index The objective of this research was to look at the connection between human development and the security and safety index.
Child Labor’s Negative Impact on Human Development This paper argues that child labor is by far the worst form of atrocities because it inhibits positive development by robbing children of the opportunity to gain life skills.
Analysis of Human Development Theories The paper focuses on the human development theories, such as classical conditioning, Hierarchy of Needs Theory, and social learning theory.
Human Development Theories: The Science of Learning and Development There are many theories on how human development through different stages of life affects an individual’s life and mental health.
Human Development: Key Aspects The ecological perspective studies humans from an environmental standpoint, which includes social, emotional, and biological influences.
Global Poverty and Human Development Poverty rates across the globe continue to be a major issue that could impair the progress of humanity as a whole.
Cognitive Changes in Human Development Cognitive development is part of human development and refers to the abilities of individuals to acquire thinking, problem-solving, concept understanding.
Human Development Theories by Piaget, Vygotsky, and Erikson Several perspectives on the phenomenon of human development exist. These are represented by the framework designed by Piaget, Vygotsky, and Erikson.
A Unified Theory of Human Development In the paper, the definition, benefits and disadvantages of a unified theory on human development will be discussed.
Research Designs in Human Development Studies This paper analyzes several types of research design, which include observational research technique, longitudinal design, cross-sectional research, and sequential research design.
Why Adolescents Take Drugs: Human Development Delinquent and irresponsible behaviors such as substance abuse, violence, and unsafe safe practices produce serious social and health implications.
Adolescence and Human Development Challenges There are various questions about how puberty affects adolescents concerning the fact that not all people are impacted in the same way.
Human Development Psychology: Stages, Socio-emotional Development, and Emotional Attachment Lifespan development is the growth of the physical, cognitive, and psychosocial changes that incurs throughout life.
Human Development Psychology Issues This paper summarizes learned information on the development of human, in particular transgender disorders and homosexuality, and personality development.
Pregnancy, Human Development and Heredity This paper presents the physiological concepts that revolve around pregnancy and their implication in human development.
Technologies Growth: Significance for Human Development Nowadays, various types of technologies are acknowledged to have become an integral part of people’s life. It is reasonable to claim that such progress might have a positive impact.
Global Social Progress and Human Development The global social progress concept provides an opportunity to look at the development of the humankind as the process enhanced by a combination of multiple factors.
Human Development in Zimbabwe The report covers’ human development’, it’s meaning, and measures within the context of Zimbabwe development by incorporating aspects of the United Nations Development Program.
Mobile Phones’ Social Impacts on Sustainable Human Development
Addiction and the Effects on Human Development
Child Health and Human Development Over the Lifespan
Foreign Direct Investment According to Different Countries’ Stages of Human Development
Biological and Environmental Factors and Human Development
How Nature and Nurture Affect Human Development
Corruption and Human Development Correlation in Western Balkan Countries
Determining the Relationship Between Happiness and Human Development
Psychology and Human Development: Theory of Radical Behaviorism
Human Development and Quality of Institutions in Highly Developed Countries
Computers and Their Influence on Human Development
Economic and Human Development in Global North and Global South
Measuring Human Development and Environmental Sustainability in European Countries
Developmental Psychology and Human Development
Rainbows: Jean Piaget and Human Development
Cognitive Development and Erikson’s Stages of Human Development
Animal and Human Development Throughout the Ages
Human Development and Income Inequality as Factors of Regional Economic Growth
Genetic and Environmental Influences on Human Development
Economic and Social Determinants of Human Development
Capitalism, the State, and the Underlying Drivers of Human Development
Human Development and Its Impact on the World
Biological Human Development and Its Interaction With Environmental Influences
Environmental Degradation and Inclusive Human Development in Sub‐Saharan Africa
Civil War and Human Development: Impacts of Finance and Financial Infrastructure
Natural Environment and Early Human Development
Factors Affecting the Human Development Index
Aid, Conflict, and Human Development
Comprehensive Human Development: Realities and Aspirations
Education and Human Development: How Much Do Parents Matter?
Democratization and Human Development
Poverty, Human Development, and Growth: An Emerging Consensus
Human Development and Regional Disparities in India
Ecological System and Its Effects on Human Development
Dynamic Linkage Between Economic Growth and Human Development
Climate Changes and Human Development
Gender and Regional Inequality in Human Development
Behaviorism and Human Development
Migration, Poverty Reduction Strategies and Human Development
Anxiety Disorder, Socialization, and Human Development
Circular Migration and Human Development
Economic and Human Development Policies Since Independence
Gender Codes and the Human Development Indicator
Counseling and Human Development in Multicultural Society
Global Governance for Human Development
Freud’s and Erikson’s Perspectives on Human Development
Shaping the Future: How Changing Demographics Can Power Human Development
Cultural and Political Influences on Human Development
Energy Consumption Transition and Human Development
Faith and Successful Human Development
What Happens at Each Stage of Human Development?
How Have the Natural Characteristics of Melanesia Affected Human Development?
How Does Cultural Anthropology Influence Human Development?
What Research Designs Are Used to Study Human Development?
How Do the Foundations of Human Development Influence the Work of Mental Health Counselors?
What Are the Main Theories of Human Development?
How Does the Impact of the Human Development Process Differ From Learning?
How Does Biology and the Environment Affect Human Development?
When Was Sigmund Freud’s Theory on Human Development First Published?
How Does Culture Affect Human Development?
What Is Human Ecology about Human Development?
How Does “Nature vs. Nurture” Influences Human Development?
How Did Erik Erikson Apply the Epigenetic Principle to Human Development?
How Do Heredity and Environment Interact to Influence Human Development?
What Variables Does the Human Development Index Incorporate?
Why Do Many Countries With High Gross Domestic Product Have a Low Human Development Index?
How Many Stages Does the Human Development Have?
Why Lifelong Motor Development Is a Vital Part of Human Development?
What Factors Best Explain Human Development?
At What Stage During Human Development Does the Lumbar Curve of the Spine Develop?
What Does the Science of Human Development Seek to Understand?
What Period of Human Development Brings About the Most Rapid Change?
What Importance Does Social or Moral Development Have for Human Development?
What Is the Critical Period Hypothesis of Human Development?
How Do Philosophy, Psychology, and Sociology Each Relate to Human Development?
How Does Neuroscience Relate to Human Development?
What Makes the Study of Human Development a Science?
What Is the Cognitive Domain in Human Development?
Is Human Development a “Means” to Achieve Economic Growth?
How Does Physical Geography Impact Human Development and Settlement?

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These essay examples and topics on Human Development were carefully selected by the StudyCorgi editorial team. They meet our highest standards in terms of grammar, punctuation, style, and fact accuracy. Please ensure you properly reference the materials if you’re using them to write your assignment.

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Home — Essay Samples — Psychology — Childhood Development — Human Growth and Development

Human Growth and Development

Categories: Childhood Development

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Published: Jan 31, 2024

Words: 481 | Page: 1 | 3 min read

Theoretical foundations of human growth and development, physical development, cognitive development, social and emotional development, environmental and genetic influences on human growth and development, lifespan development.

Freud, S. (1905). Three essays on the theory of sexuality. Standard Edition, 7, 123-255.
Erikson, E. (1950). Childhood and society. New York: Norton.
Piaget, J. (1952). The origins of intelligence in children. New York: International Universities Press.

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How to Get Human Development Paper With Ease

Writing a research paper is not always an easy task, even when writing is your hobby. It requires some systematic steps: topic selection, research activity, analysis, and paper writing. All of these might be a great deal for a student involved in a lot of activities.

Your responsibility becomes more straightforward when you have got the best topic related to human development. Hence, you can brainstorm to gather ideas needed for writing. However, if this still seems to you as a big deal, you can seek the help of professional writers who help with “ write my thesis “, “write my paper” requests. Likewise, you can make use of assignment writing services that can be of help.

Good Research Topics on Human Development in Psychology

Human development and human psychology are two inseparable entities. Writing a research paper on one might imply writing on the other. We have compiled human growth and development research topics related to psychology to aid easy research paper writing. They are as follows;

Cartoons and animation: Roles and impact in children learning and unlearning
Impact of child abuse on the cognitive ability of a child
Research on the connection of sleeping disorders and mental illness
Research on the psychology of the aging process
Effect of horror movies and violent video games on children’s development

Human Development Research Topics in Philosophy

Human development students might be required to research as it relates to philosophy. Reasoning is part of human life. As such, humans are not out of place if your research is tailored towards philosophy. These are human growth and development research paper topics you may consider;

Research on the use of social media and its impact on human behavior and upsurge in case of violence
Genius: What the term means, and are they made or born?
Research on the definition and the implication of mood-freezing
The role of color in human reasoning and its ability to enhance a human’s mood
The role of good parenting and child upbringing in curbing serial killing

Some Current Human Growth and Development Topics

Human development has to do with human behavior. Therefore, as man evolves, there are always new things to research and talk about. You might need to focus your research on trending and current events. The following are human development paper topics you can lay your hands on;

A study on transgender and its rising campaign among the youth
Study on the impact of stress and peer pressure on rising cases of depression among teenagers and students
Research on the influence of sexuality on human physical health and mental health
Swift personality change: Possibilities and factors responsible in this generation
The roles of religion in spiritual and moral development in humans

Some Easy Human Growth and Development Research Topics

No doubt, human development is a broad field of study. At the same time, you can find some human development essay topics that are pretty easy. These are research topics that you can quickly develop without much stress. You find such topics below;

Study on the function and dysfunction of the brain when someone is in love
Research on how helpful yoga is in human growth and development
Dementia: Causes, symptoms, and its remedies
The role of divorce in the emotional and behavioral development of a child
Introversiveness: Advantage, disadvantage, and general evaluation

Human Lifespan Development Paper Topics

Human development encompasses human life from birth to death. Your research paper might have to deal with the human lifespan. The following are research topics for human development as it relates to lifespan;

Research on the relationship between psychology and aging.
Is it possible to have an abnormal aging process, and what are the factors responsible?
Controlling depression and anxiousness about death
Research on the phases of human growth and development.
Study on coping mechanisms and managing loneliness through the human lifespan

Human Development Research Paper Topics in Sociology

Society is made up of humans. Hence you can not separate human development and sociology. Studying human development might imply a study of society. It is vital to have some research paper topics and human development thesis topics in sociology.

Racism: Effects on the society and the factors responsible for it
Study on gender roles in society
Homophobia: Definition, psychological aspect, and its effect on society
Research on eliminating gender discrimination and enhancing gender equality
Bullying and its effect on the social interaction of a child in high school or colleges

Human Development Topics in Biology

You can find some human development topics as it relates to biology. Perhaps you need some human resources development thesis topics about biology. Some of such topics are;

The relationship between human physical growth and mental growth
Happiness as a genetic condition: Exploration using biological and psychological constructs
Research on prenatal memory and child choices while growing.
The impact of maternal stress in pregnancy on a child’s cognitive ability
Research on hormones responsible for growth, emotion, and aging in humans

Education Topics on Human Development

Writing a research paper might be for education. Generally, every research paper is expected to educate the reader. For the sake of education, the following are human growth and development research paper topics you may want to consider;

Autism in human psychology.
Memory loss: Causes and when does it happen in the human development phase?
Speech disorder and cognitive development in kids: The relationship and the resultant effects
Research on the possibility of recovering memory loss.
What is attention span, and how does it affect children’s cognitive behavior?

Writing a human development research paper can be hard at first. You will find it easier when you have the best research topic. The next step is to brainstorm ideas necessary to develop your arguments.

Above are human development topics as it relates to many other fields. As such, it is safe to say you have taken a step toward getting a good grade. However, you can get professional help to increase your chances of getting good grades.

At our reputable writing service, we understand the challenges that come with crafting a thesis in the field of human development. That’s why we’re here to offer you expert assistance to help you write your thesis. Our team of experienced writers specializes in human development topics, equipped with in-depth knowledge and a thorough understanding of the subject. When you reach out to us and say, “ Help me write my thesis ” we are ready to guide you through the entire process.

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88 Human Development Essay Topic Ideas & Examples

🏆 best human development topic ideas & essay examples, 👍 good essay topics on human development, ❓ essay questions about human development.

Human Development Index: Limitations and Benefits The development of education in the country is based on the mean of years among adults aged 25 years and the expected schooling duration of children at the time of schooling age.
Theories of Human Development Essay The ability of a child to act on the effects of his/her surrounding has significant implications on other aspects of development, and each and every accomplishment enhances the child’s level of independence. We will write a custom essay specifically for you by our professional experts 808 writers online Learn More
Human development index It is important to note that the origin and development of the human development index is closely linked to the United Nations, to be more precise, to the United Nations Development Program’s annual development reports.
Human Development: Nature or Nurture? With studies and theories carried out to examine the impact of nature on the personal development and personality traits, heredity is an important factor in the development.
Erikson’s Theory of Human Development and Its Impact on My Life The criticism and the thin skin aspects became evident to me in my adolescence when I was looking for an explanation of my issues with establishing social relationships.
Human Development and Groundwater Sustainability The experiment aims to address the impact of human development on the sustainability of groundwater. This aggregation of waste to the landfill is a threat to groundwater and the environment.
The Effect of Emotions and Desires on Individual Development As a result, the urges and the desires are forced into the unconscious mind in order to stop any damage of the individual.
Friendships in Human Development In this stage, positive interactions and mutual activities no longer serve as an excuse for betrayed trust and a lack of dependability, and children begin to understand the role of apologies in reestablishing friendships.
Human Development in the Elderly Phase Therefore, the elderly are in need of a sense of love and belonging from their friends and family members. The community and the church have a role in providing older adults with avenues to meet […]
Human Development Theories: Erik Erikson and Jean Piaget Much attention should be paid to the way in which these psychologists explain the role of culture that includes a set of values, beliefs, and attitudes that shape the behavior of an individual.
Learning and Cognition: The Purpose of Human Development Visual learning is a type of learning that involves the use images to pass on information and ideas to the learner.
Cognitive Growth Stages: Piaget & Freud The pre-operational stage: At the pre-operational stage, the child learns to exercise language and to characterize things by words and images. At this stage of development, the anus acts as the centre of attraction of […]
Aspects of Human Development Stages These are the people in her immediate surroundings, and she can impact their impressions of her. Since she has confidence in her ability to be independent, she is unafraid and confident.
Auditory and Vestibular Systems in Human Development A specific feature of the vestibular system is that a significant part of the sensory information processed in it is used for the automatic regulation of functions performed without conscious control.
Aspects of Lifespan Human Development Thus, I decided not to stop there and continue to build my life in a way that would make my grandmother proud of me.
New Theories of Human Development At the beginning of the course, it seemed quite natural to measure development by a degree of rational thinking and independent analysis. Overall, the hierarchical model seems to be largely irrelevant in the context of […]
The “Human Development and Faith” Book by Kelcourse The authors who provided their essays to this editor also have a religious or psychology work background.”Human Development and Faith” by Kelcourse help one explore the context of human development, the specifics of each stage […]
Faith and Other Areas of Human Development From my point of view, there is undoubtedly a certain kind of connection between the development of faith and other areas of human development.
Human Development in Evidence-Based Psychotherapy Indeed, information from a mental status exam can be combined with that of family and individual historical background help in the establishment of timely assistance to be accorded to the patient.
Discussion of Human Development Human development refers to individuals’ social, psychological, physical, and cognitive development throughout their lifespan, from prenatal development to late adulthood. Physical development includes growth in motor skills and brain, body, sense, and health development.
The Relationship Between Human Development Index and Socio-Economic Variables The HDI is derived from or directly linked to the life expectancy of people and the gross national income of the county’s population.
The Human Development and Political Indexes The Brand Development Index for this product can be calculated by dividing the number of brand sales by that of households in countries A and B.
Jigsaw Model: Human Development and Learning The steps of jigsaw include; The teacher creating groups and giving an assignment on the following topic; salt marshes Each learner should get a sub-topic on the salt marshes.
Human Development: A Life-Span Approach The motor activities of a child also represent his mental growth and development. The other important element to know is the factors affecting the development- the environment of the child.
Elementary Education, Human Development and Learning In a classroom environment, it is normally important that the teacher helps the learners to develop high self esteem. The introduction of competition in the groups is a motivating factor that will boost the learners’ […]
“Eight Stages of Human Development” by Erik Erikson This is important because it helps the child to develop essential skills of the will. It is not surprising therefore that the crucial relationship at this stage is with buddies and marital partners.
Erik Erikson Human Development Theory Eriksson’s concept is simple and neat, however, it is very sophisticated, and the concept is a base for extensive or complex discussion and examination of personality and behavior. This is the infant stage; the infant […]
Human Development and Issues in Clinical Practice At the same time, Ego views it as a matter of consideration for the social worker only as of the one who is interested in the efficiency of his work and fulfills all the ethical […]
Human Development: Term Definition According to Kohlberg’s gender identity development theory, “young children learn to understand about their gender and the meaning of being that gender in their each and everyday life”.
Social-Emotional Learning in Human Development This paper analyzes the skills, or personal capabilities, that contribute to positive social development in children, addressing the school and the family environment qualities that encourage or inhibit this development. A Teacher’s Use of the […]
Human Development In Different Ways Using Theories He is the one who has sent us in this world to live and to do various types of activities so that we can understand that what actually life means. And the answer is that […]
The Psychological Aspects of Human Development Despite the possibility of analyzing human aggression in the context of several areas of psychology, the social sphere is the most suitable for integrated assessment and work.
Human Development in the Ecological Context Though I spent the most of my life in boarding schools, my caregivers provided me with the required portion of support and understanding.
Nature vs. Nurture Factors of Human Development Advocates of the nurture concept believe strongly that the natural environment reshapes the behaviors of many people. That being the case, people should consider the role played by the environment towards reshaping their experiences and […]
Wellbeing and Human Development While assessing the wellbeing of people in a country, a person should look at a series of indicators that can throw light on the degree of human development in a certain region or state.
Social Psychology Role: Self-Esteem and Human Development The relation between the concepts and the response is closely analyzed to determine the most important criteria people’s actions can be judged by. A person is stereotyped and the thinking leads to over-generalize towards others.
Human Development Theories: Adolescence and Adulthood In the growth and development stage of a human being, the adolescent period has been considered to be a natural stage found between childhood and adulthood.
Technology and Human Development This paper discusses video games as learning tools to highlight the kind of knowledge that they present to learners and their effectiveness in enabling people to acquire the knowledge.
Measuring Economic Development: Human Development Index This paper discusses the economic development of China and India on the basis of the Human Development Index. The purpose of this paper is to compare the economic development of India and China.
Freud’s Theory as to Human Development In the beginning, a person is driven primarily by the id or the part of the psyche that focuses on instinctive needs and desires.
Human Development Index in Economic Measuring The study had several objectives, including classifying the scientific approaches to the formation and development of human potential, determining the core of the HDI in a system of quantitative and qualitative economic parameters, and determining […]
Stress Impacts on the Human Development To narrow down on the diverse nature of stress, this paper will focus on one of the mechanism that has been identified as a possible solution of controlling stress levels in individuals.
Human Development: Sexual Behaviors Among Adolescents The independent variable of the research is the age of the participants, while the dependent variables are different social environments that children derive sexual information that influences their sexual development.
Human Development: Democratization and Economy’ Relations Economic development refers to the increase in the wellbeing of a society both qualitatively and quantitatively. In a nutshell, democratization and economic development are complementary issues in the process of human development.
Lifespan Perspectives on Human Development This makes it necessary for individuals to understand the human development process, a function that they can achieve using the human lifespan perspective. Finally, because the context of occurrence of different activities is important in […]
Nurture and Human Development It is notable that parents are the ones who are normally the closest people to their offspring during the processes of early growth and development.
Human Development. Role of Agriculture. Importance of Technology and Foreign Aid in Mozambique The access to wage labor, which enhances the state of agriculture and the whole country, depends on the people’s education. The rapid development of the agriculture is connected with foreign investments and earnings, as they […]
Incorporating Human development theory It is understandable to establish various components of human development in the realms of drug abuse, addiction, and other relevant provisions applicable in this context.
Whether China Has Done a Good Job Promoting Human Development and Well Being Since 1949 This era was marred with challenges such as domestic wars among the communities in china, international feuds in Asia and the world at large, economic challenges like the great depression of the 1920s and the […]
Gender specific health issues in Medium Human Development Countries Gender issues in health between women and men are different and there is a disparity in how the health systems respond to men and women issues.
Human Development and Learning A teacher can ask students that lack social skills to monitor the class activities and report about those in the end of every day.
Human Development and Learning: Analysis of the Lesson For instance, in the video the teacher asked a student to remind who can talk to her and talk to the messenger instead of talking to her.
Contrasts and similarities of Indonesia and Brazil’s human development condition Human development in Brazil over the last ten years is a clear indication to other countries of the world that economic growth is possible despite lack of expansive economic level. The crises led to increased […]
Critically Discussion: Nature is Solely Responsible for Human Development Human development is influenced in a great way by nature, but this is not to say that nature is solely responsible for human development.
Human Development: Adolescence as the Most Important Age Range The stage is therefore very important in understanding the behavior of an individual. This is a stage when the life of an individual is either made or destroyed.
The Bioecological Model of Human Development The aspects related to the school attended by a child have also been observed to have impacts on the performance of the child and the general development of the child.
Theory, Methodology and Human Development: HIV/AIDS and Education in African Countries This is correct despite advances of remarkable nature in our comprehension of the virus’s molecular biology and its effects on the body; advances that have resulted to therapeutic findings in the second decade of the […]
First Look into Human Development in United Arab Emirates The Prime Minister of the UAE is in charge of all activities of the government. The UAE has a diverse and multicultural society and the influence of Islam is evident in its development.
Can Only Democracies Enhance “Human Development”?
Can Relationships Affect Human Development?
Does Diversity Impair Human Development?
Does Economic Freedom Promote Human Development?
Does Global Fertility and Cultural Transition Affect Human Development?
Does Human Development Index Provide Rational Development Rankings?
Does Human Development Influence Women’s Labor Force Participation Rate?
Does Infrastructure Affect Human Development?
Does Political Competition Influence Human Development?
Does the World Bank Have an Impact on the Human Development of the Poorest Countries?
How Does Culture Affect Human Development?
How Does Eye Development Affect Human Development?
How Should Human Development Research Inform Educational?
How Nature and Nurture Affect Human Development?
How Psychologists Integrate the Study of Human Development With Theories?
How Are Relationships Important for Human Development and Growth?
How Do Theories and Perspectives Inform Our Thinking About Human Development?
What Can Psychology Teach Us About Human Development?
What Does the Human Development Index Tell Us About Convergence?
What Drives Human Development in Nigeria?
What Makes the Study of Human Development a Science?
Education and Human Development: How Much Do Parents Matter?
How Human Development During Trauma and Does Spirituality Help?
Human Development Index: Are Developing Countries Misclassified?
What Are the Five Main Stages of Human Development?
What Is the Importance of Human Development?
What Is an Example of Human Development?
What Are the Four Principles of Human Development?
What Is the Meaning of Human Development?
What Is the Most Important Aspect of Human Development?
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