how to cite thesis in ieee

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How to Cite a Thesis or Dissertation in IEEE Referencing

2-minute read

• 24th March 2021

Did you know you can cite someone else’s thesis or dissertation in your own work? In this post, we’ll explain how this works in IEEE referencing .

Citing a Thesis or Dissertation in IEEE Referencing

In-text citations in IEEE referencing use numbers in square brackets:

Reactive forensics focuses on an incident after it has occurred [1].

These numbers point to sources in the reference list, with sources numbered in the order you cite them (i.e., the first source is always [1], the second is [2], and so on).

For more on citing sources IEEE style, see our blog post on the subject .

Adding a Thesis or Dissertation in an IEEE Reference List

In an IEEE reference list, the basic format for a thesis or dissertation is:

[#] INITIAL (S). Surname, “Title of thesis or dissertation,” Qualification Type, Department Name, University Name, City of University, State/Country, Year.

If possible, you should abbreviate any commonly used terms from this list in the entry (e.g., “University” is usually abbreviated to just “Univ.”).

You can see how this might look in practice below:

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[1] C. P. Clark, “A digital forensic management framework,” MSc Dissertation, Dept. of Comput. Sci., Univ. of Sheffield, Sheffield, UK, 2020.

Make sure to include the hanging indent in all references as well.

Theses and Dissertations Accessed Online

If you accessed a thesis or dissertation online, give either a URL or DOI at the end of the reference. The exact format depends on which you give:

• For a URL (i.e., a regular web address), include “[Online]” and the URL itself with no final punctuation at the end of the reference.
• For a DOI , add the DOI after a comma and end the reference with a period.

You can see examples of both styles below:

[1] C. P. Clark, “A digital forensic management framework,” MSc Dissertation, Dept. of Comput. Sci., Univ. of Sheffield, Sheffield, UK, 2020. [Online]. Available: http://etheses.whiterose.ac.uk/1923/

[2] B. S. Bello, “Reverse engineering the behaviour of Twitter bots,” PhD Thesis, School of Informatics, Univ. of Leicester, Leicester, UK, Year, doi: 10.25392/leicester.data.12662456.v1.

Otherwise, though, the reference format is the same as shown above.

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IEEE Referencing

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IEEE Referencing: Theses & dissertations

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Theses & dissertations

Connect through to format examples which provide a review of each component that needs to be included in a reference.

Then move to the FURTHER EXAMPLES table with many examples of book and e-book format types. 

Basic format to reference a Ph.D. dissertation, or a Master or B.S. thesis

 [#]    Author(s) Initial(s). Surname(s), “Title of thesis or dissertation,” Type of thesis (Ph.D. dissertation, or M.S. thesis),  Abbrev . Dept.,  Abbrev .  Univ ., City of  University , (U.S. State or Country if the City is not 'well known'),  Year of Publication. [Type of medium]. Available: site/path/file

Referencing elements to cite:

• [#] Reference number (matching the in-text citation number)
• Author’s first initial. Author’s second initial, if provided. Author’s last name
• Title of dissertation, in lowercase and double quotation marks
• Ph.D. dissertation, or a M.S. thesis
• Abbreviation of the Academic Department, Faculty or College that awarded the Ph.D. or the M.S. thesis
• Abbreviation of the University
• City of University
• State Abbreviation
• Year of Publication 
• Type of medium
• Available: site/path/file

[1]    K. Jegathala Krishnan, "Implementation of renewable energy to reduce carbon consumption and fuel cell as a back-up power for national broadband network (NBN) in Australia," Ph.D dissertation, College of Eng. and Sc., Victoria Univ., Melbourne, 2013. [Online]. Available: http://vuir.vu.edu.au/25679/

[2]     M. T. Long, "On the statistical correlation between the heave, pitch and roll motion of road transport vehicles,"  M.S. thesis,  College of Eng. and Sc., Victoria Univ., Melbourne , Mar. 2016. [Online]. Available: http://vuir.vu.edu.au/32281/1/LONG% 20Michael %20-%20Thesis.pdf

Basic format to reference a Bachelor thesis

[#]    Author(s) Initial(s). Surname(s), “Title of thesis,” B.S. thesis, Abbrev. Dept., Abbrev. Univ., City of Univ., (U.S. State or Country if the City is not 'well known''), Year of Publication. 

• Author’s first initial. Author’s second initial, if provided. Author’s last name(s)
• Title of thesis, in lowercase and double quotation marks
• B.S. thesis for Bachelor’s thesis
• Abbreviation of the Academic Department, Faculty or College that awarded the degree

[2]   J. O. Williams, “Acoustic analysis of sound,” B.S. Thesis, Sch. of Eng. and  Appl . Sciences.,  Harvard  Univ ., Cambridge,  MA, 2013.

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IEEE Citation Guide

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Basic format to reference a Ph.D. Dissertation

Basic format to reference a master or bachelor thesis, referencing a theses: examples.

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 [#]    Author(s) Initial(s). Surname(s), “Title of dissertation,” Ph.D. dissertation,  Abbrev . Dept.,  Abbrev .  Univ ., City of  Univ .,  Abbrev . State, Year.

Referencing elements to cite:

• [#] Reference number (matching the in-text citation number)
• Author’s first initial. Author’s second initial, if provided. Author’s last name
• Title of dissertation, in lowercase and double quotation marks
• Ph.D. dissertation
• Abbreviation of the Academic Department, Faculty or College that awarded the Ph.D.
• Abbreviation of the University
• City of University
• State Abbreviation
• Year of Publication 

[1]    K. Jegathala Krishnan, "Implementation of renewable energy to reduce carbon consumption and fuel cell as a back-up power for national broadband network (NBN) in Australia," Ph.D dissertation, College of Eng. and Sc., Victoria Univ., Melb., 2013.

[#]    Author(s) Initial(s). Surname(s), “Title of thesis,” M.S. or B.S. thesis, Abbrev. Dept., Abbrev. Univ., City of Univ., Abbrev. State, Year.

• Author’s first initial. Author’s second initial, if provided. Author’s last name(s)
• Title of thesis, in lowercase and double quotation marks
• M.S. thesis for Master’s thesis or B.S. thesis for Bachelor’s thesis
• Abbreviation of the Academic Department, Faculty or College that awarded the degree

[2]    M. T. Long, "On the statistical correlation between the heave, pitch and roll motion of road transport vehicles,"  Research Master thesis, College of Eng. and Sc., Victoria Univ., Melb.,  Vic., 2016.

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IEEE (2023 ver.): Citation Examples & Essential Rules

      For NPS theses, papers, and publications: to cite properly, follow the citation examples and apply the essential rules.

The official IEEE style guide contains some inconsistencies and discrepancies. The Thesis Processing Office will continue to accept the BibTeX IEEE format embedded in the NPS LaTeX thesis template.

• IEEE Example List of References

Citation Examples

Essential rules, abbreviations.

• IEEE List of Acronyms and Abbreviations from IEEE Editorial Style Manual, 2016

Accessed Dates

Only include date accessed if the source material has no date.

Author Names: Honorifics

Do not include honorifics (Dr., Col., Professor, etc.) when citing author names. Including these titles in the body of your document is acceptable.

Identifying Authors of Official Documents

For the National Security Strategy , cite the president as the author.

For other official documents , the author is the organization immediately responsible for creating the document. In the example below, the author is the Office of the Chief of Naval Operations and the publisher is the Department of the Navy.

In the example above, the author is NOT an umbrella organization, signatory, or any of the following:

• Chief of Naval Operations
• Deputy Chief of Naval Operations
• W. F. Moran
• Department of Defense
• Navy Pentagon
• R. P. Burke
• United States of America​

Do not include acronyms for organizations listed as authors in the List of References or footnotes:

• YES: Office of the Chief of Naval Operations.
• NO: Office of the Chief of Naval Operations (CNO or OCNO).
• NO: CNO or OCNO.

Bibliography vs. List of References

What is the difference between them.

• A List of References  includes all works cited in a text
• A Bibliography  lists all works cited  and consulted

The NPS Thesis Processing Office prefers a List of References for the following: 

• Capstone project report
• Dissertation

For papers, check with your professors for their preference.

Capitalization: Title Case vs. Sentence case

Note: Always format the information in your citations (titles, author names, etc.) according to the requirements of the citation style you are using, regardless of how it appears in the original source.

Country Names with Government Organizations

When naming government organizations, be consistent: for example, either Department of Defense or U.S. Department of Defense. If citing organizations from multiple countries, ensure that it is clear which organization is associated with which country—for example, Australian Department of Defence, South African Department of Defence, Sri Lanka Ministry of Defence, Singapore Ministry of Defence.

Every equation that is not field-specific common knowledge needs to be cited. You may weave the source into the narrative:

• The author applied the X method [4] to describe ...
• The derivation that follows is summarized from [4].

Here is an example of citing properly before the equation. Note the period after the equation; the equation must function grammatically as part of the text:

And here is an example of how to cite an equation after it is presented:

• Citing Equations in IEEE Look under the "Citing Responsibly" heading

Figures / Images / Graphs

A citation is required if you did not wholly create the figure—i.e., if you used someone else's image or data. A citation is not needed when all elements of the figure are your own creation.

See Figure 1 for placement of the title and the bracketed citation.

• Put a period and a space after the title.
• If you use the figure exactly as it appears in the source, use “Source: ___.”
• If you alter the original figure or use someone else's image or data to create the figure, use “Adapted from ___.”

Figure 1.    A Figure with a Citation in IEEE Style. Source: [7].

Figure 1.    A Figure with a Citation in IEEE Style. Adapted from [7].

For more details, see the Thesis Template .

• Thesis Template

How Often to Cite?

• Remember: one citation at the end of a string of sentences or a paragraph cannot “cover” the entire section.  
• Cite a source the first time it is used in each paragraph.  
• Note: always use a citation (even if you also use a signal phrase) every time you quote material.

In-text Citation Placement & Signal Phrases

Citation order  .

IEEE strongly prefers that bracketed in-text citations appear sequentially, beginning with [1], within the body of the text; it does not matter in what order they appear in the List of Tables and the List of Figures.

Where in the sentence does my bracketed citation go?  

• If you name your source(s) in a given sentence, a bracketed citation follows immediately after mentioning the source. Example: Rejecting Abbott and Costello’s method [1], Laurel and Hardy [2] propose an altogether different model for optimizing hat density.  
• Note: Do not, however, begin a sentence with a bracketed citation.  
• If the sentence ends with a quotation, "close the quote, then place the citation between the quotation marks and the punctuation, like this” [6].  
• Do not insert spaces between a bracketed citation and the punctuation that follows it.

In the paragraph below, citations are highlighted in yellow and signal phrases are in blue . Note that the second sentence is common knowledge, whereas the final sentence is clearly the opinion of the author.

• Using Signal Phrases Effectively

Missing Info

If any information is missing from a source (a journal with no volume number, for example), simply omit that information.  For sources consulted in hardcopy, omit the URL and any additional verbiage that introduces it. Anything retrieved online, however, MUST have a link. The only exception is journals retrieved from a subscription database such as ProQuest. 

Multiple Authors, et al.

• In the List of References , if a source has more than six authors, include the first author's name followed by et al. (in italics)
• In the body of the text , if a source has three or more authors, include the first author's name followed by et al. Example: Ma et al. [19] extended the work …

Rules for the MAE Department: 

• In the  List of References , list  all  the authors.

Example: Ma et al. [19] extended the work …

Multiple Sources Bracketing Format

Correct format: [23], [34], [77]

Incorrect format: [23, 34, 77]

Page Numbers

It is not necessary to include page numbers in bracketed citations.

For a portion in a book, journal, or other volume, include page-number range in List of References/Bibliography.

Example: [7] P. Haynes, “Al-Qaeda, oil dependence, and U.S. foreign policy,” in  Energy Security and Global Politics: The Militarization of Resource Management,  D. Moran and J. A. Russell, Eds. New York, NY, USA: Routledge, 2009, pp. 62–74. 

Print vs. Online Sources

When citing a source retrieved online, use the "online" format even when you or someone else printed out the material. For example, if you print out a thesis or your advisor provides you with a printed thesis, it is still categorized as an online document.

Only cite as a print source when the material has been produced by a publisher in hard copy. For example, if you obtain a print journal or book from the library stacks, it is categorized as a printed source.

Secondary / Indirect Sources

An indirect source is a source that cites some other work that you discuss in your text.

Whenever possible, consult primary sources and your sources’ sources yourself. Upon investigating the primary source, you may find you disagree with the indirect source author’s analysis or methods.

How to Incorporate Indirect Sources

The following passage incorporates a properly credited indirect source . The  indirect source  information is highlighted in yellow; the  primary source information is highlighted in blue.

Walker describes Miguel Roig’s 1999 experiment , which correlates inadequate paraphrasing in student writing with poor reading comprehension. Citing Roig’s data , Walker explains that “students do in fact possess skills necessary for paraphrasing but … may be impeded from applying those skills when dealing with rigorous text” [1] .

Note:  Include only the indirect source  (the source  you consulted) in your reference list. 

For more information

See the TPO's " Citing Your Sources’ Sources " handout.

A citation is required if you did not wholly create the table—i.e., if you used someone else's data. A citation is not needed when all elements of the table are your own creation.

See Table 1 for placement of the title and the bracketed citation.

• If you use the table exactly as it appears in the source, use “Source: ___.”
• If you alter the original table or if you use someone else's data to create the table, use “Adapted from ___.”

Table 1.    A Table with a Citation in IEEE Style. Source: [7].

Table 1.     A Table with a Citation in IEEE Style. Adapted from [7].

For more details, including on table notes, see the  Thesis Template .

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Standard format for citation

Unpublished:

From a full text database:

Thesis in print: Unpublished

[1] H. Zhang, "Delay-insensitive networks," M.S. thesis, Univ. of Waterloo, Waterloo, ON, Canada, 1997.

[2] M. W. Dixon, "Application of neural networks to solve the routing problem in communication networks," Ph.D. dissertation, Murdoch Univ., Murdoch, WA, Australia, 1999.

Thesis in print: Published

[3] M. Lehmann, Data Access in Workflow Management Systems . Berlin: Aka, 2006.

Thesis from a full text database

[4] F. Sudweeks, Development and Leadership in Computer-Mediated Collaborative Groups . PhD [Dissertation].   Murdoch, WA: Murdoch Univ., 2007. [Online]. Available: Australasian Digital Theses Program.

See the  All Examples  page for examples of in-text and reference list entries for specific resources such as articles, books, and web pages.

Reference list entries.

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Thesis Reference Guide: IEEE Style

References in the text must match the reference list both in number and style. All sources must be mentioned in the text.

References in the Text

• References must be numbered in the order in which they appear in the text.
• Once you label the source, use the same number in all subsequent references.
• Each reference number should be enclosed by square brackets on the text line, with a space before the bracket, and before the punctuation: ". . . end of the line for my research [12]."
• It is not necessary to mention the author(s) of the reference unless it is relevant to your text. Do not mention the date of the reference in the text.
• It is not necessary to say "in reference [27]. . . ." "In [27] . . ." is sufficient.

Vastly preferred Acceptable [1], [3], [5] [1, 5, 7] [1] - [5] [1-5]

You may have to adjust your computer program format to get the preferred form.

• The names of all authors should be given in the references unless the number of authors is greater than six. If there are more then six authors, you may use et al. (no comma before et ) after the name of the first author.

The Reference List

• References must be listed in the order they were cited (numerical order). The references must not be in alphabetical order.
• The bracketed number should be on the line, and the lines of each entry indented.
• List only one reference per bracketed number.
• Footnotes and other words and phrases not part of the reference format should not be included in the reference list. Phrases such as "for example" should only be given in the text.

Capitalization

• Every (important) word in the title of a book must be capitalized.
• Every (important) word in the title of a journal or conference must be capitalized.
• Capitalize only the first word of an article title (except for proper nouns, acronyms, etc.)
• Capitalize only the first word of a paper, thesis, or book chapter.
• Capitalize the "v" in volume for a book title, but not for a periodical.

Punctuation

Punctuation goes inside the quotation marks. An example with a question mark is provided under periodicals.

Abbreviations

• You must either spell out the entire name of each periodical you reference or use accepted abbreviations. You must consistently do one or the other.
• You may spell words such as volume, December, etc., but you must either spell out all such occurrences or abbreviate all.
• You do not need to abbreviate March, May, June, July.
• To indicate a page range: pp. 111-222. But to reference one page only, use only one p: p. 111.

Please note the correct spacing and punctuation for author names:

D. L. Tao, C. Siva Ram Murthy, and S. Al Kuran but T.-C. Hsu and L. A. Stein-Rosenberg  

Periodicals

Articles from published conference proceedings.

The word in before the conference title is not italicized.

Papers Presented at Conferences, but Unpublished

Reports (technical reports, internal reports, memoranda).

Provide number and month if available.

Thesis or Dissertation

"PhD dissertation," but "M.S. thesis."

Class Notes

Private communication, from the internet, application notes.

Back to "Writing ECE Theses and Dissertations"

Last modified April 10, 1998

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IEEE Overview

Welcome to the Purdue OWL

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Copyright ©1995-2018 by The Writing Lab & The OWL at Purdue and Purdue University. All rights reserved. This material may not be published, reproduced, broadcast, rewritten, or redistributed without permission. Use of this site constitutes acceptance of our terms and conditions of fair use.

This page will introduce you to the Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers (IEEE) style for formatting research papers and citing sources. IEEE – pronounced “I-triple-E” – is a style widely used among all branches of engineering, computer science, and other technological fields.

Though the OWL’s section on IEEE is sufficient for quick reference, if you are writing a lengthy manuscript or dissertation, or if you have detailed questions, you should consult the IEEE Editorial Style Manual, available as a PDF through the organization’s website . Alternately, if you are formatting a paper for submission to a specific organization, publication, or event, refer to the formatting guidelines provided by said organization / publication / event and privilege those guidelines over any found here.

The IEEE section contains the following pages:

General Format

• Basic formatting and page layout
• Abstracts, index terms, and other front matter
• Section headings, appendix headings, and similar
• Appendices, acknowledgements and other back matter

In-Text Citation

• Formatting in-text citations
• Citing within a reference
• Citing multiple references at once

Reference List

• Formatting reference page entries
• General principles for formatting references
• Specific instructions for formatting references to various media

Tables, Figures, and Equations

• Distinguishing between tables, figures, and equations
• Formatting tables appropriately
• Formatting labels, titles, captions, etc. appropriately
• Referring to tables, figures, and equations in text.

Scribbr IEEE Citation Generator

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How to cite in IEEE style

IEEE style is a way of citing your sources by listing them all in a numbered reference list at the end of your paper and referring to them with the corresponding number in the text.

IEEE stands for the Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers, the organization responsible for the guidelines. The style is widely used in engineering, computer science, and other technical disciplines, and it’s followed in IEEE’s publications.

Scribbr’s free citation generator can create accurate IEEE style citations for a wide variety of sources.

IEEE references

The numbered reference page appears at the end of your text, listing full information on all the sources you’ve cited. Sources are numbered in the order in which they were cited.

A reference tends to list the author , title , publisher or publication that contains the source, publication date , and URL and DOI if relevant.

Reference examples

The exact information included in a reference varies based on the source type you’re citing. Different details are relevant and available for different sources.

Explore the tabs to see formats and examples for common source types.

When some of the information you need for the reference is missing, you can work around this in various ways, depending on what information is not available.

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IEEE in-text citations

In-text citations in IEEE style consist of the number of the relevant reference, presented in square brackets [1]. You should stick to one of these styles, not a mix of the two. Include a citation whenever you quote or paraphrase a source.

Each source has one number. If you cite the same source repeatedly, use the same number each time.

Incorporating citations into sentences

Citations in IEEE can either just be placed at the relevant point in the sentence (e.g., after the author name or after a quote), or they can be incorporated into the sentence structure by treating them like nouns (essentially replacing the name of the author or study).

In either case, multiple sources cited at the same point are separated by commas or by an en dash (for a range of consecutively numbered sources). This punctuation appears outside the brackets.

Page numbers and other locators

When you quote or paraphrase a specific part of a source, include a page number or range within the brackets to point the reader to the relevant passage.

For sources without page numbers where it’s still important to indicate a specific part, use an alternate locator like a paragraph number. For a short source with no locators, it’s fine to just leave this part out.

Scribbr offers a variety of tools and resources to help with citation and other aspects of academic writing:

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IEEE Style Guide

• General Style Guidelines
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• Citation Style Overview
• Using the Digital Object Identifier (DOI)
• Audiovisual Resources
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IEEE Resources

• IEEE Citation Guidelines Give information on "How to Cite References: IEEE Documentation Style"
• IEEE Editorial Style Manual This style manual provides general editing guidelines for IEEE Transactions, Journals, and Letters. Updated 2016.
• CAS Source Index (CASSI) Search Tool Another tool to find bibliographic information for journals and abbreviated journal titles.
• The IEEE Communications Society Publications Department Style Guide Updated 2018.

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Getting Started

The IEEE Computer Society Style Guide Committee's mission is to clarify the editorial styles and standards that the Society's publications use. We maintain and periodically update a style guide to clarify those usages not adequately defined in accepted external sources.

Our purpose is to promote coherence, consistency, and identity of style, making it easier for CS editors and our authors to produce quality submissions and publications that communicate clearly to all our readers.

This guide is intended to provide guidance to students on the use of the IEEE citation style. The Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers' citation method is an internationally accepted format, most often used in technical fields.

About the IEEE Style

The IEEE style uses a single sequentially ordered note number to cite all references to each source mentioned in-text. This means that a citation is given in-text, consisting of a number enclosed by square brackets. A reference list or work cited page, displayed at the end of the paper provides full details of all references cited in-text. The references, in the work cited page, are ordered as they appear in the in-text references (in order of citation, not in alphabetical order). 

Note: When citing an item with three or more authors, note only the first author and use et al.

Note: The basic guideline for citing on-line sources is to follow the standard citation for the source given previously and add the Digital Object Identifier (DOI) at the end of the citation, or add the DOI in place of page numbers if the source is not paginated. The DOI for each IEEE conference article is assigned when the article is processed for inclusion in the IEEE Xplore digital library and is included with the reference data of the article in Xplore.

In-text references examples:

Using this system, references are numbered in the order in which they are first cited in the text. (If the same reference is cited later in the text, the same number is given).

"The theory was first put forward in 1987 [1]"

"G. O. Young [2] has argued that......."

"A recent studies [3] have suggested that..."

Reference list / works cited page example:

The complete reference / citation of the source is then provided in a works-cited list (organized in order of citation) at the end of your essay.

[1] D. Sarunyagate, Lasers, New York: McGraw Hill, 1996.

[2]  G. O. Young, "Synthetic structure of industrial plastics," in Plastics, 2nd ed., vol. 3, J. Peters, Ed. New York: McGraw-Hill, 1964, pp. 15-64.

[3]  M. N. DeMers, Fundamentals of Geographic Information Systems, 3rd ed. New York: John Wiley, 2005.

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• IEEE In-Text Citation | Guidelines & Examples

IEEE In-Text Citation | Guidelines & Examples

Published on 3 September 2022 by Jack Caulfield .

An IEEE in-text citation consists of a number in brackets included in your sentence. This number corresponds to an entry on your IEEE reference page providing full information about the source.

Sources are numbered in the order they’re cited, so the first source you cite is [1], the second is [2], and so on. If you cite the same source again, it has the same number each time (don’t use ‘ ibid.’ ) and only one entry on the reference page.

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Table of contents

Where to place ieee in-text citations, page numbers in in-text citations, citing multiple sources in one place, frequently asked questions about ieee in-text citation.

You need an in-text citation whenever you quote , paraphrase , or summarise a source.

In-text citations are usually just placed at a relevant point in the sentence—for example after the author’s name or the quote you’re citing, or just at the end of the sentence. It’s not required to mention the author’s name, but you can.

In-text citations can alternatively be treated as nouns in your sentence. In this case, you essentially use them in place of the author’s name (and therefore don’t mention the author’s name in your sentence). This is a more concise way of using in-text citations.

In both cases, the bracketed number alone indicates a citation. You should never label the number with a word like “reference” or “citation.”

• Reference [1]
• [citation 4]

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When you’re quoting or paraphrasing a specific part of a source with pages (e.g., an IEEE journal article citation or IEEE book citation ), you should include a page number to point the reader to that passage. Use ‘p.’ for a single page, ‘pp.’ for a range of pages (separating the two numbers with an en dash ).

If page numbers are not available in the source you’re citing, there may be other locators you can use to point the reader to the right part. These can also be used in combination with page numbers when necessary (e.g., ‘[1, Ch. 5, p. 10]’).

Sometimes, you may need to cite more than one source at the same point in the text—for example, when you’re summarising several related sources.

To do so, write the source numbers in separate sets of brackets, separated by commas.

If you need to cite a range of three or more sources, you can do so using an en dash (which also appears outside the brackets, not inside them). For example, the sentence below cites sources [8], [9], [10], and [11].

An IEEE in-text citation consists of a number in brackets at the relevant point in the text, which points the reader to the right entry in the numbered reference list at the end of the paper. For example, ‘Smith [1] states that …’

A location marker such as a page number is also included within the brackets when needed: ‘Smith [1, p. 13] argues …’

You should include an IEEE in-text citation whenever you integrate a source into your text by quoting , paraphrasing , or summarizing it. The citation appears in the sentence where the source is integrated, often after the author name or after any quoted text:

Narayana [15, p. 22] describes the trend as “ambiguous.”

In IEEE citation format , you should list the names of up to six authors in a reference on your IEEE reference page . If the source has seven or more authors, just list the first author’s name followed by ‘ et al.’ (in italics): ‘F. Gupta et al. , …’

In the main text, if you mention a source with three or more authors, you should use ‘et al.’: ‘Fowler et al. [11] argue that …’

Note that you’re not required to mention author names at all in the text though – just the IEEE in-text citation number is enough, in which case ‘et al.’ isn’t needed: ‘[11] argues that …’

If you cite the same source more than once in your writing, use the same number for all of the IEEE in-text citations for that source, and only include it on the IEEE reference page once. The source is numbered based on the first time you cite it.

For example, the fourth source you cite in your paper is numbered [4]. If you cite it again later, you still cite it as [4]. You can cite different parts of the source each time by adding page numbers [4, p. 15].

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Introduction

In-text citation, reference list, citing journal articles, citing books and book chapters, citing conference proceedings, technical reports, and standards, citing web resources, theses/dissertations, and manuals/software.

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IEEE citation style is usually used in the electronic and electrical engineering, computer science, and other technology fields. This quick guide presents some general citation guidelines and examples based on the IEEE Reference Guide .

[This page has detailed examples for IEEE citation style. For other citation style, check  ACM Citation Style and Reference Format ]

In the main body of the text, use sequential numbers to note citations . The in-text citation numbers must correspond to the citations in the reference list at the end of your paper. 

In-Text Citing Format:

• Put reference (citation) number in square brackets (e.g., [1]), before any punctuation. 
• When a source has been cited, the same number should be used in all subsequent references (citations) throughout your paper.
• When citing more than one reference, list each reference in brackets and separate the citations with commas, e.g., [1], [6], [10].
• If a reference refers to three or more consecutively-numbered sources, include the first and last sources, separated by an en-dash, e.g., [6] – [8].
• If there are three or more authors, cite using the first author's name plus et al. (italicised) in the text, e.g., "...as shown by Johnson et al. [15]

Various Examples:

"...end of the line for my research [13]." "This theory was first put forward in 1987 [1]." "Scholtz [2] has argued that..." "For example, see [7]." "Several recent studies [3], [4], [22] have suggested that..." [The above examples are adopted from IEEE Documentation Style .]

The references should be arranged in the order of the in-text citations (not by alphabetical order), beginning with the number [1] and continuing in ascending order. Reference numbers aligned flush left form a column of their own. Single-space each reference, double-space between references.

Reference Format:

• An author name should be provided using Initials + Family Name, e.g., "E. M. Armstrong". Suffixes such as Jr. or Sr. should also be included but separated by a comma, e.g., "R. D. Smith, Jr.".
• All author names should be listed in the reference, but if there are more than six authors, use “et al” after the first author. (note: there is no comma before et al., e.g., "E. P. Wigner et al").
• Books and journal titles should be capitalized and italicized.
• Title of journal articles, conference papers, and technical reports should be put in double quotation marks and in lower case.
• When citing IEEE journals, reference them by journal abbreviation. For a list of IEEE journal abbreviations, check here .
• Include volume, issue (month), page numbers and publication year.
• Names of months are shortened as Jan., Feb., Mar., Apr., May, June, July, Aug., Sept., Oct., Nov., Dec.

Basic Format:  

A. B. Author, "Title of article," Abbreviated Name of Journal, vol. x, no. y (if this is non-IEEE journal), pp. 123-678, Month, year.

S. T. R. Rizvi, A. Dengel, and S. Ahmed, "A hybrid approach and unified framework for bibliographic reference extraction," IEEE Access , vol. 8, pp. 217231-217245, Dec. 2020.

P. Bernard, N. Mimmo, and L. Marconi, "On the semi-global stability of an EK-like filter," in  IEEE Contr. Syst. Lett ., vol. 5, pp. 1771-1776, Nov. 2021, doi: 10.1109/LCSYS.2020.3044030. (Note: When referencing IEEE Transactions, include DOIs if they are available.) 

Basic Format:

Print book: A. B.  Author, Title of  Book , xth ed. City, State: Publisher, year.

Chapter in an E-book: A. B.  Author, “Title of chapter in the book,” in Title of  Book , xth ed. City, State: Publisher, year, ch. x, pp. 123–678. [Online]. Available: www.abc.com. 

Print book: T. Cormen et al., Introduction to Algorithms , 3rd ed. Cambridge, MA: MIT Press, 2009. E-book: T. Cormen et al., Introduction to Algorithms , 3rd ed. Cambridge, MA, USA: MIT Press, 2009. [E-book] Available: EBSCO e-book.

Chapter in E-book: M. A. Iqbal, S. Hussain, H. Xing, and M. A. Imran, "IoT cloud and fog computing," in Enabling the Internet of Things: Fundamentals, Design and Applications , 1st ed. Hoboken, NJ, USA: Wiley-IEEE, 2020, pp.127-145.  [Online]. Available: enter web link here.

Article in Conference Proceedings:

A. B. Author, "Title of paper," in Title of Conference Proceedings: Proc of the Title of Conf.: Subtitle of conference, (Month and days if provided) , year, (Location is optional) , X and Y Eds. Place of publication: Publisher, year. pp. 1234-5678.  

A. Ashraf and A. Nadeem, “Automating the generation of test cases from Object-Z specifications,” in Proc.  of the Int. Computer Software and Applications Conf. , COMPSAC , Sept. 17-21, 2006, vol. 2, pp. 101–104, doi: 10.1109/COMPSAC.2006.120.

A. Lager, A. Papadopoulos, and T. Nolte, “IoT and Fog Analytics for Industrial Robot Applications,” in IEEE Symp. on Emerging Technologies and Factory Automation, ETFA , 2020, vol. 2020-Septe, pp. 1297–1300, doi: 10.1109/ETFA46521.2020.9212065.

Technical Reports:

Basic Format :

Print report: A. B. Author, “Title of report,” Abbrev. Name of Co., City of Co., Abbrev. State, Country, Rep. xyz, (date if available) year.

Online report: A. B. Author, “Title of report,” Abbrev. Name of Co., City of Co., Abbrev. State, Country, Rep. xyz, (date if available) year. [Online]. Available: www.abc.com.

R. R. Wagner and T. J. Weir, "Department of defense use of commercial cloud computing capabilities and services," DoD, Washington, DC., USA, Rep. 1002758, 2013.

B. Schoettle and M. Sivak, "Potential impact of self-driving vehicles on household vehicle demand and usage," The Univ. of Michigan Transportation Research Inst., Ann Arbor, MI, USA, Rep. UMTRI-2015-3, Feb. 2015. Accessed on: Dec. 7, 2021. [Online]. Available: https://cdn-advi.s3.ap-southeast-2.amazonaws.com/wp-content/uploads/2016/05/UMTRI-2015-POTENTIAL-IMPACT-OF-SELF-DRIVING-VEHICLES-ON-HOUSEHOLD-VEHICLE-DAMAGE.pdf. 

Print standard: Title of Standard , Standard number, Corporate author (if provided), location (if provided), date.

Online standard: Title of Standard , Standard number, Corporate author (if provided), location (if provided), date. [Online]. Available: www.abc.com.

IEEE Standard for Local and Metropolitan Area Networks - Timing and Synchronization for Time-Sensitive Applications in Bridged Local Area Networks , IEEE Std 802.1AS-2011,  2011.

Frequency Response and Bias , NERC Reliability Standard BAL-003-0.1b, May 2009. [Online]. Available: http://www.nerc.com/files/BAL-003-0_1b.pdf. ( Adopted from IEEE Reference Guide ).

Web Resources:

A. B. Author. “Web Page Title.” Website Title. Published date, year. [Online]. Available: www.abc.com.

Individual author: D. Garisto. " How Much Has Quantum Computing Actually Advanced? " IEEE Spectrum. Dec. 2, 2021. [Online]. Available: https://spectrum.ieee.org/quantum-computing-google-sycamore. (accessed Dec. 6, 2021).

Group author: Congressional Research Service. "Cloud Computing: Background, Status of Adoption by Federal Agencies, and Congressional Action." 2020. [Online] Available" https://sgp.fas.org/crs/misc/R46119.pdf. (accessed Dec. 8, 2021).

Theses/Dissertations:

A. B. Author, “Title of thesis,” M.S. thesis, Dept., Univ., City of Univ., State, year. A. B. Author, “Title of dissertation,” Ph.D. dissertation, Dept., Univ., City of Univ., State, year.

Z. Chen, "Sparse activity detection for massive random access," M.S. thesis, Dept. Elect. and Comp. Eng., Univ. of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada, 2020. 

D. D. Cherry, "Optimal placement of distributed generation on a power system using particle swarm optimization," Ph.D. dissertation, Dept. Elect. and Comp. Eng., Mississippi State Univ., Mississippi State, MS, USA, 2012. [Online]. Available: https://ir.library.msstate.edu/handle/11668/20263. 

Manuals/Software:

A. B. Author (or Name of Co., City of Co. Abbrev. State, Country). Name of Manual/Software , x ed. (year). Accessed: Date. [Online]. Available: www.abc.com.

H. Ishwaran and U. B. Kogalur.  Package ‘randomForestSRC' (2021).   Assessed: Dec. 08, 2021. [Online]. Available: https://cran.r-project.org/web/packages/randomForestSRC/randomForestSRC.pdf. 

Adobe Photoshop (21.1.0). Adobe Inc., 2021.

(If you have questions, you are welcome to contact Li Zhang for assistance.)

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Cite a Thesis in IEEE

Don't let plagiarism errors spoil your paper

Consider your source's credibility. ask these questions:, contributor/author.

• Has the author written several articles on the topic, and do they have the credentials to be an expert in their field?
• Can you contact them? Do they have social media profiles?
• Have other credible individuals referenced this source or author?
• Book: What have reviews said about it?
• What do you know about the publisher/sponsor? Are they well-respected?
• Do they take responsibility for the content? Are they selective about what they publish?
• Take a look at their other content. Do these other articles generally appear credible?
• Does the author or the organization have a bias? Does bias make sense in relation to your argument?
• Is the purpose of the content to inform, entertain, or to spread an agenda? Is there commercial intent?
• Are there ads?
• When was the source published or updated? Is there a date shown?
• Does the publication date make sense in relation to the information presented to your argument?
• Does the source even have a date?
• Was it reproduced? If so, from where?
• If it was reproduced, was it done so with permission? Copyright/disclaimer included?
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Dissertation (thesis): how to cite in IEEE Style?

Create a spot-on reference in ieee, general rules.

In accordance with the requirements of IEEE Style, the following template should be used for referencing a PhD dissertation or a master’s thesis:

Author , “ Title ,” Work type ,  Faculty/Department ,  University ,  City ,  Country ,  year .

• Put the type of the cited work (e.g. Ph.D. dissertation, M.S. thesis , etc.) in the Work type element.
• Give the Faculty/Department and University elements in the abbreviated form.
• Often, a thesis might lack the information about the department/faculty. Should this be the case, omit the respective element from the reference.
• See more about the Country element here .

For the rules of giving authors’ names in IEEE Style, see this article .

For a dissertation published online, add the Internet source details to the reference:

Author , “ Title ,” Work type ,  Faculty/Department ,  University ,  City ,  Country ,  year . Accessed:  date . [Online]. Available:  URL

Examples of references

B.   H.   Reed, “The genetic analysis of endoreduplication in Drosophila Melanogaster ,” Ph.D. thesis, Univ. Cambridge, Cambridge, U.K., 1992.

M.   A.   M.   EI-Bayoumi, “Wheel speed distribution control and its effect on vehicle,” Ph.D. thesis, Univ. Leeds, Leeds, U.K. 2007. Accessed: Feb.   21, 2023. [Online]. Available: https://etheses.whiterose.ac.uk/641/

Other citation styles:

• What is APA Style (7th ed.)?
• Examples of bibliographic references in APA (7th ed.)
• APA 7 vs APA 6: key differences
• How to cite authors?
• How to format the references page with APA (7th ed.)?
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• Press release
• Religious text
• Social media post
• Software / mobile app
• Video (online)
• Video game / computer game
• What is MLA Style (8th ed.)?
• Examples of references in works cited in MLA (8th ed.)
• How to format the works cited page in MLA (8th ed.)?
• What is Chicago Style?
• Examples of bibliographic references in Chicago Style – notes and bibliography (17th ed.)
• How to format the bibliography page?
• Notes and in-text citations
• Examples of bibliographic references in Chicago Style – author-date (17th ed.)
• What is Harvard referencing style?
• Examples of bibliographic references in Harvard style
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• What is IEEE Style?
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• How to format the references pages in IEEE Style?
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Cite A Dissertation in IEEE style

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• Select style:
• Archive material
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• DVD, video, or film
• E-book or PDF
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Use the following template or our IEEE Citation Generator to cite a dissertation. For help with other source types, like books, PDFs, or websites, check out our other guides. To have your reference list or bibliography automatically made for you, try our free citation generator .

Reference list

Place this part in your bibliography or reference list at the end of your assignment.

In-text citation

Place this part right after the quote or reference to the source in your assignment.

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