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XAT Essay Writing Topics 2024: Tips and Strategy

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XAT Exam Essay Writing Tips and Strategy - XAT exam is conducted every year by the Xavier School of Management (Formerly Known as XLRI). Essay Writing forms an integral part of the Xavier Aptitude Test (XAT). The XAT essay writing section often troubles the XAT aspirants, mostly about the XAT essay topics and how to give their best shot within the allotted 20-25 minutes duration.

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XAT Essay Topics 2024

Xat essay writing topics - previous years, xat exam essay writing tips and strategy.

XLRI removed the essay section from XAT 2021 exam. However, authorities have brought the XAT essay writing format again from XAT 2022. This year, the XAT 2024 is scheduled to be held on January 7, 2024, in CBT mode. This article of Careers360 shares the strategies for preparing XAT essay writing structure, XAT essay topics 2024 and on how to complete the XAT Exam Essay Writing 2024 within the allotted time frame.

Candidates must pay special attention to the XAT Exam Essay Writing 2024 section of the exam. If practiced well for the XAT essay writing they can easily score good marks in this area. Given below are the important XAT Essay Topics 2024 based on the latest trends which one must prepare thoroughly.

• GST is no magic band to push faster economic growth
• G-20 Presidency by India: How it is helpful for the country’s Growth?
• Covid Pandemic derailed Economic growth.
• Home buyers remain homeless, and no teeth are given to RERA.
• Unity in Diversity is more relevant now in India.
• National Education Policy (NEP) 2020 is a good step
• Will Bad Banks Improve the Economy?
• Building Central Vista will improve India’s Global image.
• Democracy will lose meaning without social activism.
• Blues of Demonetization still haunt economic growth.
• Unless Agriculture is practised as a business, it will not improve the face of Rural India.
• Making business lobbying legal can reduce corruption.
• The sensitivity of Sensex has nothing to do with economic growth.
• Political interests and the Uniform civil code cannot go hand in hand.
• Society bears the brunt of terrorism, which has no religion.

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The following table gives you the XAT essay topics over the past few years. These are important XAT essay topics 2024 that have good chances of being asked this year as well.

Now we shall share with you the strategies to improve your essay writing skills.

Gautam Puri, Vice Chairman, Career Launcher shares, “The evaluators not only look for language skills, but also for the thought process involved, the spectrum of ideas, and your knowledge pertaining to the topic at hand. Having a fair knowledge of contemporary topics will give you an edge. So reading newspapers, especially the editorial columns, is highly advised.”

Here we present to you 6 strategies for acing the essay writing section of XAT.

Analyze the topic and decide the way you want to drive it

After getting the topic, decide the direction in which you want to drive your essay into. Since mostly the topics are abstract in nature, you can contextualize them to politics, social issues, or currently happening. Once you decide on the context, your job will get much easier. “Try to think of possible topics with the current trending news and have your opinions on it.

Whilst reading the newspaper, think about your opinion on particular news. Also, think about the points in favor and opposition of that news,” mentions Ravi Prinshu , XAT 2021 topper with 99.85 percentile and XLRI Jamshedpur student.

Assemble the points before starting

The next step is to gather the points. Jot down the points in the proper order that you want to present in your essay. Support your points with the help of facts and figures, examples, etc. The more you can substantiate your points, the better it will be for the evaluation process. “I strongly advise candidates to brush up their vocabulary and practice structured essay writing. It will certainly help in getting your thoughts together and putting them into a structure while writing the essay.,” said Farzan Shaikh, another XAT 2021 topper with a 99.94 percentile.

Write a draft before starting the essay

Prepare the structure and draft essay before starting the actual essay. Do not take more than five minutes for it. Divide your points to be included in the introduction, body, and conclusion. If you prepare the draft, it would be much more convenient for you to pen down the actual essay. You can do the necessary editing and improve the language of the essay.

Structure your essay properly

Make sure that your essay consists of three parts, introduction, body, and conclusion. The essay should be around 200 to 300 words. You can separate the three parts into paragraphs. You can also add specific facts and figures through bullet points. Rishabh Bajpayi, XAT 2021 99.85 percentile shares, "I had decided to structure my essay properly, so I began with an introduction, moved on to the body, tried to illustrate with examples if possible, made my inferences, and reached a conclusion. I found having a basic structure in place helped me write essays faster and they seemed to have a nicer flow."

Keep time in check

The duration of the XAT essay is 25 minutes. Keep track of your time so that you do not exceed the time limit. Since Essay Writing would be the last question of the 3-hour XAT paper, save your energy and time till the last 25 minutes. Do not spend over 5 minutes drafting the essay and before submitting, revise the final copy.

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Questions related to XAT

Hello Here is the list of colleges you can get with 68%ile JIMS Rohini Delhi IMT Hyderabad SOIL Institute of Management Jaipuria Institute of Management Jaipur Jaypee Business School Dayananda Sagar Business School Bangalore NSB Academy Bangalore NDIM New Delhi

Hello Aspirant Congratulations on your score, There are many good B schools at 80-85%ile in CAT and XAT 1)Great Lakes, Chennai 2)IRMA 3) Goa Institute of Management 4) NIBM 5) TAPMI Do your research about these colleges as to what is their average package, the roles offered. Colleges like NIBM specialize in Finance, and IRMA has a lot of sales marketing Roles. So ultimately the choice is yours which specialization you want to pursue.

Hello aspirant,

Here below are the names of the colleges that you can target:

• Sydenham Institute of Management Studies, Research and Entrepreneurship Education, Mumbai
• Bharathidasan Institute of Management, Trichy
• University Business School, Panjab University, Chandigarh
• Delhi School of Management, Delhi Technical University, Delhi
• Institute of Rural Management, Anand

Hope it helps you.

Hello Aspirant, Hope you are well The  XAT cut-offs for IMT Nagpur and Welingkar Institute for their MBA program is between 70-80 percentile. So you have a good chance of getting a call from both institutes. However, the chances of conversion depend on your 10th, 12th, graduation marks.

Hey aspirant,

XLRI Jamshedpur will tentatively conduct the Xavier Aptitute Test (XAT) 2025 in the first of January 2025. It is expected that XAT 2025 registration will begin in the second week of July 2024.

For detailed information like eligibility criteria, application procees, syllabus, etc at : https://bschool.careers360.com/exams/xat

Hope this helps you!

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Essay Writing in XAT Exam- Overview, Essay Writing, Tips for Essay Writing

The Xavier School of Management administers the XAT exam annually. The XAT is a management entrance exam that allows qualified candidates to enrol in XLRI Jamshedpur’s MBA and PGDM programs. The XAT exam includes an essay writing section, which is frequently combined with the General Knowledge section, and applicants are given 40 minutes to complete both. Candidates often find the Essay Writing in XAT exam  the most difficult of all, with concerns primarily about the essay’s subjects and how to deliver it in the allocated time.

However, it is important to note that XLRI has eliminated the Essay Writing section of the XAT 2022 exam. The XAT Exam 2022 will consist of three sections: an online objective test, a group discussion, and a personal interview.

XAT Entrance Exam: Overview                                                  

Essay writing in xat exam.

The XAT essay writing test was originally paper-based, but XLRI converted it to an online computer-based test following computerisation. The Xavier Labor Relations Institute has administered the XAT exam for decades. But they recently announced a significant alteration to the exam format, which has caused quite a stir on the internet. 

XLRI has removed the essay section from the XAT exam. However, the scoring methodology has not changed. In the XAT, the essay writing test has been replaced by multiple-choice questions worth one mark each.

Essay Writing Topics For XAT Exam

In the previous XAT exams, the essay topics were mostly abstract ideas, social issues, or sometimes based on current events. While the essay topics may appear simple, candidates are frequently unaware of how to articulate their ideas in 200 words within the time limit when writing an essay.

The XAT essay subjects were twisted, and they appeared to be abstract topics that asked for your opinion rather than concrete facts. XAT Essays intended to touch the lives of ordinary people and the difficulties they faced regularly.  The following are some XAT Essay Topics that have appeared in prior years’ XAT exams:

To provide genuine service, one must include qualities that cannot be bought or evaluated, such as honesty and integrity.

At the age of 83, Frank Lloyd Wright was asked which of his projects he would choose as his masterwork, and he replied, “The next one.”

More than a billion Indians: a massive challenge or a plethora of possibilities?

India has one of the most talented workforces in the world, yet few patents and breakthroughs.

Is it a mirage or a reality to have economic progress without causing environmental damage?

A gender imbalance would trigger the Third World War.

Capitalism’s intrinsic fault is the unequal distribution of blessings, while Socialism’s inherent virtue equals the distribution of misery.

Earth has enough to meet everyone’s needs, but not everyone’s greed.

Due to the vast extent of poverty, the government is unable to implement policies efficiently.

The main cause of India’s economic decline is corruption.

The most beautiful thing is something that can’t be seen or touched but only felt.

Listening is a skill that is becoming increasingly rare. We don’t pay attention long enough to comprehend. We only pay attention when someone is attempting to deny or respond to something.

Nature & technology are natural opponents.

Jingoism and globalization are inextricably linked.

Do Ethical Practices & Sustainability Go Hand in Hand?

How To Write Essay For XAT Exam

Besides content knowledge, Essay Writing is an art that includes writing flow, grammatically accurate composition, and creating meaningful words in simple and clear language. The primary abilities required for writing a decent essay are subject knowledge, clarity of thought, correct use of vocabulary and grammar, the flow of ideas, and illustrations based on facts. The following are some of the most crucial XAT essay writing tips:

• Analyse the subject and choose a direction for your essay.
• Make a rough draft of the topic you’ll be writing about.
• Make sure to write in short paragraphs so that it seems and sounds engaging to read.
• Make a list of the ideas you wish to offer in your essay in the right order, and back up your points with facts and information, examples, and so on.
• Each paragraph should represent a new notion contributing to the main theme, and paragraph flow is essential. The words must have definite meanings and no ambiguity.
• The first paragraph should serve as an introduction to the topic, with succeeding paragraphs expanding the idea.
• Candidates must conclude the essential point in the last paragraph.
• You can write an essay in either deductive or inductive style.
• Read the directions attentively, concentrate on the main point rather than the details, and keep count of your, so you don’t go over your allotted time.

Jargon, slang, clichés, and abbreviations should all be avoided.

• Candidates should carefully structure the essay. It must not go above the required words.

We hope this post has helped you with all the necessary information and subjects for Essay Writing in the XAT Exam section.

Reading newspaper editorials, online articles, non-fiction books, and engaging in meaningful debates with friends can all help you enhance your essay writing skills.

The XAT exam is held on the first Sunday of the year, and XAT 2022 will be conducted on January 2, 2022.

• XAT 2022 Analysis – Section Wise Analysis
• XAT Decision Making Questions – Free E-book
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• How to Crack Quantitative Ability and Data Interpretation – XAT 2022
• XAT 2022 – How to Crack Verbal Ability

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XAT Essay Topics 2024: Previous Years, Essay Writing Tips

Mar 4, 2024 | XAT

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XAT Essay Topics 2024 will be based on various topics and events. It is advised to practice as many essays for XAT as possible. Practicing previous years' issues can also be helpful for aspirants to understand the type of topics asked in the exam.

The XAT essay topics 2024 are predominantly abstract and argumentative. XAT essay topics given for the Essay Writing section in the XAT exam are crucial to the merit of candidates and hence should be paid attention to.

The Essay Writing section in XAT exam was scrapped after 2018 and was reintroduced in the XAT 2022 exam pattern. The XAT 2024 exam pattern will have an Essay Writing section and a General Knowledge section in Part 2 of the question paper.

Both sections together have an allotted time of 25 minutes. 

Table of Contents

XAT Essay Topics 2024

Xat previous years’ essay topics, xat essay writing tips.

Knowing the probable areas, the XAT essay topics 2024 might be from will help aspirants have an idea on how to approach the XAT Essay Writing section. The following are the areas of essay topics that might be asked in the XAT 2024 examination.

• Democracy will lose meaning without social activism.
• GST is no magic band to push faster economic growth
• Home buyers remain homeless, and no teeth are given to RERA.
• Making business lobbying legal can reduce corruption.
• Political interests and the Uniform civil code cannot go hand in hand.    
• Society bears the brunt of terrorism, which has no religion.
• Covid Pandemic derailed Economic growth.
• Unity in Diversity is more relevant now in India.
• National Education Policy (NEP) 2020 is a good step
• Will Bad Banks Improve the Economy?
• Building Central Vista will improve India’s Global image.
• Blues of Demonetization still haunt economic growth.
• Unless Agriculture is practised as a business, it will not improve the face of Rural India.
• The sensitivity of Sensex has nothing to do with economic growth.

Also Check:  How to Prepare for XAT in 6 Months?

The XAT essay topics of previous years will help the candidates know the essay topics that are likely to be asked in the XAT exam 2024. It will also enhance the understanding of candidates in approaching the essay topics.

The essay topics of previous years are as follows. 

Also Check:  XAT Quantitative Aptitude Syllabus 2024

Aspirants can refer to the XAT essay writing tips listed below to understand the ways and areas they can improve to perform well in the exam.

• Always write the essay in paragraphs and not points.
• Make a draft and structure the essay before beginning to write the essay.
• Each essay paragraph must be well constructed with a topic sentence, supporting sentences and a concluding sentence. 
• Express your thoughts and arguments clearly without any ambiguity.
• Do not use jargon, slang and abbreviations. 
• When quoting, make sure to include the acknowledgements.
• Be updated with current affairs to tackle topics with proper updates and arguments.
• Make sure to complete the essay in the given time window. Make sure to leave the essay complete with concluding remarks.
• The same points should not be repeated throughout the essay.
• The statements made by the candidates in the essay must be coherent and support the drive of the essay.

Also Check:  What is a Good Score in XAT 2024?

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Past Year XAT Essay Topics and Model Essay

Previous year XAT - Essay Topics

• * 2022: Capitalism and democracy cannot co-exist. In a management, we don't need people who have never experienced setbacks.
• 2018: Ethical practices and sustainability: do they co-exist?
• 2017: Globalization and Jingoism always coexist.
• 2016: Technology and Nature are natural enemies.
• 2015: Listening is a dying art. We hardly listen to understand. We only listen to refute or reply.
• 2014: The most beautiful thing can neither be seen nor be touched but can only be felt.
• 2013: Corruption is the root cause of economic slowdown in India.
• 2012: Government is not addressing the root cause of poverty.
• 2011: The statesman who would attempt to direct private people in what manner they ought to employ their capitals, would not only load himself with a most unnecessary attention, but assume an authority which could safely be trusted to no council and senate whatever, and which would nowhere be so dangerous as in the hands of a man who had folly and presumption enough to fancy himself fit to exercise it.
• 2010: Earth provides enough to satisfy everybody's need but not everybody's greed.

Sample Essay

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Topics for Essay for XAT 

The essay has been reintroduced as the 5th section of the XAT exam. The essay will form part of part 2 of the exam along with the general knowledge section.

The general knowledge and essay will combine have a duration of 25 minutes, and these sections can only be unlocked after you have completed part 1 of the XAT exam.

Upon introducing the essay in the XAT 2022 exam, the exam duration is 3 hours and 10 minutes from the earlier 3-hour duration.

The essay for the XAT exam would not be calculated in the percentile, for which only the first part of the XAT is calculated. The essay will be considered only for the shortlisted candidates.

Essay topic for XAT

The essay topics in XAT are mainly focused on social issues or abstract ideas. They are framed in a way that asks for your opinion instead of facts so as to be able to learn about your point of view and personal identity and choices.

The essay will help the admissions committee judge your attitudes and perceptions and your ability to express your ideas in a coherent and meaningful way.

Previous Year Essay Topics

Tips for essay exam.

As the essay has been reintroduced, it becomes essential that you go through certain key points for the preparation of the essay section of the XAT exam 2023.

• Coherent thought : when writing an essay, make sure that you present your viewpoints in a coherent and effective way so that the examiner is able to analyse and understand your perspective.
• Balanced viewpoint : try not to adopt an extreme or biased viewpoint. Have a neutral and balanced perspective on the issue at hand so that you can critically examine the issue at hand.
• Facts : an essay should not be completely based on subjective opinions, but these same opinions must be backed by facts to provide credibility to your claims.
• Knowledge : you must aim that you understand the topic well and answer the question from all perspectives. It should look well-researched and must display your subject knowledge of the same.
• Practice : if you wish to be good at essays, nothing can beat practice. At first, you might struggle with finding the right points for your answer, and you might take some time. However, you will eventually be able to write effectively within minutes with practice.
• Presentability : make sure that you present your essay well. Do not write long paragraphs. Instead, focus on writing small paragraphs. However, do not make them very short. Remember, balance is the key.

Tips for improving essay writing in XAT 

• Newspapers : when you refer to newspapers, you will understand the current affairs that will keep you updated on the latest social events. This will help your reading skills as well as your knowledge of various topics.
• Literature : reading literature will enrich your vocabulary, and you will also learn to frame your viewpoints in unique ways. The knowledge of various parts of speech is a valuable tool to help you in essay writing.
• Other tips include practising essays, referring to top national and international affairs, with a special focus on events of social importance like climate change. Try not to use vague and general words in describing your essay topic. Make sure your thoughts are communicated precisely to the examiner.

These are some of the tips you can use to enhance your score in essay writing for the XAT exam 2023.

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XAT Exam Analysis 2024: Overall Difficulty, Expected Cut-offs, and Complete Overview

Author : Akash Kumar Singh

Updated On : March 22, 2024

Overview:   The XAT 2024 exam was recently held on January 7, 2024 , Sunday. In this blog, we will delve into a comprehensive XAT 2024 exam analysis. This includes an overview of this year's paper pattern, the overall difficulty level, sectional difficulty levels, and the expected cut-off marks.

Download Free Study Material for CAT Exam 2024 by SuperGrads

For more than 72 years XLRI ( Xavier School of Management  or formerly Xavier Labour Relations Institute)) is conducting XAT at all India level to select the most appropriate students for management education. The XAT score is being used by more than 160 institutes for the admission.

XAT, one of the oldest competitive examinations in the country, has always kept pace with the cutting-edge testing methodology. XAT’s multidimensional testing framework, is designed to meaningfully assess the aptitude of candidates for future business success.

Regarded as one of the most challenging MBA entrance exams, XAT entrance exam is distinctive for its comprehensive evaluation of quantitative, verbal, logical and decision-making skills. 

XAT Entrance Exam 2024 Overview 

To proceed with the XAT 2024 exam analysis , let's first examine this year's paper pattern. XAT 2024 follows the previous year's pattern, maintaining its online format and is divided into three parts:

• PART A- 175 minutes is given to solve the Verbal & Logical Ability, Decision Making and Quantitative Ability 7 Data Interpretation sections.
• PART B- 5 minutes is given to test and check your keyboard.
• PART C- 30 minutes separately is given for General Awareness section and Essay Writing

The total exam duration is 210 minutes, adding complexity to the test-taking strategy.

Part A questions carry one mark for each correct answer and a negative marking of –0.25 for each incorrect response. Additionally, there is a penalty of -0.1 mark for every un-attempted question beyond the first 8 un-attempted questions.

XAT 2024 Exam Pattern 

Read more:   Importance of GK in MBA Entrance Exam CAT

XAT 2024 Exam Analysis Section-Wise

Xat 2024 exam analysis for verbal and logical ability .

This section included various types of questions like error correction, fill-in-the-blanks, para jumbles, and critical reasoning. Let's see the key highlights in this section: 

• This section particularly on the higher end in terms of difficulty.
• The poem-based questions (on Lovely Women: Flames) were seen as difficult as last year.
• There were 15 reading comprehension or passage-based questions in Verbal Ability, and few were again difficult as they were philosophical in nature.

The detailed breakdown is as follows: 

XAT 2024 Exam Analysis for Decision Making  

This section primarily focused on ethics & dilemmas, and business decisions. Let's see the key highlights in this section: 

• Although the section was time-consuming, it was overall easy to solve.
• We encountered situation-based case studies, each accompanied by pertinent questions.
• The questions in some passages were less tricky compared to those seen in the previous year's XAT exam.
• There were several intriguing sets, including ones based on ABC Business School and its Alumni, a set about Valve, another set depicting a techie leaving their job to join a business school, and a set featuring Maid Vimala.
• Vocabulary based contextual questions were also asked.

Know more:   Decision Making For XAT: Concepts & Preparation Strategy

XAT 2024 Exam Analysis For Quantitative Ability & Data Interpretation 

This section covered various topics, including arithmetic, geometry, and data interpretation sets. Let's see the key highlights in this section:

• The Quantitative Ability total questions were 15 and that on Data Interpretation there were 13 questions.
• The questions in this section were unexpectedly lengthy for many students, with some based on extended paragraphs.
• This section was notably time-consuming.
• The difficulty level throughout was moderate.
• True to form, the XAT paper placed additional emphasis on Statistics.

Know more:   Idioms and Phrases for Management Entrance Exam

XAT 2024 First Copy of Exam

Xat 2024 exam analysis- previous years' comparison.

The XAT 2024 exam analysis over the years reveals a trend towards moderate to difficult levels. This has significant implications for the scoring strategy. 

Past Years XAT 2024 Exam Analysis 2020-2023 

This table presents XAT 2024 exam analysis, focusing on changes in the exam pattern from 2020 to 2023.

XAT Exam Analysis Previous Years

Check:   Management Courses After 12th Class

XAT Exam Cut Off Marks 2024

After having a fair understanding of XAT 2024 analysis, let's have look into the expected cut-off:

XAT Expected Cutoffs (2024) 

IIM After 12th vs IIM After MBA: Which is Better?

Is It Important to Check the XAT 2024 Exam Analysis? 

Absolutely, evaluating the XAT 2024 exam analysis is crucial. It enables you to gauge your performance in the XAT and identify areas for improvement. The XAT 2024 exam analysis offers a glimpse into the test's overall challenge, the nature of the questions posed, and the score distribution.

This data can be instrumental in tailoring your study strategy for subsequent tests, allowing you to concentrate on areas where you're lacking. 

Good Attempts as Per XAT 2024 Exam Analysis (Expected) 

If we look at the overall XAT 2024 exam analysis, the overall good attempts should be between 45-50 questions out of the total 75 questions.

The XAT cutoff is the essential score that applicants must achieve to be considered for further selection stages in XAT-participating institutes.

The official XAT cutoff will be published on the website following the/ announcement of the XAT results. Factors influencing the XAT cutoff include the total number of test-takers, the difficulty level of the exam, and the available MBA admission seats. 

Learn more:   How to Start MBA Preparation For CAT 2024?

Conclusion 

In conclusion, the XAT 2024 exam continues to be a pivotal gateway for MBA aspirants, with its evolving structure and challenging content reflecting the dynamic needs of top business schools. Candidates must adapt to these changes, focusing on comprehensive preparation across all sections.

Understanding the exam's complexity by doing proper XAT exam analysis 2024 along with strategic preparation and awareness of expected cutoffs, will be key to success. As XAT maintains its reputation as a rigorous test, it offers a unique opportunity for aspirants to demonstrate their aptitude and readiness for the demanding world of management. 

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XAT 2023 Question Paper - Essay

For the following questions answer them individually

Choose ONE of the three arguments given below and develop a coherent essay that critically evaluates it. Support your analysis with relevant claims, reasons and/or examples. The essay should not exceed 250 words. Argument I. Risk is the essential need of soul. The absence of risk produces a kind of boredom which paralyses in a different way from fear, but almost as much. Argument II. Rapid decarbonization to fulfill India’s Net Zero commitment will have business consequences. Argument III. Someone with half your IQ is making 10X as you because they aren’t smart enough to doubt themselves. Answer Question no. 1 if you choose Argument I. Answer Question no. 2 if you choose Argument II. Answer Question no. 3 if you choose Argument III. In today's world, when people talk of risk, they are mostly discussing a financial investment or a business decision. However, there are several types of risk - many of which are never considered or factored in while making decisions. For example, most people understand credit risk or financial risk, but rarely do we consider the moral risk or social risk of a decision. However, when it comes to the mind and soul of a person, these are exactly the types of risks that are relevant. And as people are risk-taking or risk-averse in a financial sense, they are similarly risk-taking or riskaverse when it comes to the other risks. Often, risk averse behaviour, in moral or social spheres, leads to an atrophy of the mind and a decay of the soul. When one thinks of social risk, the first example that comes to mind is the oftrepeated refrain - 'what will people say'. This one refrain prevents people from seeking out happiness and doing things that would truly make them happy. When people choose not take any social risk, they end up being inauthentic versions of themselves- an imposter of their true self. Similarly, when some one cannot risk failure in life choices, be it by leaving a job to start a business or choosing a field that they are well-suited for which isn't mainstream, they risk ossifying in life choices that prevent them from reaching their true potential. At a society level, when people refuse to testify to the truth or refuse to rise up to a tyrant because they cannot take the risk of failure, the society and the individual both suffer. Thus, risk is essential to reach one's true potential and to become one's authentic self. Without risk, there is no growth, and without growth, and individual will be a stunted version of themselves. The risk-reward framework that is often quoted for investment returns is also true for other forms of risk - the higher the risk, the greater the reward; for a person's mind and soul.

Argument ii. rapid decarbonization to fulfill india’s net zero commitment will have business consequences., argument iii. someone with half your iq is making 10x as you because they aren’t smart enough to doubt themselves., login to your cracku account, hello 👋, ready to unlock your success.

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Guest Essay

I Was an Attorney at the D.A.’s Office. This Is What the Trump Case Is Really About.

By Rebecca Roiphe

Ms. Roiphe is a former assistant district attorney in the Manhattan District Attorney’s Office.

Now that the lawyers are laying out their respective theories of the case in the criminal prosecution of Donald Trump in New York, it would be understandable if people’s heads are spinning. The defense lawyers claimed this is a case about hush money as a legitimate tool in democratic elections, while the prosecutors insisted it is about “a criminal scheme to corrupt the 2016 presidential election.”

Yet this case is not really about election interference, nor is it a politically motivated attempt to criminalize a benign personal deal. Boring as it may sound, it is a case about business integrity.

It’s not surprising that the lawyers on both sides are trying to make this about something sexier. This is a narrative device used to make the jurors and the public side with them, but it has also created confusion. On the one hand, some legal experts claim that the conduct charged in New York was the original election interference. On the other hand, some critics think the criminal case is a witch hunt, and others claim it is trivial at best and at worst the product of selective prosecution.

As someone who worked in the Manhattan district attorney’s office and enforced the laws that Mr. Trump is accused of violating, I stand firmly in neither camp. It is an important and straightforward case, albeit workmanlike and unglamorous. In time, after the smoke created by lawyers has cleared, it will be easy to see why the prosecution is both solid and legitimate.

It would hardly make for a dramatic opening statement or cable news sound bite, but the case is about preventing wealthy people from using their businesses to commit crimes and hide from accountability. Manhattan prosecutors have long considered it their province to ensure the integrity of the financial markets. As Robert Morgenthau, a former Manhattan district attorney, liked to say , “You cannot prosecute crime in the streets without prosecuting crime in the suites.”

Lawmakers in New York, the financial capital of the world, consider access to markets and industry in New York a privilege for businesspeople. It is a felony to abuse that privilege by doctoring records to commit or conceal crimes, even if the businessman never accomplishes the goal and even if the false records never see the light of day. The idea is that an organization’s records should reflect an honest accounting. It is not a crime to make a mistake, but lying is a different story. It is easy to evade accountability by turning a business into a cover, providing a false trail for whichever regulator might care to look. The law ( falsification of business records ) deprives wealthy, powerful businessmen of the ability to do so with impunity, at least when they’re conducting business in the city.

Prosecutors and New York courts have interpreted this law generously, with its general purpose in mind. The element of intent to defraud carries a broad meaning, which is not limited to the intent of cheating someone out of money or property. Further, intent is often proved with circumstantial evidence, as is common in white-collar cases. After presenting evidence, prosecutors ask jurors to use their common sense to infer what the possible intent may be, and New York jurors frequently conclude that a defendant must have gone to the trouble of creating this false paper trail for a reason.

Mr. Trump is accused of creating 11 false invoices, 12 false ledger entries and 11 false checks and check stubs, with the intent to violate federal election laws, state election laws or state tax laws. The number of lies it took to create this false record itself helps prove intent. His defense attorneys will claim that he was merely trying to bury a false story to protect his family from embarrassment. The timing of the payments — immediately after the potentially damaging “Access Hollywood” tape was released and right before the election — makes that claim implausible.

As many have pointed out, Michael Cohen, Mr. Trump’s former lawyer and fixer, is a witness with a remarkable amount of baggage. But as with most business records cases, his testimony will largely add color to the tweets, handwritten notes, bank documents and shell corporations. Documents don’t lie.

More important, jurors are particularly good at applying common sense. Mr. Trump didn’t go to all this trouble just to protect his family members, who might have known about accusations of his involvement with the porn star Stormy Daniels or similar ones. We may never learn which crime the jurors believe Trump was seeking to commit or cover up, but they can still conclude beyond a reasonable doubt that this was his intent.

It is not unusual for lawyers to give narrative arcs to their legal theories, reasons to care about the evidence and animating thoughts that may make jurors more inclined to convict or acquit.

When the jurors deliberate, they will weigh the warring narratives in light of the evidence, and the judge will instruct them in the law. Then the narrative frames should recede into the background. The key is to offer one that is both captivating and closely tied to the facts so that when the jurors put the pieces of evidence together, it is the story they believe.

If one side promises too much, it risks losing the jurors. In their opening remarks, Mr. Trump’s lawyers insisted that he was innocent, that all the witnesses were liars. Such a sweeping theory is a dangerous strategy because if the jurors believe part of the prosecution’s case, just one or two of the witnesses, then the jurors may lose faith in the defense altogether.

For the prosecution, the elements of the crime in this case do not require a finding that Mr. Trump interfered with the 2016 election. Nor does it matter whether he had sex with Ms. Daniels. Instead, the real elements concern the way Mr. Trump used his business for a cover-up. By emphasizing the crime he was intending to conceal rather than the false business records, the prosecution also risks confusing the jury into thinking about whether the lies affected the election. It might lead them to wonder why Mr. Trump wasn’t charged with this alleged election crime by the federal government — a talking point that he has promoted publicly.

Even if the case seems simpler in this light, we are still left with the question: Is it really worth charging a former president for this? While the New York business records law is important, it is no doubt true that the conduct pales in comparison with the effort to overthrow the 2020 election, at issue in the special counsel Jack Smith’s Jan. 6 prosecution of Mr. Trump.

Taking this case on its own terms as a business records case offers a different and arguably more convincing way to defend its legitimacy. It is a simple case that is similar to hundreds of other cases brought in New York. The simplicity and run-of-the-mill nature of the prosecution make it easier to defend against claims of politicization in the following sense: Mr. Trump was a businessman for many years in New York long before he was president. If others would be prosecuted for this conduct and no man is above the law, then he should be, too.

So by all means, listen to the stories that the lawyers tell, soak up the drama of hush-money payments and the alternate universe in which Hillary Clinton won the election. But just as the jurors should ultimately consider the facts and the law, it would be wise for everyone else to focus on what the case is really about.

Rebecca Roiphe, a former assistant district attorney in the Manhattan District Attorney’s Office, is a law professor at New York Law School.

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