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Case Study Research and Applications Design and Methods

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Winner of the 2019 McGuffey Longevity Award from the Textbook & Academic Authors Association (TAA)

Recognized as one of the most cited methodology books in the social sciences, the Sixth Edition of Robert K. Yin's bestselling text provides a complete portal to the world of case study research. With the integration of 11 applications in this edition, the book gives readers access to exemplary case studies drawn from a wide variety of academic and applied fields. Ultimately, Case Study Research and Applications will guide students in the successful use and application of the case study research method.

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Password-protected Instructor Resources include the following:

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“The book is filled with tips to the researcher on how to master the craft of doing research overall and specifically how to account for multi-layered cases.”

“Yin covers all of the basic and advanced knowledge for conducting case study and why they are useful for specific research studies without getting lost in the weeds.”

“The applications enhance the original material because it gives the reader concrete examples.”

“Yin is much more in-depth on case study methods both within a general qualitative text and any other case study text I have seen.”

On demand used as recommendation for basic literature for case study research

An essential reading for people doing case studies.

very thoruogh introduction

Very good introduction to Case Study design. I have used case study approach for my PhD study. I would recommend this book for an indepth understanding of case study design for research projects.

Dr Siew Lee School of Nursing, Midwifery and Paramedic Practice Robert Gordon University, Aberdeen.

The book is a really good introduction to case study research and is full of useful examples. I will recommend as the definitive source for students interested in pursuing this further in their projects.

In our Doctor of Ministerial Leadership (DML), Case Study is the Methodology that is required in this program. Robert Yin's book provides the foundational knowledge needed to conduct research using his Case Study design.

NEW TO THIS EDITION:

Includes 11 in-depth applications that show how researchers have implemented case study methods successfully.
Increases reference to relativist and constructivist approaches to case study research, as well as how case studies can be part of mixed methods projects.
Places greater emphasis on using plausible rival explanations to bolster case study quality.
Discusses synthesizing findings across case studies in a multiple-case study in more detail.
Adds an expanded list of 15 fields that have text or texts devoted to case study research.
Sharpens discussion of distinguishing research from non-research case studies.
The author brings to light at least three remaining gaps to be filled in the future:
how rival explanations can become more routinely integrated into all case study research;
the difference between case-based and variable-based approaches to designing and analyzing case studies; and
the relationship between case study research and qualitative research.

KEY FEATURES:

Numerous conceptual exercises, illustrative exhibits, vignettes, and a glossary make the book eminently accessible.
Boxes throughout offer more in-depth real-world examples of research.
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Exercises throughout offer students the chance to immediately apply their knowledge.

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Case Study Research and Applications Design and Methods

Robert K. Yin - COSMOS Corporation
Description

Supplements

Password-protected Instructor Resources include the following:

An expanded glossary provided by the author in the form of downloadable Briefs.
Additional tutorials written by the author which correspond to Chapters 1, 2, 3, 5, and 6.
A selection of author Robert Yin's SAGE journal articles.
Tables and figures from the book available for download.

“The book is filled with tips to the researcher on how to master the craft of doing research overall and specifically how to account for multi-layered cases.”

“Yin covers all of the basic and advanced knowledge for conducting case study and why they are useful for specific research studies without getting lost in the weeds.”

“The applications enhance the original material because it gives the reader concrete examples.”

“Yin is much more in-depth on case study methods both within a general qualitative text and any other case study text I have seen.”

On demand used as recommendation for basic literature for case study research

An essential reading for people doing case studies.

very thoruogh introduction

Very good introduction to Case Study design. I have used case study approach for my PhD study. I would recommend this book for an indepth understanding of case study design for research projects.

Dr Siew Lee School of Nursing, Midwifery and Paramedic Practice Robert Gordon University, Aberdeen.

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Preface: Spotlighting "Case Study Research"

Chapter 1: Getting Started

For instructors

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Yin Case Study Research Design and Methods

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Published: 15 May 2024

Arresting failure propagation in buildings through collapse isolation

Nirvan Makoond ORCID: orcid.org/0000-0002-5203-6318 1 ,
Andri Setiawan ORCID: orcid.org/0000-0003-2791-6118 1 ,
Manuel Buitrago ORCID: orcid.org/0000-0002-5561-5104 1 &
Jose M. Adam ORCID: orcid.org/0000-0002-9205-8458 1

Nature volume 629 , pages 592–596 ( 2024 ) Cite this article

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Civil engineering
Mechanical engineering

Several catastrophic building collapses 1 , 2 , 3 , 4 , 5 occur because of the propagation of local-initial failures 6 , 7 . Current design methods attempt to completely prevent collapse after initial failures by improving connectivity between building components. These measures ensure that the loads supported by the failed components are redistributed to the rest of the structural system 8 , 9 . However, increased connectivity can contribute to collapsing elements pulling down parts of a building that would otherwise be unaffected 10 . This risk is particularly important when large initial failures occur, as tends to be the case in the most disastrous collapses 6 . Here we present an original design approach to arrest collapse propagation after major initial failures. When a collapse initiates, the approach ensures that specific elements fail before the failure of the most critical components for global stability. The structural system thus separates into different parts and isolates collapse when its propagation would otherwise be inevitable. The effectiveness of the approach is proved through unique experimental tests on a purposely built full-scale building. We also demonstrate that large initial failures would lead to total collapse of the test building if increased connectivity was implemented as recommended by present guidelines. Our proposed approach enables incorporating a last line of defence for more resilient buildings.

Frequent disturbances enhanced the resilience of past human populations

Critical transitions in the Amazon forest system

Clarifying the four core effects of high-entropy materials

Disasters recorded from 2000 to 2019 are estimated to have caused economic losses of US$2.97 trillion and claimed approximately 1.23 million lives 11 . Most of these losses can be attributed to building collapses 12 , which are often characterized by the propagation of local-initial failures 13 that can arise because of extreme or abnormal events such as earthquakes 13 , 14 , 15 , 16 , floods 17 , 18 , 19 , 20 , storms 21 , 22 , landslides 23 , 24 , explosions 25 , vehicle impacts 26 and even construction or design errors 6 , 26 . As the world faces increasing trends in the frequency and intensity of extreme events 27 , 28 , it is arguably now more important than ever to design robust structures that are insensitive to initial damage 13 , 29 , irrespective of the underlying threat causing it.

Most robustness design approaches used at present 8 , 9 , 30 , 31 aim to completely prevent collapse initiation after a local failure by providing extensive connectivity within a structural system. Although these measures can ensure that the load supported by a failed component is redistributed to the rest of the structure, they are neither viable nor sustainable when considering larger initial failures 13 , 25 , 32 . In these situations, the implementation of these approaches can even result in collapsing parts of the building pulling down the rest of the structure 10 . The fact that several major collapses have occurred because of large initial failures 6 raises serious concerns about the inadequacy of the current robustness measures.

Traditionally, research in this area has focused on preventing collapse initiation after initial failures rather than on preventing collapse propagation. This trend dates back to the first impactful studies in the field of structural robustness, which were performed after a lack of connectivity enabled the progressive collapse of part of the Ronan Point tower in 1968 (ref. 33 ). Although completely preventing any collapse is certainly preferable to limiting the extent of a collapse, the occurrence of unforeseeable incidents is inevitable 34 and major building collapses keep occurring 1 , 2 , 3 .

Here we present an original approach for designing buildings to isolate the collapse triggered by a large initial failure. The approach, which is based on controlling the hierarchy of failures in a structural system, is inspired by how lizards shed their tails to escape predators 35 . The proposed hierarchy-based collapse isolation design ensures sufficient connectivity for operational conditions and after local-initial failures for which collapse initiation can be completely prevented through load redistribution. These local-initial failures can even be greater than those considered by building codes. Simultaneously, the structural system is also designed to separate into different parts and isolate a collapse when its propagation would otherwise be inevitable. As in the case of lizard tail autotomy 35 , this is achieved by promoting controlled fracture along predefined segment borders to limit failure propagation. In this work, hierarchy-based collapse isolation is applied to framed building structures. Developing this approach required a precise characterization of the collapse propagation mechanisms that need to be controlled. This was achieved using computational simulations that were validated through a specifically designed partial collapse test of a full-scale building. The obtained results demonstrate the viability of incorporating hierarchy-based collapse isolation in building design.

Hierarchy-based collapse isolation

Hierarchy-based collapse isolation design makes an important distinction between two types of initial failures. The first, referred to as small initial failures, includes all failures for which it is feasible to completely prevent the initiation of collapse by redistributing loads to the remaining structural system. The second type of initial failure, referred to as large initial failures, includes more severe failures that inevitably trigger at least a partial collapse.

The proposed design approach aims to (1) arrest unimpeded collapse propagation caused by large initial failures and (2) ensure the ability of a building to develop alternative load paths (ALPs) to prevent collapse initiation after small initial failures. This is achieved by prioritizing a specific hierarchy of failures among the components on the boundary of a moving collapse front.

Buildings are complex three-dimensional structural systems consisting of different components with very specific functions for transferring loads to the ground. Among these, vertical load-bearing components such as columns are the most important for ensuring global structural stability and integrity. Therefore, hierarchy-based collapse isolation design prevents the successive failure of columns, which would otherwise lead to catastrophic collapse. Although the exact magnitude of dynamic forces transmitted to columns during a collapse process is difficult to predict, these forces are eventually limited by the connections between columns and floor systems. In the proposed approach, partial-strength connections are designed to limit the magnitude of transmitted forces to values that are lower than the capacity of columns to resist unbalanced forces (see section ‘ Building design ’). This requirement guarantees a specific hierarchy of failures during collapse, whereby connection failures always occur before column failures. As a result, the collapse following a large initial failure is always restricted to components immediately adjacent to those directly involved in the initial failure. However, it is still necessary to ensure a lower bound on connection strengths to activate ALPs after small initial failures. Therefore, cost-effective implementation of hierarchy-based collapse isolation design requires finding an optimal balance between reducing the strength of connections and increasing the capacity of columns.

To test and verify the application of our proposed approach, we designed a real 15 m × 12 m precast reinforced concrete building with two 2.6-m-high floors. This basic geometry represents a building size that can be built and tested at full-scale while still being representative of current practices in the construction sector. The structural type was selected because of the increasing use of prefabricated construction for erecting high-occupancy buildings such as hospitals and malls because of several advantages in terms of quality, efficiency and sustainability 36 .

The collapse behaviour of possible design options (Extended Data Fig. 1 ) subjected to both small and large initial failures was investigated using high-fidelity collapse simulations (Fig. 1 ) based on the applied element method (AEM; see section ‘ Modelling strategy ’). The ability of these simulations to accurately represent collapse phenomena for the type of building being studied was later validated by comparing its predictions to the structural response observed during a purposely designed collapse test of a full-scale building (Extended Data Fig. 2 and Supplementary Video 7 ).

a , Partial-strength beam–column connection optimized for hierarchy-based collapse isolation. b , Partial collapse of a building designed for hierarchy-based collapse isolation (design H) after the loss of a corner column and two penultimate-edge columns. c , Total collapse of conventional building design (design C) after the same large initial failure scenario.

Following the preliminary design of a structure to resist loads suitable for office buildings, two building design options considering different robustness criteria were further investigated (see section ‘ Building design ’). The first option, design H (hierarchy-based), uses optimized partial-strength connections and enhanced columns (Fig. 1a ) to fulfil the requirements of hierarchy-based collapse isolation design. The second option, design C (conventional), is strictly based on code requirements and provides a benchmark comparison for evaluating the effectiveness of the proposed approach. It uses full-strength connections to improve robustness as recommended in current guidelines 37 and building codes 8 , 9 .

Simulations predicted that both design H and design C could develop stable ALPs that are able to completely prevent the initiation of collapse after small initial failure scenarios that are more severe than those considered in building codes 8 , 9 (Extended Data Fig. 3 ).

When subjected to a larger initial failure, simulations predict that design H can isolate the collapse to only the region directly affected by the initial failure (Fig. 1b ). By contrast, design C, with increased connectivity, causes collapsing elements to pull down the rest of the structure, leading to total collapse (Fig. 1c ). These two distinct outcomes demonstrate that the prevention of unimpeded collapse propagation can only be ensured when hierarchy-based collapse isolation is implemented (Extended Data Fig. 4 and Supplementary Video 1 ).

Testing a full-scale precast building

To confirm the expected performance improvement that can be achieved with the hierarchy-based collapse isolation design, a full-scale building specimen corresponding to design H was purposely built and subjected to two phases of testing as part of this work (Fig. 2a and Supplementary Information Sections 1 and 2 ). The precast structure was constructed with continuous columns cast together with corbels (Supplementary Video 4 ). The columns were cast with prepared dowel bars and sleeves for placing continuous top beam reinforcement bars through columns (Fig. 2b,c ). The bars used for these two types of reinforcing element (Fig. 1a ) were specifically selected to produce partial-strength connections. These connections are strong enough for the development of ALPs after small initial failures but weak enough to enable hierarchy-based collapse isolation after large initial failures.

a , Full-scale precast concrete structure and columns removed in different testing phases. The label used for each column is shown. The location of beams connecting the different columns is indicated by the dotted lines above the second-floor level. The expected collapse area in the second phase of testing is indicated. b , Typical first-floor connection before placement of beams during construction. c , Typical second-floor connection after placement of precast beams during construction. Both b and c show columns with two straight precast beams on either side (C2, C3, C6, C7, C10 and C11). d , Device used for quasi-static removal of two columns in the first phase of testing. e , Three-hinged mechanism used for dynamic removal of corner column in the second phase of testing.

After investigating different column-removal scenarios from different regions of the test building (see section ‘ Experiment and monitoring design ’, Extended Data Fig. 5 and Supplementary Video 2 ), two phases of testing were defined to capture relevant collapse-related phenomena and validate the effectiveness of hierarchy-based collapse isolation. Separating the test into two phases allowed two different aspects to be analysed: (1) the prevention of collapse initiation after small initial failures and (2) the isolation of collapse after large initial failures.

Phase 1 involved the quasi-static removal of two penultimate-edge columns using specifically designed removable supports (Fig. 2d and Extended Data Fig. 6 ). This testing phase corresponds to a small initial failure scenario for which design H was able to develop ALPs to prevent collapse initiation. Phase 2 reproduced a large initial failure through the dynamic removal of the corner column found between the two previously removed columns using a three-hinged collapsible column (Fig. 2e ).

During both testing phases, a distributed load (11.8 kN m −2 ) corresponding to almost twice the magnitude specified in Eurocodes 38 for accidental design situations (6 kN m −2 ) was imposed on bays expected to collapse in phase 2 (Fig. 2a and Supplementary Video 5 ). Predictive simulations indicated that the failure mode and overall collapse would be almost identical when comparing this partial loading configuration with that in which the entire building is loaded (Supplementary Video 3 ). However, the partial loading configuration turns out to be more demanding for the part of the structure expected to remain upright as evidenced by the greater drifts it produces during collapse (see section ‘ Experiment and monitoring design ’ and Extended Data Fig. 7 ). The structural response during all phases of testing was extensively monitored with an array of different sensors (see section ‘ Experiment and monitoring design ’ and Supplementary Information Section 3 ) that provided the information used as a basis for the analyses presented in the following sections.

Preventing collapse initiation

Collapse initiation was completely prevented after the removal of two penultimate-edge columns in phase 1 of testing (Fig. 3a ), demonstrating that design H complies with the robustness requirements included in current building standards 8 , 9 , 39 . As this initial failure scenario is more severe than those considered by standardized design methods 8 , 9 , 30 , it represents an extreme case for which ALPs are still effective. As such, the outcome of phase 1 demonstrates that implementing hierarchy-based collapse isolation design does not impair the ability of this structure to prevent collapse initiation.

a , Test building during phase 1 of testing after removal of columns C8 and C11. The beam depth ( h ) used to compute the ratio plotted in b is shown and the location of the strain measurement plotted in c is indicated. b , Evolution of beam deflection expressed as a ratio of beam depth at the location of removed column C11. The chord rotation of the beams bridging over this removed column is also indicated using a secondary vertical axis. c , Strain increase in continuity reinforcement in the second-floor beam between C12 and C11.

Source Data

Analysis of the structural response during phase 1 (Supplementary Information Section 4 ) shows that collapse was prevented because of the redistribution of loads through the beams (Fig. 3b,c ), columns (Extended Data Fig. 8 ) and slabs (Supplementary Report 4 ) adjacent to the removed columns. The beams bridging over the removed columns sustained loads through flexural action, as evidenced by the magnitude of the vertical displacement recorded at the removal locations (Fig. 3b ). These values were far too small to allow the development of catenary forces, which only begin to appear when displacements exceed the depth of the beam 40 .

The flexural response of the structure after the loss of two penultimate-edge columns was only able to develop because of the specific reinforcement detailing introduced in the design. This was verified by the increase in tensile strains recorded in the continuous beam reinforcement close to the removed column (Fig. 3c ) and in ties placed between the precast hollow-core planks in the floor system close to column C7 (Supplementary Information Section 4 ). The latter also proves that the slabs contributed notably to load redistribution after column removal.

In general, the structure experienced only small movements and suffered very little permanent damage during phase 1 (Supplementary Information Section 4 ), despite the high imposed loads used for testing. The only reinforcement bars showing some signs of yielding were the continuous reinforcement bars of beams close to the removed columns (Fig. 3c ).

Arresting collapse propagation

Following the removal of two penultimate-edge columns in phase 1, the sudden removal of the C12 corner column in phase 2 triggered a collapse that was arrested along the border delineated by columns C3, C7, C6 and C10 (Fig. 4a–d and Supplementary Video 6 ). Thus, the viability of hierarchy-based collapse isolation design is confirmed.

a , Collapse sequence during phase 2 of testing. b , Partial collapse of full-scale test building (design H) after the removal of three columns. The segment border in which collapse propagation was arrested is indicated. The axes shown at column C9 correspond to those used in f to indicate the changing direction of the resultant drift measured at this location. c , Failure of beam–column connections at collapse border. d , Debonding of reinforcement in the floor at collapse border. e , Change in average axial strains measured in column C7. A negative change represents an increase in compressive strains. f , Magnitude of resultant drift measured at C9. g , Change in direction of resultant drift measured at C9. The initial drift after phase 1 of testing and the residual drift after the upright part of the building stabilized are also shown in the plot.

During the initial stages following the removal of C12, the collapsing bays next to this column pulled up the columns on the opposite corner of the building (columns C1, C3 and C6). During this process, column C7 behaves like a pivot point, experiencing a significant increase in compressive forces (Fig. 4e and Supplementary Information Section 5 ). This phenomenon was enabled by the connectivity between collapsing parts and the rest of the structure. If allowed to continue, this could have led to successive column failures and unimpeded collapse propagation. However, during the test, the rupture of continuous reinforcement bars (Fig. 4c ) occurred as the connections failed and halted the transmission of forces to columns. These connection failures occurred before any column failures, as intended by the hierarchy-based collapse isolation design of the structural system. Specifically, this type of connection failure occurred at the junctions with the two columns (C7 and C10) immediately adjacent to the failure origin (around C8, C11 and C12), effectively segmenting the structure along the border shown in Fig. 4b . Segmentation along this border was completed by the total separation of the floor system, which was enabled by the debonding of slab reinforcements at the segment border (Fig. 4d and Supplementary Video 8 ).

Observing the building drift measured at the top of column C9 (Fig. 4f ) enabled us to better understand the nature of forces acting on the building further away from the collapsing region. The initial motion shows the direction of pulling forces generated by the collapsing elements (Fig. 4g ). This drift peaks very shortly after the point in time when separation of the collapsing parts occurs (Fig. 4f ). After this peak, the upright part of the structure recoiled backwards and experienced an attenuated oscillatory motion before finding a new stable equilibrium (Fig. 4g ). The magnitude of the measured peak drift is comparable to the drift limits considered in seismic regions when designing against earthquakes with a 2,500-year return period 41 (Supplementary Information Section 5 ). This indicates that the upright part of the structure was subjected to strong dynamic horizontal forces as it was effectively tugged by the collapsing elements falling to the ground. The building would have failed because of these unbalanced forces had hierarchy-based collapse isolation design not been implemented.

The upright building segment suffered permanent damages as evidenced by the residual drift recorded at the top of column C9 (Fig. 4g ). This is further corroborated by the fact that several reinforcement bars in this part of the structure yielded, particularly in areas close to the segment border (Supplementary Report 5 ). Despite the observed level of damage, safe evacuation and rescue of people from this building segment would still be possible after an extreme event, saving lives that would have been lost had a more conventional robustness design (design C) been used instead.

Discussion and future outlook

Our results demonstrate that the extensive connectivity adopted in conventional robustness design can lead to catastrophic collapse after large initial failures. To address this risk, we have developed and tested a collapse isolation design approach based on controlling the hierarchy of failures occurring during the collapse. Specifically, it is ensured that connection failures occur before column failures, mitigating the risk of collapse propagation throughout the rest of the structural system. The proposed approach has been validated through the partial collapse test of a full-scale precast building, showing that propagating collapses can be arrested at low cost without impairing the ability of the structure to completely prevent collapse initiation after small initial failures.

The reported findings show a last line of defence against major building collapses due to extreme events. This paves the way for the proposed solution to be developed, tested and implemented in different building types with different building elements. This discovery opens opportunities for robustness design that will lead to a new generation of solutions for avoiding catastrophic building collapses.

Building design

Our hierarchy-based collapse isolation approach ensures buildings have sufficient connectivity for operational conditions and small initial failures, yet separate into different parts and isolate a collapse after large initial failures. We chose a precast construction as our main structural system for our case study. A notable particularity of precast systems compared with cast-in-place buildings is that the required construction details can be implemented more precisely. We designed and systematically investigated two precast building designs: designs H and C.

Design H is our building design in which the hierarchy-based collapse isolation approach is applied. Design H was achieved after several preliminary iterations by evaluating various connections and construction details commonly adopted in precast structures. The final design comprises precast columns with corbels connected to a floor system (partially precast beams and hollow-core slabs) through partial-strength beam–column connections (Extended Data Fig. 1 and Supplementary Information Section 1 ). This partial-strength connection was achieved by (1) connecting the bottom part of the beam (precast) to optimally designed dowel bars anchored to the column corbels and (2) passing continuous top beam bars through the columns. With this partial-strength connection, we have more direct control over the magnitude of forces being transferred from the floor system to the columns, which is a key aspect for achieving hierarchy-based collapse isolation. The hierarchy of failures was initially implemented through the beam–column connections (local level) and later verified at the system (global) level.

At the local level, three main components are designed according to the hierarchy-based concept: (1) top continuity bars of the beams; (2) dowel bars connecting beams to corbels; and (3) columns.

Top continuity bars of beams: To allow the structural system to redistribute the loads after small initial failures, top reinforcement bars in all beams were specifically designed to fulfil structural robustness requirements (Extended Data Fig. 3 ). Particularly, we adopted the prescriptive tying rules (referred to as Tie Forces) of UFC 4-023-03 (ref. 9 ) to perform the design of the ties. The required tie strength F i in both the longitudinal and transverse directions for the internal beams is expressed as

For the peripheral beams, the required tie strength F P is expressed as

where w F = floor load (in kN m −2 ); D = dead load (in kN m −2 ); L = live load (in kN m −2 ); L 1 = greater of the distances between the centres of the columns, frames or walls supporting any two adjacent floor spaces in the direction under consideration (in m); L P = 1.0 m; and W C = 1.2 times dead load of cladding (neglected in this design).

These required tie strengths are fulfilled with three bars (20 mm diameter) for the peripheral beams and three bars (25 mm diameter) for the internal beams. These required reinforcement dimensions were implemented through the top bars of the beam and installed continuously (lap-spliced, internally, and anchored with couplers at the ends) throughout the building (Extended Data Fig. 1 ).

Dowel bars connecting the beam and corbel of the column: The design of the dowel bars is one of the key aspects in achieving partial-strength connections that fail at a specific threshold to enable segmentation. These dowel bars would control the magnitude of the internal forces between the floor system and column while allowing for some degree of rotational movement. The dowels were designed to resist possible failure modes using expressions proposed in the fib guidelines 37 . Several possible failure modes were checked: splitting of concrete around the dowel bars, shear failure of the dowel bars and forming a plastic hinge in the dowel. The shear capacity of a dowel bar loaded in pure shear can be determined according to the Von Mises yield criterion:

where f yd is the design yield strength of the dowel bar and A s is the cross-sectional area of the dowel bar. In case of concrete splitting failure, the highly concentrated reaction transferred from the dowel bar shall be designed to be safely spread to the surrounding concrete. The strut and tie method is recommended to perform such a design 42 . If shear failure and splitting of concrete do not occur prematurely, the dowel bar will normally yield in bending, indicated by the formation of a plastic hinge. This failure mode is associated with a significant tensile strain at the plastic hinge location of the dowel bar and the crushing of concrete around the compression part of the dowel. The shear resistance achieved at this state for dowel (ribbed) bars across a joint of a certain width (that is, the neoprene bearing) can be expressed as

where α 0 is a coefficient that considers the bearing strength of concrete and can be taken as 1.0 for design purposes, α e is a coefficient that considers the eccentricity, e is the load eccentricity and shall be computed as the half of the joint width (half of the neoprene bearing thickness), Φ and A s are the diameter and the cross-sectional area of the dowel bar, respectively, f cd,max is the design concrete compressive strength at the stronger side, σ sn is the local axial stress of the dowel bar at the interface location, ${f}_{{\rm{yd}},{\rm{red}}}={f}_{{\rm{yd}}}-{\sigma }_{{\rm{sn}}}$ is the design yield strength available for dowel action, f yd is the yield strength of the dowel bar and μ is the coefficient of friction between the concrete and neoprene bearing. By performing the checks on these three possible failure modes, we selected the final (optimum) design with a two dowel bars (20 mm diameter) configuration.

Columns: The proposed hierarchy-based approach requires columns to have adequate capacity to resist the internal forces transmitted by the floor system during a collapse. By fulfilling this strength hierarchy, we can ensure and control that failure happens at the connections first before the columns fail, thus preventing collapse propagation. The columns were initially designed according to the general procedure prescribed by building standards. Then, the resulting capacity was verified using the modified compression field theory (MCFT) 43 to ensure that it was higher than the maximum expected forces transmitted by the connection to the floor system. MCFT was derived to consistently fulfil three main aspects: equilibrium of forces, compatibility and rational stress–strain relationships of cracked concrete expressed as average stresses and strains. The principal compressive stress in the concrete f c 2 is expressed not only as a function of the principal compressive strain ε 2 but also of the co-existing principal tensile strain ε 1 , known as the compression softening effect:

where f c 2max is the peak concrete compressive strength considering the perpendicular tensile strain, ${f}_{c}^{{\prime} }$ is the uniaxial compressive strength, and ${\varepsilon }_{{c}^{{\prime} }}$ is the peak uniaxial concrete compressive strain and can be taken as −0.002. In tension, concrete is assumed to behave linearly until the tensile strength is achieved, followed by a specific decaying function 43 . Regarding aggregate interlock, the shear stress that can be transmitted across cracks v ci is expressed as a function of the crack width w , and the required compressive stress on the crack f ci (ref. 44 ):

where a refers to the maximum aggregate size in mm and the stresses are expressed in MPa. The MCFT analytical model was implemented to solve the sectional and full-member response of beams and columns subjected to axial, bending and shear in Response 2000 software (open access) 45 , 46 . In Response 2000, we input key information, including the geometries of the columns, reinforcement configuration and the material definition for the concrete and the reinforcing bars. Based on this information, we computed the M – V (moment and shear interaction envelope) and M – N (moment and axial interaction envelope) diagrams that represent the capacity of the columns. The results shown in Extended Data Fig. 4 about the verification of the demand and capacity envelopes were obtained using the analytical procedure described here.

At the global level, the initially collapsing regions of the building generate a significant magnitude of dynamic unbalanced forces. The rest of the building system must collectively resist these unbalanced forces to achieve a new equilibrium state. Depending on the design of the structure, this phenomenon can lead to two possible scenarios: (1) major collapse due to failure propagation or (2) partial collapse only of the initially affected regions. The complex interaction between the three-dimensional structural system and its components must be accounted for to evaluate the structural response during collapse accurately. Advanced computational simulations, described in the ‘ Modelling strategy ’ section, were adopted to analyse the global building to verify that major collapse can be prevented. The final design obtained from the local-level analysis (top continuity bars, dowel bars and columns) was used as an input for performing the global computational simulations. Certain large initial failures deemed suitable for evaluating the performance of this building were simulated. In case failure propagation occurs, the original hierarchy-based design must be further adapted. An iterative process is typically required involving several simulations with various building designs to achieve an optimum result that balances the cost and desired collapse performance. The final iteration of design H, which fulfils both the local and global hierarchy checks, is provided in Extended Data Fig. 1 .

Design C is a conventional building design that complies with current robustness standards but does not explicitly fulfil our hierarchy-based approach. The same continuity bars used in design H were used in design C. We adopted a full-strength connection as recommended by the fib guideline 37 . The guideline promotes full connectivity to enhance the development of alternative load paths for preventing collapse initiation. In design C, we used a two dowel bars (32 mm diameter) configuration to ensure full connectivity when the beams are working at their maximum flexural capacity. Another main difference was that the columns in design C were designed according to codes and current practice (optimal solution) without explicitly checking that hierarchy-based collapse isolation criteria are fulfilled. The final design of the columns and connections adopted in design C is provided in Extended Data Fig. 1 .

Modelling strategy

We used the AEM implemented in the Extreme Loading for Structures software to perform all the computational simulations presented in this study 47 (Extended Data Figs. 2 – 5 and 7 and Supplementary Videos 1 , 2 , 3 and 7 ). We chose the AEM for its ability to represent all phases of a structural collapse efficiently and accurately, including element separation (fracture), contact and collision 47 . The method discretizes a continuum into small, finite-size elements (rigid bodies) connected using multiple normal and shear springs distributed across each element face. Each element has six degrees of freedom, three translational and three rotational, at its centre, whereas the behaviour of the springs represents all material constitutive models, contact and collision response. Despite the simplifying assumptions in its formulation 48 , its ability to accurately account for large displacements 49 , cyclic loading 50 , as well as the effects of element separation, contact and collision 51 has been demonstrated through many comparisons with experimental and theoretical results 47 .

Geometric and physical representations

We modelled each of the main structural components of the building separately, including the columns, beams, corbels and hollow-core slabs. We adopted a consistent mesh size with an average (representative) size of 150 mm. Adopting this mesh configuration resulted in a total number of 98,611 elements. We defined a specialized interface with no tensile or shear strength between the precast and cast-in-situ parts to allow for localized deformations that occur at these locations. The behaviour of the interface was mainly governed by a friction coefficient of 0.6, which was defined according to concrete design guidelines 52 , 53 , 54 . The normal stiffness of these interfaces corresponded to the stiffness of the concrete cast-in-situ topping. The elastomeric bearing pads supporting the precast beams on top of the corbels were also modelled with a similar interface having a coefficient of friction of 0.5 (ref. 55 ).

Element type and constitutive models

We adopted an eight-node hexahedron (cube) element with the so-called matrix-springs connecting adjacent cubes to model the concrete parts. We adopted the compression model in refs. 56 , 57 to simulate the behaviour of concrete under compression. Three specific parameters are required to define the response envelope: the initial elastic modulus, the fracture parameter and the compressive plastic strain. For the behaviour in tension, the spring stiffness is assumed to be linear (with the initial elastic modulus) until reaching the cracking point. The shear behaviour is considered to remain linear up to the cracking of the concrete. The interaction between normal compressive and shear stress follows the Mohr–Coulomb failure criterion. After reaching the peak, the shear stress is assumed to drop to a certain residual value affected by the aggregate interlock and friction at the cracked surface. By contrast, under tension, both normal and shear stresses drop to zero after the cracking point. The steel reinforcement bars were simulated as a discrete spring element with three force components: the normal spring takes the principal/normal forces parallel to the rebar, and two other springs represent the reinforcement bar in shear (dowelling). Three distinct stages are considered: elastic, yield plateau and strain hardening. A perfect bond behaviour between the concrete and the reinforcement bars was adopted. We assigned the material properties based on the results of the laboratory tests performed on reinforcement bars and concrete cylinders (Supplementary Information Section 2 ).

Boundary conditions and loading protocol

We assumed that all the ground floor columns are fully restrained in all six degrees of freedom at the base location. This assumption is reasonable, as we expected that the footing would provide sufficient rigidity to constrain any significant deformations. We assigned the reflecting domain boundaries to allow a realistic representation of the collapsing elements (debris) that might fall and rebound after hitting the ground. The ground level was assumed to be at the same elevation at which the column bases are restrained. We applied the additional imposed uniform distributed load as an extra volume of mass assigned to the slabs. To perform the column removal, we used the element removal feature that allows some specific designated elements to be immediately removed at the beginning of the loading stage. This represents a dynamic (sudden) removal, as we expected from the actual test.

Extended Data Tables 1 and 2 summarize all key parameters and assumptions adopted in the modelling process. To validate these assumptions for simulating the precast building designs described previously, it was ensured that the full-scale test performed as part of this work captured all relevant phenomena influencing collapse (large displacements, fracture, contact and collision).

Experiment and monitoring design

We used computational simulations of design H subjected to different initial failure scenarios to define a suitable testing sequence and protocol. The geometry, reinforcement configurations, connection system and construction details of the purpose-built specimen representing design H are provided in Supplementary Information Section 1 and Supplementary Video 4 .

Initial failure scenarios

Initial failure scenarios occurring in edge and corner regions of the building were prioritized for this study because they are usually exposed to a wider range of external threats 58 , 59 , 60 , 61 . After performing a systematic sensitivity study, we identified three critical scenarios (Extended Data Fig. 5 and Supplementary Video 2 ):

Scenario 1: a scenario involving a two-column failure—a corner column and the adjacent edge column. We determined that the required gravity loads to induce collapse equal 11.5 kN m −2 and that partial collapse would occur locally.

Scenario 2: a scenario involving a three-column failure—two corner columns and the edge column in between the two corner columns. We determined that the required gravity loads to induce collapse equal 8.5 kN m −2 and that segmentation (partially collapsing two bays) would take place only across one principal axis of the building.

Scenario 3: a scenario involving a three-column failure: one corner column and two edge columns on both sides of the corner column. We determined that the required gravity loads to induce collapse equal 7.0 kN m −2 and that segmentation (partially collapsing three bays) would take place across both principal axes of the building.

Scenario 3 was ultimately chosen after considering three main aspects: (1) it requires the lowest gravity loads to trigger partial collapse; (2) the failure mode involves activating segmentation mechanisms in two principal axes of the building (more realistic collapse pattern); and (3) the ratio of the area of the intact part and the collapsed part was predicted to be 50:50, leading to the largest collapse area among the three scenarios.

Testing phases

To allow us to investigate the behaviour of the building specimen under small and large initial failures in only one building specimen, we decided to perform two separate testing phases. Phase 1 involved the quasi-static (gradual) removal of two edge columns (C8 and C11), whereas phase 2 involved the sudden removal of the corner column (C12) found between the columns removed in phase 1. A uniformly distributed load of 11.8 kN m −2 was applied only on the bays directly adjacent to these three columns without loading the remaining bays (Supplementary Video 5 ). This was achieved by placing more than 8,000 sandbags in the designated bays on the two floors (the first- and second-floor slabs). We performed additional computational simulations to compare this partial loading configuration and loading of the entire building. The simulations indicated that both would have resulted in almost identical final collapse states (Extended Data Fig. 7 and Supplementary Video 3 ). However, the partial loading configuration introduced a higher magnitude of unbalanced moment to surrounding columns, which induces more demanding bending and shear in columns. Simulations confirmed that the lateral drift of the remaining part of the building would be higher when only three bays are loaded, indicating that its stability would be tested to a greater extent with this loading configuration (Extended Data Fig. 7 ).

Specially designed elements to trigger initial failures

We designed special devices to perform the column removal (Extended Data Fig. 6 ). For phase 1, we constructed two hanging concrete columns (C8 and C11) supported only on a vertical hydraulic jack. The pressure in the jack could be gradually released from a safe distance to remove the vertical reaction supporting the column. In phase 2, a three-steel-hinged column was used as the corner column. The middle part of the column represents a central hinge that was able to rotate if unlocked. During the second testing phase, we unlocked the hinge by pulling the column from outside the building using a forklift to induce a slight destabilization. This resulted in a sudden removal of the corner column C12 and the initiation of the collapse.

Monitoring plan

To monitor the structural behaviour, we heavily instrumented the building specimen with multiple sensors. A total of 57 embedded strain gauges, 17 displacement transducers and 5 accelerometers were placed at key locations in different parts of the structure (Extended Data Fig. 8 and Supplementary Information Section 3 ) during all phases of testing. The data from these sensors (Supplementary Information Sections 4 and 5 ) were complemented by the pictures and videos of the structural response captured by five high-resolution cameras and two drones (Supplementary Videos 6 and 8 ).

Data availability

All experimental data recorded during testing of the full-scale building are available from Zenodo ( https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.10698030 ) 62 . Source data are provided with this paper.

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Acknowledgements

This article is part of a project (Endure) that has received funding from the European Research Council (ERC) under the Horizon 2020 research and innovation programme of the European Union (grant agreement no. 101000396). We acknowledge the assistance of the following colleagues from the ICITECH-UPV institute in preparing and executing the full-scale building tests: J. J. Moragues, P. Calderón, D. Tasquer, G. Caredda, D. Cetina, M. L. Gerbaudo, L. Marín, M. Oliver and G. Sempértegui. We are also grateful to the Levantina, Ingeniería y Construcción S.L. (LIC) company for providing human resources and access to their facilities for testing. Finally, we thank A. Elfouly and Applied Science International for their support in performing simulations.

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Contributions

N.M. prepared the main text, performed the computational simulations and validated the test results. A.S. analysed the experimental data, performed data curation and prepared the Methods section. M.B. contributed to the design of the building specimen, the design of the test and data curation. J.M.A. contributed to the design of the research methodology, supervised the research and was responsible for funding acquisition. N.M., A.S. and M.B. contributed to the execution of the experimental test and to preparing figures, extended data and supplementary information. All authors interpreted the test and simulation results and edited the paper.

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Correspondence to Jose M. Adam .

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Extended data figures and tables

Extended data fig. 1 summary of building designs..

General building layout, connection details, and reinforcement configurations of Design H (“Hierarchy-based”) and Design C (“Conventional”).

Extended Data Fig. 2 Comparison of measured experimental data and simulation predictions.

a, Location of shown comparisons. All data shown in panels b to d refer to the change in structural response following the sudden removal of column C12 (after having removed columns C8 and C11 in a previous phase). b, Change in axial load in lower part of column C7. c, Change in axial load in lower part of column C9. d , Change in drift measured in both directions parallel to each building side.

Extended Data Fig. 3 Computational simulations of Design H and Design C subjected to small initial failures.

Principal strains and relative vertical displacement at the location of column C11 after removal of columns C8 and C11 from Design H ( a ) and Design C ( b ).

Extended Data Fig. 4 Demand and capacity envelopes of internal forces in Designs H and C subjected to large initial failures.

Evolution of axial loads, bending moments, and shear forces in column C7 compared to lower and upper bounds of its capacity after the removal of columns C8, C11, and C12 from Design H ( a ) and Design C ( b ).

Extended Data Fig. 5 Initial failure scenarios considered for testing.

Simulation of three different initial failure scenarios that were considered for testing. Scenario 3 was selected for the experimental test.

Extended Data Fig. 6 Specially designed removable supports to perform column removals.

Removable supports designed for quasi-static column removals in phase 1 and sudden column removal in phase 2.

Extended Data Fig. 7 Comparison of simulations of fully loaded and partially loaded building specimen.

a, Loaded bays, deformed shape, and principal normal strains following the sudden removal of column C12 (after having removed columns C8 and C11 in a previous phase). b, Horizontal displacement in the east-west and north-south directions at the top of columns C1 and C9 (2nd floor).

Extended Data Fig. 8 Measured redistribution of column axial forces during phase 1.

Maximum change in axial load of columns during phase 1 of testing based on recorded strain measurements.

Supplementary information

Supplementary information.

This file contains a supplementary test report that covers as-built building design, material properties, monitoring plan, structural response in phase 1 of testing and structural response in phase 2 of testing.

Peer Review File

Supplementary video 1.

Structural response of designs H and C.

Supplementary Video 2

Initial failure scenarios.

Supplementary Video 3

Comparison of partial and full loading.

Supplementary Video 4

Construction of the building.

Supplementary Video 5

An aerial view of the building before the test.

Supplementary Video 6

Multiple perspectives of the partial collapse of the building specimen in testing phase 2.

Supplementary Video 7

Experimental and simulation comparison of the partial collapse in testing phase 2.

Supplementary Video 8

Post-collapse inspection drone video.

Source data

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Makoond, N., Setiawan, A., Buitrago, M. et al. Arresting failure propagation in buildings through collapse isolation. Nature 629 , 592–596 (2024). https://doi.org/10.1038/s41586-024-07268-5

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Received : 07 December 2023

Accepted : 05 March 2024

Published : 15 May 2024

Issue Date : 16 May 2024

DOI : https://doi.org/10.1038/s41586-024-07268-5

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This year the institute awarded three seed grants and they are thrilled to support this important and timely research!

"Two-eyed seeing in Earth observations: co-creating data tools and capacity for Earth observations data analysis in support of California’s land transfer policy"

Elaine (Lan Yin) Hsiao, PhD (Assistant Professor, School of Peace and Conflict Studies) and He Yin, PhD (Assistant Professor, Department of Geography) were awarded an ESDRI seed grant to conduct a pilot study focused on supporting the transfer of land back to California Tribal Nations using two-eyed seeing that combines both remote sensing and Indigenous knowledge. This includes identifying lands that are at risk, from stressors such as degradation or wildfire, that would benefit from Indigenous conservation. “This work has real world implications because it is taking place in a state where funds are provided for Tribes to buy back land,” says Hsiao, “Within this project we can identify lands that might be optimal for land transfer while at the same time strengthening the argument that these lands should be given back.”

This work centers around workshops with Tribal members in which they will first meet and begin the project design process, then the core research team will bring initial research back to Tribal members, and finally the whole team will work together to pull everything they have learned into a larger project proposal for external funding. The first workshop, taking place this summer, will include “listening sessions to understand the needs of the stakeholders,” tells He, “which are much needed to guide our remote sensing work.” He is excited to begin his first remote sensing project in the environmental justice sphere, adding “What is even more exciting is that I will co-design the research with the stakeholder, rather than just working alone.”

Joining Hsiao and He on this project are undergraduate students Rae Baba (Junior, Environmental Studies with Environment, Peace, and Justice minor) and Andrew Shenal (Sophomore, Environmental Studies with Geography and GIS minors). Both are participants in the Summer Undergraduate Research Experience (SURE) program and are supported by ESDRI and the Anti-Racism and Equity Institute (AREI), respectively.

The research team states that the seed grant makes this co-design process possible. By creating the workshops in California, it allows them to physically meet with partners and design together, from the basic plans of the project to how data is managed. Hsiao says, “This level of collaboration requires a lot of time together to work through questions and ideas, and it is really not possible to build this trust and side-by-side cooperation otherwise.”

Find out more about this Indigenous land conservation research project

"Unlocking secrets below: Investigating the spatial heterogeneity of carbon stabilization in Arctic lake sediments through a visual lens"

Chelsea Smith, PhD (Postdoctoral Scholar, Department of Earth Sciences), Allyson Tessin, PhD (Assistant Professor, Department of Earth Sciences), and Shannon Hines (Manager, Design Innovation Hub) will be deploying a camera system to study lake sediments in an Arctic lake in Alaska with their seed grant. Lakes hold an important role in carbon sequestration, but with climate change, that carbon isn’t necessarily going to remain stored in lake sediments. “Warming causes more carbon to enter lakes from the surrounding landscape as permafrost thaws, then in turn microbes can eat that carbon, releasing carbon dioxide,” tells Smith, “However, metals, such as iron and manganese, may stabilize the carbon, making it inaccessible to microbes allowing it to eventually become buried in the sediments over time.” The group's preliminary research shows that some parts of their research lake, Lake Toolik, are high in iron, while other parts are high in manganese. This interesting feature of the lake will allow them to look at the role of each of these metals separately and see if they are doing similar or different things.

Being awarded an ESDRI seed grant allowed an increase in interdisciplinarity for this research. Smith and Tessin brought on Hines as well as Nicholas Cindrich (BE ‘24, Mechatronics Engineering Technology), to help with the planning and design of the 3D printed camera and light attachments that will fasten to their sediment coring device. Sediment cores are a traditional way to sample sediment in lakes, but adding the camera and light allows for videos to be taken of the process to use in outreach and education material. Additionally, the team noticed some odd striations in one sampling site in Toolik Lake (right) and this new tool will allow them to examine that abnormality more closely. A prototype of this camera system will be tested out in the Central Basin of Lake Erie in June with plans to take it to Alaska in August.

Researchers on boat in lake and sign for Toolik Field Station

Smith is very passionate about outreach and has plans to disseminate this information as well as generally teach students about this type of research in collaboration with the Toolik Field Station, the Alaska Native Science and Engineering Program, and as a Scientist in Residency at the Sitka Sound Science Center. Through these programs she’ll be with students from grade school through high school, participating in workshops, group projects, panel discussions, radio and podcast interviews, and classroom visits.

Find out more about this carbon stabilization research project

"Understanding the Early-Stage Invasion Dynamics of Box Tree Moths in Midwestern USA: Integrating Genomics and Landscape Approaches"

Sangeet Lamichhaney, PhD (Assistant Professor, Department of Biological Sciences), Sarah Eichler, PhD (Assistant Professor, Department of Biological Sciences), and He Yin, PhD (Assistant Professor, Department of Geography) were awarded a seed grant to study the early-stage invasion of the Box Tree Moth (Cydalima perspectalis) in Ohio, Michigan, and New York. This work will be key to understanding the invasion dynamics of this moth, which decimates boxwood trees (Buxus sps.), but also has the potential to answer bigger questions in the field of invasion biology. “Most invasive systems we study are already established systems. We don’t normally get to study the biological processes associated with early stages of invasion, so we have a very interesting case with the Box Tree Moths which were first identified in the USA in 2021,” says Lamichhaney. “We will begin trapping Box Tree Moth adults and larvae in May and use genomics tools to characterize genetic diversity and population structure of local invasive populations, identify genetic markers associated with their successful introduction and explore where these populations originated from.”

During this time Eichler will lead the collection of “on the ground” data, and states “we will do a rapid assessment of the plant community near each trap as well as assess the relative development intensity of the area.” The team will also obtain plant tissue and soil samples to test the attractiveness of pests based on plant and soil nutrition. Alongside, He will be at the field sites to learn about the vegetation and landscape. “Such information is vital for guiding remote sensing work,” says He.

One of the key pieces to this work is the combination of genomic and landscape approaches. In addition to this “on the ground” data collection, Eichler and Yin will be analyzing landscape characteristics such as topography, land use patterns, habitat composition from satellite imagery to see if plant community may be a factor in where the moths become established. He tells us “While you cannot detect individual moths from satellite images, we can see the damage of the moth to plants, which can be used to trace moths.” These elements will be combined to answer the questions about the invasion dynamics of this pest. Lamichhaney, Eichler and He expect to accomplish a detailed assessment of surrounding landscape features in the invasion areas and identify the spatial relationships between genetic variations in local invasive populations and landscape features.

The team includes a handful of students with key skills from genomics to remote sensing and GIS: Aarati Basnet (PhD Student, Ecology and Evolutionary Biology), Carter Henry (Junior, Zoology), Aciano Leipply-Caban (Sophomore, Botany with Climate Change and GIS minors), and Gus Holman (incoming PhD Student, Ecology and Evolutionary Biology).

The research team states that this new collaboration and the transdisciplinarity of the project was made possible, in part, by ESDRI. They are currently collaborating with the United States Department of Agriculture (USDA) and the Ohio Department of Agriculture (ODA), with plans to produce public awareness campaign materials based on the results of this study. Given the popularity of the Box Tree as an ornamental plant, it is crucial to involve the public in understanding the invasion in our region and methods for its control.

Find out more about this invasive species research project

Kent State University is proud to be ranked as an R1 Carnegie Classification . Aside from the Environmental Science and Design Research Institute, explore the other institutes and initiatives that are dedicated to cutting edge research and development .

To learn more about the Environmental Science and Design Research Institute’s Seed Grant Program as well view past awarded projects, please visit the Seed Grant Program page

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How One Company Added Carbon Estimates to Its Customer Invoices

Robert S. Kaplan
Timmy Melotte

A four-step playbook to help businesses increase transparency and reduce emissions.

Soprema is an international building materials supplier, producing millions of square meters of waterproofing, insulating, and roofing products each year. In 2022, Pierre-Etienne Bindschedler, the company’s president and third-generation owner, committed to reporting the carbon footprint of each product on every customer invoice, and to help customers reduce the embedded GHG emissions in the products they purchased. Paper co-author Melotte, an experienced operations director, was selected to lead a pilot project to measure and subsequently lower the carbon embedded in its products. Melotte decided to follow the E-Liability Pilot Playbook, which divides a pilot project into four stages: Project Design, Data Collection; Data Analysis, and Action. This article describes how the pilot, which focused on the company’s bitumen waterproofing systems, unfolded at Soprema. The company estimates a potential carbon footprint reduction of 34% from the project.

In 2022, Pierre-Etienne Bindschedler, the president and third-generation owner of Soprema, set a goal to develop sustainable solutions for customers. Soprema is a multi-product, family-owned business in the middle of the building materials value chain and produces millions of square meters of waterproofing, insulating, and roofing products each year. Bindschedler wanted to report the carbon footprint of each product on every customer invoice, and to help customers reduce the embedded GHG emissions in the products they purchased.

Robert S. Kaplan is a senior fellow and the Marvin Bower Professor of Leadership Development emeritus at Harvard Business School. He coauthored the McKinsey Award–winning HBR article “ Accounting for Climate Change ” (November–December 2021).
TM Timmy Melotte is an Operational Excellence Director for Soprema International, a building materials supplier based in Limburg, Belgium

'Poor design, misleading': ICMR calls out BHU study on Covaxin's side effects

Icmr's director criticised the study about covaxin's side effects, citing its poor methodology and design, and clarified that the article misleadingly "acknowledges" india's apex medical research body..

Listen to Story

Serious AESI, including stroke and Guillain-Barre syndrome, were reported in 1% of participants in the Covaxin study. (Photo: Getty Images)

ICMR director criticised BHU's study on Covaxin's side effects
He said that the study misleadingly "acknowledges" ICMR
The data collection method of the study was highly prone to bias, he added

The Indian Council of Medical Research (ICMR), the country's apex body of medical research, has called out Banaras Hindu University (BHU) for releasing a paper on the long-term side effects of Covaxin.

Dr Rajiv Bahl, Director General of ICMR, criticised the study, citing its poor methodology and design, and clarified that the article misleadingly "acknowledges" ICMR.

The director of the medical research body has also written to the authors of the study and the editor of the journal in which it was published about incorrectly mentioning ICMR, even though the body did not offer any financial or technical support for the paper .

Dr Bahl pointed out that the study lacked a control group of unvaccinated individuals, which is crucial for comparing the rates of adverse events between vaccinated and unvaccinated groups.

Therefore, the reported events in the study cannot be attributed to the Covid-19 vaccination .

ICMR criticises BHU's study on Covaxin's side effects.

He highlighted several critical flaws in the study, which undermine its credibility.

He noted that the study failed to provide background rates of observed events in the population, making it impossible to assess changes in the incidence of events post-vaccination.

The baseline information of study participants was missing.

As per ICMR, the study tool used was inconsistent with the definition of AESI provided in the reference, and the data collection method was highly prone to bias.

The director of the medical research body has also written to the authors of the study the editor of the journal in which it was published about incorrectly mentioning ICMR, even though the body did not offer any financial or technical support for the paper. (Photo: Getty Images)

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Case Study Research: Design and Methods (Applied Social Research Methods) 1st Edition

There is a newer edition of this item:.

Case Study Research and Applications: Design and Methods

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This best-selling book focuses on case study design and analysis as a distinct research tool with wide applicability. It has now been carefully revised, updated, and expanded to include a discussion of the debate in evaluation between qualitative and quantitative research, more on the role of theory in doing good case studies, more extensive discussion of triangulation as a rationale for multiple sources of evidence, and an examination of program logic models as another analytic option. In addition, the text contains many topical examples, including ones dealing with international trade and the world economy. Despite these revisions, this second edition retains virtually all the original text, making it an even more comprehensive introduction to the field.

ISBN-10 0803956630
ISBN-13 978-0803956636
Edition 1st
Publisher SAGE Publications, Inc
Publication date March 18, 1994
Language English
Print length 192 pages
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About the author.

Robert K. Yin is President of COSMOS Corporation, an applied research and social science firm. Over the years, COSMOS has successfully completed hundreds of projects for federal agencies, state and local agencies, and private foundations.

Outside of COSMOS, Dr. Yin has assisted numerous other research groups, helping to train their field teams or to design research studies. The most recent such engagements have been with The World Bank, the Division of Special Education and disAbility Research at George Mason University, the Department of Nursing Research and Quality Outcomes at the Children’s National Health System (Washington, DC), and the School of Education, Southern New Hampshire University.

Dr. Yin has authored over 100 publications, including authoring or editing 11 books (not counting the multiple editions of any given book). Earlier editions of the present book have been translated into eight languages (Chinese, Japanese, Korean, Swedish, Romanian, Italian, Polish, and Portuguese), and a second book on Qualitative Research from Start to Finish (2016) is in its 2nd edition and has been translated into four languages (Chinese, Korean, Swedish, and Portuguese). Dr. Yin received his B.A. in history from Harvard College (magna cum laude) and his Ph.D. in brain and cognitive sciences from MIT.

Product details

Publisher ‏ : ‎ SAGE Publications, Inc; 1st edition (March 18, 1994)
Language ‏ : ‎ English
Paperback ‏ : ‎ 192 pages
ISBN-10 ‏ : ‎ 0803956630
ISBN-13 ‏ : ‎ 978-0803956636
Item Weight ‏ : ‎ 9.5 ounces
#4,039 in Social Sciences Research
#34,108 in Professional
#57,662 in Social Sciences (Books)

About the author

Robert k. yin.

Robert K. Yin, Ph.D., serves as Chairman of the Board and CEO of COSMOS Corporation, an applied research and social science firm that has been in operation since 1980. Over the years, COSMOS has successfully completed hundreds of projects for government agencies, private foundations, and other entrepreneurial and non-profit organizations. At COSMOS, Dr. Yin actively leads various research projects, including those in which the case study method is used. He has authored numerous books and peer-reviewed articles, including Case Study Research and Applications of Case Study Research. In 1998 he founded the “Robert K. Yin Fund” at M.I.T., which supports seminars on brain sciences, as well as other activities related to the advancement of pre-doctoral students in the Department of Brain and Cognitive Sciences.

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Customer Case Study: Fujitsu Composite AI and Semantic Kernel

Matthew bolanos.

May 21st, 2024 0 0

Japanese multinational Fujitsu, a pioneer of information and communications technology, has been transforming industries with innovative solutions since 1935. With a workforce of 124,000 dedicated professionals across 50 countries, Fujitsu is committed to building trust and fostering sustainability through its groundbreaking technologies.

A diverse portfolio that includes everything from IT services to server equipment has a new member: AI . Fujitsu’s AI solutions (branded as Fujitsu Kozuchi) are broken into seven areas:

Generative AI
Predictive Analysis

With the help of Semantic Kernel, we’ve been able to stack these technologies together to better solve customer needs from a single platform.

A new frontier: Fujitsu Composite AI

Fujitsu Composite AI is a unique combination of AI technologies that can understand abstract business problems through chat-style dialogue. It automatically analyzes a situation, searching for and proposing specific solutions based on past data.

From ambiguous to automatic with Semantic Kernel

Semantic Kernel is an SDK that, as the documentation says, lets you “actually do something productive.” By using it to connect Composite AI component technologies, we can address real customer needs.

Our pipeline breaks down ambiguous instructions and automatically combines multiple AIs to create an advanced model capable of delivering a solution. In fact, if the required model doesn’t exist, one that is bespoke and solution-fit will be generated.

Real problems, real solutions: Composite AI case studies

Fujitsu Composite AI is already being applied to real customer data, creating efficiencies and solutions for issues that were previously cumbersome or resource-intensive.

Nakayama Transportation

Composite AI powers Nakayama Transportation’s automated vehicle dispatch system. The system analyzes the driving and restricted time of the drivers, generating an efficient plan while complying with laws and regulations.

Nakayama Unyu has given the AI solution high praise for its ability to manage both vehicle dispatching and working hours in a single tool.

Results: The time it takes to create a dispatch plan has dropped from several hours to 10 minutes .

Fujitsu Customer Support

Internally, we’ve used Composite AI to accurately predict customer support requirements and optimize resource allocation. The platform analyzes incident management logs, predicts the future of any incident (how many days before it is resolved), and suggests staffing allocation.

Results: The new incident management system is 25% more efficient than the previous system .

Thoughts from the Semantic Kernel team

Semantic Kernel’s PM Matthew Bolaños had this to say about the Composite AI integration:

“I was very impressed with the solution that Fujitsu has implemented. It’s great to see how they have been able to use Semantic Kernel to improve the customer experience. It’s positive to see they’ve leveraged Semantic Kernel to integrate their AI technology as Composite AI and apply it to several real business fields.”

By enhancing Fujitsu AI technologies with Semantic Kernel, we can design a flexible solution pipeline and solve customers’ real problems. Composite AI automatically combines the most appropriate AI tech for any given task. In the future, we plan not only to deepen our collaboration with Semantic Kernel but also to explore integrating with Microsoft Fabric as a data source for Composite AI. We believe this integration has the potential to greatly enhance our capabilities and provide even more value to our customers.

We’ve only brushed the surface of its orchestration capabilities. Their importance will only grow as we continue to explore, innovate, and use these features more extensively.

Join us at Microsoft Build!

Learn more about Fujitsu , the Fujitsu AI (Kozuchi) platform and Composite AI . For a more in-depth look, check out the whitepaper for Composite AI .

Learn more about Semantic Kernel .

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Case Study Research: Design and Methods by Robert K. Yin
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Qualitative research method with case study model by Yin (2018). 1
Case Study Research and Applications: Design and Methods
Case Study Research : Design and Methods by Yin, Robert K.: Good (1989
Basic Type of Design for Case Studies Source: Yin (2018)

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COMMENTS

Robert K. Yin. (2014). Case Study Research Design and Methods (5th ed.). Thousand Oaks, CA: Sage. 282 pages
Second, case studies provide a holistic insight based on the desire to investigate complex phenomena (Hollweck, 2016; Yin, 2012). Hence, a case study is chosen to explore (Eisenhardt and Graebner ...
Yin, Robert K.: Case Study Research. Design and Methods
The components of the research design are provided in chapter 2. After discussing the art of developing research questions in case study research, Yin makes a strong plea for using propositions. This is often confused with grounded theory (Glaser & Strauss, 1967) or with case study design by Eisenhardt (1989) and Eisenhardt and Graebner
Case Study Research and Applications
Winner of the 2019 McGuffey Longevity Award from the Textbook & Academic Authors Association (TAA) Recognized as one of the most cited methodology books in the social sciences, the Sixth Edition of Robert K. Yin's bestselling text provides a complete portal to the world of case study research. With the integration of 11 applications in this edition, the book gives readers access to exemplary ...
Case Study Research: Design and Methods
Providing a complete portal to the world of case study research, the Fourth Edition of Robert K. Yin's bestselling text Case Study Research offers comprehensive coverage of the design and use of the case study method as a valid research tool. This thoroughly revised text now covers more than 50 case studies (approximately 25% new), gives fresh attention to quantitative analyses, discusses ...
Case Study Research and Applications : Design and Methods
Recognized as one of the most cited methodology books in the social sciences, the Sixth Edition of Robert K. Yin's bestselling text provides a complete portal to the world of case study research. With the integration of 11 applications in this edition, the book gives readers access to exemplary case studies drawn from a wide variety of academic and applied fields.
Case Study Research : Design and Methods
This new edition of the best-selling Case Study Research has been carefully revised, updated, and expanded while retaining virtually all of the features and coverage of the Second Edition. Robert Yin's comprehensive presentation covers all aspects of the case study method--from problem definition, design, and data collection, to data analysis and composition and reporting.
Case Study Research and Applications: Design and Methods
Recognized as one of the most cited methodology books in the social sciences, the Sixth Edition of Robert K. Yin's bestselling text provides a complete portal to the world of case study research. With the integration of 11 applications in this edition, the book gives readers access to exemplary case studies drawn from a wide variety of academic ...
Case study research : design and methods : Yin, Robert K : Free
Case study research : design and methods by Yin, Robert K. Publication date 2014 Topics Case method, Social sciences -- Research -- Methodology Publisher Los Angeles : SAGE Collection printdisabled; internetarchivebooks; inlibrary Contributor Internet Archive
Case Study Research and Applications: Design and Methods
Recognized as one of the most cited methodology books in the social sciences, the Sixth Edition of Robert K. Yin′s bestselling text provides a complete portal to the world of case study research. With the integration of 11 applications in this edition, the book gives readers access to exemplary case studies drawn from a wide variety of academic and applied fields.
Case Study Research: Design and Methods, 3rd Edition (Applied Social
This new edition of the best-selling Case Study Research has been carefully revised, updated, and expanded while retaining virtually all of the features and coverage of the Second Edition.Robert Yin′s comprehensive presentation covers all aspects of the case study method--from problem definition, design, and data collection, to data analysis and composition and reporting.
Case Study Research: Design and Methods (Applied Social Research
Providing a complete portal to the world of case study research, the Fourth Edition of Robert K. Yin's bestselling text Case Study Research offers comprehensive coverage of the design and use of the case study method as a valid research tool. This thoroughly revised text now covers more than 50 case studies (approximately 25% new), gives fresh attention to quantitative analyses, discusses ...
PDF Case Study Research and Applications or post, copy, not
The Case Study Must Display Sufficient Evidence 246 The Case Study Must Be Composed in an Engaging Manner 247 Notes to Chapter 6 248 Application 10: A Multiple-Case Study Integrating Qualitative and Quantitative Data: Proposal Processing at 17 Universities 249 Appendix A. A Note on the Uses of Case Study Research in Psychology 258 Appendix B.
Case Study Research and Applications
The Sixth Edition of Robert K. Yin's bestseller provides a complete portal to the world of case study research. Offering comprehensive coverage of the design and use of the case study method in addition to an integration of applications, the book gives readers access to exemplary case studies drawn from a wide variety of academic and applied fields.
CASE STUDY RESEARCH: DESIGNS AND METHODS (3RD
Yin readily acknowledges that the results of case studies are not generalizeable to populations, and that their purpose is to "expand and generalize theories" (p. 10). He makes clear that the case study is "an all-encompassing method" (p. 14), including design, data collection,...
Yin Case Study Research Design and Methods
Case Study Research: Design and Methods Fourth Edition provides the researcher with definitive resource on Yin's approach to case study research. The fifth in a series of 51 titles in the Applied Social Research Methods Series by Sage Publications, Case Study Research: Design and Methods Fourth Edition is a must for all case study researchers.
PDF DEFINING THE CASE STUDY
Five elements of a research design: Identify data to be collected— define: 1. question: case studies most useful for answering how, why. 2. propositions, if any to help problematize your question (e.g., organizations collaborate because they derive mutual benefit).
Case Study Methodology of Qualitative Research: Key Attributes and
Yin (2014, p. 28) calls case study research design a 'craftwork'. This is rightly so, because how rigorous and sharp the design is constructed ultimately determines the efficacy, reliability and validity 3 of the final case study outcome. Research design is the key that unlocks before the both the researcher and the audience all the primary ...
Qualitative outcomes and impact of a robotic intervention on children
A case study approach with a multiple case study design was adopted. Sixteen children with autism spectrum disorder, aged 5-11 years, were included. ... Eva Yin-han Chung, Faculty of Medicine, Health and Life Science, Room 311 Vivian Tower, Swansea University, Singleton Park, Swansea SA2 8PP, UK.
Study on electromagnetic stirring-braking structure layout design and
Yin YB, Zhang JM, Xiao PC. Mathematical modeling on optimization of submerged entry nozzle for an ultra-thick slab continuous casting mold. Metals 2023; 13: 21.
Arresting failure propagation in buildings through collapse ...
A design approach arrests collapse propagation in buildings after major initial failures by ensuring that specific elements fail before the failure of the most important components for global ...
Case Study Research: Design and Methods
Case Study Research. : Robert K. Yin. SAGE Publications, Mar 18, 1994 - Social Science - 170 pages. This best-selling book focuses on case study design and analysis as a distinct research tool with wide applicability. It has now been carefully revised, updated, and expanded to include a discussion of the debate in evaluation between qualitative ...
Case Study Research
Providing a complete portal to the world of case study research, the Fifth Edition of Robert K. Yin's bestselling text offers comprehensive coverage of the design and use of the case study method as a valid research tool. The book offers a clear definition of the case study method as well as discussion of design and analysis techniques. The Fifth Edition has been updated with nine new case ...
ESDRI Seed Grants Enable Early-Stage Research on Indigenous Land
Each year the Environmental Science and Design Research Institute (ESDRI) hosts a competitive request for proposals which are reviewed by an interdisciplinary panel, awarding seed grants with funding up to $12,000 for multidisciplinary research related to ESDRI's wide-ranging areas of focus.These seed grants provide funds for preliminary or early-stage research, facilitating the building ...
Supply chain network design based on Big Data Analytics: heuristic
Supply chain network design based on Big Data Analytics: heuristic-simulation method in a pharmaceutical case study. Fariba Goodarzian a Edinburgh ... variety, velocity and volume (3 V‟s), pose challenges for optimal solutions. We present a case study of Iran to validate the mathematical model for large-scale problems. Employing a simulation ...
Case Study Research: Design and Methods (Applied Social Research
Providing a complete portal to the world of case study research, the Fifth Edition of Robert K. Yin's bestselling text offers comprehensive coverage of the design and use of the case study method as a valid research tool. The book offers a clear definition of the case study method as well as discussion of design and analysis techniques.
How One Company Added Carbon Estimates to Its Customer Invoices
The company estimates a potential carbon footprint reduction of 34% from the project. In 2022, Pierre-Etienne Bindschedler, the president and third-generation owner of Soprema, set a goal to ...
Poor design, misleading medical research body ICMR calls out BHU study
ICMR's director criticised the study about Covaxin's side effects, citing its poor methodology and design, and clarified that the article misleadingly "acknowledges" India's apex medical research body. Listen to Story ICMR director criticised BHU's study on Covaxin's side effects He said that the ...
Case Study Research: Design and Methods (Applied Social Research
This best-selling book focuses on case study design and analysis as a distinct research tool with wide applicability. It has now been carefully revised, updated, and expanded to include a discussion of the debate in evaluation between qualitative and quantitative research, more on the role of theory in doing good case studies, more extensive discussion of triangulation as a rationale for ...
Case Study Research: Design and Methods
Robert K Yin is a well known pioneer of the rigorous use of case studies. His book takes the reader through all the stages from problem definition through design, data collection, analysis, and reporting; with an emphasis on the truly distinguishing features of the case study method. Single and multiple case studies are considered, and forty illustrative case examples are included -- many of ...
Customer Case Study: Fujitsu Composite AI and Semantic Kernel
A new frontier: Fujitsu Composite AI. Fujitsu Composite AI is a unique combination of AI technologies that can understand abstract business problems through chat-style dialogue. It automatically analyzes a situation, searching for and proposing specific solutions based on past data. It dramatically expands the application and use cases of AI by ...

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Critical transitions in the Amazon forest system

Clarifying the four core effects of high-entropy materials

Hierarchy-based collapse isolation

Testing a full-scale precast building

Preventing collapse initiation

Arresting collapse propagation

Discussion and future outlook

Building design

Modelling strategy

Geometric and physical representations

Element type and constitutive models

Boundary conditions and loading protocol

Experiment and monitoring design

Initial failure scenarios

Testing phases

Specially designed elements to trigger initial failures

Monitoring plan

Data availability

Acknowledgements

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Peer review

Additional information

Extended data figures and tables

Extended Data Fig. 2 Comparison of measured experimental data and simulation predictions.

Extended Data Fig. 3 Computational simulations of Design H and Design C subjected to small initial failures.

Extended Data Fig. 4 Demand and capacity envelopes of internal forces in Designs H and C subjected to large initial failures.

Extended Data Fig. 5 Initial failure scenarios considered for testing.

Extended Data Fig. 6 Specially designed removable supports to perform column removals.

Extended Data Fig. 7 Comparison of simulations of fully loaded and partially loaded building specimen.

Extended Data Fig. 8 Measured redistribution of column axial forces during phase 1.

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