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Paper Architecture: What’s the Point?

Anyone who tells you paper architecture is pointless needs reminding: ideas are the lifeblood of architecture..

Feast your eyes on the most outstanding architectural photographs, videos, visualizations, drawing and models of 2023: Introducing the winners of Architizer's inaugural Vision Awards . Sign up to receive future program updates >  

At first glance, one might assume the question posed in the title of this article is a rhetorical one. With a growing number of industry leaders advocating — with good reason — for students and young architects to receive more real-world construction experience , you could be forgiven for thinking that conceptual projects are a distraction, getting in the way of the invaluable education awaiting designers on the building site.

Make no mistake, though — anyone who tells you paper architecture is pointless needs reminding:

Ideas are the lifeblood of architecture.

Behind each award-winning project we see come to fruition each year, there lie countless sketches, models, and renderings created during the design process, as well as unrealized, theoretical concepts, commonly known as paper architecture. At their best, unbuilt architectural projects — just like their constructed counterparts —  hold the potential to tell a powerful story, communicate fresh concepts and advance our profession through ideation.

Left: “Mind Palace” by Mylan Thuroczy, Manchester School of Architecture; right: “Break and Float” by Michael Turner; finalists in Architizer’s One Drawing Challenge competition.

These architectural images, and the ideas they embody, are worth their weight in proverbial gold to the next generation of architects. From the outlandish drawings of Archigram to the abstract paintings of Zaha Hadid , conceptual works form a vibrant exhibition of ideas and inspiration, each contributing to the global discourse over the advancement of the profession and our built environment as a whole.

For this reason, it’s vital that we provide a platform to recognize architectural ideas and visual creations, no matter whether they are built or not.

Enter the Architizer Vision Awards . This brand new awards program is designed to celebrate every form of paper architecture — from napkin sketches and lost competition entries to thesis projects and early models — and give them the global spotlight, now and long into the future.

Receive Key Program Updates

Vision Awards Winners will be published in the’Visions of Architecture’ anthology, as well as being celebrated year-round through innovative storytelling by Architizer’s team of architectural writers. Film Winners will be premiered in Architizer’s first ever Architectural Film Festival, a unique digital event to air later this year. Every Winner and Finalist will be exhibited on Architizer’s iconic Winners’ Gallery, the definitive directory of world-class architecture and design and an evergreen source of inspiration for the profession.

“Concrete Atla(nti)s” by Hannah Christy and Craig Findlay, University of Nebraska-Lincoln; Winner in Architizer’s One Drawing Challenge

Showcasing the Unending Value of Paper Architecture

Whether it is ultimately realized or not, paper architecture is a critical creative outlet for the profession. Drawings, renderings and models provide a perpetual record of the ideation process that architects go through when developing concepts, offering insights into how they approached design problems in the past. To honor the many mediums of architectural ideation, Vision Awards categories include:

• Best Architectural Drawing (2 categories: Hand-drawn, Computer-aided)
• Best Architecture Model (Special category for physical models)
• Best Architectural Visualization (3 categories: Photorealistic, Illustrative/Artistic, AI-Generated)
• Architectural Visualizer of the Year (Portfolio award for studios and professionals)
• Architect Creator of the Year (Mixed media portfolio award for professionals)
• Student Creator of the Year (Mixed media portfolio award for students)

Together with categories for architectural photography and video, these awards will honor the best in architectural representation today, including the most compelling examples of paper architecture. By entering their work, architects can help to build a rich archive of ideas and designs that will motivate future generations of architects and push the boundaries of what is possible in the built environment.

Left: “The Built Pension” by Yehan Zheng; right: HIGH- RISE TOPOLOGY. Infrastructure for energy creation” by Daniel Garzon; Finalists in Architizer’s One Drawing Challenge competition.

A Second Life for ‘Lost Projects’

The Vision Awards presents a golden opportunity for architects to showcase their unbuilt works, including former competition entries, speculative creations, and drawings or models for projects that stalled due to forces outside of their control. There are countless reasons why many brilliant architectural projects are ultimately left on the drawing board: budget cuts, site complications, changes in a client’s strategy or direction, or even some larger and impossible to foresee — like the COVID-19 pandemic.

Sometimes, an initial design might contain ideas that are ahead of their time, or deemed too ambitious to be realized when first conceived. Revisiting these ideas in the context of the Vision Awards may inspire new approaches to architecture in future, as new technologies emerge and changing social conditions give rise to new creative possibilities.

By bringing the best unrealized projects and conceptual designs together through the Vision Awards, Architizer is aiming to create a powerful repository of ideas, one that can be a touchstone for emerging architects long into the future. By entering their work for the program, architects can help to build on the legacy of the great ‘paper architects’, contributing to the ongoing creative conversation that fuels the wider profession.

If you are an advocate for the power of paper architecture and its potential to advance the profession, the Vision Awards needs you. Submit your most innovative work and let your ideas and those of your firm inspire the next generation of architects!

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A Guide to Architect Terms and Phrases

What the heck is a bumwad?

Architecture boasts a language all its own. From construction terms to office tools to lofty lingo like "spatiality," it’s easy to feel left in the dark if you lack an architecture degree. To help avoid confusion and head-scratching, here’s a comprehensive list of the most important words to familiarize yourself with before you sit down and chat with your architect . Before you know it, you’ll be discussing everything from tectonics to building envelopes like a pro.

BIM : BIM stands for "Building Information Modeling." It’s a 3D model-based process that architects use to reduce errors and help the client envision a project. It digitally helps them plan, design and construct buildings and infrastructure.

Building envelope : A building envelope, also referred to as a building skin, is the physical separator between the interior and exterior of the building. The envelope includes things like walls, floors, roofs, fenestrations, and doors.

Built environment : It’s been formally defined as "the humanitarian-made space in which people live, work and recreate on a day-to-day basis." So basically, it’s the spatial and cultural environment that we have built for ourselves.

Bumwad : It’s the thin sheet of tracing paper architects use to make a quick sketch of a building detail. If you’re wondering about the term, it refers to the paper’s likeness to a cheap sheet of toilet paper.

Cantilever : This term refers to any type of beam that’s only anchored at one point. Architects often refer to cantilever when discussing overhanging planes, like a cantilevered roof or deck. For a good example of this building style, think Frank Lloyd Wright’s Falling Water.

Charette : This term is often thrown around in architecture school. In the late 1800s, at the Ecole des Beaux-Arts in Paris, students who needed to rush their designs to their instructors sent off their drawings on a cart known as a charette . Today, the term has broadened to mean any intense, short-term design project, or an intense, on-the-spot design effort.

Cladding : Building cladding is the application of one material over another to add an extra skin or layer to the building. It could be any material—wood, metal, stone, vinyl—but the cladding must be waterproof because it’s primarily used to protect the building against leaking.

Context : Much like a building needs the right scale, it also needs to be built in context. This means that the building suits its surroundings in style, materials, and proportion. A glass skyscraper rising on a block of low-rise, brick townhouses, then, would be referred to as "out of context."

Corbel : A piece of stone, wood, brick or any other building material that projects from the face of a wall. It’s generally used to support a cornice or an arch. The name comes from the French word meaning crow, since the corbel has a beak-like shape.

Cornice : Derived from the Italian word meaning "ledge," a cornice refers to any horizontal, decorative molding that crowns a building.

Curtain wall : The curtain wall is typically defined as a thin, aluminum-framed wall that contains in-fills of glass, metal panels, or a thin stine. The framing is attached to the building structure, so it doesn’t carry the floor or roof loads of the building. It gets the name ‘curtain wall’ because it’s much like window curtains, hanging from a supporting framework.

Diagram : This is a drawing that will outline, explain, or clarify different elements of the building as it relates to the whole design. It’s not necessarily drawn exactly to scale.

Facade : The facade is essentially the face of the building , the exterior that looks out onto a street or open space.

Fenestration : It’s a blanket terms for the design, construction, and presence of any openings in a building. Think windows, doors, vents, wall panels, skylights, curtain walls or louvers.

Finial : It’s the decorative ornament found on top of a building’s roof, spire, gable or canopy. It’s a common addition in Gothic architecture, where the fleur-de-lys is often used as the ornamentation.

Floorplan : A floorplan refers to the actual layout of the building, with dimensions, notes, and any other details needed for construction.

Floor plate : A floor plate is a physical object—essentially a metal plate—that’s set into a floor and sometimes fitted with slots that allow for equipment to be fastened in.

Juncture : This is how different materials intersect, which ultimately influences how the building will age or if any maintenance issues will come up. If the juncture between the building siding and a window isn’t correct, it’ll cause leaking.

Leadholder : Almost like a mechanical pencil, a leadholder is a drawing tool in which architects can use different types of lead to create different types of lines. In architecture, the thickness of a line weight will connote the most important ideas in a drawling.

Louver : A window blind or shutter with horizontal slats angled to let in light and air, but keep out the rain, direct sunshine and noise. Usually the angle of the slats is adjustable.

Massing : The general shape, or shapes of a building, as well as its form and size. You could compare it to the overall composition of a painting, but in this case it’s three dimensional.

Parti : It’s the basic scheme or concept for an architectural design that’s represented in a diagram. Parti is short for "parti pris," French for "to make a decision."

Program : "Program" is a word architects throw around a lot as it refers to your big-picture project. When an architect asks, "What’s your program?" they want to know your wish list—a description of what you want out of a project and what you’re willing to pay for.

Scale : Scale can refer to a few things. For one, it’s a triangular, ruler-like device used to determine dimensions. But more often, you’ll hear architects use the term in a statement like, "The scale is all wrong." In that case, scale refers to how the sizes of different architectural elements relate to one another.

Spatial organization : Architects, unsurprisingly, think about space a lot, and there’s plenty of language to go along with it. Spatial organization refers to organizing a series of spaces into one recognizable whole. Then there’s spacial unity, where architects look for a series of spaces to read as a whole. Spatial thinking refers to your perception of relationships between empty space and objects. And spatial definition means using the elements of design to make spaces recognizable and separate from one another.

Spatiality : A general term that refers to anything relating to, involving, or having the nature of space.

Sustainable/green building : Sustainability is a term that’s becoming more and more prevalent in architecture. A green or sustainable building refers to the structure, and the processes related to the structure, that’s environmentally responsible and energy efficient. Environmental factors are taken into account from the initial designs to the construction, as well as the operation and maintenance of a building, to any renovation or demolition.

Tectonics : This is the process of shaping, ornamenting, or assembling materials in the construction period. Simply put, tectonics is the art and science behind a building’s construction.

Truss : A truss is the supporting structure or framework that’s composed of beams, girders or rod, usually made of steel of wood. Its shape usually looks like the triangle, as it’s the frame that supports the building’s roof.

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What is paper architecture?

paper architecture is a recreation of well-known buildings or landmarks made out of paper. It is a type of model making.

Paper architecture is a type of architecture where the main material used is paper. This can include using paper to make models, plans, and even full-scale buildings. Paper architecture is often used as a way to cheaply and quickly test out ideas before moving on to more expensive and time-consuming methods. Additionally, paper architecture can be used as a way to create temporary or emergency structures.

What is called architecture of paper?

Visionary architecture is a design that only exists on paper or displays idealistic or impractical qualities. The term originated from an exhibit at the Museum of Modern Art in 1960. Visionary architects are also known as paper architects because their improbable works exist only as drawings, collages, or models.

Paper architecture was a response to the mass housing that was prevalent in Russia at the time. Yuri Avvakumov was the first to introduce the concept and it quickly caught on as a way to protest the dehumanizing nature of these types of buildings. The term describes architectural design concepts that were a form of political protest against the way that people were living in these types of structures.

How is paper used in architecture

Paper is an incredibly versatile material, and its ability to be transformed into almost any shape imaginable makes it a favorite among designers and architects. From intricate paper sculptures to life-sized paper buildings, the possibilities are endless.

Paper is also a sustainable material, which is important to consider in the current climate crisis. When used in construction, paper can help to reduce the carbon footprint of a project.

So, next time you need a material for your next design project, don’t forget about paper!

There are a few reasons why mass-produced paper products are suitable for use as a building material. Firstly, they are relatively cheap and easy to produce on a large scale. Secondly, they are relatively lightweight, which makes them easy to transport and work with. Thirdly, they are relatively strong and durable, meaning that they can withstand a fair amount of wear and tear. Finally, they are easy to recycle, which is important from an environmental perspective.

What is the paper design?

Paper design, craft, and art is a medium where paper or card is the primary artistic medium. This can include a wide range of techniques such as folding, cutting, gluing, molding, stitching, or layering.

The three orders of architecture—the Doric, Ionic, and Corinthian—originated in Greece. The Doric order is characterized by its simple, columnar style, while the Ionic order is characterized by its more ornate style, with columns that are fluted and have scroll-like decorations. The Corinthian order is the most ornate of the three, with columns that are highly decorated with intricate carvings.

Do architects still use paper?

While many architects now use computer-aided design (CAD) programs to create their initial designs, many still start the process with a pencil and paper. Hand-drawing allows for a level of spontaneity and creativity that can be lost when relying too much on technology. It also forces the architect to think more three-dimensionally, since they have to communicate their ideas in a 2D format. Once the initial design is completed on paper, it can then be transferred to a CAD program for further refinement.

Why was Zaha Hadid called the paper architect

Hadid is known for her avant-garde designs which often don’t make it past the sketch phase. She is considered a “paper architect” because of this.

The optical properties of paper are extremely important in the world of print. One of the most important factors in choosing the right paper for a printing job is the paper’s optical properties. The four most important optical properties of paper are brightness, colour, opacity, and gloss.

Brightness is a measure of the paper’s ability to reflect light. The higher the brightness, the more light the paper will reflect. Colour is the actual colour of the paper. Opacity is a measure of how much light passes through the paper. The higher the opacity, the less light that will pass through. Gloss is a measure of the paper’s ability to reflect light in a mirror-like fashion. The higher the gloss, the more the paper will reflect light in a mirror-like fashion.

Do architects design on paper?

Architects use a variety of tools to create their designs, including planes, triangles, and protractors. They also use a special ruler called the architect’s scale. These tools help architects create accurate and detailed designs.

Paper-based products are cheap and eco-friendly building materials. They can provide structural stability, thermal and acoustic insulation. Impregnation and joints can strongly influence paper environmental impact.

What is the 7 types of paper

Graphical paper is used for magazines and catalogues. It is available in different qualities.

Tissue paper is used for wrapping gifts. It is a thin and delicate paper.

Fine paper is used for important documents. It is of high quality.

Packaging paperboard is used for packaging heavier products. It is available in different thicknesses.

What are the two main types of paper?

Uncoated paper is a simple, unprocessed paper made of pure cellulose and not subjected to any chemical treatments. It is made using a mechanical process which involves breaking down the cellulose fibers using a grinding machine. The resulting paper is then bleached and pressed to remove any impurities.

Coated paper is paper that has been coated with a thin layer of wax, clay, or other substance to give it a smooth, shiny surface. This type of paper is often used for printing photos or other images, as it provides a crisp, clear image.

Gloss coated paper is a type of coated paper that has a glossy finish. This paper is often used for magazines, catalogs, and other types of print media where a high-quality, glossy finish is desired.

Paper architecture is a type of architecture that is made out of paper. It is usually made in a way that it can be easily assembled and disassembled.

Jeffery Parker

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180 Spatial Agency

• 21 Appropriation
• 55 Dissemination
• 45 Empowerment
• 34 Networking
• 20 Subversion
• 40 Knowledge
• 38 Organisational Structures
• 44 Physical Relations
• 53 Social Structures
• 25 Ecological
• 15 Humanitarian
• 22 Pedagogical
• 65 Political
• 49 Professional
• 1960s Utopian Groups
• 2012 Architecten
• A Civilian Occupation
• Abahlali baseMjondolo
• Aga Khan Award for Architecture
• Alternative publishing / zines
• Amateur Architecture Studio
• Amateur Building Tactics
• An Architektur
• The Anarchitecture Group
• Ankur: Society for Alternatives in Education
• Architects' Revolutionary Council
• Architects, Designers and Planners for Social Responsibility
• Architectural Association
• Architectural NGOs
• Architecture Foundation
• Artists and Spatial Practice
• Arup Associates
• Asiye eTafuleni
• Atelier Bow-Wow
• Atelier d'architecture autogérée
• Atelier-3 / Rural Architecture Studio
• Lina Bo Bardi
• Bogdan Bogdanovich
• Patrick Bouchain
• Alexander Brodsky
• bureau d'études
• Canadian Centre for Architecture
• Caracas Think Tank
• Center for Land Use Interpretation
• Center for Maximum Potential Building Systems
• Center for Urban Pedagogy
• Centre for Alternative Technology
• Centri Sociali
• Christiania
• Santiago Cirugeda
• City Mine(d)
• Co-operative Practices
• Coin Street Community Builders
• Collections of Alternative Approaches
• Community Design Centers
• Community Self Build Agency
• Community Technical Aid Centres
• Coop Himmelblau
• Counter Communities
• Crimson Architectural Historians
• Giancarlo de Carlo
• Design Corps
• Diggers / Levellers
• Direct Action
• District Six
• Doors of Perception
• Ecosistema Urbano
• Ecovillages
• Estudio Livingston
• Estudio Teddy Cruz (since 2012: Estudio Teddy Cruz + Forman)
• Hassan Fathy
• Feministische Organisation von Planerinnen und Architektinnen
• Sérgio Ferro
• Findhorn Community
• Fourierist Communities
• Free University
• Yona Friedman
• Buckminster Fuller
• Guerrilla Gardening
• John Habraken
• Hackitectura
• Nabeel Hamdi
• Haus-Rucker-Co
• Peter Hübner
• Healthabitat
• Brian Holmes
• Independent Publishers
• Insideout Architects
• Institute Without Boundaries
• Jane Jacobs
• Jersey Devil
• Jorge Mario Jáuregui Architects
• Kéré Architecture
• Nader Khalili
• Laboratorio Urbano
• Lacaton & Vassal
• Latin American Residential Organisations
• Jaime Lerner
• Letchworth Garden City
• Tomás Maldonado
• Ezio Manzini
• Peter Marcuse
• Matrix Feminist Design Co-operative
• Merrima Design
• Hannes Meyer
• Morar de Outras Maneiras
• movingcities.org
• muf architecture/art
• New Alchemy Institute
• New Architecture Movement
• Constant Nieuwenhuys
• Noero Wolff Architects
• Ob’edineniye Sovremennikh Arkhitektorov
• Office for Unsolicited Architecture
• Open Source Ecology
• Victor Papanek

Paper Architects

• Park Fiction
• Participation
• Gordon Pask
• Melusina Fay Peirce
• Philanthropic Housing
• Planners Network
• Planning Action
• Pratt Center for Community Development
• Eko Prawoto
• Cedric Price
• Project Locus
• public works
• Michael Rakowitz
• Rural Studio
• Sans Souci cinema
• Walter Segal
• Self-organisation
• Shack / Slum Dwellers International
• AbdouMaliq Simone
• Stalker/Osservatorio Nomade
• Stealth.unlimited
• Otto Steidle
• Supersudaca
• Supertanker
• The London Particular
• John Turner
• Untergunther
• Urban Catalyst
• Urban Farming
• Jeanne van Heeswijk
• Vernacular and craft-based design
• Viennese Cooperative Garden City Movement
• Simón Vélez and Marcelo Villegas
• Vāstu-Shilpā Consultants
• Leslie Kanes Weisman
• Whole Earth Catalog
• Windworks / 519 East 11th Street
• Women's Design Service
• Wu Zhi Qiao
• Yale Building Project

Dissemination

Group – moscow, russian federation, 1981 – 1989, www.utopia.ru.

The phrase 'paper architecture' has often been used pejoratively to refer to architects making utopian, dystopian or fantasy projects that were never meant to be built, and in Russia specifically to those producing avant-garde work following the clamp down of the mid-1950s that also abolished the Academy of Architecture in 1957. In the 1980s, a group of young graduates mainly from the Moscow Architectural Institute took on the title Paper Architects in reference to this. At a time when dissenting artists in the Soviet Union were either forced into exile or chose to leave, many architects stayed on to work with the Soviet government. State sanctioned architectural production consisted of standardised buildings with a communist aesthetic that deplored any unnecessary ornament or decoration. Rather than producing such work, the group which included Michael Belov, Alexander Brodsky and Ilya Utkin, Mikhail Flippov, Nadia Bronzova and Yuri Avvakumov amongst others, produced paper architecture as a way of bypassing restrictions and dissenting, as a way to critique the dehumanising nature of Russian architecture of the time and the lack of care for traditional building.

The group, which exhibited collectively under the title Paper Architects in 1984, chose not take part in a system where buildings had to be erected cheaply and quickly with little care for users, where skilled labour was shunned, creativity stifled and architecture was part of a large-scale bureaucratic machinery. These architects were not awarded commissions and had no chance to practice an alternative architecture; in such a context one of the few forms of agency left was a refusal to participate in a bankrupt system.

Nora FitzGerald, 'Paper architects and the razing of Moscow [Interview: Yuri Avvakumov]', Russia Beyond the Headlines, 2010, http://rbth.ru/articles/2010/02/24/240210_avvakumov.html [accessed 19 March 2010].

References About

Mark Alden Branch, 'Paper architects "build" in New York gallery [exhibition review]', Progressive architecture , 71 (1990), 25.

Lois Nesbitt, Brodsky and Utkin: The Complete Works , 2nd edn (New York: Princeton Architectural Press, 2003). Anna Sokolina, 'Alternative Identities: Conceptual Transformations in Soviet and Post-Soviet Architecture', Art Margins , 2001, http://www.artmargins.com/index.php/featured-articles/371-alternative-identities-conceptual-transformations-in-soviet-and-post-soviet-architecture [accessed 18 March 2010].

---, 'In Opposition to the State: The Soviet Neoavant-garde and East German Aestheticism in the 1980s', Art Margins , 2002, http://www.artmargins.com/index.php/featured-articles/310-in-opposition-to-the-state-the-soviet-neoavant-garde-and-east-german-aestheticism-in-the-1980s [accessed 18 March 2010].

Ines Weizman, 'Interior exile and paper architecture: a spectrum for architectural dissidence', in Agency: Working With Uncertain Architectures , ed. by Florian Kossak and others, 1st edn (London: Routledge, 2009), pp. 154-164.

'Transit. Paper Architecture. Sketch Book', Stella Art Foundation , 2007, http://en.safmuseum.org/news/id79.html [accessed 19 March 2010]. <\p>

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website design & build by dorian moore @ the useful arts organisation

Paper Architecture 1 -->

A utopian movement imagined buildings for a post-communist world that never was.

In the mid-1950s, Soviet leader Nikita Khrushchev abolished Russia’s Academy of Architecture, deciding it was responsible for an overly decorated, ornamental baroque style of Stalinist architecture that had no place in modern Russia. In its place, Khrushchev envisaged buildings of “unadorned utilitarianism.”

The result was mass-produced prefabricated concrete buildings that were functional, yet frankly banal—and in most cases grim. But they served a purpose: a shortage of social housing under Stalin meant new mass housing was essential.

But there was an inevitable backlash to the mass-production of the Khrushchev era. Known as Paper Architecture, it took the form of playful architectural projects that were never meant to actually be realized. The movement was formed in the early 1980s by graduates from the Moscow Architectural Institute; young architects who refused to participate in a state-sponsored system they felt stifled creativity and which was dehumanising.

Their designs—fantasies which were never going to be commissioned—were a form of escapism; the architectural drawings themselves a form of protest art. But the architectural future the Paper Architects imagined turned out to be rather different.

A Private Utopia in a Total Dystopia: The Paper Architects by Yuri Avvakumov

When we started at the architectural institute in the 1970s, we could not imagine that we would be the last generation of Soviet architects—as you know, the Soviet Union collapsed in 1991. When we were learning how to portray new architecture with pencils, India ink, pen, and paint, we could not imagine that we would be the last recipients of this handcraft skill—now architecture is depicted with the aid of computer programs. When we began taking part in competitions for architectural ideas and winning international prizes in the 1980s, we could not imagine that these works would end up in the collections of the Russian Museum, the Tretyakov Gallery, the Centre Pompidou, or MoMA. … This goes to show that architects are not very good at clairvoyance. But the future is in the projects presented here. The future in which we live or could have lived. The future, imagined by the graphic means of the past. A private utopia in a total dystopia.

I did not invent paper architecture—it has existed ever since architectural projects were depicted on paper. The term was used in France and Italy in the days of Piranesi, Ledoux and Boullée, it was around in Russia in the 1920-1930s, it was used when I was at the institute. All different kinds of “architecture,” naturally. My contribution may be that in appropriating the name, I applied it to a concrete phenomenon that had appeared then in Soviet architecture. It turned out that for many people I was the proponent and organizer of participation in international competitions of architectural ideas and then participation in exhibitions, both Russian and international. The projects and prizes are the accomplishment of a large group of young architects of my generation.

The collection of architectural projects and fantasies presented here does not pretend to be exceptionally complete or methodologically pure—it characterizes the tastes of the collector, and therefore it is an anthology—“a collection of flowers by a flower grower,” in Greek—rather than a school reader.

Contributor

Yuri Avvakumov

Yuri Avvakumov is most famous for introducing the concept of “paper architecture” in the mid-1980s. The term describes architectural design concepts that were a form of political protest at what they felt was the dehumanizing nature of the concrete mass housing that constituted Russian architecture at the time.

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What Are AIA Contract Documents?

For 120 years, the AIA has defined the relationships and terms in design and construction projects through its AIA Contract Documents. With nearly 200 forms and contracts that have been prepared by owners, contractors, attorneys, architects, and engineers from around the United States, these documents have been finely tuned and embraced by the industry, to the point that they are now widely recognized as the industry standard.

History of the AIA Documents Committee

The AIA Documents Committee has been a standing committee of the American Institute of Architects since its inception in 1887. Over the years, the committee has gone by several names, but its purpose has remained consistent: develop and maintain reliable, relevant, and rock solid agreements for the A/E/C industry. The Committee has gradually added members since the 1970s and presently features 25 to 30 members from various practices, including insurance experts, legal counsel, and architects from around the country. Today, the committee continues to draft and update suites of Contract Documents on a uniform ten-year cycle. The next releases, in 2017, mark the 130th anniversary of the AIA Documents Committee.

Who Uses AIA Contract Documents?

A majority of American architects use AIA Contract Documents because they know our agreements and forms are the industry standard for minimizing risk and maximizing efficiency. The AIA understands that an architect's role in a building project goes well beyond the design phase. AIA's agreements give clear, concise descriptions of an architect's scope of work that preclude disagreements and delays.

Owners and developers can't afford to waste time and money on contract disputes and work stoppages. A non-standardized agreement can derail a building project and cost millions. An AIA agreement, backed by over a century of legal precedent, serves as a bedrock to a building project and gives owners and developers the freedom to focus on their myriad other project needs.

Contractors

AIA Contract Documents are hardly just for architects. There are over 70 agreements and forms specifically for contractors including design-bid-build, design-build, small projects and payment and change order forms. Contractors and subcontractors choose AIA Contract Documents because AIA agreements and forms are the most widely accepted and trusted in the industry.

When drafting a contract, attorneys prefer to start with the industry standard because AIA Contract Documents are the most widely accepted agreements and forms in the building industry. Because of the industry's familiarity and trust, AIA Contract Documents are signed quicker, with fewer disagreements and questions, than any other documents.

AIA Contract Documents Are Grouped into Families by the Delivery Model or Needs of the Project

Design-build.

In design-build project delivery, the owner enters into a contract with a design-builder who is obligated to design and construct the project. The design-builder then enters into contracts with architects and construction contractors, as needed.

Design-Bid-Build

The Conventional family, within this particular model, is most commonly used of all AIA Contract Documents because they are suitable for the conventional delivery approach of design-bid-build. Use of the Conventional (A201) documents family may be appropriate when the owner's project is divided into separate contracts for design (with the architect) and construction (with one or more contractors).

Contruction Manager as Constructor

Use of the Construction Manager as Constructor (CMc) family of AIA Contract Documents may be appropriate when the owner’s project employs a construction manager who will complete the construction and also provide construction management services. Under the Construction Manager as Constructor (CMc) approach, the functions of contractor and construction manager are merged and assigned to one entity that may or may not give a guaranteed maximum price (GMP) but typically assumes control over the construction work by direct contracts with the subcontractors.

Construction Manager as Adviser

Use of the Construction Manager as Adviser (CMa) family of AIA Contract Documents may be appropriate when the owner’s project incorporates a fourth prime player—the construction manager—on the construction team (owner, architect and contractor) to act as an independent adviser on construction management matters through the course of both design and construction.

Integrated project delivery (IPD) is a collaborative project delivery approach that utilizes the talents and insights of all project participants through all phases of design and construction.

Other Projects Types/Delivery Methods

Contract Administration and Project Management Forms Digital Practice documents Program Management family Small Projects family

Popular AIA Contract Documents

A101-2007: owner/contractor agreement - stipulated sum.

This is a standard form of agreement between owner and contractor, for use where the basis of payment is a stipulated sum (fixed price). A101 adopts by reference, and is designed for use with, AIA Document A201™–2007, General Conditions of the Contract for Construction; it is also suitable for large or complex projects.

B101–2007: Owner/Architect Agreement

This is a one-part standard form of agreement between owner and architect for building design and construction contract administration, where services are divided traditionally into basic and additional services. This agreement may be used with a variety of compensation methods, including percentage of construction cost and stipulated sum.

B105–2007: Owner/Architect Agreement for Residential or Small Commercial Project

This is a standard form of agreement between owner and architect, intended for use on a residential or small commercial project that is modest in size and brief in duration.

G702-1992: Payment Application

This series serves as both the contractor’s application and the architect’s certification. Its use can expedite payment and reduce the possibility of error. If the application is properly completed and acceptable to the architect, the architect’s signature certifies to the owner that a payment in the amount indicated is due to the contractor.

A201-2007: Contract General Conditions for Construction

This sets general conditions, an integral part of the contract for construction in a large project, that are incorporated by reference into the owner/contractor agreement. They set forth the rights, responsibilities, and relationships of the owner, contractor, and architect. Though not a party to the contract, the architect participates in the preparation of the documents and performs construction-phase duties and responsibilities described in detail.

Find the Right Contract Document for Your Project

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• HistoryWorld - History of Architecture
• Art in Context - What is Architecture? – A dive into the world of Architecture in art
• Art Encyclopedia - History of Architecture (3,000 BCE - present)
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architecture , the art and technique of designing and building , as distinguished from the skills associated with construction . The practice of architecture is employed to fulfill both practical and expressive requirements, and thus it serves both utilitarian and aesthetic ends. Although these two ends may be distinguished, they cannot be separated, and the relative weight given to each can vary widely. Because every society—settled or nomadic—has a spatial relationship to the natural world and to other societies, the structures they produce reveal much about their environment (including climate and weather ), history , ceremonies, and artistic sensibility, as well as many aspects of daily life.

The characteristics that distinguish a work of architecture from other built structures are (1) the suitability of the work to use by human beings in general and the adaptability of it to particular human activities, (2) the stability and permanence of the work’s construction, and (3) the communication of experience and ideas through its form. All these conditions must be met in architecture. The second is a constant, while the first and third vary in relative importance according to the social function of buildings. If the function is chiefly utilitarian, as in a factory , communication is of less importance. If the function is chiefly expressive, as in a monumental tomb, utility is a minor concern. In some buildings, such as churches and city halls, utility and communication may be of equal importance.

The present article treats primarily the forms, elements, methods, and theory of architecture . For the history of architecture in antiquity, see the sections on ancient Greece and Rome in Western architecture ; as well as Anatolian art and architecture ; Arabian art and architecture ; Egyptian art and architecture ; Iranian art and architecture ; Mesopotamian art and architecture ; and Syro-Palestinian art and architecture . For later historical and regional treatments of architecture, see African architecture ; Chinese architecture ; Japanese architecture ; Korean architecture ; Oceanic art and architecture ; Western architecture ; Central Asian arts ; Islamic arts ; South Asian arts ; and Southeast Asian arts . For a discussion of the place of architecture and architectural theory in the realm of the arts, see aesthetics . For related forms of artistic expression, see city ; interior design ; and urban planning .

The types of architecture are established not by architects but by society, according to the needs of its different institutions. Society sets the goals and assigns to the architect the job of finding the means of achieving them. This section of the article is concerned with architectural typology , with the role of society in determining the kinds of architecture, and with planning—the role of the architect in adapting designs to particular uses and to the general physical needs of human beings.

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What Does an Architect Do?

By Lexi Dwyer

As you read yet another real estate listing with the note “Bring your architect!,” you may ask yourself, What does an architect do? Although designing splashy structures can be a part of the job, the day-to-day duties of an architect go way beyond aesthetics. So, first of all, what is an architect? Architects are involved at every phase of a project, including planning, drafting specification documents, problem-solving with the contractor , and ensuring that the finished product meets the required safety standards. They’ll need patience and the ability to multitask as they juggle the client’s wishes, budget, local building codes, and construction slowdowns. But the reward is helping to create the structures and spaces where people live, work, learn, and relax. If you’re thinking of hiring an architect , here’s the information you’ll need.

What does an architect do, exactly?

There are several different types of architects, but the term design architect is the one most people know about—that is, someone responsible for the architectural design of structures. They often work for architectural firms in partnership with technical architects, who focus on construction-related details like stability, local codes, and energy efficiency . Sometimes, especially when someone works independently, they’ll be responsible for both.

Architects might be involved in preliminary planning decisions such as choosing the site and determining the environmental impact. They also provide cost estimates, create plans, oversee the construction process (while keeping the client updated), and, in some cases, help pull together the team of pros, including builders, electricians, and plumbers. Finally, they help ensure that the building meets the required safety standards and offers proper access to those with disabilities . 

Although residential architects, who design homes, and commercial architects, who work on office buildings and properties for businesses, are two common examples, there are many other different types of architects, each with a different focus. The answer to the question “What is an architect?” might be different depending on the speciality. Below are a few specific examples, and they may overlap too. 

These experts work on creating outdoor areas , such as college campuses , playgrounds, and public parks . They’re responsible for the overall flow and making sure that the space blends well with the natural environment.

With a focus on sustainable construction practices and materials, these architects aim to make buildings more eco-friendly by using things like renewable energy sources, local materials, rainwater harvesting, and plumbing fixtures that save water. 

As the name suggests, these pros design structures related to industry such as factories, power plants, warehouses, and water towers. 

Historical buildings are the focus for these architects, who might either work on projects requiring total preservation or lead renovations that keep the structure’s spirit while reimagining it for a new purpose. 

These architects fall under the broad umbrella of commercial architects, but they work on buildings that have a community focus, such as libraries, government agencies, and public safety offices. 

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What are five things architects do?

If you’re wondering, What does an architect do daily?, know that each day looks a little different, and may vary depending on whether someone works independently or as part of a larger company. Here are some of the more common tasks that might pop up on any architect’s to-do list or job description.

Whether the “client” refers to a couple looking to build a house, a developer creating several home styles for a residential subdivision, or a multimillion-dollar corporation planning a new headquarters, working with people in the initial planning phase is a huge part of an architect’s job. At the initial sit-down, they learn about the client’s preferences, budget, ideal timeline, and anything else that may affect the project. As the work progresses, the architect will get regular updates from the project management team and share those with the clients which means—you guessed it—even more meetings. 

A project is only as successful as its team of professionals, which include surveyors, civil engineers, contractors, electricians, plumbers, and many others. The architect may be asked to help assemble the pros on site for a specific job. They’ll need to interview candidates to share the construction project details, evaluate the bids that come in and, in some cases, negotiate the contracts on behalf of the client.

You’re likely familiar with images of architects hunched over slanted drafting tables, using drawing skills to produce construction drawings with pencils. For a long time, that’s how architects worked—but today most create blueprints and specification documents (known as specs) by computer, using systems like Computer Aided Design or Building Information Modeling. These renderings and models help the clients visualize the finished product. Once the initial plans (also called schematics) are approved, the architect works with other professionals (like structural engineers as well as landscape and interior designers) to incorporate more technical details, like those related to plumbing and electrical work. Finally, the architect prepares construction documents, which are written instructions that help the contractors execute the plans.

Architects may have many opportunities to step away from their desks. These might include researching potential building sites for an upcoming project, checking in with the construction subcontractors during an ongoing renovation, or even touring a facility that makes building materials they’ll be using (like a plant that makes precast concrete panels) to deepen their knowledge.

In-demand architects will find themselves busy and moving quickly from project to project. But during quieter times they might work on polishing their website or writing a marketing newsletter (if they work solo), corresponding with potential future clients or contractors, or attending industry conferences to expand their network. They are also nearly always required to take continuing education classes by their licensing boards, and they might choose to tour landmarks or delve deeper into topics like sustainability, garden design, or tiny houses . 

Is it hard to be an architect?

One thing is certain: It definitely isn’t easy. Assuming one decides to go into the field during college, it may take several years to reach a point of comfort and seniority. Like doctors and lawyers, architects need to be licensed, since their work is directly related to public health and safety. 

In the US, would-be architects usually get either a bachelor’s degree in architecture (B.Arch), which takes five years, or a post-college master’s degree in architecture (M.Arch), which takes two to four years, depending on whether or not they’ve already earned architecture-related credits. After they receive their degree, a prospective architect is expected to work for three years in a paid internship position such as draftsperson, junior associate, or researcher. Finally, they must take the Architect Registration Exam, which is a challenging, nationally recognized multipart test that includes questions on project planning, project development, construction, and other relevant topics. 

Even once they become a licensed architect, they may work for several years assisting more senior people before they branch out and lead their own projects. The hours may be long, especially if a deadline is looming—maybe a corporate client needs a skyscraper finished for the commercial tenants who have booked move-in dates. Architects don’t choose this profession because they want an easy career, but many find it extremely fulfilling and enjoy the mix of creative and technical challenges.

If you're looking for an architect to work on your next project, visit the AD PRO Directory , our up-to-date, open-access list of AD-approved architecture firms, as well as interior designers and landscape specialists, that anyone in need of design services can search by profession and location to find the right professional.

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What Is Architecture? What Makes Architecture, Architecture?

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Defining Architecture

When you search the term “what is architecture?” you are inundated with definitions and abstract quotes about architecture being a language, a political statement, a collaborative process, an art form, a science, a reflection of culture. It can leave you confused. [remove from video]

At a basic level, architecture is commonly defined as the process of planning, designing and constructing buildings or structures.

By definition, a building is merely a structure with a floor, roof and walls. True architecture goes well beyond a mere building. Every architect seems to have a different definition of what architecture means to them.

It is important as a student and practitioner of architecture to start to develop your understanding and philosophies about what architecture is for you, both as a designer and an inhabitant of architecture.

So what is it that makes architecture, architecture?

Without people, architecture would not exist.

Architecture is not a natural phenomenon. It is a man-made phenomenon that stems from the thoughts and ideas of the human mind. Without the human mind, thoughts of the possibilities of what architecture could be would not exist.

These thoughts and ideas would not be brought into reality without humans becoming excited and passionate about those ideas and taking action to turn them into something real, beyond an idea on paper or a vision in the mind.

Architecture is ultimately created by humans, for humans.

Without humans to create and experience architecture it does not exist.

An architectural designer is designing and creating for the people who are going to use and experience the structures and spaces and places they create.

The key consideration at the core of every design must be the internal experience that the final architectural design and structure will create for the people inhabiting it.

Whether a designer is conscious of this or not, every design primarily affects the experience of people.

If you believe architecture is art, it will create an internal response in people, through the combinations of colours, materials, compositions and design elements and principles. Some people may love the result, some may not.

If you believe architecture is a political statement, it will create a response in people through confrontation and a clear agenda that supports certain ideals. Some people may agree and adhere to the ideals, some may not.

If you believe architecture is a social statement, it will create an internal response in people that makes them feel comfortable and like they belong and are connected. Some people may feel a part of something, some may not.

Every piece of architecture will create an internal response and experience in people.

Experience: Sensation, Thoughts, Emotions

Humans perceive their external environment and the architecture within it through physical sensation, thoughts and words, and emotions. Our internal experience comes as a result of what we perceive in the external environment.

We sense architecture through sight, sound, taste, smell, and touch. We see the composition of design elements and principles in a unique visual and aesthetic experience. We touch and feel the materials, and smell the cold of the metal, the rain on the hot concrete, or the freshly sawn timber. We hear the echoing of stilettos on a timber floor or the clanging of a metal gate.

In response to these sensations, we have thoughts about what this means and give words to these meanings. We can consider architecture and design with an analytical and rational mind, and create thoughts and ideas about the meaning a particular space or place creates for each of us as individuals or as a society.

We experience emotions that energetically align with our sensations and thoughts. An emotional response will either feel good and make you want to stay, or it will feel not so good and make you want to go. Even no awareness of the architecture or a lack of an emotional response to it is a response.

Architecture as art may make you feel in awe, inspired, or excited. Or, shocked, repulsed or uninspired.

Architecture as a political statement may make you feel activated, confronted or disturbed. Or inflamed, passionate or aroused.

Architecture as a social statement may make you feel connected, accepted, or included. Or separated, isolated or outcast.

An experiential response to architecture is internal and personal to every individual, but it is the internal sensations, thoughts and emotions inside our bodies that is the human experience.

So how does architecture create a particular experience?

The Language Of Architecture

Every piece of architecture is created by the universal language of architecture. A language is created by the compilation of a series of elements and principles of architecture. These different combinations are evident throughout architecture and vary between different cultures, time and places. The fundamental design elements and principles are repeated, over and over, in different combinations to create different experiences.

These architectural design elements and principles have been identified by people looking at architecture and buildings and trying to make sense of it and bring some meaning and order and logic to the pieces and aspects of what makes architecture.

It is the considered use of these elements and principles that allows an architect to organize and consciously control the design decisions and outcome and the experience of sensations, thoughts and emotions in the inhabitants.

It is the absence and unconscious use of these elements and principles that allow an architect to unconsciously create something uncontrolled with little consideration of the experience of sensations, thoughts and emotions that their work will evoke in humans.

So how do we design for experience?

Personal, internal response and experience come from individual memory and the association people make with external environments. Certain environments and experiences will make you feel safe and secure, or peaceful or calm, or distressed and unsafe. It is impossible to determine how every human will interact with and respond to a certain piece of architecture.

Certain qualities in architectural space will evoke universal and collective responses and experiences in people.

A bright, light, open space lined in timber looking through openings to a view of a forest of trees can make someone feel safe and secure, calm, peaceful and connected to nature.

A small, cold, dark, enclosed, concrete box can make a person feel disconnected, isolated, alone, and fearful.

Regardless of what culture, time or place you come from, there are certain qualities of space that make you feel a certain way and evoke a particular response and experience. An architect has control over this, whether you are aware of this or not, and whether you like it or not. With this, comes responsibility.

Feeling Good or Bad

There may be times when a designer chooses to make a statement that creates controversy or confrontation in an attempt to bring awareness to something. It makes people talk and try to understand. It makes people feel uncomfortable, or on edge, and want to get away.

There may be times when a designer chooses to create a place of calm, relaxation and safety, where people want to stay forever.

The key is to understand what the general experience is that you are trying to achieve, and why? And then start to develop a design that will generate this response through a unique combination of design elements and principles.

There is so much pain and suffering in the world that unless there is a good reason, an architectural designer should want to create something that creates a positive experience that makes people feel good and enhances our lives and wellbeing, and improves what was there before.

So What Is Architecture?

Architecture can and is everything. It is and can be art, a political statement, a social statement, a functional space, a thing of beauty or ugliness, a haven, a language. At its core, it is a human experience. It does not exist as architecture without the human experience.

It is up to the architect and designer to determine the sensations the inhabitant will experience.

It is up to the architect and designer to determine the meaning of their architecture.

It is up to the architect and designer to understand the emotional response that their work is going to generate in people.

It is up to the architect and designer to decide if this is something that will contribute and add positive value to the world, and make the world a better place for the people who will experience their work.

Good architecture could be considered that which consciously addresses these issues.

Bad architecture could be considered that which unconsciously ignores these issues.

It comes down to personal experience.

Until next time…

… Liz at ArchiMash

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Architect Meaning Explained: Understanding the definition of an architect

• Updated: February 12, 2024

Particularly when considering a career path in architecture it’s important to be able to define and understand exactly what the term and title ‘architect’ means.

So in this post we discuss the various meanings and architect definition’s behind of the professional title, and investigate what is required to practice under it.

Architect meaning and definition – What is the professional title mean?

In defining the term and meaning of what an architect is, the simplest explanation; is a; trained, accredited and registered ( this is very important ) professional, who is qualified to design, plan, advise and aide in the procurement of both the private and public built environments.

This covers both the aesthetic and technical fields, and is carried out through impartial and creative thinking no matter how small of large the project is.

The actual word “Architect” was derived from the Latin word architectus, which originates from the Greek word arkhitektn, where arkhi means chief, and tecketn means builder.

So the architect is defined as the Chief Builder.

This term “chief builder” has moved and adapted through time, but is still extremely accurate in describing the architects holistic role during a construction project from inception through to completion.

The architect is required to play many roles and characters during this process, and at any one time can be called upon to be a designer, manager, businessmen, maker, adviser and a mediator to name a few.

They represent and are the one constant and consistent part of a project.

There are many different ways to define and use the term ‘architect’, some of which are used outside of the built environment to describe a person who designs and/or guides a plan or undertaking, and/or is responsible for its success for example.

However here we are just focusing on the architect as a professional, and who can be defined under the following definitions:

What is a simple definition of architect?

• A person who designs buildings and advises in their construction. The Merriam Webster dictionary
• A person who designs buildings and in many cases also supervises their construction. The Oxford dictionary
• A person whose job is to design new buildings and make certain that they are built correctly. The Cambridge dictionary
• An architect is a person who designs buildings. The Collins dictionary
• A person skilled in the art of building, one who plans and designs buildings and supervises their construction. The Etymology dictionary
• An architect is a person who plans, designs, and reviews the construction of buildings. To practice architecture means to provide services in connection with the design of buildings and the space within the site surrounding the buildings, that have as their principal purpose human occupancy or use Wikipedia
• A person who engages in the profession of architecture. Dictionary.com
• Someone whose job is to design buildings. Macmillan dictionary
• Someone who creates plans to be used in making something (such as buildings.) vocabulary.com
• The definition of an architect is a professional who creates designs for buildings, bridges and other structures. Your dictionary

The National Council of Architectural Registration Boards   (NCARB) architect definition is:

• “Licensed professionals trained in the art and science of the design and construction of buildings and structures that primarily provide shelter. An architect will create the overall aesthetic and look of buildings and structures, but the design of a building involves far more than its appearance. Buildings also must be functional, safe, and economical and must suit the specific needs of the people who use them. Most importantly, they must be built with the public’s health, safety and welfare in mind.”

The Royal Architecture Institute of Canada (RAIC) state that an architect definition is:

• “The most basic definition of an architect is a professional who is qualified to design and provide advice – both aesthetic and technical – on built objects in our public and private landscapes. But this definition barely scratches the surface of an architect’s role. Architects serve as trusted advisors, their role is holistic, blending diverse requirements and disciplines in a creative process, while serving the public interest and addressing health and safety matters.”

Using ‘Architect’ in a sentence

‘Frank Lloyd Wright was the architect of Falling Water House.’

‘The great Norman architect of Durham Cathedral’

‘The same architect designed the superb aqueduct by which the city is supplied with water from Monte Francoa, some nine miles off.’

Architect synonyms

• Drafts person
• Master builder

How to pronounce architect

This video provides a guide on how to accurately pronounce the word “architect”. It not only highlights the correct pronunciation, but also breaks down the word into its syllables, ensuring you can articulate it fluently and confidently.

Architect abbreviation

The abbreviation for the word “architect” is typically “Arch.” or “Archit.”. However, it’s important to note that the use of abbreviations can vary depending on the context.

For example, registered or licensed architects in the United States often use the suffix “AIA” after their names, which stands for “American Institute of Architects”.

In the United Kingdom, the title “RIBA” ( Royal Institute of British Architects ) is often used after an architect’s name. Always be sure to use the appropriate and respectful form when addressing an architect.

What does an architect do?

We cover the roles and responsibilities in detail here , and it can and will of course vary from firm to firm, as some will be more design focused and others more technical but:

They can work on a variety of buildings; whether it is a new build, an extension, refurbishment (or both), or even the restoration and conservation of an old and/or grade I, II and II* listed buildings, there will always be an interest and specialty. 

They can bring value to a project, by helping to define what is important and key in generating a successful outcome …maximizing the impact, functionality or marketability of a building and/or structure.

They can serve as a trusted adviser; with a creative understanding of materials, aesthetics, cultural and physical contexts, the clients design brief requirements are translated into an effective and affordable design solution that works with the practical considerations of the site.

They can develop solutions and propose ways that can reduce construction costs whilst maintaining design integrity and property value.  

They can oversee a project from inception to completion, and will advise and work with the necessary additional construction professionals and consultants such as engineers to ensure a successful delivery.

They can work with a diverse range of collaborators who can cover a variety of areas of expertise including engineers, landscape architects, sustainable energy consultants and contractors/builders.

They can project manage; as a project develops the team required to procure it will grow, and an architect will need to become part of and overlook a larger team of people in order to complete a project. Communication and collaboration are important skills every architect must have.

What are the different types of architects?

As discussed here in our article dedicated to discussing the different types architects , there are a variety of different positions an architect can fill within the profession, some of which include:

• Residential : Residential architects specialize in designing and planning single-family homes, multi-unit housing, and other types of residential buildings. They work closely with clients to understand their needs and preferences, and then create designs that are functional, attractive, and sustainable.
• Commercial : Commercial architects design and plan a wide range of non-residential buildings, such as office buildings, shopping centers, hotels, and other types of commercial structures. They must be familiar with the specific requirements of the commercial sector and work closely with other professionals, such as engineers and contractors, to ensure that their designs are safe and meet building codes.
• Landscape : Landscape architects design and plan outdoor spaces, such as parks, gardens, and other types of public spaces. They work closely with architects and urban planners to ensure that their designs complement and enhance the built environment.
• Interior : Interior architects specialize in designing and planning the interior spaces of buildings . They work closely with clients to create functional, attractive, and sustainable designs that meet the specific needs of the occupants.
• Industrial : Industrial architects design and plan industrial buildings, such as factories, warehouses, and other types of industrial structures. They must be familiar with the specific requirements of the industrial sector and work closely with other professionals to ensure that their designs are safe and meet building codes.
• Other types of : There are many other types of architects who specialize in specific areas, such as historical preservation, healthcare architecture, and sustainable design.

It’s worth noting that some architects may also cross over into multiple areas and may not be strictly limited to one type of architecture.

Who becomes an architect?

Becoming an architect requires a specific combination of skills, education, and passion. Here’s a brief look at who typically becomes an architect:

• Educationally Qualified Individuals : Architecture is a professional field that requires a substantial amount of education. At a minimum, an individual needs a Bachelor’s Degree in Architecture, but many pursue a Master’s Degree or even a Doctorate. Some architects also have degrees in related fields like interior design or urban planning.
• Creative Thinkers : Architecture involves a lot of design work, so architects are often individuals who enjoy and excel at creative thinking. They need to be able to imagine, design, and refine the look and functionality of buildings and spaces.
• Problem Solvers : Architects often have to overcome various design challenges, like adhering to city codes and regulations, respecting environmental considerations, or meeting a client’s specific needs. Therefore, individuals who enjoy solving problems and can come up with innovative solutions may be drawn to architecture.
• Technically Proficient : Architects need to understand and use various technical tools, including computer-aided design (CAD) software. They also need to understand the principles of construction and engineering to ensure that their designs can be built safely and effectively.
• Passionate about Buildings and Design : Many architects have a passion for buildings, design, and the built environment. They often find satisfaction in seeing their ideas become physical realities that people live and work in.
• Good Communicators : Architects need to communicate effectively with a variety of stakeholders, including clients, construction crews, and government officials. So, people who have strong verbal and written communication skills may be more likely to become successful architects.
• Detail Oriented : Precision is critical in architecture, as small errors can lead to big problems down the line. As such, individuals who pay great attention to detail often do well in this field.

How is the architectural profession regulated?

While it is not a statutory requirement for all buildings to be designed and procured by a registered architect, when they are, the process is strictly regulated by the Architects governing body for their country and/or state (US).

This ensures that high standards and quality of work are maintained. 

In the US the title is protected under individual state law and nationally over scene by the National Council of Architectural registration Boards (NCARB).

In the UK, it is under statutory law ‘the Architects Act 1997’ that protects the title from unqualified persons using it, which led to the establishment of the Architects Registration Board (ARB) who are in place to protect and regulate the title.

What this means, is that with the few exceptions of a landscape architect, golf course architect and naval architect, only a licensed architect can practice under the title. This gives the client, reassurance that the services offered will be carried out to a high and professionally regulated standard.

How to be an architect in the United States

Becoming a licensed architect in the US requires a combination of education, practical experience, and examination. The National Council of Architectural Registration Boards (NCARB) is responsible for outlining and maintaining the education and examination requirements.

To become a licensed architect, you will need to make sure that you meet your jurisdiction’s  education requirements . For most students, this means earning a professional degree in architecture through a program accredited by NCARB, via architecture school. You can learn more about the NAAB-accreditation here .

In most cases the academic studying is combined into a 5 year B.Arch or M.Arch program that covers and develops the skill sets and knowledge required to progress onto an internship with a practice.

This internship will be with a licenced practice and typically lasts for a minimum of three years before the professional exam (ARE) can be taken. Be mindful however that each jurisdiction has slightly different requirements, and so always consult the NCARB licensing requirements tool here .

Then finally the Architect Registration Examination (ARE) for your specific state or the state you plan to practice in must be taken and passed.

It is the general assumption that once completed; the student is then ready to enter back into the profession as a licensed professional with the capability of running and managing their own projects and small practice.

Only after this point, can you call yourself an architect.

For more information visit:

• studyarchitecture.com
• ncarb.org/become-archi tect

How to be an architect in the UK

In the UK, the traditional route is via an honors degree in architecture. This is a ‘normal’ three year degree that develops a broad range of skills and architectural understanding, comprising of design skills, construction methods, theory and architectural history.

Following successful completion, the next step is to take the first of the required (minimum) two years out in practice. This is carried out under the guidance of a registered architect in line with the RIBA requirements, and enables the student to experience a more hands-on approach to architecture.

Part II, is a Masters, Diploma or BArch degree normally taught over a two year period, where it aims to enhance and build upon the students aesthetic and technical knowledge whilst obtaining a deeper understanding of complex projects.

This is then followed by the student’s second (again minimum) one year experience within an architecture practice, under the supervision of a register architect. Here they will start to take on more responsibility, and gain greater exposure to live projects in preparation for the final portion of studying, Part III.

It is worth noting that it is quite uncommon for a student to go straight into a Part III course within just one year of completing Part II, unless they have already gained sufficient experience.

Part III is the final part of the UK based architectural student’s processional training, and is the professional examination that must be completed and passed in order to be legally registered as an architect.

Often running part time for 9 months to a year, the course covers project management, English law, regulations, contracts and methods of procurement’s, rounding off all of the previous years’ experience.

• architecture.com

Architect salary

The average salaries for architects varied by country due to differences in living costs, currency values, and local market conditions.

Keep in mind that these figures can and will change, and actual salaries can vary based on factors like experience, location within the country, specialization, and more. Here are some rough estimates:

• United States : According to the U.S. Bureau of Labor Statistics, the median annual wage for architects is around $80,750.
• United Kingdom : According to data from the Office for National Statistics, the average annual salary for an architect in the UK is approximately £42,000.
• Australia : According to Payscale, architects in Australia made an average salary of around AUD $70,000.
• Canada : The average salary for architects in Canada is about CAD $75,000 per year according to data from Payscale.

Why someone would use an architect

As licensed professionals, architects are required to be competent in their work and maintain a high level of understanding. This is maintained by keeping up to date with everything in and around the industry through continuing professional development (CPD).

CPD learning often comes in the form of lectures, seminars and workshops that are delivered by other construction professionals and bodies.

This ensures that an architect is kept up to date with all of the latest legislation, construction techniques, and materials to name a few …maintaining their knowledge and skill sets that are relevant to their professional work.

Another key benefit is that all registered architects must hold and maintain the adequate and appropriate professional indemnity insurance (PII).

The level of insurance is dependent on the type of work the architect carries out, but they are expected to always have the cover for the highest size and nature of the projects they undertake.

The importance of architects

Do we really need architects?

• Architects and sustainability : Architects play a crucial role in designing buildings and structures that are energy-efficient, use sustainable materials, and promote the overall well-being of the inhabitants. They use a variety of strategies to reduce a building’s environmental impact, such as incorporating green roofs, solar panels, and other sustainable features.
• Architects and building codes : Architects must be knowledgeable of the local, state, and national building codes and regulations that govern the design and construction of buildings and structures. They must ensure that their designs meet these codes and regulations to ensure the safety and well-being of the occupants.
• Architects and community development : Architects work closely with community members and organizations to design buildings and structures that are responsive to the needs of the community and promote social cohesion. They also play an important role in urban planning, helping to create livable and sustainable communities.
• Architects and urban planning : Architects and urban planners work together to create livable and sustainable communities. They are responsible for designing and planning the built environment in a way that is responsive to the needs of the community and promotes social cohesion, while also being mindful of the impact on the environment.

Architects are instrumental in shaping the built environment and play a vital role in creating livable, sustainable, and safe communities.

They are responsible for designing and planning buildings and structures that meet the specific needs of their clients and the community, while also being mindful of their environmental impact.

What defines a good architect?

A good architect possesses a combination of skills, traits, and expertise that allows them to create functional, sustainable, and aesthetically pleasing designs. Here are several characteristics that define a good architect:

• Strong Design Skills : A good architect should have a keen eye for design and be able to conceptualize and visualize structures in both functional and aesthetic terms. They should be able to create designs that are not just beautiful, but also practical and fit the needs of their clients.
• Technical Proficiency : This involves a deep understanding of building sciences, construction techniques, building materials, and architectural software such as AutoCAD and BIM (Building Information Modelling) tools. They should be well-versed with all the technicalities related to the construction process and be able to prepare detailed drawings that can be understood and executed by the construction team.
• Problem-Solving Skills : Every project will come with its own set of unique challenges – from site constraints, to budget limitations, to specific client demands. An architect must be able to provide creative and practical solutions to these issues.
• Sustainability Awareness : As we move towards more environmentally conscious practices, architects need to consider the ecological impact of their designs. This includes understanding and implementing green building practices, such as using sustainable materials and incorporating energy-efficient systems into their designs.
• Excellent Communication Skills : They should be able to clearly convey their ideas and designs, as well as listen and respond to the needs and concerns of others.
• Project Management Skills : They need to be able to manage time, resources, and people effectively. This includes understanding the project timeline, staying within the budget, and ensuring that the project is completed to the client’s satisfaction.
• Professionalism and Ethics : Good architects uphold a high level of professionalism and abide by a code of ethics. This includes maintaining confidentiality, being honest and transparent, and prioritizing the safety and welfare of the public in their designs.
• Adaptability : Architecture is a dynamic field with evolving trends, technologies, and regulations. A good architect should be open to learning, adaptable to change, and always striving for improvement.

To sum up…

Architects play a critical role in shaping the built environment and creating livable, sustainable, and safe communities.

Additionally, Architects must have a deep understanding of the local, state, and national building codes and regulations, as well as sustainable design principles.

The work of architects is essential to creating livable and functional spaces that are responsive to the needs of the community and promote social cohesion.

FAQ’s about the meaning and definition of an architect

What defines an architect.

An architect is a professional who designs and plans the construction of buildings and other structures. They are responsible for creating functional, attractive, and sustainable designs that meet the specific needs of the client and the community, while also being mindful of their environmental impact.

Architects must have a deep understanding of the local, state, and national building codes and regulations, as well as sustainable design principles.

They must also have a professional degree in architecture, such as a Bachelor of Architecture (B.Arch) or a Master of Architecture (M.Arch) and must be licensed by the state or country in which they practice.

Additionally, continuing education is also a requirement to maintain an architect’s license and stay current with the latest industry standards and building codes.

What are the 3 types of architects?

As discussed above, there are many types of architects, who specialize in different areas of design and construction. However, some of the main types of architects include:

Residential architects specialize in creating designs for single-family homes, multi-unit housing, and other types of residential buildings. They collaborate with clients to understand their needs and preferences, and then develop designs that are functional, visually appealing, and sustainable.

Commercial architects are responsible for designing and planning a wide range of non-residential buildings, such as office buildings, shopping centers, hotels, and other types of commercial structures.

They must have a thorough understanding of the specific requirements of the commercial sector and work in collaboration with other professionals, such as engineers and contractors, to ensure that their designs meet safety standards and comply with building codes.

Landscape architects specialize in designing and planning outdoor spaces, such as parks, gardens, and other types of public spaces. They work in conjunction with architects and urban planners to ensure that their designs complement and enhance the surrounding built environment.

It’s worth noting that there are many other types of architects who specialize in specific areas, such as historical preservation, healthcare architecture, and sustainable design, and that some architects may also cross over into multiple areas and may not be strictly limited to one type of architecture.

What is the purpose of an architect?

The purpose of an architect is to design and plan the construction of buildings and other structures, ensuring that they are functional, attractive, and sustainable.

Architects are responsible for creating designs that meet the specific needs of the client and the community, while also being mindful of the environmental impact of the building.

Architects work closely with other professionals such as engineers, contractors, and urban planners, to ensure that their designs meet building codes and regulations and are safe for the occupants.

Additionally, architects play a crucial role in shaping the built environment and promoting sustainable design principles.

They also can be involved in urban planning, helping to create livable and sustainable communities.

What makes someone an architect?

To be considered an architect, an individual typically must have a professional degree in architecture , such as a Bachelor of Architecture (B.Arch) or a Master of Architecture (M.Arch) from an accredited university.

Additionally, they must be licensed by the state or country in which they practice, which typically requires passing a professional licensing exam and meeting other requirements such as a certain amount of professional experience.

Architects must also have a deep understanding of building codes and regulations, as well as sustainable design principles.

They must have the ability to design and plan buildings and other structures that are functional, attractive, and sustainable, as well as the ability to work closely with other professionals such as engineers and contractors to ensure that their designs meet safety standards and comply with building codes.

It’s worth noting that the specific requirements for becoming an architect can vary by country and region and some places may have different requirements for becoming an architect.

Is architect an engineer or designer?

An architect can be seen as both a designer and an engineer , but their role is unique and differs from traditional design and engineering roles.

As a designer, architects are responsible for planning and creating designs for buildings and other structures. They conceptualize the aesthetic aspects of a building, focusing on its appearance and the experience of the people who will be using it.

They think about space utilization, and how light, color, texture and other elements will interact to create an environment.

However, an architect’s work also involves aspects of engineering. They must understand the structural elements of a building, including the strength of materials, and the physical laws that govern how buildings stand up.

They have to ensure that their designs meet safety standards, and that they are feasible to construct in real-world conditions. They need to integrate various systems like HVAC, plumbing, electrical, etc. into their designs.

So, while an architect incorporates elements of both design and engineering in their work, they do so in a way that is unique to the architectural profession.

Furthermore, it should be noted that while architects need to understand engineering principles, their training and focus is different from that of a professional engineer. Similarly, while architects are designers, their work differs in scope and nature from professions that are purely design-focused.

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Table of Contents

Education and training for architects, architects’ job requirements, what does an architect do, frequently asked questions (faqs).

Many people know that Frank Lloyd Wright was a famous architect and that the job of architect entails designing buildings. However, architects do much more than design aesthetically pleasing buildings: Architects plan, design and oversee the construction of various structures. They are professions that take extensive coursework, receive on-the-job training and take a rigorous exam in order to practice.

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Architects are professionals trained in the art and science of building design. They develop the concepts for structures and turn those concepts into images and plans, which eventually may become homes, office buildings and other facilities. Their work involves more than just the appearance of a structure. Everything architects design must be functional, safe and meet the needs of the people who utilize them.

An architect must earn a professional degree from an accredited university or college. They typically focus on curriculum in architectural history and theory, building design, computer-aided design and drafting (CADD), construction methods, math, physical sciences and other liberal arts courses.

People entering a career in architecture who want to receive an architecture degree and obtain licensure have two study options:

• B.Arch —This is a five-year program intended for students entering college from high school or with no previous architectural training.
• M.Arch —This can be either a two or three-year post-college program of students or professions with pre-professional degrees (like an associate’s) in other disciplines or related areas.

Upon completion of undergraduate or postgraduate programs, architects must complete a three-year internship before taking the  Architect Registration Examination  administered by the National Council of Architectural Registration Boards, or NCARB. This exam is designed to test the knowledge and skills regarding architecture to become a licensed architect. Most states require licensure and continued education to remain in compliance.

Architects’ duties vary depending on the type of firm they work for, where they live and some other factors. They may be involved in all phases of a construction project, from explaining ideas to clients and contractors , to drawing plans and specifications, to overseeing the different construction phases. Architects often collaborate with experts in related fields, such as interior design , city planning and structural engineering.

Architects’ duties fall into three main roles:

Consult and Design

The architect consults with clients to determine their requirements and to prepare drawings and specifications of the concept. The designs must comply with building, safety and local planning regulations and restrictions. Regular client meetings are involved in discussing design proposals.

Documentation

During this phase, the architect captures the design on paper. They create detailed drawings with CADD technology to ensure the feasibility of the design. There may be several revisions and redrawings of the designs to meet the clients’ needs. Once the design is approved, it is translated into construction instructions and technical specifications for construction experts to carry on site.

Construction

During this phase, the architect visits the construction site and meets with the construction crew to oversee the construction, signing off on various pieces of work, negotiating with contractors if needed, and resolving any problems that arise.

How much does it cost to hire an architect?

Architects charge between  $50 to $150 per hour  on average. The cost can vary due to the project’s duration and extent, but customers spend around  $3,000  total on architectural services on average.

What is the difference between an architect and an architectural designer?

Architects are licensed professionals that have obtained accreditation and passed the Architect Registration Examination administered by the NCARB. Architectural designers have a bachelor’s or master’s degree in architecture and can design buildings, but they are not licensed. Moreover, there are design architects who are licensed architects but choose to only work with the design aspect and not the construction.

What is the difference between a civil engineer and an architect?

Civil engineers and architects plan and design structures. However, civil engineers focus solely on the safety of the structure. Architects deal with the aesthetics and functionality of the structural work. Civil engineers and architects often work with each other. Civil engineers analyze and evaluate the structural integrity of the design that the architect creates.

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Definition of architect

Examples of architect in a sentence.

These examples are programmatically compiled from various online sources to illustrate current usage of the word 'architect.' Any opinions expressed in the examples do not represent those of Merriam-Webster or its editors. Send us feedback about these examples.

Word History

Middle French architecte , from Latin architectus , from Greek architektōn master builder, from archi- + tektōn builder, carpenter — more at technical

1563, in the meaning defined at sense 1

Phrases Containing architect

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• naval architect

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“Architect.” Merriam-Webster.com Dictionary , Merriam-Webster, https://www.merriam-webster.com/dictionary/architect. Accessed 28 Jun. 2024.

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Royal Vopak (VOPKY) Upgraded to Buy: What Does It Mean for the Stock?

Royal Vopak ( VOPKY Quick Quote VOPKY - Free Report ) could be a solid choice for investors given its recent upgrade to a Zacks Rank #2 (Buy). This upgrade primarily reflects an upward trend in earnings estimates, which is one of the most powerful forces impacting stock prices.

A company's changing earnings picture is at the core of the Zacks rating. The system tracks the Zacks Consensus Estimate -- the consensus measure of EPS estimates from the sell-side analysts covering the stock -- for the current and following years.

Since a changing earnings picture is a powerful factor influencing near-term stock price movements, the Zacks rating system is very useful for individual investors. They may find it difficult to make decisions based on rating upgrades by Wall Street analysts, as these are mostly driven by subjective factors that are hard to see and measure in real time.

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The blood microbiome is probably not real.

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Up until recently, if bacteria were detected in your blood you would be in a world of trouble. Blood was long considered to be sterile, meaning free of viable microorganisms like bacteria. When disease-causing bacteria spread to the blood, they can cause a life-threatening septic shock.

But the use of DNA sequencing technology has allowed researchers to more easily detect something that had been reported as early as the late 1960s: bacteria can be found in the blood and not cause disease.

As we begin to map out and understand the complex microbial ecosystem that lives in our gut and elsewhere in the body, we contemplate an important question: is there such a thing as a blood microbiome?

Detecting a fingerprint in the blood

Our large intestine is not sterile; it is teeming with bacteria. But there are parts of the body that were long thought to be devoid of microorganisms. The brain. Bones. A variety of internal fluids, like our synovial fluid and peritoneal fluid. And, importantly, the blood.

Blood is made up of a liquid called plasma filled with red blood cells, whose main function is to carry oxygen to our cells. It also transports white blood cells, important to monitor for and fight off infections, as well as platelets, involved in clotting. 

In the 1960s, a team of Italian researchers published  multiple papers  describing “mycoplasm-like forms”—meaning shapes that look like a particular type of bacteria that often contaminate cells cultured in the lab—in the blood of healthy people. This finding was confirmed in 1977 by a different team, which reported that  four out of the 60 blood samples  they had drawn from healthy volunteers showed bacteria growing in them. These types of tests, however, were rudimentary compared to what we have access to now. In the 2000s, they were mostly supplanted by DNA testing.

While we can sequence the entire DNA of any bacteria found in the blood, the technique most often used is 16S rRNA gene sequencing. I have always admired physicists’ penchant for quirky names: gluons, neutrinos, and charm quarks. Molecular biologists, by comparison, tend to be more sober. Yes, we have genes like  Sonic hedgehog  and proteins called scramblases; usually, though, we have to contend with the dryness of “16S rRNA.” You see, RNA is a molecule with many uses. Messenger RNA (or mRNA) acts as a disposable copy of a gene, a template for the production of a specific protein. Transfer RNA (or tRNA) actually brings the building blocks of a protein to where they are being assembled. And ribosomal RNA (or rRNA) is the main component of the giant protein factories in our cells known as ribosomes. One of its subunits is made up of, among others, a particular string of RNA known as the 16S rRNA.

The cool thing about the gene that codes for this 16S rRNA molecule is that it is very old and it mutates at a slow rate. By reading its precise sequence, scientists can tell which species it belongs to. Most of the studies of the putative blood microbiome use this technique to tell which species of bacteria are present in the blood being tested. The limitation of this test, however, is that dead bacteria have DNA too. The fact that DNA from the 16S rRNA gene of a precise bacterial species was detected in someone’s blood does not mean these bacteria were alive. For there to be a microbiome in the blood, these microorganisms need to live.

Which brings us to another important point of discussion. In order for scientists to agree that a blood microbiome exists, they first need to decide on the definition of a microbiome, and this is still a point of contention. In 2020, while companies were more than happy to sell hyped-up services testing your gut microbiome and claiming to interpret what it meant for your health, actual experts in the field met to agree on just what the word meant. “We are lacking,” they  wrote , “a clear commonly agreed definition of the term ‘microbiome’.” For example, do viruses qualify? A microbiome implies life but viruses live on the edge, pun intended: they have the genetic blueprint for life yet they cannot reproduce on their own.

These experts proposed that the word “microbiome” should refer to the sum of two things: the microbiota, meaning the living microorganisms themselves, and their theatre of activity. It’s like saying that the Earth is not simply the life forms it houses, but also all of their individual components, and the traces they leave behind, and the environmental conditions in which they thrive or die. The microbiome is made up of bacteria and other microorganisms, yes, but also their proteins, lipids, sugars, and DNA and RNA molecules, as well as the signalling molecules and toxins that get exchanged within their theatre. (This is where viruses were sorted, by the way: not as part of the living microbiota but as belonging to the theatre of activity of the microbiome.)

The microbiome is a community, and this community has a distinct habitat.

So, what does the evidence say? Is our blood truly host to a thriving community of microorganisms or is something else going on?

Transient and sporadic

Initial studies of the alleged blood microbiome were  small . The amounts of bacteria that were being reported based on DNA sequencing were tiny. If this microbiome existed, it seemed sparse, more  “asteroid field in real life”  than “asteroid field in the movies.”

An issue looming over this early research is that of contamination. If bacteria are detected in a blood sample, were they really in the blood… or did they contaminate supplies along the way? When blood is drawn, the skin, which has its own microbiome, is punctured. The area is usually swabbed with alcohol to kill bacteria, and the supplies used should be sterile, but suffice to say that from the blood draw to the DNA extraction to the DNA amplification to the sequencing of this DNA, bacteria can be introduced into the system. In fact, it is such common knowledge that certain bacteria are found inside of the laboratory kits used by scientists that this ecosystem has its own name: the kitome. One way to rule out these contaminants is to simultaneously run negative controls alongside samples every step of the way, to make sure that these negative controls are indeed free of bacteria. But early papers rarely reported when controls were used.

Last year, results from what purports to be the largest study ever into the question of whether the blood microbiome exists were  published in  Nature Microbiology . A total of 9,770 healthy individuals were tested. The conclusion? Yes, some bacteria could be found in their blood, but the evidence contradicted the claim of an ecosystem. In 84% of the samples tested, no bacteria were detected. In most of the other samples, only one species was found. In an ecosystem, you would expect to see species appearing together repeatedly, but this was not the case here. And the species they found most often in their samples were known to contaminate these types of laboratory experiments.

So, what were the few bacteria found in the blood and not recognized as contaminants doing there in the first place if they were not part of a healthy microbiome? The authors lean toward an alternative explanation that had been floated for many years: these bacteria are transient. They end up in the blood from other parts of the body, either because of some minor leak or through their active transportation into the blood by agents such as dendritic cells. Like pedestrians wandering off onto the highway, these bacteria do not normally live in the blood but they can be seen there when we look at the right moment.

Putting the diagnostic cart before the horse

This blood microbiome story could end here and simply be an interesting example of scientific research homing in on a curious finding, testing a hypothesis, and ultimately refuting it (or at the very least providing strong evidence against it). But given the incentives of modern research and the social-media spotlight cast on the academic literature, there are two slightly worrying angles here that merit discussion.

Scientists are more and more incentivized to find practical applications for their research. It’s not enough, for example, to study bacteria that survive at incredibly high temperatures; we must be assured that the  DNA replication enzyme  these bacteria possess will one day be used in laboratories all over the world to conduct research, identify criminals, and test samples for the presence of a pandemic-causing coronavirus.

In researching this topic, I came across many papers claiming the existence of “blood microbiome signatures” for certain diseases that are not known to be infectious. We are thus not talking about infections leaking in the blood and causing sepsis. I saw reports of signatures for  cardiovascular disease ,  liver disease ,  heart attacks , even for  gastrointestinal disease  in dogs .  The idea is that these signatures could soon be turned into (profitable) diagnostic tests. The problem, of course, is that these studies are based on the hypothesis that a blood microbiome is real; that its equilibrium can be affected by disease; and that these changes can be reliably detected and interpreted.

But if the blood microbiome is imaginary, we are just chasing ghosts. This is not unlike the time that scientists were publishing signatures of microRNAs in the blood for every possible cancer. When I looked at the published literature in grad school, I realized that the multiple signatures reported for a single cancer  barely overlapped . They were just chance findings. Compare enough variables in a small sample set and you will find what appears to be an association.

My second concern is that the transitory leakage of bacteria into the blood, as evidenced by the recent  Nature Microbiology  paper, will be used as confirmation of a pseudoscientific entity: leaky gut syndrome. At the end of their paper, the researchers  hypothesize  that these bacteria end up in the blood because the integrity of certain barriers in the body are compromised during disease or during periods of stress. The “net” in our gut gets a bit porous, and some of our colon’s bacteria end up in circulation, though they are not causing disease as far as we can tell. A form of leaky gut is known to exist  in certain intestinal diseases , likely to be a consequence and not a cause. But leaky gut syndrome, favoured by non-evidence-based practitioners, does not appear to be real, yet many websites portray it as the one true cause of all diseases, a real epidemic. Nuanced scientific findings have a history of being stolen, distorted, and toyed with by fake doctors to give credence to their pet theories. Though I have yet to see examples of it, I suspect work done on this hypothesized blood microbiome will similarly get weaponized.

You have been warned.

Take-home message: - Our blood was long considered to be sterile, meaning free of viable microbes, unless a dangerous infection leaked into it, causing sepsis - Studies have provided evidence for the presence of bacteria in the blood of some healthy humans, leading to the hypothesis that, much like in our gut, our blood is host to a microbiome - The largest study ever done on the topic provided strong evidence against this hypothesis. It seems that when non-disease-causing bacteria find themselves in our blood, it is temporary and occasional

@CrackedScience

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