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Law is the system of rules that are made to control and regulate the actions of people to stop any unlawful and immoral activities from happening. All the countries have their own different set of laws and some basic laws that are commonly followed by all the countries and their citizens.

If you are you looking for law homework help and assignment solutions. Desklib.com is one of the best platforms for college students to get the best solutions to their academic homework help.

The laws are enforced by the government and followed by everyone failing to which people would have to pay penalty or receive punishment.

It is for the correction and control of people to maintain moral conduct in society. As far as the subject Law is concerned, it studies the legal matters in the various fields like business, politics, economics, environment, human rights, etc. the various branches of law will we covered in law homework help.

Law homework streams

1. Civil laws

2. Criminal law

3. Corporate law

4. Administration law

5. Cyberlaw

6. Labour law

7. Constitutional law

8. Patent law

Desklib is known as the best quality law homework help at an affordable price. Our huge collection of online law homework assignment solutions can assist you to secure higher grades in your academics. Studying law is important because it prepares students to face the world with the knowledge of wrong and right and the skills to decision making in the ever-changing environment.

Civil laws Civil law is concerned with the relationship and law maintenance amongst the people of a community or society and solving the issues in them like marriage, property, religious conflict, etc.

Criminal law Criminal law is the law for stopping crimes which include the laws to prohibit and control any crimes which may prove fatal to life and property of people.

Corporate law Corporate law studies the issues that come up in any business or other corporation which are to be handled through different business laws that all the corporate businesses have to abide by.

Administration law Administrative laws govern the laws of government and their activities. It makes sure that there is no abuse of power by the government.

Cyberlaw Cybercrimes are increasing day by day and they have to be controlled and checked upon, all the people on the internet have to abide by the cyber laws to ensure their safety on the web.

Labour law Labour laws are for the labor class of the society to secure their rights and save them from exploitation by the employing entities.

Constitutional law Constitutional laws define the powers that are given to the central, state government and other entities within a state to limit and control the use of power.

Patent law Patent law is part of intellectual property which ensures the safety of inventions, creativity, composition, or findings by people.

Why you need Desklib Law homework help & assignments?

As a college students you do relly need homework help assistance in you subject time "law" Apart from doing notable work, law students have the benefit of getting respect in the society, stable career, the power to make the changes, financial stability, critical thinking, better decision making, awareness about all the laws and current events, builds confidence and communication skills, etc.

Desklib Law homework help is the best assistant to the students for all their assignments and exams need. Law is a very tough subject with so many things to understand and remember but our law homework help makes it easier for the students to learn the concepts by providing millions of documents and study material on all the topics of law, apart from this, it also provides online experts to guide them through their studies.

Why students pursue Law coursework in college?

The reason for students to pursue Law Coursework is to get a good knowledge of the subject which is directly related to their life. If you look upon it, the laws studied are the laws which are not known by everyone.

But knowing them is surely a great advantage in terms of standing for your rights, undoing the wrong, taking a stand for others who don't know what's the thing that they did wrong. In Corporate it helps you to keenly inspect the contracts, protect the employees' rights.

So pursuing Law helps you to give you an idea of what's the wrong way and what's the right way to do things legally.

Why college students love our online law homework help?

We have made sure that every student shall get good quality Homework help for which our team updates our library frequently, in our library, there are millions of study documents whether it be a dissertation, report writing, essay writing, or article writing.

The main aim of providing Law Homework Help is not just to help the students seeking online assignment help in completing their assignments to secure good grades.

Our aim is to help them with securing good grades by providing online assignments and to create these assignments in such a way that if a student has less knowledge of the topic, He/she will be able to acquire the knowledge of the same by studying the assignment.

Why our law homework help solutions best for college students seeking online help?

Law Homework Help provided by our expertise has helped many college students to secure good grades along with acquiring knowledge on the various topics of law.

As the Law studying students go through a hard time while completing their Law Assignment as it requires a thorough study of the case studies, articles, guidelines, and Sections of Law, as well as they have to complete the assignment which has to be up to the mark in quality and shall be on time

We at Desklib provide assistance to ensure the students complete their Law homework help & Assignment on time with the best quality resources.  For the completion of Law Assignment, we have various Law Case Study so the students will be ensured about the quality of the Law Homework Help provided by us.

Professional Law Homework Help Offered by PhD Qualified Experts

We specialize in providing top-notch law homework writing services tailored to your specific needs. Our team of experts is well-versed in handling a diverse range of tasks including contract analysis, negotiation strategies, court case studies, legislative scrutiny, and memo preparation. We understand the challenges faced by even the most diligent students in navigating the vast amount of reading and research required. That's why we offer personalized law homework help to ensure that your assignments are not only original but also impeccably crafted to meet the highest academic standards.

Instant Law Homework Help From Top Rated Experts

Guaranteed Higher Grade Or Get Your Money Back!

Our Premier Help with Law Homework Covers A Broad Range of Topics

LawHomeworkHelp.com offers comprehensive help with various domains of law, making it a one-stop destination for students seeking specialized assistance. Our team is equipped with the knowledge and experience to provide detailed, accurate, and tailored support for each unique homework. We ensure that each homework task is approached with utmost precision and academic rigor. Trust us to be your ally in your legal education journey, as we help you attain the best grades in your homework:

This branch of law deals with behavior that is or can be construed as an offense against the public, society, or the state—even if the immediate victim is an individual. Criminal law includes the punishment of people who violate these laws. Avail our criminal law homework writing services if you need help breaking down complex criminal cases, statutes, and legal principles. We ensure students understand and complete their homework with clarity and depth.

Contract Law governs the making and enforcement of agreements, ensuring that promises made between parties are legally binding and enforceable. It covers the formation, interpretation, and breach of contracts. Professional contract law homework helpers at Lawhomeworkhelp.com help students navigate through the intricacies of various contract laws, offering guidance in drafting and analyzing contracts for homework, case studies, and research papers.

This field encompasses the laws that dictate how to form and run a business, covering all aspects of the law that may impact a business, including but not limited to employment, banking, and commerce laws. Our business law homework experts excel in guiding students through complex business scenarios and legal frameworks, ensuring thorough and accurate homework solutions.

Tort law involves cases where a person’s behavior has unfairly caused someone else to suffer loss or harm, focusing on civil wrongs not arising from contractual obligations. Our tort law homework helpers provide in-depth assistance on coursework related to tort cases, helping students understand and articulate issues of negligence, liability, and damages in their papers.

International law governs the relations between nations and states, encompassing a wide range of issues like human rights, international conflicts, and treaties. Your search for reliable international law homework help should end right here with us. We can assist you with analyzing international legal cases, understand complex treaties, and applying international legal principles in your homework.

This legal field protects the rights of creators of original works, including inventions, literary and artistic works, designs, and symbols. Students who choose our intellectual property law homework help get expert assistance in understanding the nuances of intellectual property rights and applying these principles to their homework and research papers.

Family Law deals with family matters and domestic relations, including marriage, divorce, child custody, and adoption. Our help with family law homework guide students through the sensitive legal aspects of family relations, ensuring a comprehensive understanding of the laws for effective homework completion.

This area of law revolves around the principles set out in a country's constitution, covering issues like the rights of individuals, the powers of government, and constitutional amendments. Our constitution law homework help is offered by professionals who excel in these complex concepts, aiding students in the development of insightful and detailed homework solutions.

Environmental law focuses on regulations, statutes, and treaties designed to protect the environment from damage and to manage natural resources. Lawhomeworkhelp.com boasts environmental law homework writers who understand environmental laws, policies, and their applications, enabling thorough and accurate completion of homework homework in this vital area.

A One-Stop Destination for Your Law Homework Writing Needs

LawHomeworkHelp.com stands as a comprehensive resource for a wide array of law homework, ranging from essays and dissertations to legal memos and problem questions. Each homework type is approached with a tailored strategy, ensuring that students receive not only precise and thorough assistance but also insights that reflect deep legal understanding and academic rigor. Our commitment to quality, combined with our expertise across different facets of legal studies, makes us an invaluable partner for law students aiming for excellence in their academic pursuits. Our tutors excel in crafting:

• Essays: Our team specializes in crafting well-structured law essays that demonstrate critical thinking and in-depth legal analysis. We ensure each essay is tailored to address specific questions while providing a comprehensive understanding of the topic.
• Dissertations: We offer expert guidance on law dissertations, assisting in topic selection, research, and writing to produce detailed, scholarly works that contribute to the field of law.
• Case Briefs: Our service excels in preparing concise yet thorough case briefs that accurately summarize and analyze court decisions, focusing on key legal principles and arguments.
• Research Papers: We provide support in developing comprehensive law research papers, ensuring thorough investigation and presentation of legal theories, policies, and case studies.
• Coursework Homework: Our experts assist with various coursework homework, ensuring a thorough understanding and application of legal concepts in a range of contexts.
• Term Papers: With a focus on detailed research and in-depth analysis, we help students craft high-quality term papers that reflect a deep understanding of legal topics.
• Legal Memos and Briefs: We specialize in drafting clear, persuasive legal memos and briefs, essential for presenting legal arguments and analyses in a professional context.
• Legal Reports: Our service includes the preparation of legal reports that provide a detailed analysis of legal issues, backed by thorough research and clear, structured writing.
• Thesis Projects: For higher academic pursuits, we offer specialized support in developing law thesis projects that demonstrate original research and significant contributions to the field.
• Problem Questions: We assist in solving complex legal problem questions, ensuring a logical, well-reasoned approach that demonstrates a practical application of legal principles.

Get the Best Law Homework Help Service At an Affordable Price

At LawHomeworkHelp.com, we believe in offering top-quality law homework help at prices that are both fair and accessible to students. Our pricing is structured to ensure that you get the best value for your money, without compromising on the quality of the work delivered. The prices vary depending on the complexity of the homework and the urgency of the deadline. We strive to provide flexible pricing options and discounts for bulk orders and repeat clients. Our goal is to make professional law homework help accessible to every student, ensuring that budget constraints do not hinder your academic success. Here's a glimpse at our sample pricing structure:

Enjoy Myriads of Perks When You Hire Us to Do Your Law Homework

By opting for LawHomeworkHelp.com, you are not only ensuring timely completion of your college law homework but also elevating your academic experience with our expert insights and customized assistance. Our dedication to excellence is evident in every piece of work we deliver, distinguished by its in-depth analysis, clarity, and adherence to academic standards. Our service is designed to provide you with comprehensive support, making your legal studies less daunting and more enriching. Our service comes with a plethora of benefits:

• Expert Legal Academics: At LawHomeworkHelp.com, you gain access to a team of highly qualified legal academics who bring a wealth of knowledge and practical experience. Their expertise ensures that your homework not only meets but exceeds academic standards.
• T ailored Approach: We understand that every law homework is unique. Our approach is highly personalized, ensuring that each homework task is specifically tailored to match your exact requirements and academic goals.
• Comprehensive Coverage: From constitutional law to intellectual property, our services cover a wide range of legal fields. This diverse expertise means we can handle any law homework topic you're tasked with, no matter how complex.
• Plagiarism-Free Work: We pride ourselves on delivering 100% original homework. Each task is crafted from scratch, ensuring that you receive unique, plagiarism-free work that upholds academic integrity.
• On-Time Delivery: Meeting deadlines is crucial in academic work. Our team is committed to delivering your homework on time, ensuring that you never miss a submission deadline.
• 24/7 Support: Our customer support team is available around the clock. Whether you have a question in the middle of the night or need last-minute assistance, we're here to help at any time.
• Confidentiality Assured: We understand the importance of privacy in academic work. All interactions and transactions with us are conducted with the utmost confidentiality, ensuring your personal and academic information is always secure.
• Free Revisions: We strive for your complete satisfaction. If you need any modifications or adjustments to your homework, we offer free revisions to get it just right.

Have Your Law Homework Completed by Professionals in 4 Steps

At LawHomeworkHelp.com, we have streamlined the process of getting your law homework completed by professionals into four simple steps. This approach ensures that students can easily access our services and receive the help they need with minimal hassle. This efficient and user-friendly process is designed to make your experience with LawHomeworkHelp.com seamless and stress-free, ensuring that you receive personalized, top-quality law homework assistance every time.

Begin by submitting your homework details through our website. This includes the topic, specific requirements, desired citation style, and the deadline. The more detailed your information, the better we can tailor our assistance to meet your needs.

Once we review your homework details, we'll provide you with a custom quote based on the complexity and urgency of the task. Our pricing is transparent and competitive, ensuring you get the best value for your investment. You can then proceed with the payment through our secure payment gateway.

After payment, your homework is allocated to a law expert who specializes in your area of need. Our professionals will then begin crafting your homework, ensuring that it aligns with your instructions and academic standards.

Upon completion, the homework is delivered to you for review. We offer the opportunity for revisions if needed, ensuring that the final product meets your expectations and requirements. Once you are completely satisfied, the process is concluded, leaving you with a high-quality law homework ready for submission.

Students Worldwide Pay Us to Write their Law Homework

At LawHomeworkHelp.com, we specialize in providing personalized law homework assistance to students across the globe, with a keen focus on the distinct academic and legal systems of Australia, the UK, the USA, and Canada. Recognizing the importance of adhering to the specific citation styles used in universities in these countries, our services are meticulously tailored to meet these requirements.

Law Homework Help in Australia

In Australia, our expertise encompasses the unique facets of the Australian legal system, ensuring homework comply with local standards. We are adept at using the Australian Guide to Legal Citation (AGLC), a predominant citation style in Australian universities, ensuring that all legal references and materials are accurately cited according to academic conventions prevalent in the region.

Law Homework Help in the United Kingdom

For the United Kingdom, we have a team specialized in the nuances of UK law and the OSCOLA (Oxford Standard for Citation of Legal Authorities) citation style, commonly used in UK law schools. This ensures that all homework not only align with the UK's legal principles but also adhere to the rigorous citation standards required by British academic institutions.

Law Homework Help in the United States

In the USA, where the legal education system often requires familiarity with multiple citation styles, we cater to the most commonly used styles like the Bluebook and the APA (American Psychological Association) format. Our team's proficiency in these styles ensures that every homework meets the diverse and specific citation requirements of various American universities.

Law Homework Help in Canada

In Canada, our service is fine-tuned to the unique requirements of the Canadian legal system, including both civil and common law traditions. We are proficient in citation styles like the McGill Guide, which is widely used in Canadian law schools, ensuring that every piece of work we deliver is perfectly aligned with the academic and legal standards of Canadian institutions.

Practical Tips & Insights into Acing Your Law Homework

In our Law Homework Help Blog, we delve into the dynamic world of legal studies, offering valuable insights, tips, and updates. The blog features a range of topics from study strategies, analysis of recent legal cases, to advice on navigating law school challenges. It's a resourceful platform for students to stay informed and engaged with the latest trends in the legal field. Whether you're looking for guidance on a specific area of law or just curious about the legal world, our blog is an invaluable tool for enhancing your knowledge and skills.

Navigating the intricate landscape of criminal law assignments presents a formidable challenge for students pursuing legal studies. The complexities involved in understanding and applying legal principles often leave them in search of expert guidance. In this context, LawHomeworkHelp.com emer... Read More

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90+ Certified In-House Law Homework Writers

Our team of law experts at LawHomeworkHelp.com is the cornerstone of our service. They are seasoned professionals, each with a profound understanding and experience in various branches of law. Coming from diverse legal backgrounds, including practicing attorneys, law professors, and legal researchers, they bring real-world insights and academic expertise to every homework. We carefully select our experts based on their academic credentials, professional experience, and dedication to student success. Their commitment to excellence ensures that each piece of homework is not only academically sound but also enriched with practical knowledge and legal acumen.

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Genuine Reviews & Testimonials Shared by Our Customers

The Client Reviews and Testimonials section is a testament to the quality and impact of our services. Here, you can read firsthand accounts from students who have benefitted from our expert law homework help. These testimonials highlight our commitment to quality, timely delivery, and personalized assistance, offering you a glimpse into the satisfaction and academic achievements of our clients. While we don't display sample reviews, we encourage you to explore this section to understand how our services have made a difference in the academic journeys of law students globally.

A Repository of Quality Law Homework Samples

Our law homework questions with answers provide a glimpse into the quality and variety of work we deliver. In this section, you'll find examples of completed homework across different areas of law, showcasing our experts' proficiency in legal writing and analysis. These samples serve as a testament to our commitment to delivering high-standard academic work. They offer prospective clients an opportunity to gauge the depth of research, clarity of writing, and thoroughness of legal analysis that characterizes our homework help service.

Sample Question Sheet

• Bert had his driver's license suspended by the state department of transportation. He believes his constitutional due process rights were violated by the administrative agency. Can he immediately file a court action to have agency's actions reviewed?
• Yes. A court has the jurisdiction to immediately review an agency's alleged unconstitutional action.
• Yes. Bert must specifically allege his constitutional rights have been violated and file a court action in federal court - not state court.
• No. Bert must first exhaust all possible appeals within the agency itself before he seeks judicial review by a court.
• No. A court of law does not have jurisdiction to review an administrative agency's actions.

Answer: The most likely correct answer is: c. No. Bert must first exhaust all possible appeals within the agency itself before he seeks judicial review by a court.

Explanation: Generally, in administrative law, a person must exhaust all administrative remedies before seeking judicial review. This means Bert would likely need to go through the agency's appeal process before he can file a court action. The doctrine of exhaustion of remedies is based on the idea that the agency should have the first opportunity to correct its own errors.

• Joe, a 16 year old, went to the stereo shop and bought a new hi-tech turntable. The clerk asked him his age and Joe responded, 'I am 18 years old, can't you tell?' A week later, Joe's parents discover this purchase and demand he return it immediately. Joe complies. The clerk refuses to accept the return or refund his money. According to contracts with minors, what do you think will happen?
• No refund will be issued because Joe falsely stated his age.
• A refund will be issued because Joe is a minor.
• The clerk will be fired for failing to verify Joe's case.
• A refund will be issued, but only to Joe's parents.

The most likely correct answer is: A refund will be issued because Joe is a minor.

Explanation: In contract law, contracts with minors (typically under 18) are generally considered voidable at the discretion of the minor. This means Joe, being a minor, can choose to void the contract and demand a refund. The fact that he misrepresented his age is typically not relevant in determining whether he has the right to void the contract.

• Describe the two models of the criminal justice system. What are they and how do they differ? Which model do you think is more useful? Which is more accurate?
• The two primary models are the Crime Control Model and the Due Process Model.
• Crime Control Model emphasizes the efficient detection of suspects and the effective prosecution of defendants, to ensure public safety. Its focus is on speed and finality.
• Due Process Model emphasizes individual rights and constitutional safeguards against arbitrary or unfair judicial or administrative proceedings. It focuses on ensuring the rights of the accused are protected and the legal process is fair and equitable.
• The usefulness and accuracy of these models depend on the specific context and the values prioritized by the legal system. Some argue the Crime Control Model is more efficient but may compromise individual rights, while the Due Process Model is thorough in protecting rights but can be inefficient.
• A Saudi Arabian government-run hospital hired American Scott Nelson to be an engineer. The parties signed the employment agreement in the United States. On the job, Nelson reported that the hospital had significant safety defects. For this, he was arrested, jailed, and tortured for 39 days. Upon his release to the U.S., Nelson sued the Saudi government for personal injury in the U.S. courts. Can Nelson sue Saudi Arabia in the U.S. courts as a result of this situation?

Answer: Generally, it's challenging for a U.S. citizen to sue a foreign government in U.S. courts due to the principle of sovereign immunity, which protects foreign states from being sued in U.S. courts. However, exceptions exist under the Foreign Sovereign Immunities Act (FSIA). If Nelson's case falls under one of these exceptions (like the tort exception, which sometimes allows for lawsuits in cases of personal injury caused by wrongful acts of a foreign government), he may be able to sue. The specifics of Nelson's situation would determine whether the lawsuit is permissible under U.S. law.

Frequently Asked Questions

The FAQs presented below are meticulously crafted to address the most common concerns and questions that our clients may have. They aim to shed light on the various aspects of our services, including the types of homework we handle, our commitment to quality, confidentiality policies, pricing structure, and order process. This section is integral in fostering a transparent and trustworthy relationship with our clients, ensuring that they are fully informed and confident in their decision to choose LawHomeworkHelp.com for their law homework needs.

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As Law Firm Tech Options Grow, Keep It People-Focused, Accessible, Urge Tech Experts

Morgan Lewis' Scott Milner counseled a sort of hands-on empathy in getting employees to embrace a new technology or a new way of working.

June 21, 2024 at 02:16 PM

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As law firms seek to join in on the AI revolution, it’s worth remembering that they are still a people business. “We don’t sell Buicks or Oreo cookies. We sell people and services,” Tom Fitzgerald, now-former chair of Winston & Strawn, memorably put it in an interview earlier this spring.

Indeed, even as artificial intelligence and tech-enabled paradigm shifts were in the spotlight at the Legal Geek North America conference in Chicago on Thursday, one message across several presentations was clear: keep people —even Luddites—front-and-center.

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As diplomats from around the world convene in Jamaica next month to discuss international guidelines on deep sea mining, environmental activists are urging nations to consider a California law they say could mitigate the need to destroy fragile ocean ecosystems.

“Mining the deep sea will destroy one of the most mysterious and remote wildernesses on the planet, all to extract the very same metals we throw in the trash every day,” said Laura Deehan, state director of Environment California Research & Policy Center. “While we work to protect California’s coastal ocean life, we should join in calls to protect the deep ocean before it’s too late.”

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A major shift in global shipping regulations intended to improve air quality may have temporarily — and inadvertently — set off a geoengineering reaction that is warming the planet, new research has found.

June 9, 2024

As the world transitions from fossil fuels, many replacement technologies — electric vehicles and wind turbines, for instance — rely on metals such as lithium, cobalt, nickel, copper and rare earth elements. And as production ramps up, international mining conglomerates are increasingly eye-balling the deep ocean where vast numbers of polymetallic nodules — naturally occurring concentrations of many of these metals — have been located.

These nodules, formed over millions of years, range from one to four inches in diameter and lie within the top three inches of the ocean floor.

Now, mining companies such as Canada’s the Metals Co., want to bring their deep sea harvesters or subsea collectors to the ocean floor and bulldoze across the sea bottom to grab these “rocks” as they traverse the cold, dark waters of the deep ocean.

Their first target: The Pacific Ocean’s Clarion Clipperton Zone, which extends west of the Central American coast some 4,500 miles, and spans approximately 1,700,000 square miles.

Aggressive and impactful reporting on climate change, the environment, health and science.

In 2016, an international team of scientists investigated the seafloor there and found it contained an abundance of diverse sea life. Not only were more than half of the species collected new to science, but they also found a positive association between the amount of marine life and the number of nodules.

The Metal Co. and those who support deep sea mining say their industry is essential in order to provide the raw materials needed to combat fossil fuel-driven climate change.

“Metal extraction — whether on land or from the deep sea — will impact ecosystems...” acknowledges the company on its website. However, “the clean energy transition will require trade-offs.”

But authors of the new report — and other experts — say that’s untrue. They argue that technological innovation, dedicated recycling of e-waste, and laws that enable consumers to extend the lifetime of their electronic products, can fill the need.

“I would agree with the deep sea mining industry that climate change is our biggest planetary challenge, our gravest threat... if there was a thing that deserves the title of existential crisis, it would be that,” said Douglas McCauley, an associate professor in the Department of Ecology, Evolution, and Marine Biology at UC Santa Barbara, who was not involved in the report.

But, he said, “It’s a deception, a lie that if we want to tackle climate change or make meaningful climate action that we therefore have to mine the oceans.”

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In 2021, the Pacific Island nation of Nauru, in partnership with the Mineral Co., notified the International Seabed Authority — an intergovernmental body of 167 member states and the European Union established under the 1982 U.N. Convention on the Law of the Sea (UNCLOS) — of plans to begin mining in international waters. The move triggered the U.N. Convention on the Law of the Sea’s “two-year rule,” which required the board’s 36-member council to consider and provisionally approve mining applications by July 9, 2023.

The council missed that deadline and ended its meeting without finalizing regulations. The council is now working to adopt regulations by 2025.

Next month, the council will begin deliberations in Jamaica, and environmentalists are hoping to persuade it to ban deep sea mining, or at least issue a moratorium.

They say that innovations in battery technology and production, as well as recycling and right-to-repair laws, will make the need to pursue this destructive practice obsolete.

“Why go destroy one place and jump to the next place to destroy it to get new minerals, when suddenly we have new technologies that help us actually increase circularity and close the loop, pulling materials out of the stockpiles we already have,” said McCauley.

According to the report, consumers throw away more copper and cobalt in discarded electronic waste every year than could be produced through the year 2035 by the Metals Co. in the Clarion Clipperton Zone.

And they say extending the life of electronic products through repair and reuse could reduce the need for new materials. For instance, doubling the lifetime of a product can reduce demand by 50%, while increasing product lifespans by just half can reduce demand by one-third.

“Right now we’re throwing away 47 pounds per person of e-waste every year, “ said Fiona Hines, a legislative analyst with CALPIRG. “That’s 3 million tons a year in the U.S.”

Currently, California, Massachusetts, Maine, Colorado, Minnesota and New York are the only states with Right to Repair laws, however 30 more are considering bills.

California’s new ‘right to repair’ law is embraced by recyclers

The new ‘right to repair’ law could slow down the dumping of e-waste into our landfills and save customers and recycling firms millions of dollars.

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There are currently no deep sea mining operations taking place anywhere in the world’s oceans, although pilot and test runs have been conducted to evaluate the ecosystem response of extracting nodules from the ocean floor.

Those experiments and models have shown irreparable local damage, as well as more widespread harm caused by the clouds of sediment such activities could spread in ocean currents.

“These are some of the lowest resiliency ecosystems on the planet,” said McCauley.

Mining in them would create “harm that we, so far in all of our studies have not seen yet recover,” he said referring to a 1989 mining simulation off South America’s coast, which has still not rebounded 35 years later.

He said the deep sea area is not like shallower regions in the ocean, such as the Bikini Atoll in the central Pacific — over which 23 atomic bombs were dropped between 1946 and 1958 — but which is arguably flourishing today, having recovered coral, fish, turtle and invertebrate populations. Or like a rain forest, which can be devastated, but will eventually regrow — even if not with old growth.

In the regions proposed for deep sea mining, nothing seems to come back, he said.

“There are physical reasons for that — we’re talking about a space which has very low light, very low energy, extremely cold temperatures and high pressures. So life down there just moves at a much, much slower pace,” he said.

And then there are the sediment plumes that could block out sunlight or cloud usually crystal-clear waters, that worry fishermen and environmentalists. Unlike terrestrial operations, these plumes, tailings and waste can’t be confined — and models show them moving hundreds or thousands of miles.

“There are no borders recognized by wildlife in the ocean,” said Deehan, state director at Environment California. She noted the Pacific leatherback sea turtle, which is considered endangered. “It travels all the way from Indonesia across the Pacific Ocean back to California, every year. And then there are the whales that migrate all across world. These ecosystems, they are all interconnected and they support the wildlife in our ocean.”

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U.S. Department of Energy Announces Over $63 Million to Support Commercialization of Transformative Energy Technologies

WASHINGTON, D.C. —  In support of President Biden's Investing in America agenda , the U.S. Department of Energy (DOE) today announced $63.5 million for four transformative technologies through the Seeding Critical Advances for Leading Energy technologies with Untapped Potential (SCALEUP) program. The four projects have demonstrated a viable path to market and represent technologies focused on aerogels for energy-efficient insulated glass units, thermal batteries to supply combined heat and power from renewable electricity, energy-dense solid state batteries, and cement decarbonization. SCALEUP supports the Biden-Harris Administration’s efforts to advance critical research and development helping to propel America’s energy innovation leadership on the global stage.

“America is an innovation superpower, and President Biden is helping to scale up the next generation of clean energy solutions that will advance the nation even further toward our net-zero goals,” said U.S. Secretary of Energy Jennifer Granholm . “By catalyzing the commercialization of promising technologies, we are empowering the private sector to g“America is an innovation superpower, and President Biden is helping to scale up the next generation of clean energy solutions that will advance the nation even further toward our net-zero goals,” said U.S. Secretary of Energy Jennifer Granholm. “By catalyzing the commercialization of promising technologies, we are empowering the private sector to go all in to boost American manufacturing, strengthen national security and ensure our competitive edge.” 

The SCALEUP program provides new funding to previous ARPA-E awardees that have successfully de-risked their technology and established a viable route to commercial deployment.

The four projects selected as part of the latest SCALEUP program are: 

• AeroShield Materials (Waltham, MA) will develop a pilot manufacturing facility for aerogels for high-efficiency insulated glass units that will enable residential and commercial buildings to become more energy efficient, meeting current and future ENERGY STAR targets for windows. (Award amount: $14,500,000) 
• Antora Energy (Sunnyvale, CA) will scale up production of its thermal battery technology, which turns low-cost renewable energy into reliable, on-demand heat and power for industrial facilities, enabling rapid decarbonization of the industrial sector. (Award amount: $14,500,000) 
• Ion Storage Systems (Beltsville, MD) will support domestic manufacturing of next generation solid-state lithium-metal batteries and accelerate commercialization of the technology into the electric vehicle market. (Award amount: $20,000,000)
• Queens Carbon (Pine Brook, NJ) will develop an on-site pilot facility capable of producing carbon-neutral supplemental cementitious materials using industry standard raw materials to support decarbonized cement production. (Award amount: $14,500,000) 

This is the third cohort of projects selected under the SCALEUP program, and you can access full project descriptions for the technologies above on the ARPA-E website.

One of the project teams from the initial SCALEUP—Natron Energy, a global leader in sodium-ion battery technology—recently began commercial-scale operations at its manufacturing facility in Holland, Michigan.  LongPath Technologies—another awardee from the initial SCALEUP—has created a paradigm shift in methane detection and mitigation by developing technologies capable of detecting over 90% of methane leaks down to 0.2 kg/hr from nearly a mile away. LongPath recently received an LPO loan guarantee of $189 million. Finally, Sila—a next-generation battery materials company also funded under SCALEUP—was selected to received up to   $100 million in funding through the Bipartisan Infrastructure Law (BIL)   to support the build-out of a facility in Moses Lake, Washington. Early ARPA-E funding and SCALEUP support were instrumental in the company’s success, and continued support demonstrates how critical President Biden’s whole-of-government strategy is to supporting energy technology from early stages, such as R&D, to full-scale deployment.   In 2021, ARPA-E issued the second SCALEUP program, which went on to support work in hybrid electric aircraft; high-power density magnetic components; efficient, cost-effective and compact U.S.-manufactured electric vehicle charging equipment; wood products that are stronger, lighter and less expensive than structural steel; rare earth-free permanent magnets; floating offshore wind; and geomechanical energy storage.  The SCALEUP program has successfully demonstrated what can happen when technical experts are empowered with the commercialization support to develop a strong pathway to market, and this latest cohort furthers the Biden-Harris Administration’s commitment to supporting American energy innovation. 

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How Microsoft Power Platform is driving real-world impact—April and May customer success stories

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Innovative organizations worldwide harness Microsoft Power Platform to revolutionize operations and achieve exceptional outcomes. Our customer stories underscore the significant impact of this technology across diverse industries, highlighting its role in fostering creativity and efficiency. We’re thrilled to showcase new success stories that illustrate the transformative power of our solutions. For example, Leroy Seafood Group achieved USD 8 million in savings by enhancing weight estimate accuracy using Microsoft Power Apps. We invite you to explore these inspiring narratives and let them ignite your own journey of transformation.

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Cineplex benefits from Microsoft Power Platform automated solutions

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Cineplex is one of Canada’s leading media and entertainment companies. To streamline business processes, over 100 employees are using Microsoft Power Platform to develop innovative automation solutions for finance, guest services, and other departments. Watch the video to learn how Cineplex saves over 30,000 hours a year in manual processing time.

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Leroy Seafood Group drives digitization with Microsoft Power Platform

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The Leroy Seafood Group, a leading global producer of salmon and trout, has leveraged Microsoft Power Platform products to drive its digitization strategy, significantly enhancing data sharing and operational efficiency. By purchasing more than 4,000 Premium Microsoft Power Apps licenses and implementing an automated Center of Excellence, Leroy has empowered its employees to develop innovative enterprise applications. One such mobile app, for example, has standardized and centralized data reporting from offshore crews, improving reporting accuracy by 11.6%, equating to an USD 8 million saving. Leroy’s structured development approach, supported by the Power Platform Center of Excellence Starter Kit, ensures robust governance and quality. Managed Environments have further strengthened development controls, enabling seamless innovation and the potential for additional applications, such as health and safety training tools. Overall, Microsoft Power Platform has been pivotal in enhancing Leroy’s data-driven decision-making and operational excellence, aligning with its vision of becoming a leader in sustainable seafood.

“When we started with [Microsoft] Power Platform, we made the decision to jump directly into [Microsoft] Dataverse as was saw it as the most secure and reliable way to store and manage our data—especially our mission critical data. It was a natural choice for us and it has worked amazingly well.” Andreas Fauske: Team Lead Power Platform, Leroy

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Peppermint Technology redefines legal business processes with their innovative Copilot, integrating seamlessly with Microsoft Power Platform to boost law firm efficiency. By using enterprise data in Dataverse and SharePoint, Peppermint’s solutions empower lawyers to streamline client services, enhancing productivity and client engagement with minimal effort. Learn more by watching the video. 

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Majesco expands it’s copilot capabilities with Microsoft Copilot Studio

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Majesco, an insurance industry leader, used Copilot Studio, to build a comprehensive copilot that is embedded in all twelve of its insurance software products, a task that previously took nine months for a basic version. This shift reduced reliance on a small data science team, allowing 400 developers to handle 95% of the copilot’s functionalities independently. Integrated with Microsoft Power Automate, the copilot can perform diverse actions like data summarization and task management, significantly improving efficiency. The new copilot processes inquiries and actions in less than 30 seconds, saving substantial time and costs. This advancement addresses industry challenges such as underwriter shortages and easing the learning curve for new hires, providing real-time support and reducing administrative burdens. Copilot Studio has accelerated Majesco’s market delivery, giving it a strong first-mover advantage and progressing toward a fully AI-driven user interface.

“Using Microsoft Copilot Studio has accelerated our speed to market and given us a strong, first-mover advantage.” Manish Shah: Chief Product Officer, Majesco

Call2Recycle optimizes its operations with Microsoft Dynamics 365 and Microsoft Power Platform

Call2Recycle

Call2Recycle, operator of the largest battery recycling program in the U.S. and Canada, streamlined its operations with Microsoft Dynamics 365 and Microsoft Power Platform, saving approximately USD 25,000 annually. By integrating Dynamics 365 for enterprise resource planning (ERP) and customer relationship management (CRM), the nonprofit automates processes across operations, finance, services, and sales, reducing manual work and increasing efficiency. This setup saves hours on tasks like invoicing and vendor payments, allowing the organization to focus on its sustainability mission. Additionally, Call2Recycle launched an e-bike battery recycling program using Microsoft Power Pages, seamlessly integrated with Dynamics 365. This system supports more than 2,000 retailers, enabling efficient enrollment, training, and management of battery collection. Automation through Power Automate and real-time monitoring with Microsoft Power BI ensure streamlined operations. The flexibility and scalability of Microsoft Power Platform are crucial for adapting to the rapidly changing battery market, driving growth, and enhancing environmental impact.

“By automating processes in Business Central, we save 10 hours per month on invoicing, 8 hours on banking activities like vendor payment uploads, and 12 hours on processing vendor invoice approvals.” David Ainsley: Director of IT, Call2Recycle

Laris Hotels Group improves booking data access using Microsoft Power Platform

Laris Hotels Group

Laris Hotels Group, one of the largest hotel chains in Krakow, Poland, improved its access to booking data using Microsoft Power Platform products. Previously reliant on a cumbersome weekly manual process, Laris implemented desktop robotic process automation (RPA) in Power Automate to pull daily data from a legacy property management system (PMS). This data is now seamlessly integrated into Power BI for customized reporting. With faster, daily updates, Laris enjoys a clearer view of booking data, increasing average hotel occupancy by approximately 15%. The new system allows for detailed analysis, including commission and tax breakdowns, and aligns booking data with budget targets. Reports are automatically distributed via Microsoft Teams, ensuring timely information for decision-making. Developed by Atteli, a Microsoft partner, the low-code solution was created in just two weeks, offering cost-efficiency and easy maintenance. Beyond improving internal operations, Laris plans to extend this system to support other hotels through its Hotel Sales Link initiative. The scalable solution, ready to handle various PMS systems, positions Laris for further innovation and enhanced data-driven decision-making, with potential expansions into Microsoft Fabric for deeper insights.

“Our [Microsoft] Power Platform system provides us with greater availability of booking data, with average hotel occupancy increasing by approximately 15% as a result.” Chris Barker: International Sales Director, Laris Hotels Group

Nsure streamlines customer processes with Microsoft Power Platform

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Nsure.com enables consumers to compare quotes from over 50 home and auto insurers and to buy online in minutes. For over five years, the company has been using Microsoft Power Platform to automate business processes. Watch the video to see how Nsure used the generative AI capabilities in Microsoft Power Automate, including text recognition and sentiment analysis, to reduce manual processing time by 60% while also reducing associated costs by 50%. 

See full story . 

Zurich empowers developers with Microsoft Power Platform

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To help enable fusion development, drive innovation, and streamline operations across the global enterprise, citizen and pro developers at Zurich Insurance Group are using Microsoft Power Platform for low-code and pro-code business app development, process automation, and more. Check out the video to learn more.  

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Biot Savart Law Homework Solutions

• Thread starter meaghan
• Start date Mar 6, 2016
• Tags Biot savart law Law
• Mar 6, 2016

Homework Statement

Homework Equations

The attempt at a solution.

• Understanding quantum states: New research shows importance of precise topography in solid neon qubits
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Integrate the first equation over the 1.1 mm length indicated. Use the vector form of the B-S Law to properly capture the geometrical relationship between the current element and the observation points. Your second equation is only valid for the field away from an infinitely long current--not your situation.  

Well, r is distance (diagonal) from source to observation so it varies.  

Related to Biot Savart Law Homework Solutions

1. what is the biot savart law.

The Biot Savart Law is a fundamental law in electromagnetism that describes the relationship between a current-carrying wire and the magnetic field it produces. It states that the magnetic field at any point is directly proportional to the current, the length of the wire, and the sine of the angle between the wire and the point.

2. How is the Biot Savart Law used?

The Biot Savart Law is used to calculate the magnetic field produced by a current-carrying wire at any point in space. It is also used to determine the magnetic field produced by a current loop or a combination of current-carrying wires.

3. What are the units of the Biot Savart Law?

The units of the Biot Savart Law are given by the right-hand rule, where the direction of the current, the direction of the magnetic field, and the direction of the force are all perpendicular to each other. The units of the magnetic field are usually expressed in Tesla (T) or Gauss (G).

4. How is the Biot Savart Law related to Ampere's Law?

The Biot Savart Law and Ampere's Law are closely related as they both describe the relationship between a current-carrying wire and the magnetic field it produces. Ampere's Law is a more general law that can be used to calculate the magnetic field for more complex current distributions, while the Biot Savart Law is used for simpler cases.

5. What are some applications of the Biot Savart Law?

The Biot Savart Law has numerous applications in various fields such as physics, engineering, and medicine. It is used in the design of motors, generators, and other electrical devices. It is also used in medical imaging techniques such as magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) to create images of the body's internal structures.

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Arizona Republican bills were not real solutions to our water crisis

Opinion: republican bills did not adequately address arizona's water issues, but we're committed to finding bipartisan solutions that work..

This year, for the first time in decades, Democrats in the Legislature were hopeful that the Republican majority was willing to take Arizona’s water security seriously and strengthen our urban water supplies while addressing the free-for-all that is rural groundwater pumping.

The state of our groundwater needs attention — desperately — as climate change is no longer a future fear but a reality we now live with daily.

Yet, in the waning hours before we ended the 2024 legislative session, the Republican majority pushed through a number of measures that have raised significant alarms.

If signed into law by Gov. Katie Hobbs, these bills would have led to even more unsustainable groundwater pumping and also put our urban water supplies in real jeopardy.

GOP solutions would have weakened water law

Republicans are pretending to have easy solutions on water , but what they’ve pushed through will only weaken our existing groundwater laws and fail to provide lasting protections for either rural or urban Arizonans.

On Saturday, the Legislature narrowly passed Senate Bill 1172 , which contained Republicans’ latest “ag-to-urban” proposal (which had also been discussed in prior weeks in House Bill 2201 ).

Thankfully, Gov. Hobbs on Wednesday delivered her veto .

In theory, converting agricultural lands to more water-efficient homes could provide overall water savings within Active Management Areas (AMAs) like Phoenix, where homebuilding has stopped because the data show the groundwater supply will not be able to meet demand over the next 100 years.

But SB 1172 allowed lands that aren’t actually using water to receive credits to pump water and build homes, which could lead to increased groundwater pumping and worsen our sustainability.

Based on initial Arizona Department of Water Resources analysis, the ag-to-urban proposal should be limited to the Phoenix AMA to ensure that water savings occur.

They tried to rush solutions without full vetting

What Republicans pushed through on June 15 wouldn’t save water but would lead to increased groundwater pumping, including in Tucson, which doesn’t even have unmet demand and doesn’t need this measure for homebuilding to continue.  

Worse, the negotiations over this proposal were held behind closed doors and didn’t benefit from public comment.

Worse still, the Governor’s Water Policy Council hadn’t the opportunity to review or provide input before bill passage.

This is another reason conservation groups and Arizona’s Native American tribes were united in opposition to SB 1172.

Ag-to-urban bill: Saves groundwater, builds housing we need

Republicans also tried forcing through their version of a rural groundwater management bill, SB 1221 , well before we’ve reached agreement on many critical issues. Thankfully, that bill failed to advance before the legislative session ended. 

The defiant, unilateral effort to pass SB 1221 was all the more disappointing given that, since February, we participated in good faith in bipartisan negotiations on a rural groundwater management reform package — and had been making significant progress.

Let's base water policy on sound science

Where we differed in these meetings is that Democrats are trying to protect rural residents from losing their wells and small, longtime farmers’ ability to keep their family operations going.

Republican proposals, on the other hand, would privilege the large corporate pumpers that have arrived within the last decade. 

Under the landmark Groundwater Management Act of 1980 , the state of Arizona currently has two tools available that could be exercised in the several basins which qualify under statutory criteria: designating Irrigation Non-Expansion Areas (INAs) or Active Management Areas (AMAs).   

In Rep. Mathis’ HB 2857 , we proposed a framework based on the Governor’s Water Policy Council’s recommendations that would provide a third, more flexible, locally-driven alternative to INAs or AMAs.

Democrats believe the process and criteria for initiating the regulation of a groundwater basin under this new framework should be based purely on science and no more stringent than the process for initiating an AMA.

We're still at the table working on fixes

At present, out-of-state corporations and special interests are profiteering off our finite water supplies, while communities are left badly hurting.  

The more urban parts of Arizona have greatly benefited from stable water supplies ensured by decades of groundwater management. But rural Arizona communities still lack basic water supply protections.

This hurts families and undermines local economic development. Democrats aren’t willing to continue to allow sound water management policy to simply leave out rural Arizonans.

At long last, the Legislature must step up to empower rural communities with tools to manage their precious water supplies.

Both of us are committed to staying at the table to continue negotiating real solutions to our rural groundwater crisis that include input from impacted residents and small family farms — even if the governor must call a special session this year to finalize a comprehensive legislative package. 

Let’s not pretend the half-baked bills that passed in the final days of the session are true solutions to our looming water needs.

But let’s also not call it quits on the hard work of reaching a consensus, bipartisan agreement.  

Sen. Priya Sundareshan (LD18) and Rep. Christopher Mathis (LD18) are the ranking Democrat on their respective chamber’s Natural Resources, Energy and Water Committee and lead negotiators at the table on water policy for the Joint Democratic Caucus. Reach them at [email protected] and [email protected] .

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Addressing cultural misappropriation through law

26 June 2024

Politics and law , Te ao Māori , Auckland Law School

A forthcoming article highlights a legal gap regarding cultural misappropriation in Aotearoa New Zealand and offers a solution.

From tā moko filters on Snapchat to a Pākehā television presenter posting a picture of a monkey wearing a korowai on Instagram, culture, particularly Indigenous culture, is regularly used inappropriately, and New Zealand law is failing to protect it.

A journal article by University of Auckland legal scholar Jayden Houghton (Rereahu Maniapoto) proposes a new law to enable those affected by cultural misappropriation to seek amends.

The article highlights the need for a tort of misappropriation of culture. It proposes four elements of the tort that the plaintiff would need to prove — that the defendant appropriated an element of the plaintiff’s appropriable culture, the defendant’s appropriation was without the consent of the cultural community, the defendant appropriated the plaintiff’s culture for their own advantage, and the appropriation was a misappropriation, a concept which the author defines and explores. It also proposes the available defences and remedies. 

Implementing this common law tort (a civil wrong that causes a claimant to suffer loss or harm, resulting in legal liability) into New Zealand law, says Houghton, would enable legal recourse, prevent further harm from being caused by misappropriation, uphold the value and importance of culture, and help to validate the damage caused by misappropriation.

The tort would have four available remedies — a declaration that the defendant misappropriated the culture, an injunction to require the defendant to stop or remove the misappropriation, compensation for loss caused by the misappropriation, and an account of profits to redirect unauthorised gains from the misappropriation to members of the affected culture.

“Currently, most instances of cultural misappropriation can only be dealt with by societal pressure. This burdens those affected with having to contact the people who appropriated their culture, without any guarantees the appropriators will stop,” says the senior lecturer in the Faculty of Law.

“People who are affected can use the media to call out cultural misappropriation, which may uphold the value and importance of the culture, but it may not validate the harm caused by the misappropriation. Indigenous peoples, who are perhaps the most affected by cultural misappropriation, do not want to have to sustain this practice.”

The scholar applies the proposed tort in two case studies to illustrate how it might work.

The first demonstrates the tort in a Māori context, detailing a 2022 incident when Snapchat and Instagram filters superimposing moko kauae (a tattoo received by women on their lips and chin) and mataora (a face tattoo received by men) on users’ faces gained significant media attention.

Any individual could create a filter and social media users could use the filter and share the superimposed image.

In this case, Houghton says a claim of misappropriation of culture could have been brought against the people who created the filters.

“Arguably, a claim could also be brought against Snapchat and Instagram because, while the platforms did not make the filters, they hosted them and, therefore, were part of the chain of misappropriation.”

The other case study in which the tort might be invoked was one in which Gypsy Craft Fairs Ltd, an Auckland company, started holding ‘The Original Gypsy Fair’, which described itself as a venue for ‘like-minded travelling folk’.

The event’s misuse of the name ‘Gypsy’ in its title and the use of imagery of Romani people on the poster prompted campaigners to call out the event for exploitation.

Again, says Houghton, the proposed tort could have provided a legal remedy — "in this case, perhaps an account of profits for the Fair’s financial gain and an injunction preventing further use of the term or images".

Although a tort of misappropriation of culture would be a step forward, the paper also brings attention to the need for further options for amends and other avenues to encourage public education.

“An inevitable issue with any tort is that litigation is expensive and time-consuming,” says Houghton.

“Ideally, the tort would be just one legal protection in a comprehensive protective regime, perhaps including an advisory office to develop educational materials and provide advice to prospective users of elements of culture, a register for relationships with elements of culture, and a dispute resolution and adjudicative mechanism to help resolve disputes relating to claims to and uses of elements of culture.”

In the meantime, Houghton says the tort would fill the legal gap by providing protection and reparation for the cultures and peoples affected by cultural misappropriation in Aotearoa.

The paper, A Tort of Misappropriation of Culture, is forthcoming in the Torts Law Journal.

Media contact:

Sophie Boladeras I Media adviser M: 022 4600 388 E: sophie.boladeras@auckland.ac.nz

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Coulomb's Law: Solved Problems for High School and College

Practice problems with detailed solutions about Coulomb's law are presented that are suitable for the AP Physics C exam and college students. For more solved problems (over 61) see here . 

Note:  In textbooks, the terms ‘Coulomb force’, ‘electric force’, and ‘electrostatic force’ are used interchangeably to describe the force between two point charges.

Coulomb's Law Practice Problems

Problem (1): Two like and equal charges are at a distance of $d=5\,{\rm cm}$ and exert a force of $F=9\times 10^{-3}\,{\rm N}$ on each other.  (a) Find the magnitude of each charge. (b) What is the direction of the electrostatic force between them?

Solution: The magnitude of the force between two rest point charges $q$ and $q'$ separated by a distance $d$ is given by Coulomb's law as follows: \[F=k\,\frac{|q|\,|q'|}{d^2}\] where $k \approx 8.99\times 10^{9}\,{\rm \frac{N.m^{2}}{C^2}}$ is the Coulomb constant and the magnitudes of charges denoted by $|\cdots|$.

Let the magnitude of charges be $|q_1|=|q_2|=|q|$, Now by substituting the known numerical values of $F$ and distance $d$, and solving for $|q|$ we get \begin{align*} F&=k\,\frac{|q_1|\,|q_2|}{d^{2}}\\ 9\times 10^{-3}&=(8.99\times 10^{9})\frac{|q|^{2}}{(0.05)^{2}}\\ \Rightarrow q^{2}&=25\times 10^{-16}\\ \Rightarrow q&=5\times 10^{-8}\,{\rm C} \end{align*} In the second equality, we converted the distance from $cm$ to $m$ to coincide with SI units.

The direction of the Coulomb force depends on the sign of the charges. Two like charges repel and two unlike ones attract each other.

Since $q_1$ and $q_2$ have the same signs the electric force between them is repulsive. 

Problem (2): What is the electrostatic force between two pieces of grain in a grain elevator if one piece holds a charge of $5\times 10^{-16}\,\rm C$ and the other holds a charge of $2\times 10^{-16}\,\rm C$, while being separated by a distance of 0.06 m? (a) Find the magnitude of the Coulomb force that one grain exerts on the other. (b) Is the force attractive or repulsive?

Solution: Known values:\begin{gather*}|q|=2\times 10^{-16}\,{\rm C}\\ |q'|=5\times 10^{-16}\,{\rm C}\\ d=0.06\,{\rm m} \end{gather*}

(a) Coulomb's law gives the magnitude of the electric force between two stationary (motionless) point charges so by applying it we have \begin{align*}F&=k\,\frac{|q|\,|q'|}{d^{2}}\\&=(9\times 10^{9})\,\frac{(2\times 10^{-16})(5\times 10^{-16})}{(0.06)^2}\\&=2.5\times 10^{-19}\,{\rm N}\end{align*}

(b) Since the charges have like signs the electric force between them is repulsive.

If you are getting ready for AP physics exams, these electric force problems are also relevant.

Problem (3): What is the magnitude of the force that a ${\rm 25\, \mu C}$-charge exerts on a ${-\rm 10\,\mu C}$ charge ${\rm 8.5\, cm}$ away? (Take  $k=9\times 10^{9}\,{\rm \frac{N.m^{2}}{C^2}}$ )

Solution : The magnitude of the attraction/repulsion force between two point charges is given by Coulomb's Law as follows: \begin{align*}F&=k\frac{|qq'|}{r^2}\\&=(9\times 10^{9}){\rm \frac{(25\times 10^{-6}\,C)(10\times 10^{-6}\,C)}{(8.5\times 10^{-2}\,m)^2}}\\&=311.5\quad {\rm N}\end{align*} These two point charges have opposite signs, so the electrostatic force between them is attractive.

Problem (4): Two charged particles apply an electric force of $5.2\times 10^{-3}\,{\rm N}$ on each other. Distance between them gets twice as much as before. What will be Coulomb's force? 

Solution : Using Coulomb's law, we have $F=k\frac{|qq'|}{r^2}$, where $r$ is the distance between two charges. We are told in the problem that the distance is doubled so $r_2=2r_1$, thus the electric force is found as \begin{align*}F_2&=k\frac{|qq'|}{r_2^2}\\\\&=k\frac{|qq'|}{(2r_1)^2}\\\\&=\frac 14 \underbrace{k\frac{|qq'|}{r_1^2}}_{F_1}\\\\&=\frac 14 F_1\end{align*}

Problem (5): Two charged point particles are $4.41\,{\rm cm}$ apart. They are moved and placed in a new position. The force between them is found to have tripled. How far apart are they now? 

Solution : initial distance is $r_1=4.41\,{\rm cm}$. At the new location, the force is tripled $F_2=3F_1$. Applying Coulomb's law, we have \begin{align*}F_2&=3F_1\\ \\ k\frac{\cancel{|qq'|}}{r_2^2}&=3k\frac{\cancel{|qq'|}}{r_1^2}\\ \\ \frac{1}{r_2^2}&=\frac{3}{(4.41\times 10^{-2})^2}\\\\ \Rightarrow r_2^2&=\frac{(4.41\times 10^{-2})^2}{3}\end{align*} Taking the square root of both sides, we get \[r_2=0.0254\,{\rm m}\] Thus, if those two charges are $2.54\,{\rm cm}$ away, the electrostatic force between them gets tripled. 

Problem (6): Two small spheres are charged with the same quantity of charge but of opposite types. The charge on each sphere is $8\times 10^{-7}\,\rm C$ and they are separated by a distance of $\rm 0.75\, m$. Determine the electrical force of attraction between the two spheres.

Solution : Use Coulomb's law and plug in known values and solve for the unknown. \begin{align*} F&=\frac{kq_1 \, q_q}{r^2} \\\\ &=\frac{(9\times 10^9)(8\times 10^{-7})(8\times 10^{-7})}{(0.75)^2} \\\\ &=0.01\,\rm N \end{align*}

Conceptual Problem: A student rubs a balloon against their hair and then touches it to a wall. The balloon adheres to the wall. What is the scientific principle that explains why the balloon sticks to the wall?

Solution : The balloon sticks to the wall due to the principle of static electricity and can be explained using Coulomb’s law.

When the balloon is rubbed against the student’s hair, it becomes negatively charged due to the transfer of electrons from the hair to the balloon.

When the balloon is then brought near the wall, these extra electrons repel the electrons in the wall, causing the surface of the wall to become positively charged.

Coulomb’s law states that the force between two charges is directly proportional to the product of their charges and inversely proportional to the square of the distance between them.

In this case, the balloon and the wall act like two charges. The negatively charged balloon and the positively charged wall attract each other, and this electrostatic force, as described by Coulomb’s law, causes the balloon to stick to the wall.

Solve these practice problems on the electric charge to get a better view of charges in physics. 

Conceptual Problem: Two identical metal spheres, C and D, have charges of $+3.0\times 10^{-6}$ coulomb and $+1.5 \times 10^{-6}$ coulomb, respectively. The magnitude of the electrostatic force on C due to D is $3.6$ newtons. What is the magnitude of the electrostatic force on D due to C?

Solution : According to Newton’s third law of motion, every action has an equal and opposite reaction. This law applies to the forces between charged particles as well. Therefore, the magnitude of the electrostatic force on sphere B due to sphere A is equal to the magnitude of the electrostatic force on sphere A due to sphere B.

This is because the forces are action-reaction pairs according to Newton’s third law, and their magnitudes are determined by the charges on the spheres and the distance between them according to Coulomb’s law.

Therefore, the magnitude of the electrostatic force on sphere B due to sphere A is also 2.4 Newtons, the same as the force on sphere A due to sphere B.

Problem (7): Suppose that two point charges, each with a charge of +1 Coulomb are separated by a distance of  1 meter.  (a) Will they attract or repel? (b) Determine the magnitude of the electrical force between them.

Solution:  (a) Since the charges are like the electric force between them is repulsive. (b) The magnitude of electric force between two charges is found by Coulomb's law as follows: \begin{align*} F&=k\frac{|q_1 q_2|}{r^2}\\&=\big(9\times 10^9\big)\frac{1\times 1}{1^2}\\&=9\times 10^9\quad {\rm N}\end{align*}Where $|\cdots|$ denotes the absolute values of charges regardless of their signs.

Problem (8): Two balloons are charged with an identical quantity and type of charge: -0.0025 C. They are held apart at a separation distance of 8 m. Determine the magnitude of the electrical force of repulsion between them.

Solution : applying Coulomb's law and putting the given numerical values in it, we have \begin{align*} F&=k\frac{q_1 q_2}{r^2}\\&=\big(9\times 10^9\big)\frac{(0.0025)(0.0025)}{(8)^2}\\&=879\quad {\rm N}\end{align*}

Problem (9): Two charged boxes are 4 meters apart from each other. The blue box has a charge of +0.000337 C and is attracting the red box with a force of 626 Newtons. Determine the charge of the red box. Remember to indicate if it is positive or negative.

Solution : known information are $q_1=+0.000337\,{\rm C}$, $F=626\,{\rm N}$, and $d=4\,{\rm m}$. Unknown is $q_2=?$. Coulomb's law gets the magnitude of the force between two charges. By applying it and solving for $q_2$, we have \begin{align*} F&=k\frac{q_1 q_2}{d^2}\\ \\ \Rightarrow q_2&=\frac{F\,d^2}{k\,q_1}\\ \\ &=\frac{626\times (4)^2}{(9\times 10^9)(0.000337)}\\ \\&=0.0033\quad {\rm C}\end{align*} Since in the problem said that the force is attraction, so the charge of the red box must be negative.  Note that, Coulomb's law gives only the magnitude of the electric force without their signs.

Problem (10): A piece of Styrofoam has a charge of -0.004 C and is placed 3.0 m from a piece of salt with a charge of -0.003 C. How much electrostatic force is produced?

Solution : the magnitude of the electrostatic force is determined as follows, \begin{align*} F&=k\frac{q_1 q_2}{d^2}\\&=\big(9\times 10^9\big)\frac{(0.004)(0.003)}{(3)^2}\\&=12000\quad {\rm N}\end{align*} Note that in Coulomb's force equation, the magnitude of the charges (regardless of their signs) must be included.

Problem (11): Two coins lie 1.5 meters apart on a table. They carry identical electric charges.  Approximately how large is the charge on each coin if each coin experiences a force of 2.0 N?

Solution : Substituting the given numerical into Coulomb's law equation, we have \begin{align*} F&=k\frac{q_1 q_2}{d^2}\\ \\ 2&=\big(9\times 10^9 \big)\frac{q\,q}{(1.5)^2}\\ \\ \Rightarrow q&=\sqrt{\frac{2\times (1.5)^2}{9\times 10^9}}\\ \\ &=2.23\times 10^{-5} \quad {\rm C} \end{align*}

The following problems are for practicing for the AP Physics C problems.

Problem (6): Three point charges are placed at the corners of an equilateral triangle as in the figure below. What is the magnitude and direction of the net electric force on the $2\,\rm \mu C$ charge? 

Solution : The force that the charge $-6\,\rm \mu C$ applies to the $2\,\rm \mu C$ is attractive and to the right along the line connecting them and its magnitude is also calculated as follows: \begin{align*} F_{2,-6}&=k\frac{qq'}{r^2} \\\\ &=(9\times 10^9) \frac{(2\times 10^{-6})(6\times 10^{-6})}{(0.10)^2} \\\\ &=10.8\,\rm N \end{align*} The charge $8\,\rm \mu C$ is repelled the charge $2\,\rm \mu C$ along the line joining them with a magnitude of \begin{align*} F_{2,8}&=k\frac{qq'}{r^2} \\\\ &=(9\times 10^9) \frac{(2\times 10^{-6})(8\times 10^{-6})}{(0.10)^2} \\\\ &=14.4\,\rm N \end{align*} Given the geometry shown below, the force $\vec{F}_{2,8}$, denoted by $\vec{F}_8$ for simplicity, makes an angle of $60^\circ$ with the negative direction of $x$-axis.

Resolving this vector force along the horizontal and vertical directions gives its components \begin{align*} F_{1x}&=F_1 \cos 60^\circ \\ &=14.4\times (0.5)=72.2\,\rm N \\\\ F_{1y}&=F_1 \sin 60^\circ \\&=14.4\times (\frac{\sqrt{3}}{2})=72.2\sqrt{3}\,\rm N \end{align*} The net electric force on the charge $2\,\rm \mu C$ is the vector sum of individual forces due to other charges (superposition principle) \[\vec{F}_2=\vec{F}_8+\vec{F}_6 \] Adding the vectors along the horizontal and vertical directions give the corresponding components of the net electric force. \begin{align*} F_{2x}&=10.8+(-72.2) \\&=28.6\,\rm N \\\\ F_{2y}&=0+(-72.2\sqrt{3}) \\&=-72.2\sqrt{3} \,\rm N \end{align*} Given these components, we can find the magnitude and direction of the net electric force the desired charge \begin{align*} F_2&=\sqrt{F_{2x}^2+F_{2y}^2} \\\\ &=\sqrt{(28.6)^2+(-72.2\sqrt{3})^2} \\\\&=32.16\,\rm N \end{align*} and its direction with the positive $x$-direction as follows: \begin{align*} \alpha &=\tan^{-1}\left(\frac{F_{2y}}{F_{2x}}\right) \\\\ &=\tan^{-1}\left(\frac{72.2\sqrt{3}}{28.6}\right) \\\\ &=77^\circ \end{align*} 

Problem (7): A $2-\rm \mu C$ point charge and another point charge of magnitude $4-\rm \mu C$ are a distance $L=1\,\rm m$ apart. Where should a third point charge be placed so that the net electric force on it is zero? 

Solution : This is a tricky question and is more similar to the AP Physics C questions. We solve this problem by assuming the third point charge is positive. 

Simple reasoning shows that between the charges the net force on the third charge points to the right and adds together rather than canceling each other. Thus, this region is removed. 

Now, assume a point somewhere outside the charges and closer to the smaller one at a distance $x$ from it. The following figure shows that the forces on this hypothetical positive charge are clearly in opposite directions.

\begin{gather*} F_2=F_4 \\\\ k\frac{q_3 q_2}{x^2}=k\frac{q_3 q_4}{(L+x)^2} \\\\ \frac{2}{x^2}=\frac{4}{(1+x)^2} \\\\ (1+x)^2=2x^2 \\\\ \Rightarrow \boxed{x^2-2x-1=0} \end{gather*} The above quadratic equation has two solutions \[x_1=2.41\,\rm m \quad , \quad x_2=-0.4\,\rm m\] The negative in the second solution means that we must go back to the region between the charges that is not acceptable. Thus, outside the charges and somewhere close to the smaller charge we can find a point where the net Coulomb force on the third charge is zero. 

For practice, consider yourself a negative charge, repeat the above steps, and find the result. 

Problem (8): In the following figure, a small sphere of mass $3\,\rm g$ and charge of $q_1=15\,\rm nC$ are suspended by a light string over the second charge of equal mass and charge of $-85\,\rm nC$. The distance between the two charges is $2\,\rm cm$.  (a) Find the tension in the string. (b) What is the smallest value of separation $d$, assuming the string can withstand a maximum tension of $0.150\,\rm N$? 

Solution : The negative charge and gravity pull vertically down the positive charge and the tension in the string pulls up, as depicted in the following free-body diagram. 

(a) The positive charge is motionless so the net force on it must be zero. Balancing the above forces applied to it gives the tension force in the string. \begin{gather*} T=F_e+mg \\\\ T=k\frac{q_1 q_2}{r^2}+mg \\\\ T=(9\times 10^9) \times \frac{(15\times 10^{-9})(85\times 10^{-9})}{(0.02)^2}+(0.003)(10) \\\\ \Rightarrow \boxed{T=0.31\,\rm N} \end{gather*}  (b) This time, the maximum tension force that the string can withstand is given and asked to find the smallest distance between the charges. 

Again we use the above relation between the forces on the positive force and solve for the unknown distance $d$. \begin{gather*} T=k\frac{q_1 q_2}{r^2}+mg \\\\ T-mg=k\frac{q_1 q_2}{r^2} \\\\ r^2=k\frac{q_1 q_2}{T-mg} \end{gather*} Taking the square root of both sides and substituting the numerical values gives \begin{align*} r&=\sqrt{\frac{(9\times 10^9)(15\times 10^{-9})(85\times 10^{-9})}{0.150-(0.003)(10)}} \\\\ &=0.97\,\rm m \end{align*} 

The following Coulomb's problems are for Honor Physics courses.

Coulomb's law Simple Solved Questions

In summary, Coulomb's law is fundamental for solving an electrostatic problem in the case of some arrangements of point charges. The following PDF is tailored for the college level and is difficult.

Author:  Dr. Ali Nemati

Last Updated: Feb 3, 2024

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Elektrostal

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Elektrostal , city, Moscow oblast (province), western Russia . It lies 36 miles (58 km) east of Moscow city. The name, meaning “electric steel,” derives from the high-quality-steel industry established there soon after the October Revolution in 1917. During World War II , parts of the heavy-machine-building industry were relocated there from Ukraine, and Elektrostal is now a centre for the production of metallurgical equipment. Pop. (2006 est.) 146,189.

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