term paper sample in nigeria

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Nigeria Term Papers Samples For Students

9 samples of this type

During studying in college, you will certainly have to craft a lot of Term Papers on Nigeria. Lucky you if putting words together and organizing them into meaningful content comes easy to you; if it's not the case, you can save the day by finding a previously written Nigeria Term Paper example and using it as a template to follow.

This is when you will definitely find WowEssays' free samples directory extremely useful as it includes numerous professionally written works on most various Nigeria Term Papers topics. Ideally, you should be able to find a piece that meets your criteria and use it as a template to develop your own Term Paper. Alternatively, our expert essay writers can deliver you a unique Nigeria Term Paper model written from scratch according to your custom instructions.

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Name Term Papers Example

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Poverty is a major concern in the world today. It is said that about half of the world’s population is poor. There are many definitions of the world basing on the point of view. Humanitarian organizations and the United Nations define poverty as the condition where an individual cannot afford proper basic needs such as food, clothing and shelter. Other organizations go as far s quoting an amount, for example, a poor person is one whose total daily expenditure is below one U.S. dollar.

Term Paper on China And Africa

Africa is a continent with vast untapped and unexploited natural resources, and China due to its growing economy; has a demand for these resources. China has therefore helped Africa to re-establish it self as source of valuable commodities for the Global market and also assisted to put a focus on Africa’s politics and why it remains poor (Snow 1998, 64).

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How to Write a Term Paper for Yourself or Other Students

The journey of a university student is quite an interesting one. All through their semester, they get involved in different kinds of assignments, such as classes, practical lessons, fieldwork, and internships. These are necessary to gain the knowledge, skills, and experiences needed in their careers. University students also participate in tasks like individual and group projects, field trips, and easy and difficult exercises.

Based on the knowledge they gain over time, they are asked to write a term paper to validate their learning experience. This task is tedious, unlike regular essays, which are quite easy. The term paper is usually about a topic that requires that they use their learning experience to help them write.

Due to how comprehensive it is, students are usually scared when told to write a term paper.

This article will provide you with the necessary knowledge that you’ll need to write a term paper for yourself and also for your colleagues.

Table of Contents

What is a Term Paper?

A term paper is a research paper written by students over an academic term, accounting for a large part of a grade. Term papers typically require students to research a specific topic, analyze the information they have gathered, and present their findings in a clear and well-organized manner.

They may also require students to provide their insights and interpretations of the material. The format and content of a term paper can vary depending on the subject, course, and instructor. If you already grasp a term paper, it is important you must know how to write a good term paper outline.

How to Write a Good Term Paper (Outline)

A good term paper outline can help you organize your thoughts and ideas and make writing smoother. Here are some steps for creating a good term paper outline:

Start with a clear thesis statement

The first step in writing a good term paper outline is to have a clear thesis statement. It should be the main point or argument of your paper. It should be specific and concise, and it should be included in the introduction of your outline.

Use a ranking structure

When writing a good term paper outline, you should organize its structure into main headings, sections, and sub-headings. This will help you see the overall structure of your paper and ensure that all the information is logically connected.

Be specific

When writing a good term paper outline, you cannot include irrelevant information. You should endeavour to be as specific as possible when listing the main points and supporting evidence for each section of your paper. This will help you stay focused on the topic and ensure that your paper is well organized.

Use keywords

Using keywords throughout your outline is a very important step in writing a term paper. One of the reasons is that it can help you remember your paper’s main points and arguments.

It can also help your readers organize their focus, helping them understand your term paper.

Include sources

In writing a term paper outline, you should add the sources you intend to use for your work in each section. This will help you stay on track and ensure that you have enough information to support your arguments. Also, citation of sources is known to lend credibility to your term paper and give credit to authors whose works you’ve employed in your research.

Review and revise

Another step taken when writing your term paper outline is revision. This entails that you review your outline regularly, ensuring that all sections are logically connected and that your arguments are supported by evidence.

If there is no connection, your term paper will be faulty, which will annul the purpose for which you decided to begin.

Don’t forget the formatting

There are different formats and styles used when writing a term paper. Though there are different formats, you are expected to use the style your lecturer prefers and ensure all the sections are in the right order.

An example of a term paper outline

This example is meant to show you what the contents of a typical term paper should be like.

Introduction

• Background information
• Thesis statement
• Literature Review
• Overview of existing research
• Critique of previous studies
• Gaps in current knowledge
• Data collection
• Sample selection
• Data Analysis
• Tables, figures, and visual aids
• Interpretation of results
• Comparison to existing literature
• Implications
• Summary of main points
• Recommendations for future research
• List of sources cited in the paper
• Additional material supporting the research

Keep in mind that this is just a sample, and you should be able to tailor it to the specific needs of your term paper.

Read Also: Why Your Academic Essay is Below Average

Components of a Good Term Paper

When you want to write a term paper, it is important to note that there are certain building blocks that a term paper will contain. These building blocks are referred to as components. A typical term paper includes the following components;

A title page is the first component required in writing a term paper. It includes the title of the paper, the student’s name, and the course and supervisor’s information. When you write a term paper, ensure that all the information required on the title page is imputed correctly and concisely.

An abstract is a summary of the main points of a term paper. It is typically found at the beginning of the paper and provides an overview of the study’s research, methods, results, and conclusions. A good term paper should have a clear and concise abstract that accurately reflects the content of your paper and provides a sense of the key findings and contributions of your research.

Your abstract should also be well-written, free of errors, and in style appropriate for the intended audience (the format style will be made known to you by your lecturers).

An introduction is a component of writing a term paper. It provides background information on the topic being discussed, presents the main thesis or argument of the paper, and gives an overview of the organization and structure of the paper. It is typically the first section of your paper and is usually written after you have completed your research and writing process.

The main goal of an introduction is to engage your reader’s interest and provide context for the information that will be presented in the rest of your term paper.

Literature review

A literature review is a critical evaluation of the existing research on a particular topic. It is a component of a term paper as it provides context and background information on the topic being studied. A literature review in a term paper typically includes a summary of relevant theories, previous research studies, and key findings in the field. It also critically analyzes and evaluates the existing literature, highlighting gaps or inconsistencies in the research and identifying areas for future study.

This can help you establish the significance and originality of the research proposed in the term paper. It will also help you demonstrate your understanding of the current state of knowledge in the field and how your research will contribute to the existing body of knowledge.

Methods are a critical component of a term paper because they describe the procedures used to conduct the research and collect data. When writing a term paper, the methods section should include a detailed description of your research, the materials and instruments used, and all the procedures followed during the research.

It should also contain information on any ethical considerations related to your research, such as informed consent, protection of participants’ rights, and data privacy. Your method section should be written in a clear and concise manner, and it should be detailed enough that someone else could replicate the study based on the information provided.

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The results section of a term paper typically presents the research findings you conducted. This section usually includes a detailed analysis of your collected data, including any statistical analyses conducted.

You should try to present your results in a clear and organized manner. You should also

discuss them in relation to the research question or hypothesis being tested.

The discussion section of a term paper is where you interpret and explain the significance of the findings presented in the results section. This section should connect the results to your research question or hypothesis and explain how the findings contribute to a deeper understanding of the topic being studied.

Also, the discussion should highlight any limitations of your study and suggest directions for future research.

The conclusion section is important when writing your term paper. This section summarises the main findings of your research and its implications, and you should also suggest any further research that is needed in the field.

The reference section, also known as the bibliography, is a component of a term paper that lists all the sources you used in writing the paper. It is typically located at the end of the paper and is used to give credit to the authors whose work you used in the research and writing of your term paper, using a specific citation style (such as APA or MLA).

The reference section is important because it allows readers to easily locate and consult the sources used in your paper and demonstrates that you have done thorough research and properly cited your sources in accordance with academic conventions.

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The appendix section of a term paper is typically used to include additional materials relevant to your research or the information presented in the paper but is optional to the main body of your term paper. Examples of materials that may be included in the appendix include raw data, survey instruments, and detailed descriptions of research methods.

The purpose of the appendix is to provide the reader with information that may be useful or informative. Still, it is optional for your term paper.

Types of Term Paper Formats

When writing a term paper, you can use different formatting styles depending on your subject, course, and the directives of your lecturers. Here are a few common formats:

The MLA format

MLA formatting refers to guidelines for structuring and formatting academic papers, as the Modern Language Association (MLA) outlined. These guidelines include rules for margins, font, line spacing, headers, page numbers, in-text citations, and works cited pages.

This format is commonly used in the humanities, such as literature, history, and the arts. It uses in-text citations, and a works cited page to list sources.

The APA format

The APA (American Psychological Association) formatting style is a set of guidelines for formatting academic papers, particularly in the social sciences. These guidelines include rules for font, spacing, margins, page numbering, and the organization of the paper.

They also provide rules for citing sources in the paper’s text and guidelines for creating a reference list at the end of the paper. The purpose of APA formatting is to make papers consistent and easy to read and to help readers locate the sources cited in the paper.

The Harvard format

The Harvard formatting style , also known as the Harvard referencing style, is a referencing style used in academic writing. It is commonly used in writing term papers associated with the social sciences and humanities. In the Harvard style, in-text citations include the author’s last name and the year of publication, and a list of references is included at the end of the paper.

The references in the list are arranged alphabetically by the author’s last name and include the author’s name, publication date, title, and publication information. The reference format can vary depending on the type of source (e.g., book, journal article, website). It is important to consult the guidelines for the assignment or publication for any variations on the standard format.

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The AMA format

The AMA (American Medical Association) formatting style is a referencing style used in the medical and scientific fields. It is commonly used in the publication of articles in medical journals. In AMA style, in-text citations include the author’s last name and the year of publication, and a list of references is included at the end of the paper.

The references in the list are arranged in order of their appearance in the text. The reference format can vary depending on the type of source (e.g., journal article, book, website), but it typically includes the author’s name, publication date, title, and publication information.

Writing a term paper is only difficult when you’re not guided. The ease of writing a great term paper lies in having access to the right knowledge and its application. Now, with the definition, components, types of formatting, and “how to” of a term paper, you should be able to write a term paper confidently and excellently.

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Home » Term Paper – Format, Examples and Writing Guide

Term Paper – Format, Examples and Writing Guide

Table of Contents

Definition:

Term paper is a type of academic writing assignment that is typically assigned to students at the end of a semester or term. It is usually a research-based paper that is meant to demonstrate the student’s understanding of a particular topic, as well as their ability to analyze and synthesize information from various sources.

Term papers are usually longer than other types of academic writing assignments and can range anywhere from 5 to 20 pages or more, depending on the level of study and the specific requirements of the assignment. They often require extensive research and the use of a variety of sources, including books, articles, and other academic publications.

Term Paper Format

The format of a term paper may vary depending on the specific requirements of your professor or institution. However, a typical term paper usually consists of the following sections:

• Title page: This should include the title of your paper, your name, the course name and number, your instructor’s name, and the date.
• Abstract : This is a brief summary of your paper, usually no more than 250 words. It should provide an overview of your topic, the research question or hypothesis, your methodology, and your main findings or conclusions.
• Introduction : This section should introduce your topic and provide background information on the subject. You should also state your research question or hypothesis and explain the importance of your research.
• Literature review : This section should review the existing literature on your topic. You should summarize the key findings and arguments made by other scholars and identify any gaps in the literature that your research aims to address.
• Methodology: This section should describe the methods you used to collect and analyze your data. You should explain your research design, sampling strategy, data collection methods, and data analysis techniques.
• Results : This section should present your findings. You can use tables, graphs, and charts to illustrate your data.
• Discussion : This section should interpret your findings and explain what they mean in relation to your research question or hypothesis. You should also discuss any limitations of your study and suggest areas for future research.
• Conclusion : This section should summarize your main findings and conclusions. You should also restate the importance of your research and its implications for the field.
• References : This section should list all the sources you cited in your paper using a specific citation style (e.g., APA, MLA, Chicago).
• Appendices : This section should include any additional materials that are relevant to your study but not essential to your main argument (e.g., survey questions, interview transcripts).

Structure of Term Paper

Here’s an example structure for a term paper:

I. Introduction

A. Background information on the topic

B. Thesis statement

II. Literature Review

A. Overview of current literature on the topic

B. Discussion of key themes and findings from literature

C. Identification of gaps in current literature

III. Methodology

A. Description of research design

B. Discussion of data collection methods

C. Explanation of data analysis techniques

IV. Results

A. Presentation of findings

B. Analysis and interpretation of results

C. Comparison of results with previous studies

V. Discussion

A. Summary of key findings

B. Explanation of how results address the research questions

C. Implications of results for the field

VI. Conclusion

A. Recap of key points

B. Significance of findings

C. Future directions for research

VII. References

A. List of sources cited in the paper

How to Write Term Paper

Here are some steps to help you write a term paper:

• Choose a topic: Choose a topic that interests you and is relevant to your course. If your professor has assigned a topic, make sure you understand it and clarify any doubts before you start.
• Research : Conduct research on your topic by gathering information from various sources such as books, academic journals, and online resources. Take notes and organize your information systematically.
• Create an outline : Create an outline of your term paper by arranging your ideas and information in a logical sequence. Your outline should include an introduction, body paragraphs, and a conclusion.
• Write a thesis statement: Write a clear and concise thesis statement that states the main idea of your paper. Your thesis statement should be included in your introduction.
• Write the introduction: The introduction should grab the reader’s attention, provide background information on your topic, and introduce your thesis statement.
• Write the body : The body of your paper should provide supporting evidence for your thesis statement. Use your research to provide details and examples to support your argument. Make sure to organize your ideas logically and use transition words to connect paragraphs.
• Write the conclusion : The conclusion should summarize your main points and restate your thesis statement. Avoid introducing new information in the conclusion.
• Edit and proofread: Edit and proofread your term paper carefully to ensure that it is free of errors and flows smoothly. Check for grammar, spelling, and punctuation errors.
• Format and cite your sources: Follow the formatting guidelines provided by your professor and cite your sources properly using the appropriate citation style.
• Submit your paper : Submit your paper on time and according to the instructions provided by your professor.

Term Paper Example

Here’s an example of a term paper:

Title : The Role of Artificial Intelligence in Cybersecurity

As the world becomes more digitally interconnected, cybersecurity threats are increasing in frequency and sophistication. Traditional security measures are no longer enough to protect against these threats. This paper explores the role of artificial intelligence (AI) in cybersecurity, including how AI can be used to detect and respond to threats in real-time, the challenges of implementing AI in cybersecurity, and the potential ethical implications of AI-powered security systems. The paper concludes with recommendations for organizations looking to integrate AI into their cybersecurity strategies.

Introduction :

The increasing number of cybersecurity threats in recent years has led to a growing interest in the potential of artificial intelligence (AI) to improve cybersecurity. AI has the ability to analyze vast amounts of data and identify patterns and anomalies that may indicate a security breach. Additionally, AI can automate responses to threats, allowing for faster and more effective mitigation of security incidents. However, there are also challenges associated with implementing AI in cybersecurity, such as the need for large amounts of high-quality data, the potential for AI systems to make mistakes, and the ethical considerations surrounding the use of AI in security.

Literature Review:

This section of the paper reviews existing research on the use of AI in cybersecurity. It begins by discussing the types of AI techniques used in cybersecurity, including machine learning, natural language processing, and neural networks. The literature review then explores the advantages of using AI in cybersecurity, such as its ability to detect previously unknown threats and its potential to reduce the workload of security analysts. However, the review also highlights some of the challenges associated with implementing AI in cybersecurity, such as the need for high-quality training data and the potential for AI systems to be fooled by sophisticated attacks.

Methodology :

To better understand the challenges and opportunities associated with using AI in cybersecurity, this paper conducted a survey of cybersecurity professionals working in a variety of industries. The survey included questions about the types of AI techniques used in their organizations, the challenges they faced when implementing AI in cybersecurity, and their perceptions of the ethical implications of using AI in security.

The results of the survey showed that while many organizations are interested in using AI in cybersecurity, they face several challenges when implementing these systems. These challenges include the need for high-quality training data, the potential for AI systems to be fooled by sophisticated attacks, and the difficulty of integrating AI with existing security systems. Additionally, many respondents expressed concerns about the ethical implications of using AI in security, such as the potential for AI to be biased or to make decisions that are harmful to individuals or society as a whole.

Discussion :

Based on the results of the survey and the existing literature, this paper discusses the potential benefits and risks of using AI in cybersecurity. It also provides recommendations for organizations looking to integrate AI into their security strategies, such as the need to prioritize data quality and to ensure that AI systems are transparent and accountable.

Conclusion :

While there are challenges associated with implementing AI in cybersecurity, the potential benefits of using these systems are significant. AI can help organizations detect and respond to threats more quickly and effectively, reducing the risk of security breaches. However, it is important for organizations to be aware of the potential ethical implications of using AI in security and to take steps to ensure that these systems are transparent and accountable.

References:

• Alkhaldi, S., Al-Daraiseh, A., & Lutfiyya, H. (2019). A Survey on Artificial Intelligence Techniques in Cyber Security. Journal of Information Security, 10(03), 191-207.
• Gartner. (2019). Gartner Top 10 Strategic Technology Trends for 2020. Retrieved from https://www.gartner.com/smarterwithgartner/gartner-top-10-strategic-technology-trends-for-2020/
• Kshetri, N. (2018). Blockchain’s roles in meeting key supply chain management objectives. International Journal of Information Management, 39, 80-89.
• Lipton, Z. C. (2018). The mythos of model interpretability. arXiv preprint arXiv:1606.03490.
• Schneier, B. (2019). Click Here to Kill Everybody: Security and Survival in a Hyper-Connected World. WW Norton & Company.
• Wahab, M. A., Rahman, M. S., & Islam, M. R. (2020). A Survey on AI Techniques in Cybersecurity. International Journal of Scientific & Engineering Research, 11(2), 22-27.

When to Write Term Paper

A term paper is usually a lengthy research paper that is assigned to students at the end of a term or semester. There are several situations when writing a term paper may be required, including:

• As a course requirement: In most cases, a term paper is required as part of the coursework for a particular course. It may be assigned by the instructor as a way of assessing the student’s understanding of the course material.
• To explore a specific topic : A term paper can be an excellent opportunity for students to explore a specific topic of interest in-depth. It allows them to conduct extensive research on the topic and develop their understanding of it.
• To develop critical thinking skills : Writing a term paper requires students to engage in critical thinking and analysis. It helps them to develop their ability to evaluate and interpret information, as well as to present their ideas in a clear and coherent manner.
• To prepare for future academic or professional pursuits: Writing a term paper can be an excellent way for students to prepare for future academic or professional pursuits. It can help them to develop the research and writing skills necessary for success in higher education or in a professional career.

Purpose of Term Paper

The main purposes of a term paper are:

• Demonstrate mastery of a subject: A term paper provides an opportunity for students to showcase their knowledge and understanding of a particular subject. It requires students to research and analyze the topic, and then present their findings in a clear and organized manner.
• Develop critical thinking skills: Writing a term paper requires students to think critically about their subject matter, analyzing various sources and viewpoints, and evaluating evidence to support their arguments.
• Improve writing skills : Writing a term paper helps students improve their writing skills, including organization, clarity, and coherence. It also requires them to follow specific formatting and citation guidelines, which can be valuable skills for future academic and professional endeavors.
• Contribute to academic discourse : A well-written term paper can contribute to academic discourse by presenting new insights, ideas, and arguments that add to the existing body of knowledge on a particular topic.
• Prepare for future research : Writing a term paper can help prepare students for future research, by teaching them how to conduct a literature review, evaluate sources, and formulate research questions and hypotheses. It can also help them develop research skills that they can apply in future academic or professional endeavors.

Advantages of Term Paper

There are several advantages of writing a term paper, including:

• In-depth exploration: Writing a term paper allows you to delve deeper into a specific topic, allowing you to gain a more comprehensive understanding of the subject matter.
• Improved writing skills: Writing a term paper involves extensive research, critical thinking, and the organization of ideas into a cohesive written document. As a result, writing a term paper can improve your writing skills significantly.
• Demonstration of knowledge: A well-written term paper demonstrates your knowledge and understanding of the subject matter, which can be beneficial for academic or professional purposes.
• Development of research skills : Writing a term paper requires conducting thorough research, analyzing data, and synthesizing information from various sources. This process can help you develop essential research skills that can be applied in many other areas.
• Enhancement of critical thinking : Writing a term paper encourages you to think critically, evaluate information, and develop well-supported arguments. These skills can be useful in many areas of life, including personal and professional decision-making.
• Preparation for further academic work : Writing a term paper is excellent preparation for more extensive academic projects, such as a thesis or dissertation.

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How to write a term paper: a short guide

Writing a term paper is a nightmare for many students, but this should not be the case. With the right tutelage on how to write a term paper, you will definitely enjoy this task, and will soon be a pro at it.

The main goal of writing a term paper is the consolidation of the student knowledge gained in the course of the educational process on the subject. Thanks to this, it is easier for the teacher to check the quality of the experience gained by the student and the ability to apply this knowledge to solve professional problems.

How to write a term paper step by step

A term paper is a type of student`s work,which includes elements of independent scientific research. It develops students' skills such as choosing and clearly formulating a research topic, collecting suitable material, using scientific literature and sources, sorting and logical systematisation of the collected material, and writing a readable text in compliance with the generally accepted rules. Do you want to learn how to write a term paper? We have prepared for you 10 steps that will help you to do it perfectly.

This guide on how to write a report will make your paper perfect

1. Choose a topic

Try to think outside the box. If you have the opportunity to choose a by topic yourself, take advantage of this chance. Choose what is interesting to you, because then it will be easier to write. As soon as you decide which theme to choose, you need to make sure that it can be revealed, because usually the time and size of the work are limited. Try to narrow the topic so that it can be presented within the boundaries of a single paper.

If you have already been given a theme, start analysing the exceptional aspects that separate the essence and information from the most obvious approaches that others will use. The conclusion should have an innovative mindset to the question, reflecting its nature to intrigue the reader. Do not forget to come up with a catchy title for your work.

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2. Undertake your own study

It makes no sense to start writing before you do the research. You must understand the origin and essence of the topic, as well as establish what research is needed in this area. Of course, you will be tempted to express in other words what you already know well, but you should not do this. Otherwise, you will not get anything new from writing such work. Start your research with a passion for the unknown and an openness to learn, and be ready to find new ways to solve old problems.

During the analysis, use both primary sources (original texts, documents, judicial precedents, witness testimonies, experiments, etc.), and secondary sources (interpretations and explanations of the source). You can also discuss the topic with students who have a similar point of view and even find online discussions, but such sources of exchange of opinions are not entirely suitable for quoting.

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3. Specify the main idea

After you have done the research, go back to the chosen topic. At this point, it is vital to emphasise the only central thesis that you disclose, the opinion that you will defend in your work, as well as the content and conclusion that the reader will understand. Your argument is the basis of your work, an idea that you will defend in all chapters. If it is superficial, then the whole paper will seem tasteless. Build the thesis so that it confirms that your report is interesting to you, then the proof will not be so boring. If you are sure that your idea is expressed simply and clearly, start writing the first draft.

4. Write a work plan

Some people may skip this step and continue to write the paper. It is much better to have sketches in order to not go astray. The plan helps to keep the structure and certain frameworks to resort to them if you get confused in the middle of work. It also serves as the basis for your work, on which the location of parts depends. Some of the basic elements of a plan should include:

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• Introduction
• Descriptive or explanatory paragraphs.
• Analytical or argumentative paragraphs.
• Questions that you have not found the answers to and points about which you are not yet sure.
• Conclusion.

5. Express your point of view in the introduction

The introductory paragraph is difficult to write, but there is always a solution. This part of your work you will have to rewrite and correct. To write a great introduction, we offer the following:

• Catch the reader with a quote or question.
• Familiarise the reader with your topic, but make it laconic.
• Do not forget about a well-thought-out thesis.

6. Reassure the reader

Make sure each paragraph confirms your argument. If you are not sure that the section is written correctly, try to separate the first sentence from each paragraph. All of them should appear as a list of evidence confirming your thesis.

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7. The conclusion should be impressive

We bring to your attention the following points:

• Try to rephrase your thesis, because one crucial detail is always in the last paragraph.
• Summarise in the conclusion. It should make the reader think.

8. Use a particular style

Create the first page in the Modern Language Association referencing style (MLA) or the American Psychological Association (APA). References in the text will help you express your point of view, but do not overdo using too many other people's quotes, as this may give the impression that you cannot express your opinion in your own words.

9. Do not cut to the chase

The amount of text is of great importance in the term paper, so it will be better to start editing it. Have you built the sentences correctly? Check each one and decide if you can use fewer words, keeping the meaning.

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10. Peruse the paper

Literacy check is only the first step of proofreading your term paper! If you are inattentive to mistakes, there is a high probability that you did not try very hard when writing this work. For best results, ask a friend to check your paper for mistakes.

This term paper format is aimed at the development of skills related to the search and understanding of the information which goes beyond the scope of the list of established and compulsory literature. In the course of its performance, a student learns to analyse sources, correctly state the results obtained in studies.

Now you know how to write a term paper. Remember that it is a complex independent project where you solve educational and research tasks of a creative nature. Therefore, the material for it is not copied from the internet, but is passed through the prism of selfhood and is written only by you.

How to write a good and successful internship letter

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Source: Legit.ng

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Everything You Need to Know to Write an A+ Term Paper

Last Updated: March 4, 2024 Fact Checked

Sample Term Papers

Researching & outlining.

• Drafting Your Paper
• Revising Your Paper

Expert Q&A

This article was co-authored by Matthew Snipp, PhD and by wikiHow staff writer, Raven Minyard, BA . C. Matthew Snipp is the Burnet C. and Mildred Finley Wohlford Professor of Humanities and Sciences in the Department of Sociology at Stanford University. He is also the Director for the Institute for Research in the Social Science’s Secure Data Center. He has been a Research Fellow at the U.S. Bureau of the Census and a Fellow at the Center for Advanced Study in the Behavioral Sciences. He has published 3 books and over 70 articles and book chapters on demography, economic development, poverty and unemployment. He is also currently serving on the National Institute of Child Health and Development’s Population Science Subcommittee. He holds a Ph.D. in Sociology from the University of Wisconsin—Madison. There are 13 references cited in this article, which can be found at the bottom of the page. This article has been fact-checked, ensuring the accuracy of any cited facts and confirming the authority of its sources. This article has been viewed 2,226,644 times.

A term paper is a written assignment given to students at the end of a course to gauge their understanding of the material. Term papers typically count for a good percentage of your overall grade, so of course, you’ll want to write the best paper possible. Luckily, we’ve got you covered. In this article, we’ll teach you everything you need to know to write an A+ term paper, from researching and outlining to drafting and revising.

Quick Steps to Write a Term Paper

• Hook your readers with an interesting and informative intro paragraph. State your thesis and your main points.
• Support your thesis by providing quotes and evidence that back your claim in your body paragraphs.
• Summarize your main points and leave your readers with a thought-provoking question in your conclusion.

• Think of your term paper as the bridge between what you’ve learned in class and how you apply that knowledge to real-world topics.
• For example, a history term paper may require you to explore the consequences of a significant historical event, like the Civil War. An environmental science class, on the other hand, may have you examine the effects of climate change on a certain region.
• Your guidelines should tell you the paper’s word count and formatting style, like whether to use in-text citations or footnotes and whether to use single- or double-spacing. If these things aren’t specified, be sure to reach out to your instructor.

• Make sure your topic isn’t too broad. For example, if you want to write about Shakespeare’s work, first narrow it down to a specific play, like Macbeth , then choose something even more specific like Lady Macbeth’s role in the plot.
• If the topic is already chosen for you, explore unique angles that can set your content and information apart from the more obvious approaches many others will probably take. [3] X Research source
• Try not to have a specific outcome in mind, as this will close you off to new ideas and avenues of thinking. Rather than trying to mold your research to fit your desired outcome, allow the outcome to reflect a genuine analysis of the discoveries you made. Ask yourself questions throughout the process and be open to having your beliefs challenged.
• Reading other people's comments, opinions, and entries on a topic can often help you to refine your own, especially where they comment that "further research" is required or where they posit challenging questions but leave them unanswered.

• For example, if you’re writing a term paper about Macbeth , your primary source would be the play itself. Then, look for other research papers and analyses written by academics and scholars to understand how they interpret the text.

• For example, if you’re writing a paper about Lady Macbeth, your thesis could be something like “Shakespeare’s characterization of Lady Macbeth reveals how desire for power can control someone’s life.”
• Remember, your research and thesis development doesn’t stop here. As you continue working through both the research and writing, you may want to make changes that align with the ideas forming in your mind and the discoveries you continue to unearth.
• On the other hand, don’t keep looking for new ideas and angles for fear of feeling confined. At some point, you’re going to have to say enough is enough and make your point. You may have other opportunities to explore these questions in future studies, but for now, remember your term paper has a finite word length and an approaching due date!

• Abstract: An abstract is a concise summary of your paper that informs readers of your topic, its significance, and the key points you’ll explore. It must stand on its own and make sense without referencing outside sources or your actual paper.
• Introduction: The introduction establishes the main idea of your paper and directly states the thesis. Begin your introduction with an attention-grabbing sentence to intrigue your readers, and provide any necessary background information to establish your paper’s purpose and direction.
• Body paragraphs: Each body paragraph focuses on a different argument supporting your thesis. List specific evidence from your sources to back up your arguments. Provide detailed information about your topic to enhance your readers’ understanding. In your outline, write down the main ideas for each body paragraph and any outstanding questions or points you’re not yet sure about.
• Results: Depending on the type of term paper you’re writing, your results may be incorporated into your body paragraphs or conclusion. These are the insights that your research led you to. Here you can discuss how your perspective and understanding of your topic shifted throughout your writing process.
• Conclusion: Your conclusion summarizes your argument and findings. You may restate your thesis and major points as you wrap up your paper.

Drafting Your Term Paper

• Writing an introduction can be challenging, but don’t get too caught up on it. As you write the rest of your paper, your arguments might change and develop, so you’ll likely need to rewrite your intro at the end, anyway. Writing your intro is simply a means of getting started and you can always revise it later. [10] X Trustworthy Source PubMed Central Journal archive from the U.S. National Institutes of Health Go to source
• Be sure to define any words your readers might not understand. For example, words like “globalization” have many different meanings depending on context, and it’s important to state which ones you’ll be using as part of your introductory paragraph.

• Try to relate the subject of the essay (say, Plato’s Symposium ) to a tangentially related issue you happen to know something about (say, the growing trend of free-wheeling hookups in frat parties). Slowly bring the paragraph around to your actual subject and make a few generalizations about why this aspect of the book/subject is so fascinating and worthy of study (such as how different the expectations for physical intimacy were then compared to now).

• You can also reflect on your own experience of researching and writing your term paper. Discuss how your understanding of your topic evolved and any unexpected findings you came across.

• While peppering quotes throughout your text is a good way to help make your point, don’t overdo it. If you use too many quotes, you’re basically allowing other authors to make the point and write the paper for you. When you do use a quote, be sure to explain why it is relevant in your own words.
• Try to sort out your bibliography at the beginning of your writing process to avoid having a last-minute scramble. When you have all the information beforehand (like the source’s title, author, publication date, etc.), it’s easier to plug them into the correct format.

Revising & Finalizing Your Term Paper

• Trade in weak “to-be” verbs for stronger “action” verbs. For example: “I was writing my term paper” becomes “I wrote my term paper.”

• It’s extremely important to proofread your term paper. If your writing is full of mistakes, your instructor will assume you didn’t put much effort into your paper. If you have too many errors, your message will be lost in the confusion of trying to understand what you’ve written.

• If you add or change information to make things clearer for your readers, it’s a good idea to look over your paper one more time to catch any new typos that may have come up in the process.

• The best essays are like grass court tennis—the argument should flow in a "rally" style, building persuasively to the conclusion. Thanks Helpful 0 Not Helpful 0
• If you get stuck, consider giving your professor a visit. Whether you're still struggling for a thesis or you want to go over your conclusion, most instructors are delighted to help and they'll remember your initiative when grading time rolls around. Thanks Helpful 0 Not Helpful 0
• At least 2 hours for 3-5 pages.
• At least 4 hours for 8-10 pages.
• At least 6 hours for 12-15 pages.
• Double those hours if you haven't done any homework and you haven't attended class.
• For papers that are primarily research-based, add about two hours to those times (although you'll need to know how to research quickly and effectively, beyond the purview of this brief guide).

You Might Also Like

• ↑ https://www.binghamton.edu/counseling/self-help/term-paper.html
• ↑ Matthew Snipp, PhD. Research Fellow, U.S. Bureau of the Census. Expert Interview. 26 March 2020.
• ↑ https://emory.libanswers.com/faq/44525
• ↑ https://writing.wisc.edu/handbook/assignments/planresearchpaper/
• ↑ https://owl.purdue.edu/owl/general_writing/the_writing_process/thesis_statement_tips.html
• ↑ https://libguides.usc.edu/writingguide/outline
• ↑ https://gallaudet.edu/student-success/tutorial-center/english-center/writing/guide-to-writing-introductions-and-conclusions/
• ↑ https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/26731827
• ↑ https://writing.wisc.edu/handbook/assignments/writing-an-abstract-for-your-research-paper/
• ↑ https://www.ivcc.edu/stylesite/Essay_Title.pdf
• ↑ https://www.uni-flensburg.de/fileadmin/content/institute/anglistik/dokumente/downloads/how-to-write-a-term-paper-daewes.pdf
• ↑ https://library.sacredheart.edu/c.php?g=29803&p=185937
• ↑ https://www.cornerstone.edu/blog-post/six-steps-to-really-edit-your-paper/

About This Article

If you need to write a term paper, choose your topic, then start researching that topic. Use your research to craft a thesis statement which states the main idea of your paper, then organize all of your facts into an outline that supports your thesis. Once you start writing, state your thesis in the first paragraph, then use the body of the paper to present the points that support your argument. End the paper with a strong conclusion that restates your thesis. For tips on improving your term paper through active voice, read on! Did this summary help you? Yes No

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Home » Blog » How To Write A Term Paper In Hassle-Free Steps In Nigeria

How To Write A Term Paper In Hassle-Free Steps In Nigeria

Writing a term paper is an important part of college life. I recall writing hundreds of term papers as a continuous assessment in college, an indication that no college student can complete the year of his study without writing a term paper.

Term paper involves is research work which is aimed at helping students discover new facts or test new ideas. Prepare your mind as you gain admission to embark on this journey that every Nigerian student has no hope of shying away from.

In writing a term paper, three or more topics are usually presented to students; the student chooses which topic he finds interesting enough to write about. Note that copy and pasting is a total defeat to the main aim of writing a term paper, so be sure you read through to learn.

How To Write A Term Paper

• Choose a topic from the options presented that interest you the most and work on it.
• Be sure you have a fundamental knowledge of the topic you’ve chosen.
• Search for materials on that topic. You could Google it, hit the library, or search your texts.
• Have a plan B or a second topic you could swipe to in case the first lacks adequate materials or the materials are inaccessible.
• Consider the time frame, if it’s something you can work with before the deadline. In fact, you should think about the time before choosing a topic.

There are stages in term paper writing you mustn’t fail to include, there are;

• The Title Page
• The Preliminary Pages
• The Main Text
• Bibliography

THE TITLE PAGE

This should only cover your name, Registration number, department, course you are writing the term paper about, topic, and your lecturer’s name.

THE PRELIMINARY PAGES

The preliminary pages must follow the format below;

• Acknowledgments
• Table of contents

THE MAIN TEXT

In the main text, you could make research on the topic or text according to its chapters. This should include;

• Introduction
• Definition of terms
• You can go further to the main point and unveil your discoveries.
• Solution (if any)

BIBLIOGRAPHY

This part should include;

• References/Bibliography

Be sure to make your term paper as original as possible, your originality could earn you more marks. It should be noted that submission of plagiarized work is considered an offense but there are few things to avoid plagiarism.

Also, ensure to place quotation signs in the words or sentences that you extract from the text of other authors, and use a footnote, end-note, or in-line citation to give credit to the original source.

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A Term Paper on GLOBALIZATION AND ECONOMIC DEVELOPMENT IN NIGERIA By UMAR AHMAD ABDULLAHI (20124091

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UIJRT | United International Journal for Research & Technology

The effects of trade openness on Nigerian economic growth were investigated in this study. From 1987 to 2018, data was gathered. The magnitude of the relationship between the variables was investigated using a Vector Error Correction Model (VECM). The study found that trade openness has a significant positive effect on Nigerian economic growth, and that there is a significant positive long-run relationship between trade openness and economic growth in Nigeria at a significant rate of 5%.The study Recommends, among other things, that the government achieve an optimum degree of economic transparency. The government should improve market performance, reduce price distortions in the market, and boost the economy’s competitiveness. This would improve access to global markets, promoting capital inflow and trade expansion.

Ebere Ume Kalu PhD(Nig)

This study examined whether trade openness engineers economic growth in Nigeria. The motivation stems from evaluating whether there is a significant contribution from trade openness proxied by net export (NEXP) to economic growth in Nigeria (GDP). The study employed the Classical Linear Regression Model (CLRM) using secondary data from 1991 to 2013. The ordinary Least Square Regression method represents the principal method of estimation combined with an array of other general/standard and diagnostic tests. The R2 explains that 97.7% of variation in GDP in the model is explained by the principal regressors. Export was found to be a positive and significant function of GDP but Import was positive and non-significant. This is consistent with theory as economies grow from exporting more than they import all things being equal. Abstract-This study examined whether trade openness engineers economic growth in Nigeria. The motivation stems from evaluating whether there is a significant contribution from trade openness proxied by net export (NEXP) to economic growth in Nigeria (GDP). The study employed the Classical Linear Regression Model (CLRM) using secondary data from 1991 to 2013. The ordinary Least Square Regression method represents the principal method of estimation combined with an array of other general/standard and diagnostic tests. The R2 explains that 97.7% of variation in GDP in the model is explained by the principal regressors. Export was found to be a positive and significant function of GDP but Import was positive and non-significant. This is consistent with theory as economies grow from exporting more than they import all things being equal. This is truer in Nigerian context where the monocultural nature of the economy has mostly made it over-reliant on imported goods.

This study examined whether trade openness engineers economic growth in Nigeria. The motivation stems from evaluating whether there is a significant contribution from trade openness proxied by net export (NEXP) to economic growth in Nigeria (GDP). The study employed the Classical Linear Regression Model(CLRM) using secondary data from 1991 to 2013. The ordinary Least Square Regression method represents the principal method of estimation combined with an array of other general/standard and diagnostic tests. The R2 explains that 97.7% of variation in GDP in the model is explained by the principal regressors.Export was found to be a positive and significant function of GDP but Import was positive and non-significant. This is consistent with theory as economies grow from exporting more than they import all things being equal. This is truer in Nigerian context where the monocultural nature of the economy has mostly made it over-reliant on imported goods.

Jasdeep dhami

Globally, the tempo of openness had gained increasing momentum over the past decades. The idea that openness is one of the most important determinants of economic growth is becoming increasingly popular among governments of less developed countries (LDCS) and Nigeria in particular. Conventional wisdom suggests that openness promotes economic growth. However, while various theoretical models predict that openness to international trade accelerates economic growth, the empirical evidence has been mixed or imprecise. This paper empirically tests whether openness leads to economic growth in Nigeria. The paper employed time series secondary data from WDI, CBN and NBS for GDP (proxy for economic growth) and Export, Import, Trade and Foreign Direct Investment as respectively proxies for trade openness in Nigeria. ADF Unit root test, Johansen Cointegration, Error Correction Model and Causality test were simultaneously employed to test for stationarity properties of the variables, existence ...

International Journal of Engineering and Advanced Technology

Ahmed Balarabe Musa

In theory, it was conforming to the accepted standard the open economies grow faster than the closed economies, and respectable economic development level could be achieved. This paper investigates the dynamic impact of trade openness on the economic growth in Nigerian economy between 1980 - 2016 empirically. Secondary data were sourced, from the 2016 Central Bank of Nigeria Statistical Bulletin’. The tests of diagnostic conducted are: cointegration test, unit root test and error correction model. The analysis result revealed the trade openness was found to have negatively impacted on the economic growth in both the short run and long run. Based on study findings, it is recommended that since the imports of the country are more than its export; the government needs to have the present efforts to sustain the diversification of the economy to achieve economic growth led by exports. Furthermore, the collaborative effort of government with private sectors should encourage the export sub...

SUNDAY ELIJAH

Theoretically, it was established that outward oriented economies grow faster than closed economies and could achieve a respectable level of economic development. This study is set out to examine empirically the impact of trade openness on economic growth in Nigeria between 1980 and 2016. Data were sourced from publications of the central bank of Nigeria (CBN) statistical bulletin 2016. The econometric techniques used in the analysis were: unit root test, Johansen cointegration test, and error correction models (ECM). From the analysis, results revealed that openness was found to have impacted negatively on economic growth in both the long-run and the short-run. Based on this finding it is recommended that since the country’s imports are greater than exports; there is the need for the government to sustain its current efforts in diversifying the economy in order to achieve exports led economic growth. Furthermore, the government through collaborative effort with the private sector s...

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Over the past decades, the economies of the world have become greatly connected through globalization and international trade remains a dimension of this. Nigeria is not an exception, thus the trade relations between Nigeria and other countries have grown in recent years. Trade openness promoted by the globalization process has emasculated the Nigeria economy considering the consumption outlook of Nigerian economy. Despite the opportunities inherent in the globalization process, especially as it pertains to international trade; most policy makers and analysts in the developing countries of the world have continuously argued that international trade within the arrangement of the globalised system has remained beneficial to the Capitalist West and emerging economic powers while the developing countries of the world have been on the losing side. There is still lacking tangible benefits to most developing countries like Nigeria from opening their economies even within the euphoria of claims of export and income gains. Utilizing the secondary sources of data, content analysis and the Marxist Political Economy Approach, the paper examines globalization and Nigeria's trade development, its prospects and problems. The paper concluded that international trade within the arrangement of the globalised system has remained to the benefit of the Capitalist West and emerging economic powers while the developing countries of the world like Nigeria have been on the losing side, thus there is need industrialization and production driven economy rather than raw material cum crude centred economy.

olubukola oladipo

This study evaluated the impacts of trade openness on economic growth in Nigeria using relevant data from publications of the Central Bank of Nigeria (CBN) Statistical Bulletins and National Bureau of Statistics (NBS). The data covered a 40-year period between 1971 and 2010. Multiple regression analysis technique (Ordinary Least Square (OLS) method) was used to analyze the relationship between the dependent variable (Gross Domestic Product) and independent variables (FDI, external debt, degree of openness, export and import). The coefficient of determination (R 2) to the tune of 86.3% (approximately 86%) was supported by high value of adjusted R 2 which stood at 0.8381 (83.8%) connoting that the independent variables incorporated into this model have been able to determine variation of Gross Domestic Product (GDP) to the tune 83.8%. Also, F probability statistics also confirmed the significance of the model. Likewise, findings to establish a long run association between dependent and independent variables indicated that trade openness had positive impact on Gross Domestic Products in the long run where the coefficient of multiple determinations (R 2) of 0.9290 or 93 percent variation in the observed behaviour in the GDP is jointly explained by the independent variables. In view of these, all the components of international trade forming independent variables of the study should be accurately managed so that their importance could be continually felt in the Nigerian Gross Domestic Product positively.

Maimuna Y Muhammad

There has been a long held belief that there is a positive relationship between economic growth and increased levels of international trade. Therefore, this paper has empirically examined the impact of international trade on economic growth in Nigeria for the period 1981 to 2012. Using degree of openness to proxy international trade, the ordinary least squares technique was employed to estimate the impact of international trade on Gross Domestic Product. The broad objective of this paper is to analyze the impact of international trade on economic growth in Nigeria based on time series data on variables considered relevant indicators of economic growth and international trade. The analysis was based on data extracted from World Bank data and Central Bank of Nigeria Statistical Bulletin. The result of the analysis shows that all the variables except interest rate were statistically significant. Therefore, the study recommends that policy makers should adopt policies on trade liberalization such as reduction of non-tariff barriers, reducing tariffs, reducing or eliminating quotas that will enable the economy to grow at spectacular rates. And thus this study supports the proposition that degree of openness has direct robust relationship with economic growth since the proxy variable is positive and statistically significant in the model.

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This study examined the impact intra-African trade openness has had on Nigeria's economic growth over the period 1990 to 2018 prior to implementing the AfCFTA agreement in Nigeria so as to reveal the benefits if any from intra-African trade. Real GDP is used as a proxy for economic growth and it is regressed against intra-African imports, intra-African exports, unemployment and openness by VECM technique. Intra-African imports and exports had a significant but negative impact on Nigeria's economic growth in the long run. For instance, a 1% increase in imports and exports resulted in 31.4% and 51.02% decrease in GDP respectively in the long run. However, a 1% change in openness caused a 72.6% increase in GDP. The study recommended an increase in Nigeria's intra-African trade if at all and to practice openness especially to help conserve foreign exchange. The Nigeria first mindset (meaning openness which hurts Nigeria must be avoided) must be adopted.

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Term paper – master your fear of writing.

Just be honest and tell me, how many words? And how much time have you got to do it? If you’re about to embark on writing a term paper, I have excellent news for you – this is a crash course! I’m about to introduce you to the fine art of writing term papers for any topic. We will look at an airtight outline example, some life hacks, and the usual formatting tips. Let’s dive right in!

What Is a Term Paper? Definition and Guidelines

If you’ve only just started university and have already been slammed by this frightful word, welcome to this new level of study! University is not only about cramming from tons of books: It should also, ideally, foster critical thinking, teach you how to argue your points effectively, and help you develop research skills. And you will need all three of these to write a stellar term paper!

But hang on a sec, what is a term paper? A term paper is a longer type of research-based homework on a particular topic. Term papers range from 15 to 25 pages because any less is considered lazy and any more is too much for any professor to read (trust me, I teach at a university).

In general, you should be free to select a topic for your term paper, but regardless of whether you’re free to do it or are assigned one, term papers mostly have the same goal. Namely, they test your ability to formulate and support your arguments and locate yourself in a particular theoretical framework. Sound scary yet? Don’t worry! I’m here to illuminate some of the vaguer aspects of term paper writing.

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Structuring Your Term Paper Outline (+ Sample Term Paper Outline PDF)

Before you begin writing, it’s advisable to have an idea about where exactly your writing is going. The best way to achieve this is to write an outline, or (as we sleep-deprived academics like to call it) an abstract. An abstract is a short description of your paper/article/project that outlines your main research questions and the theoretical framework you will be working with.

I generally suggest that people start with a very simple pyramid structure when writing an abstract:

• The foundation. This is where you introduce a broad, general statement on the topic of your choice. You can clarify and specify this in a few more sentences to ease your readers into the research project.

Example: Contemporary drama boasts the power to transform the audience through careful selection and crafty delivery of impactful images. By creating faux-reality, drama sometimes appeals to the affective side of the audience in order to provide commentary on a number of social and psychological issues. Duncan Macmillan’s Every Brilliant Thing capitalises on its affect-inducing potential, tackling the issue of suicidal depression.

• The middle. In this part of the outline, you state the aims of your study. Some of my favourite phrases to signal your intentions include: this paper aims to shed light on, the goal of this research paper is, the idea behind this term paper is, etc. Feel free to add some powerful verbs of action such as examine, assess, illuminate, discern, analyse, cross-reference, etc. to emphasise your ideas.

Example: This paper aims to explore how the play creates a more realistic setting by deviating from the audience’s expectations, thus blurring the line between drama and real life. It may be argued that simulated reality, exemplified through a number of exaggerations, impacts the affective component in the audience’s attitude formation and that its neglect of the cognitive reinforces the transformative power of Every Brilliant Thing .

• The top. The final part of your outline should highlight coherent hypotheses or research questions that your study will answer. While academic papers usually dream of some originality, this should not concern you yet – you don’t need to invent hot water in your term papers, but as you gain experience, novel conclusions will become easier to form.

Example: This paper will then take a final look at how the structure of the play simulates depression in order to sensitise the audience and to which extent it attains its goal of conveying the message of the universality and repercussions of the disease.

Writing an outline is a good way to organise your thoughts, figure out what kind of books you need, and anticipate your results.

In the abovementioned examples, the books you’d need would have to do with theatre, psychological influences, and simulation of reality.

This process applies to any subject. The outline can be more detailed, but it needn’t go over 300 words. A word of advice: if you cannot summarise the key points of your topic in 300 words, you should do some more brainstorming until you reach the specific goal.

PS Check out this excellent term paper outline sample !

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Term Paper Format – The Safety Net

Each term paper should follow a relatively familiar structure and way of arguing your points. Let’s start with the basics:

• Cover page. This is where your title goes (centred, bolded, pt24 ideally). The cover page should also list your personal details, such as name, address, email, student ID number, phone number (maybe), and the institution and the department for which you are writing your term paper. Each university tends to have its own layout for the cover page, but the rule of thumb is that institutional information goes above the title, whereas personal information is below.
• Table of contents – your readers need to know what to expect!
• Introduction. This is a more elaborate version of your project outline. You should specify what the paper is dealing with, what theoretical framework you’re using, and what your hypothesis is. My pro tip is to write the introduction last because term papers tend to grow as you write and you may end up with vastly different results from those you had expected.
• Theoretical framing. Explain which theories or ideas you’re using.
• Methodology. This is mostly present in scientific papers where you must explain what methods will guide your study (i.e. experiments).
• Analysis. Close readings, experiments, data surveys – whatever your project is doing, it should be doing it here.
• Discussion . Feel free to start interpreting your results in this section. A great paper does not simply list data – it compares and contrasts. You must be able to draw conclusions about what your analysis has shown you. Results as expected? Hypothesis confirmed. Results not ideal? There’s something to write about. Consider why something turned out differently and what that means for future studies.
• Optional: pitfalls and future improvements. Again, this is more present in sciences than humanities, but you could address possible pitfalls or blind spots in your study and suggest how they can be improved upon in the future. You can also talk about what lines of research your project can inspire.
• Conclusion . Time to wrap it all up. Briefly summarise the key points of research and main results. If you haven’t already devoted a separate section of the paper to this, you can also write about indications for future research in your conclusion.

Term Paper Structure Example

To give you a more precise example of a structured term paper, here’s a more detailed structure of the above-described example on theatre:

Still Unsure about How to Write a Term Paper?

Excellent, I love good questions! The truth is, writing a term paper is a labour of love (it is hard labour, especially if you’re carrying all the books!), so I will give you some tips on how to make it an enjoyable experience.

• Pick a topic you’re interested in. There’s nothing you can say to convince me that your subject is so absolutely wretchedly uninteresting that you simply cannot find such a topic. You just haven’t done your work yet. Start digging and follow the internet clicking abyss until you stumble upon something that takes your fancy. My master thesis idea was based on a single line I read in a magazine about Neil Gaiman’s American Gods – I managed to turn it into 80 pages, two scientific articles, and two talks just fine, even though it may not have been researched previously. So, whatever you’re writing about, there’s got to be a fun angle to it.
• Start reading. You cannot write a term paper from nothing. Once you have a general topic and an outline, you should start collecting your materials. Check out your library and inform yourself about the inter-library loan. Get acquainted with various scientific databases like JSTOR and ResearchGate – your university probably has wide access to many knowledge repositories you can use through an official VPN or library computers. Search by keywords and titles and save everything that sounds interesting. Learn to recognise important elements and ideas in those texts and be ready to use them to support your arguments.
• Know when to stop, too. Sometimes you’ll find yourself deep in the excitement of learning something new, but there will come a point when you realise you’re ready to put what you’ve found into your own words. Set up an experiment, survey, or study and follow up on the results. In humanities, this may mean a closer analysis of selected texts. This is where you start writing – again, leave the introduction for later and jump right into the core of the work.
• Mind the style. When writing a term paper, you need to keep certain standards up. Term papers are written in the ‘academic’ style and involve lots of passive voice, verbs of enlightenment (illustrate, examine, assess), and words marking cause-effect relationships. Don’t be afraid to use transition words to make your text and conclusions flow easily.
• Cite properly! Oh, how I hated learning all the citation styles when I was just starting out, but once you do learn the ropes, it gets easier. It’s a bit of drudgery, but my advice is to write down your sources meticulously as you go along. As soon as you cite someone, make sure you add the full citation at the end of the text (I like having them in a separate document), and don’t forget in-text citations. Depending on what field you’re studying in, you will have different citation styles (like MLA, Chicago, APA) at your disposal – make sure you check the requirements for each course and consult the corresponding websites with guidelines.

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Don’t Forget about Term Paper Editing!

And there goes the last-minute churning of text and hitting send before passing out for the next two days. Writing a term paper at university should not be left for the last minute. If you’re a chronic procrastinator, it’s time to learn to organise your time and devote enough of it to your assignments.

When you’re done with writing, you should leave your paper alone for a few days – sleep on it, as they say. You can treat this distance like any good study break – it’ll help you clear your mind, prevent resentment towards the subject, and allow you to see it through new eyes. Before submitting, re-read your text carefully and edit the writing. Weed out spelling and grammatical errors and prune unnecessary examples or repetitive statements. A good way to do this is to change the font or even font size in your writing software – this engages your perception and makes spotting mistakes easier.

Editing is also the time to consider how your arguments are holding together and whether you need to add or replace some text and/or rearrange your points. It’s an extremely important part of the writing process, but you shouldn’t overdo it either. Perfectionism can get you into the editing spiral that usually leads to messing up parts that were initially good. A few re-reads are fine, but anything more and you might as well start to rewrite the whole thing.

The last question to consider is whether you are happy with your result. Remember, this is a term paper and you’re still learning, so nobody expects it to be perfect, but you should be satisfied with what you’ve accomplished.

The Key Takeaways of Writing a Term Paper

Writing a term paper is a longer commitment than a simple essay. To ensure your success, start well ahead of time or you might find yourself rushed and stressed .

• Try to find a topic of personal interest to you.
• Scribble an outline to work out your angle or general direction of the paper.
• Read enough materials. Your library and online databases are your friends.
• Form hypotheses and set up experiments or analyses.
• Get down to business (and stop procrastinating !).
• Don’t forget to edit the paper well and format it correctly.

Source: Danica Stojanovic, ‘Theatrical (Hyper)Reality: The Effects of Breaking Formal Boundaries in Every Brilliant Thing ’, Over The Horizon, London, 2020, pp. 81‑100.

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What is a term paper?

How do you write a term paper, how do you write a term paper proposal, how do you write a term paper outline, how long should a term paper be, how do you prepare a term paper, how do you write a conclusion for a term paper, how do you write a term paper introduction.

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How To Write a Term Paper: A Guide That Works

30 June, 2020

16 minutes read

Author:  Mathieu Johnson

Once you’ve started your university career, you are going to be asked to present a term paper. What’s the difference between a term paper and a research paper? How can you write a good term? What’s the best way to structure it? Where can you find some tips to make the writing process faster? In this article, we’ll discuss a few tips to help you prepare a term paper quickly and professionally.

What Is a Term Paper… And What Is The First Step?

A term paper is a critical and analytical report on the topic or subject that you covered within the course of studies. It usually consists of two separate but equally important aspects: your own thoughts about the topic and a demonstration of your understanding of the existing literature. The main goal of this assignment is to summarize the material you learned and showcase your understanding of the topic. This aspect makes the term paper a universal instrument for assessing a student’s proficiency. It also explains why term papers cost so many points of your course grade.

We usually associate a term paper with a research paper , but although the concepts are quite similar, a research paper requires a more academic approach and a deeper investigation into the literature of your field of study.

To write an outstanding college term paper, you must understand that your professor has requested it in order to test your analytical thinking skills. You must collect relevant data, analyze it, and then make a summary or solve a particular problem. Such skills are highly relevant to the business world, so this type of the task is as practical as it is educational.

So, let’s start the preparation!

Before you begin writing

Unfortunately, there is no magical recipe that allows you to get everything done fast. You will need to choose the best way forward in whatever situation you find yourself, but here are some tips to help you prepare for the assignment.

To begin with, take the research stage seriously . Sometimes, when students are really interested in a topic, they only want to present their personal ideas about the problem. Unfortunately, if you’re not completely familiar with all the data from the various sources, you will need to reinvent the bicycle.

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In the initial stages of your research, investigate everything you can find on the topic . This may sound like a tall order, but you’ll find that it doesn’t actually entail that much reading. At this point you are only compiling the research, so you will be skimming through numerous prospects rather than reading them completely. Bear in mind that your aim is to get acquainted with the various aspects of your problem. The term paper summarizes the knowledge you gained within a course and requires to familiarize yourself with the research that other people have already made on your topic.

Thinking that your opinions are completely original and unique is quite egocentric, and it can get you into trouble. So, “your” thoughts about the problem are usually just somebody else’s statements that you have rephrased (or even a well-established academic concept!). Remember that your professor will be familiar with all the literature surrounding the issue: if you merely rewrite someone else’s thoughts and present them as your own (even if you don’t realize doing it), be prepared for criticism!

Applying a Structure To Your Term Paper

Once you have read all the leading authors and their approaches to your problem, it’s time to create a structure for your work. This is not yet an outline; you just need to decide what to write about. Sketch out the topic for the theoretical portion of your work and think about practical aspects and how you can approach the research in the best possible way.

At this point, you really need to call or email your supervisor . Your professor will have seen hundreds of term papers like yours (i.e., they have not yet been written, but a definite idea exists!) and will be prepared to give you feedback and advice. He or she will tell you what literature you have omitted, offer suggestions about what you should read, and give you feedback about your paper. It may well be that your approach has already occurred to somebody else, in which case there is no need to repeat it.

Choosing a Topic: Easy as Riding a Bike?

When you choose your topic, make sure you choose something that you are interested in . That’s our advice if you want a painless term paper. If you prefer to investigate a field that you’ve never really explored before, you can challenge yourself to do that, too. That might be sophisticated, but why not?

If you decide to investigate a topic or a problem that you are pretty familiar with, your writing will be more fluid. You will focus your attention on a specific aspect of the chosen field and expand your knowledge within that scope. On the contrary, choosing an unfamiliar subject matter can wash out your expertise.

Be prepared to change the topic if you find out that your research isn’t going anywhere. It might occur that you presuppose that your topic has a potential but somewhere at the stage of initial research, you find that it just won’t work. It’s always a good idea to consider two or three topics when you kick off the term paper writing – even if they are just different ways of examining the same problem. By doing this, you will be able to choose the best version, which may not be the one you started with at all!

Related Post: 100 Persuasive essay topics

Formulating a Thesis statement

Writing a proper thesis statement can also be challenging. To begin with, write down a couple of prominent ideas or concepts, then try to make rough drafts of them to see how they’ll work in the structural framework. You will probably find that one idea fits your style, interests, and knowledge base: you can choose that one as your thesis statement.

Remember that the thesis statement is the skeleton, the central concept of your paper. It is the elemental attribute of almost any academic paper – from master’s thesis to a simple five paragraph essay. If you do a thorough job on it, you will find that writing (and defending!) your argument is much easier.

Be aware that all of these stages are parts of a procedure – one leads to another. When writing a term paper, you should collect the material and wrap it up at the same time.

Planning – The Key To Success

Some people claim that they can write a term paper without any planning. In our opinion, this is impossible. If you don’t have a postgraduate degree and you aren’t a certified genius, you need to prepare an outline for your project. It may come as a surprise, but even people who claim otherwise actually prepare outlines – in their heads. But if you don’t have that much experience, use a pencil and your notebook to ensure that you don’t forget anything.

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That’s when we get to preparing your first draft . There’s only one thing to add here: do as many drafts as you need in order to achieve your goal. Understand that your aim is to create an excellent term paper and keep working at it until you are satisfied.

Term Paper Outline: Write Everything In The Proper Section!

In the Introduction , state the topic that you are going to investigate and the context of your work. This is the critical ‘selling’ moment of your work. In a nutshell, your introduction combined with a conclusion should give a sneak peek into what the whole paper is about. If your introduction is well-prepared, it will be quite complacent about the body of your project. The introduction must include an abstract that presents your thesis statement . You should explain your motivation (why should the reader be concerned about this problem?) , your methods (what scientific tools did you use?) , and the results (what you achieved) .

The Literature Review totally corresponds to its name – it is here to review the literature you compiled. Your professor will double check it to make sure that you understand the context of your argument. One more thing to add is: collect all the information you can! Ideally, you should read or at least glance through every book and author that you can find on the topic. Think of your task as a fascinating journey: if you approach it like that, reading hundreds of pages won’t seem like that much of a challenge.

In the Discussion , you must present the interpretations of the problem. Be honest, explain what you pieces of data you don’t agree with and what ideas and concepts you support. This section connects the dots between theory and practice when writing a term paper. Wherever possible, provide several interpretations of the subject matter, then choose the one(s) that are most relevant to the case you are presenting.

In the Body , focus on those arguments that prove your thesis statement. This section must be absolutely logical. If you have chosen a more complicated topic, use heading and sub-headings to improve the appearance of this section. While writing the body, keep your target audience (your professors) in mind. In other words, don’t just record the obvious causes/effects/solutions but also showcase your own findings – what you have discovered and how that proves your thesis statement. Demonstrate that you are familiar with the details and you will stun your readers with the prolific mastery of the topic.

Now, the Conclusion   is her to summarize both the content and the purpose of the paper. The most challenging part is not to make it too dry. Reiterate your thesis statement and briefly show how your results justified your proposition. At the very end, you can suggest a call to action or pose a rhetorical question or statement that leaves your reader wanting more.

What to do next?

When you have finished, reread your work a couple of times. You will almost certainly find a few faults, whether they are contextual, factual, syntactical, grammatical, or even simple spelling mistakes. A very useful tip is to wait for two or three days after writing your final draft to proofread it afterward. Your brain will have time to process the information, and you’ll be able to look at it with a fresh view.

When proofreading, take care to polish the structural problems. The skeleton (the logic and the thesis statement) should make sense. If they don’t, try to approach the problem from another perspective. The changes may take some time, but bear in mind that your objective is to produce professional work. Be patient!

After that, print the term paper. The human eye processes information differently on the paper than on a computer screen; that’s why you need to print it and take one final look for any possible mistakes. Even if you don’t see any serious defects, pay attention to formatting, punctuation, and synonyms. It’s an academic text, so make it shine!

Term Paper Sample

Be sure to check the sample of a term paper, completed by our writers. Use it as an example to perfect your own writing. Link:  Term Paper Sample: Consumer Buying Behavior .

The Do’s and Don’ts of Term Paper Writing

There you have the most important tips to help you succeed in writing a term paper. Now it’s up to you to stop reading and start writing!

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How to Write a Term Paper From Start to Finish

The term paper, often regarded as the culmination of a semester's hard work, is a rite of passage for students in pursuit of higher education. Here's an interesting fact to kick things off: Did you know that the term paper's origins can be traced back to ancient Greece, where scholars like Plato and Aristotle utilized written works to explore and document their philosophical musings? Just as these great minds once wrote their thoughts on parchment, you, too, can embark on this intellectual voyage with confidence and skill.

How to Write a Term Paper: Short Description

In this article, we'll delve into the core purpose of this kind of assignment – to showcase your understanding of a subject, your research abilities, and your capacity to communicate complex ideas effectively. But it doesn't stop there. We'll also guide you in the art of creating a well-structured term paper format, a roadmap that will not only keep you on track but also ensure your ideas flow seamlessly and logically. Packed with valuable tips on writing, organization, and time management, this resource promises to equip you with the tools needed to excel in your academic writing.

Understanding What Is a Term Paper

A term paper, a crucial component of your college education, is often assigned towards the conclusion of a semester. It's a vehicle through which educators gauge your comprehension of the course content. Imagine it as a bridge between what you've learned in class and your ability to apply that knowledge to real-world topics.

For instance, in a history course, you might be asked to delve into the causes and consequences of a significant historical event, such as World War II. In a psychology class, your term paper might explore the effects of stress on mental health, or in an environmental science course, you could analyze the impact of climate change on a specific region.

Writing a term paper isn't just about summarizing facts. It requires a blend of organization, deep research, and the art of presenting your findings in a way that's both clear and analytical. This means structuring your arguments logically, citing relevant sources, and critically evaluating the information you've gathered.

For further guidance, we've prepared an insightful guide for you authored by our expert essay writer . It's brimming with practical tips and valuable insights to help you stand out in this academic endeavor and earn the recognition you deserve.

How to Start a Term Paper

Before you start, keep the guidelines for the term paper format firmly in mind. If you have any doubts, don't hesitate to reach out to your instructor for clarification before you begin your research and writing process. And remember, procrastination is your worst enemy in this endeavor. If you're aiming to produce an exceptional piece and secure a top grade, it's essential to plan ahead and allocate dedicated time each day to work on it. Now, let our term paper writing services provide you with some valuable tips to help you on your journey:

• Hone Your Topic : Start by cultivating a learning mindset that empowers you to effectively organize your thoughts. Discover how to research a topic in the section below.
• Hook Your Readers: Initiate a brainstorming session and unleash a barrage of creative ideas to captivate your audience right from the outset. Pose intriguing questions, share compelling anecdotes, offer persuasive statistics, and more.
• Craft a Concise Thesis Statement Example : If you find yourself struggling to encapsulate the main idea of your paper in just a sentence or two, it's time to revisit your initial topic and consider narrowing it down.
• Understand Style Requirements: Your work must adhere to specific formatting guidelines. Delve into details about the APA format and other pertinent regulations in the section provided.
• Delve Deeper with Research : Equipped with a clearer understanding of your objectives, dive into your subject matter with a discerning eye. Ensure that you draw from reputable and reliable sources.
• Begin Writing: Don't obsess over perfection from the get-go. Just start writing, and don't worry about initial imperfections. You can always revise or remove those early sentences later. The key is to initiate the term papers as soon as you've amassed sufficient information.

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Term Paper Topics

Selecting the right topic for your term paper is a critical step, one that can significantly impact your overall experience and the quality of your work. While instructors sometimes provide specific topics, there are instances when you have the freedom to choose your own. To guide you on how to write a term paper, consider the following factors when deciding on your dissertation topics :

• Relevance to Assignment Length: Begin by considering the required length of your paper. Whether it's a substantial 10-page paper or a more concise 5-page one, understanding the word count will help you determine the appropriate scope for your subject. This will inform whether your topic should be broad or more narrowly focused.
• Availability of Resources : Investigate the resources at your disposal. Check your school or community library for books and materials that can support your research. Additionally, explore online sources to ensure you have access to a variety of reference materials.
• Complexity and Clarity : Ensure you can effectively explain your chosen topic, regardless of how complex it may seem. If you encounter areas that are challenging to grasp fully, don't hesitate to seek guidance from experts or your professor. Clarity and understanding are key to producing a well-structured term paper.
• Avoiding Overused Concepts : Refrain from choosing overly trendy or overused topics. Mainstream subjects often fail to captivate the interest of your readers or instructors, as they can lead to repetitive content. Instead, opt for a unique angle or approach that adds depth to your paper.
• Manageability and Passion : While passion can drive your choice of topic, it's important to ensure that it is manageable within the given time frame and with the available resources. If necessary, consider scaling down a topic that remains intriguing and motivating to you, ensuring it aligns with your course objectives and personal interests.

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Term Paper Outline

Before embarking on the journey of writing a term paper, it's crucial to establish a well-structured outline. Be mindful of any specific formatting requirements your teacher may have in mind, as these will guide your outline's structure. Here's a basic format to help you get started:

• Cover Page: Begin with a cover page featuring your name, course number, teacher's name, and the deadline date, centered at the top.
• Abstract: Craft a concise summary of your work that informs readers about your paper's topic, its significance, and the key points you'll explore.
• Introduction: Commence your term paper introduction with a clear and compelling statement of your chosen topic. Explain why it's relevant and outline your approach to addressing it.
• Body: This section serves as the meat of academic papers, where you present the primary findings from your research. Provide detailed information about the topic to enhance the reader's understanding. Ensure you incorporate various viewpoints on the issue and conduct a thorough analysis of your research.
• Results: Share the insights and conclusions that your research has led you to. Discuss any shifts in your perspective or understanding that have occurred during the course of your project.
• Discussion: Conclude your term paper with a comprehensive summary of the topic and your findings. You can wrap up with a thought-provoking question or encourage readers to explore the subject further through their own research.

How to Write a Term Paper with 5 Steps

Before you begin your term paper, it's crucial to understand what a term paper proposal entails. This proposal serves as your way to introduce and justify your chosen topic to your instructor, and it must gain approval before you start writing the actual paper.

In your proposal, include recent studies or research related to your topic, along with proper references. Clearly explain the topic's relevance to your course, outline your objectives, and organize your ideas effectively. This helps your instructor grasp your term paper's direction. If needed, you can also seek assistance from our expert writers and buy term paper .

Draft the Abstract

The abstract is a critical element while writing a term paper, and it plays a crucial role in piquing the reader's interest. To create a captivating abstract, consider these key points from our dissertation writing service :

• Conciseness: Keep it short and to the point, around 150-250 words. No need for lengthy explanations.
• Highlight Key Elements: Summarize the problem you're addressing, your research methods, and primary findings or conclusions. For instance, if your paper discusses the impact of social media on mental health, mention your research methods and significant findings.
• Engagement: Make your abstract engaging. Use language that draws readers in. For example, if your paper explores the effects of artificial intelligence on the job market, you might begin with a question like, 'Is AI revolutionizing our work landscape, or should we prepare for the robots to take over?'
• Clarity: Avoid excessive jargon or technical terms to ensure accessibility to a wider audience.

Craft the Introduction

The introduction sets the stage for your entire term paper and should engage readers from the outset. To craft an intriguing introduction, consider these tips:

• Hook Your Audience: Start with a captivating hook, such as a thought-provoking question or a compelling statistic. For example, if your paper explores the impact of smartphone addiction, you could begin with, 'Can you remember the last time you went a whole day without checking your phone?'
• State Your Purpose: Clearly state the purpose of your paper and its relevance. If your term paper is about renewable energy's role in combating climate change, explain why this topic is essential in today's world.
• Provide a Roadmap: Briefly outline how your paper is structured. For instance, if your paper discusses the benefits of mindfulness meditation, mention that you will explore its effects on stress reduction, emotional well-being, and cognitive performance.
• Thesis Statement: Conclude your introduction with a concise thesis statement that encapsulates the central argument or message of your paper. In the case of a term paper on the impact of online education, your thesis might be: 'Online education is revolutionizing learning by providing accessibility, flexibility, and innovative teaching methods.'

Develop the Body Sections: Brainstorming Concepts and Content

Generate ideas and compose text: body sections.

The body of your term paper is where you present your research, arguments, and analysis. To generate ideas and write engaging text in the body sections, consider these strategies from our research paper writer :

• Structure Your Ideas: Organize your paper into sections or paragraphs, each addressing a specific aspect of your topic. For example, if your term paper explores the impact of social media on interpersonal relationships, you might have sections on communication patterns, privacy concerns, and emotional well-being.
• Support with Evidence: Back up your arguments with credible evidence, such as data, research findings, or expert opinions. For instance, when discussing the effects of social media on mental health, you can include statistics on social media usage and its correlation with anxiety or depression.
• Offer Diverse Perspectives: Acknowledge and explore various viewpoints on the topic. When writing about the pros and cons of genetic engineering, present both the potential benefits, like disease prevention, and the ethical concerns associated with altering human genetics.
• Use Engaging Examples: Incorporate real-life examples to illustrate your points. If your paper discusses the consequences of climate change, share specific instances of extreme weather events or environmental degradation to make the topic relatable.
• Ask Thought-Provoking Questions: Integrate questions throughout your text to engage readers and stimulate critical thinking. In a term paper on the future of artificial intelligence, you might ask, 'How will AI impact job markets and the concept of work in the coming years?'

Formulate the Conclusion

The conclusion section should provide a satisfying wrap-up of your arguments and insights. To craft a compelling term paper example conclusion, follow these steps:

• Revisit Your Thesis: Begin by restating your thesis statement. This reinforces the central message of your paper. For example, if your thesis is about the importance of biodiversity conservation, reiterate that biodiversity is crucial for ecological balance and human well-being.
• Summarize Key Points: Briefly recap the main points you've discussed in the body of your paper. For instance, if you've been exploring the impact of globalization on local economies, summarize the effects on industries, job markets, and cultural diversity.
• Emphasize Your Main Argument: Reaffirm the significance of your thesis and the overall message of your paper. Discuss why your findings are important or relevant in a broader context. If your term paper discusses the advantages of renewable energy, underscore its potential to combat climate change and reduce our reliance on fossil fuels.
• Offer a Thoughtful Reflection: Share your own reflections or insights about the topic. How has your understanding evolved during your research? Have you uncovered any unexpected findings or implications? If your paper discusses the future of space exploration, consider what it means for humanity's quest to explore the cosmos.
• End with Impact: Conclude your term paper with a powerful closing statement. You can leave the reader with a thought-provoking question, a call to action, or a reflection on the broader implications of your topic. For instance, if your paper is about the ethics of artificial intelligence, you could finish by asking, 'As AI continues to advance, what ethical considerations will guide our choices and decisions?'

Edit and Enhance the Initial Draft

After completing your initial draft, the revision and polishing phase is essential for improving your paper. Here's how to refine your work efficiently:

• Take a Break: Step back and return to your paper with a fresh perspective.
• Structure Check: Ensure your paper flows logically and transitions smoothly from the introduction to the conclusion.
• Clarity and Conciseness: Trim excess words for clarity and precision.
• Grammar and Style: Proofread for errors and ensure consistent style.
• Citations and References: Double-check your citations and reference list.
• Peer Review: Seek feedback from peers or professors for valuable insights.
• Enhance Intro and Conclusion: Make your introduction and conclusion engaging and impactful.
• Coherence Check: Ensure your arguments support your thesis consistently.
• Read Aloud: Reading your paper aloud helps identify issues.
• Final Proofread: Perform a thorough proofread to catch any remaining errors.

Term Paper Format

When formatting your term paper, consider its length and the required citation style, which depends on your research topic. Proper referencing is crucial to avoid plagiarism in academic writing. Common citation styles include APA and MLA.

If unsure how to cite term paper for social sciences, use the APA format, including the author's name, book title, publication year, publisher, and location when citing a book.

For liberal arts and humanities, MLA is common, requiring the publication name, date, and location for referencing.

Adhering to the appropriate term paper format and citation style ensures an organized and academically sound paper. Follow your instructor's guidelines for a polished and successful paper.

Term Paper Example

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The timeline of events from 1776 to 1861, that, in the end, prompted the American Civil War, describes and relates to a number of subjects modern historians acknowledge as the origins and causes of the Civil War. In fact, pre-Civil War events had both long-term and short-term influences on the War—such as the election of Abraham Lincoln as the American president in 1860 that led to the Fall of Fort Sumter in April of the same year. In that period, contentions that surrounded states’ rights progressively exploded in Congress—since they were the initial events that formed after independence. Congress focused on resolving significant issues that affected the states, which led to further issues. In that order, the US’s history from 1776 to 1861 provides a rich history, as politicians brought forth dissimilarities, dissections, and tensions between the Southern US & the people of slave states, and the Northern states that were loyal to the Union. The events that unfolded from the period of 1776 to 1861 involved a series of issues because they promoted the great sectional crisis that led to political divisions and the build-up to the Civil War that made the North and the South seem like distinctive and timeless regions that predated the crisis itself.

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Nigerian Poor Governance and Leadership Term Paper

Introduction, the concepts of leadership and governance, the overview of nigeria, governance of olusegun obasanjo, critical problems of the nigerian government, the promotion of good governance.

Nigeria made a significant step towards democracy in 1999 by proclaiming itself as a democratic country. The establishing of the Forth Republic inspired people to hope in the bright future — the future of equity, social welfare, justice, and peace. The country is known as “the giant of Africa” has a great potential in human and natural resources. However, the current situation does not coincide with expectations.

More than fifty years of independence have not brought Nigeria the desirable prosperity. In the paper under consideration, we will examine the concepts of the good governance and leadership, the problems concerning the implementation of these concepts in the Nigerian government; then we will investigate the history of Nigeria paying particular attention to the role of Olusegun Obasanjo in undermining and violating of the democratic rules and the way his activity has resulted in current problems in government, and, finally, we will focus on possible solutions for improving the governance in Nigeria.

It is of great significance to be fully aware of the notion of “good governance”. There is a tendency to blame bad governance for everything evil in the world. Researchers are trying to find out the essential elements of proper authority. The most widespread definition of it presupposes the procedure of executing (or not executing) of particular choices and decisions. A skillful rule consists of the following features: transparency, accountability, effectiveness, efficiency, and participating. The ideal regulation minimizes the level of corruption and takes into consideration the opinion of the masses ( What is Good Governance, n.d.).

There are other detailed definitions. All of them describe similar features in different words. For instance, some scholars define good governance as an overall totality of the reforms, accountability, development of technologies, and the ability of the government to lead, direct people, and deliver public services correctly (Nwekeaku, 2014). Good governance is an integral part of progress. Leadership is a constituent of good governance. A leader is someone who can induce others to executive authority. Nigeria lacks a successful leadership and masses of people cannot control themselves as far as society is an organized structure.

Specific features of the personality, ability to rule, and influence characterize leaders in general. According to Lawal, Imokhuede, and Johnson (2012), the best solution for Nigeria is to embed the transformational leadership. This system sets particular goals, envisions the ways of their accomplishing, and allows the population to participate. The transformational leader plays a significant and direct role in governmental processes. A leader takes all responsibility and is ready to face challenges.

The Federal Republic of Nigeria is the full name of the country. The population of Nigeria comprises 177 million people. The country is the major producer of oil in Africa and is a significant seller in the global market. Though Nigeria has immense potential, more than half of its population lives in total poverty. In 1970, Nigeria experienced the oil boom that should have facilitated the improvement of the economic situation.

Bad governance and corruption became the main blocks that hindered progress. The primary problem of the industry concerns the production of oil. Niger Delta is the core element of the whole industry. It is a center for terrorists’ attacks and violence. The business includes illegal selling of oil. There are a few people who benefit from it. In 2015, the first transparent presidential election took place. It was the first example in Nigerian history when the opposition candidate won.

The history of Nigerian independence started in 1960 when the country achieved partial independence from Great Britain. Before that time, Nigeria was one of the British colonies. The government comprised conservative parties while opposition — liberal ones. Besides, a sharp conflict between the two ethnic groups took place. Such aggravations led to the Civil War in 1967. The next crucial stage in Nigerian history was the oil boom in the 1970s. The country became a member of OPEC.

That was the period when the nation expected to have a better future. Revenue was immense, and the military juntas executed the functions of government. The authorities did nothing to make the standard of living better and let infrastructure and businesses function efficiently. Thirty-three years of military regime ended in 1999 when Nigeria became an independent democratic country. Though the elections were not fair, the new government made an attempt to fight corruption and enhance development ( Nigeria. History and Politics , n.d.).

Olusegun Obasanjo, who was the former head of the country, became the President of Nigeria in 1999. Though elections were not exactly impartial and transparent, he was the first leader who managed to alter the political system significantly. Obasanjo’s political activity is rather controversial. He is known as the president who has improved life in Nigeria and, at the same time, as one who has undermined the democratic principles. Obasanjo’s administration established and guaranteed the initial stage of Nigerian rule of law. Olusegun Obasanjo expressed devotion towards directing the state into the right channel.

According to Omotoso (2013), the following reforms and policies exemplify Obasanjo’s dedication and intention to boost progress: Constitutional Conference, Monetisation Policy, Economic and Financial Crime Commission, Banking Reforms, Policies Towards Poverty Reduction and Alleviation, Revitalisation of National Food and Drug Administration, National Economic Empowerment Development Strategies, Emphasis on Infrastructural Development, and Independent Corrupt Practices and Other Related Offences Commission. The overabundance of programs presented the fact that the government tried to perfect the state’s socio-economic situation.

The introduction of such policies would become a grand triumph if they were realized. Obasanjo’s administration did not accomplish any of them (Omotoso, 2013). The other outlook involves the description of the way Obasanjo has violated the fundamental concepts of good governance and democracy: constitutionalism and the rule of law. The growing democracy of Nigeria experienced mockery in 2003 and 2004 correspondingly. The first case happened in Anambra State in July 2003. President Obasanjo snatched Chris Ngige, the Governor of the Anambra State, and made him resign unsolicited. A year later, the President obliged Plateau with a state of emergency without applying to any other instances and without taking into account the constitutional laws.

Chris Ngige was the elected Governor of Anambra State when unknown attackers abducted him on July 10 in 2003. Two days later Ngige introduced the resignation letter to the public. Chris Uba organized the whole process and promoted it. Uba was Ngige’s political Godfather. Such action was the direct infringement of the Constitution thought it took place without any hitch. According to the investigations, Uba successfully “supported” all of the members of the Anambra State House of Assembly and the Governor.

The whole situation was legally relevant. Later, some of the reporters discovered that a group of discontented politicians organized the performance. They did it to teach Chris Ngige a lesson for his disrespect. The President could not have noticed such direct neglect of the rule and law. Obasanjo did not assume any measures. The logical conclusion was that Obasanjo knew about the abduction, let it happen, or even assisted (Ariye, Ogbomah, Pullah, & Derie, 2012).

The next case happened in Plateau State in 2004. Olusegun Obasanjo imposed a state of emergency in Plateau State on his own. He did not follow the procedure envisaged by law. Several civil disorders happened in the state. The religious and ethnic crisis arose three months before the event, and it became the ground for the subsequent events. The main thing about the crisis was the conflict between the indigenous population and Hausa nationality. The clash was based on prehistoric attitudes. The aggravation of the relations resulted in a series of killings. President Obasanjo had no right to impose the emergency state unilaterally. He defied the process of law and decided to employ his justice (Ariye, Ogbomah, Pullah, & Derie, 2012).

Corruption and fuel crisis are the most urgent issues in Nigeria. Corruption is something trivial and ordinary in Nigeria. It devastates the weak democracy of the country. The main causes of the corruption in Nigeria are ineffective financing, fragile government, and the total habit for doing businesses with the help of bribes ( What Causes Corruption in Nigeria , n.d.). Obasanjo’s administration made an attempt to dispose of corruption by producing a bill suggesting the establishment of an Independent Corrupt Practice Commission or ICPC. The President sent the bill to the National Assembly after his inauguration in 1999.

The proposed law should forbid corruption and chastise persons who were engaged in any bribery. Politicians disregarded the bill, and the Nigerian population became extremely disappointed. Two houses examined the case only in a year. Even more, some of the state governments jeopardized law enforcement by claiming that it lacked legal power and was against the constitution. As a result, the court recognized the incompetence of ICPC and suggested the launching of the Economic and Financial Crime Commission (EFCC). The whole procedure protracted for six years and did not bring excepted results. ICPC was inefficient since its establishment. It was feeble and dormant.

Apparently, the Commission could do nothing with a flourishing corruption in Nigeria. The situation was rather different from EFCC. The chairman of the Commission, Nuhu Ribadu, showed a real interest and desire to eradicate corruption in the country. On the initial stages of its development, EFCC functioned successfully. Nuhi Ribadu was involved in political affairs and started abusing his power. Economic and Financial Crime Commission became an instrument of influence, harassment, and pressure. Nigerians believed that the system would work. EFCC received many petitions and complaints every day though they did not study them.

Consequently, the government did not manage to terminate the issue of corruption (Omotoso, 2013). The Nigerian crisis in government always started from the election. A few authorized bodies introduced the willingness to organize an impartial election. This problem is the most severe burden of Nigeria. The democratic and transparent election in Nigeria is more like a dream than an achievable aim. Almost twenty elections took place since the period of colonization.

Various kinds of deceptions comprised a vital part of every electoral process. Here belonged the disappearance of ballot boxes, misrepresentation of results, pressure on voters, and even assassinations. For instance, blackmailing, corruption, oppression, and terrorization formed the basis for the general election in 2007 from the very beginning. Corruption resulted in the $400 million loss of oil revenue since 1970. Even more, every governor who took the office plundered the state’s money (Inokoba & Kumokor, 2011).

The other critical problem in Nigeria is the fuel crisis. Though the country belongs to the Oil Producing and Exporting Countries (OPEC), it faces a challenging problem concerning the fuel supply for its population. On the one hand, the sales of crude oil are the primary income of the country. On the other hand, all people suffer from a terrible lack of energy resources. The reasons for oil scarcity are not clear up till nowadays. Nevertheless, most scholars agree that bad governance and a high level of corruption have led to this.

There were numerous cases when militants, illegal organizations, or even representatives from the native population destroyed the oil pipelines on purpose. Adenike and Ojukwu (2010) addressed to the frustration-aggression theory to explain the situation. Aggression is the very act of pipelines destruction while frustration exemplifies the dissatisfaction of oil usage by particular groups of people. The bright illustration is the rebellion in the area of the oil-producing —Nigerian delta region.

Delta region is the heart of oil extract. Consequently, a lot of companies try to take possession of it. They may face the oppression of the government. The third link concerns the people who are anxious about the pollution of the environment. Collier (2007) introduces an investigation that shows the issue in a different light. The noteworthy thing is that the number of protests concerning nature protection does not coincide with the number of regions with oil wells.

It is not logical as far as more wells can do more harm to the environment and provoke protests. Taking this into consideration, one may come to the conclusion that oil companies and governments have caused the fuel crisis. The crisis negatively influenced all layers of society. People had to stay in long queues to get fuel for extremely high prices. The outcome of sharp increasing prices led to the skyrocketing of the cost of all types of services. That is the way bad governance in Nigeria brought the country to a state of severe poverty.

The core problem of Nigerian governance lies in the approach to leadership. According to Olu-Adeyemi (2012), the looting of state wealth is the principal goal of any governor. Thus, the promotion of the right rule should commence from the leadership system. The authorized bodies have to start from the implementation of the fair electoral processes by introducing the policies and reforms aimed at controlling and regulating it. Nwekeaku (2014) suggests several measures for Nigeria to become a democratic country. First of all, the government must distribute natural resources equally and facilitate the improvement of literacy between citizens. Secondly, the rule of law should prevail in all branches of power. It goes without saying that the eradication of corruption is necessary for successful reforms.

The concepts of good governance and leadership presuppose the rule of law and the transparency of the legal activity. Nigerian government violated these rules since 1960. In 1996, Nigeria proclaimed itself a democratic country. Olusegun Obasanjo became a leader who undermined democratic principles and whose rule resulted in the extreme level of corruption and a harsh fuel crisis. The government of Nigeria has to change the system of leadership and follow the rule of law to open its potential and become a prosperous country.

Adenike, O., & Ojukwu, C. (2010). Democratic Governance and Fuel Crisis in Nigeria. Global Journal of Human Social Science, 10 (5), 58-62.

Ariye, E., Ogbomah, T., Pullah, E., & Derie, E. (2012). How President Obasanjo Undermined Democracy and Good Governance in Nigeria. Current Research Journal of Social Sciences, 4 (3), 222-227.

Collier, P. (2007). The Bottom Billion . Oxford, Great Britain: Oxford University Press, Inc.

Inokoba, P., & Kumokor, I. (2011). Electoral Crisis, Governance and Democratic Consolidation in Nigeria. Journal of Social Sciences, 27 (2), 139-148.

Lawal, T., Imokhuede, K., & Johnson, I. (2012). Governance Crisis and the Crisis of Leadership in Nigeria. International Journal of Academic Research in Business and Social Sciences, 2 (7), 185-191.

Nigeria. History and Politics . (n.d.). Web.

Nwekeaku, C. (2014). The Rule of Law, Democracy, and Good Governance in Nigeria. Global Journal of Political Science and Administration, 2 (1), 26-35.

Olu-Adeyemi, L. (2012). The Challenges of Democratic Governance in Nigeria. International Journal of Business and Social Science, 3 (5), 167-171.

Omotoso, F. (2013). Governance Crisis and Democracy in Nigeria, 1999-2012. Mediterranean Journal of Social Sciences, 4 (14), 125-134.

What Causes Corruption in Nigeria . (n.d.). Web.

What is Good Governance . (n.d.). Web.

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